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: } ry » % 22 ~d — 
S.-- House-- Committee on ways and 
: a i | 

iw 







SUMMARY OF 


TARIFF INFORMATION 


1920 





PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE 
COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS 
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 


Under direction of the Clerk of the Committee 









WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1920 


COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS. 


SIXTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. 


JOSHPH W. Forpney, Michigan, Chairman. 


WILLIAM R,. Green, Iowa. 
NicHOLAS LONGWORTH, Ohio. 
WILLIS C. HAwLeEy, Oregon. 


ALLEN T. TREADWAY, Massachusetts, 


IrA C. CoPuey, Illinois. 

LUTHER W. Mort, New York. 
Grorce M. Younec, North Dakota, 
JAMES A. FRmAR, Wisconsin. 
JOHN Q. Tiuson, Connecticut. 
ISAAC BACHARACH, New Jersey. 
LINDLEY H. HADLEY, Washington. 
Henry W. WATSON, Pennsylvania. 


CHARLES B, TIMBERLAKE, Co:orado. 
Grorcre M. Bowers, West Virginia. 
CLaupe Kircuin, North Carolina. 
Henry T.. RaAinny, Illinois. 
CorDELL Huu, Tennessee. 

JOHN N. GARNDR, Texas. 

JAMES W. COLLIER, Mississippi. 
CLEMENT C, DICKINSON, Missouri, 
WILLIAM A, OLDFIELD, Arkansas. 
CHARLES R. CRISP, Georgia. 

JOHN F. CArnw, New York. 
WHITMELL P, MARTIN, Louisiana, 


ERNust W. Camp, Clerk. 


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FOREWORD. 


HIS SumMMaAry is a comprehensive recapitulation of available tariff 
T information, and was prepared for the use of the Committee on 
Ways and Means in anticipation of a general revision of the tariff 
act of October 3, 1913, and amendments thereto. 

The subject matter was furnished by the United States Tariff Com- 
mission from its records and reflects available data in the possession 
of the Government on world commerce and industrial development. 

Mr. H. L. Barrick, detailed to the Ways and Means Committee by 
the Customs Division of the Treasury Department, collaborated with 
Mr. Charles E. McNabb, of the Legal Division of the Tariff Commis- 
sion, in preparing the résumé of decisions made prior to December 17, 
1919, by United States courts, the Board of General Appraisers, and 
the Treasury Department, found under the heading “ Interpretation 
and comments.” 

Import and export figures, in some instances, are not stated in 
annual sequence, the serious disturbance to ocean shipping following 
the outbreak of the World War preventing the movement of many 
eommodities. The statements of production are based on reports for 
calendar years; import and export figures are for fiscal years. 

A volume entitled “ Statistics of Imports and Duties,’ compiled by 
the Tariff Commission, contains detailed import information for the 
years 1909 to 1918, inclusive, and is designed to supplement the 
necessarily brief and candensed statistical statements in the SUMMARY. 

Acknowledgments are made to the Library of Congress, the Treas- 
ury Department, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of 
the Interior, the Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Standards, 
the United States Appraiser’s Staff of New York, the Comparative 
Value Reports Bureau, and other Government boards and agencies for 
assistance rendered and courtesies extended. 

‘The SumMARY was edited by Mr. Frank A. Kidd, detailed to the 
committee from the Government Printing Office. 


ERNEST W. CAmpP, Clerk. 


JANUARY, 1920. 
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SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1920. 


ENACTING CLAUSE, 


ACT OF 1909. 


AN ACT To provide revenue, equalize 
duties and encourage the industries 
of the United States, and for other 
purposes. 


Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress as- 
sembled, That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, 
except as otherwise specially provided 
for in the second section of this Act, 
there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid upon all articles when imported 
from any foreign country into the 
United States or into any of its pos- 
sessions (except the Philippine Islands 
and the islands of Guam and Tutuila) 
the rates of duty which are by the 
schedules and paragraphs of the duti- 
able list of this section prescribed, 
namely : 


ACT OF 19138. 


AN ACT To reduce tariff duties and 
to provide revenue for the Govern- 
ment, and for other purposes. 


Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress as- 
sembled, That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, 


‘except._as otherwise specially provided 


for in this Act, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon all articles 
when imported from any foreign coun- 
try into the United States or into 
any of its possessions (except the 
Philippine Islands and the islands of 
Guam and Tutuila) the rates of duty 
which are by the schedules and para- 
graphs of the dutiable list of this 
section prescribed, namely: 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The tariff act of 1913 was designed to be a complete revision of 
the tariff laws of the country, and its wording clearly shows that it 
was intended as a substitute for all prior tariff legislation not saved 
by the act itself. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 343, of 1916.) ‘‘ When im- 
ported” should be read as meaning. “ which are imported.” (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37978, 37980, of 1919.) 


INSULAR POSSESSIONS, 


The Panama Canal Zone is not a possession of the United States but 
is a place subject to its jurisdiction for maintenance of the canal. (27 
Op. Atty. Gen., 594, of 1909.) Shipments between the United States 
and the Canal Zone are treated in al! respects as shipments to and 
from foreign countries. (Act of Mar. 2, 1905; 216 U. S8S., 610, of 
1910.) The customs administration of said Zone is under the jurisdic- 
tion of the War Department. (Art. 201, Cust. Regs. of 1915.) 

The tariff status of the Philippine Islands has been fixed by law. 

Duties are collected upon importations into Guam and Tutuila 
under a tariff administered by the Navy Department, and goods not 
products of those islands when brought thence into the United States 
are subjected to duties at the rates imposed by the tariff act of 1913. 
Under existing laws merchandise can not be shipped to those islands 
for drawback of duties nor be withdrawn from bonded warehouses 
for shipment thereto without payment of duties. (Art. 200, Cust. 
Regs. of 1915.) 

5 


6 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The Virgin Islands——The act of March 8, 1917 (chap. 171), pro- 
vides as follows: 


Src. 8. On- and after the passage of this act there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid, upon all articles coming into the United States or 
its possessions, from the West Indian Islands ceded to the United 
States by Denmark, the rates of duty and internal-revenue taxes 
which are required to be levied, collected, and paid upon like articles 
imported from foreign countries: Provided, That all articles, the 
growth or product of, or manufactured in such islands from materials 
the growth or product of such islands or of the United States, or of 
both, or which do not contain foreign materials to the value of more 
than 20 per centum of their total value, upon which no drawback of 
customs duties has been allowed therein, coming into the United States 
from such islands shall hereafter be admitted free of duty. 

Sec. 4. That until Congress shall otherwise provide all laws now 
imposing taxes in the said West Indian Islands, including the customs 
laws and regulations, shall, in so far as compatible with the changed 
sovereignty and not otherwise herein provided, continue in force and 
effect, except that articles the growth, product, or manufacture of the 
United States shall be admitted there free of duty: Provided, That 
upon exportation of sugar to-any foreign country, or the shipment 
thereof to the United States or any of its possessions, there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid thereon an export duty of $8 per ton of two 
theusand pounds irrespective of polariscope test, in lieu of any export 
tax now required by law. 


“UNITED STATES’ DEFINED. 


The following definition of “United States” suggested by the 
Tariff Commission in its report upon the Revision of the Customs. 
Administrative Laws concerns all of those possessions : 

The term ‘“ United States’ means the United States and any Ter- 
ritory, or other place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, except the 
Philippine Islands, Guam, Tutuila [the Virgin Islands], and the Isth- 
mian Canal Zone, which for the purposes of this aet, except as other- 


wise therein provided or as ordered by the President, shall be treated 
as foreign countries. 


DUTIABLE LIST. . 
SCHEDULE A. CHEMICALS, OILS, AND PAINTS. 
PARAGRAPH 1. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19153. 





is” = +. “Boracic Acid, soe conus 


per pound; citric acid, 7 cents per 
pound; lactic acid, containing not 
over 40 per centum by weight of 
actual lactic acid, 2 cents per pound; 
containing over 40 per centum by 
weight of actual lactic acid, 3 cents 
per pound; oxalic acid, 2 cents per 


pound; Salicylic acid, 5 cents per 
pound 3 * * * tannic. acid. or 
tannin, 35 cents per pound; gallic 


acid, 8 cents per pound; tartaric acid, 
5 cents per pound; all other acids not 


specially provided for in this section, | 


25 per centum ad valorem. 


cially provided for 


1. Acids: Boracie acid, % cent per 
pound ; citric acid, 5 cents per pound; 
formic acid, 14 cents per pound; 
gallic acid, 6 cents per pound; lactic 
acid, 14 cents per pound; oxalic acid, 

% cents per pound; pyrogailic acid, 
12 cents per pound; salicylic acid,* 
24 cents per pound; tannic acid and 
tannin, 5 cents per pound; tartaric 
acid, 8 cents per pound; all other 
acids and acid anhydrides not spe- 
in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem.? | 


1 Repealed by war revenue act of Sept. 8, 1916, and 24 cents per pound and 


15 per centum ad valorem imposed. 


2 See war revenue act (infra) as to coal-tar products, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFE INFORMATION, pit a | 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


BORIC OR BORACIC ACID. 


Description.—Boracic acid is an obsolete name for a substance 
usually called boric acid in commercial and scientific usage. Borax 
refined, or borate of soda, closely allied to boric acid, is dutiable at 
one-eighth cent per pound under paragraph 67. Crude borax and 
crude borate minerals from which boric acid and refined borax are 
made are on the free list, paragraph 429. 

Uses.—The principal uses of boric acid’and borax are: (a) In 
making enamels for iron and steel (kitchen ware, sanitary ware, 
equipment for chemical factories, watch dials, ete.). (b) AS an in- 
gredient for glazes on earthenware and pottery. (c) In the manufac- 
ture of some varieties of glass, especially lamp chimneys and chemical 
laboratory ware. (d) As a flux for welding and brazing metals. 
(e) As an ingredient for some varieties of soap, principally laundry 
soap for use with hard water. (f) In the tanning of some varieties 
of leather. ({g) AS an antiseptic in eye lotions, cosmetics, and washes 
for wounds. (A) It is used extensively in Europe as a food preserva- 
tive, especially in dairy products, dried and smoked meat, and sau- 
sages. In the United States this use is prevented by the food and 
drugs act, except on products intended for export. 

Production.—Boric acid and borax are made from crude borate 
minerals which are mined commercially in California and Nevada, and 
Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany. The United States produces about 
one-half of the world’s total supply and Chile about one-third. The 
domestic production of these minerals has grown from 50,609 tons 
in 1914 to 108,875. tons in 1917. The manufacture of refined boric 
acid and borax is on a small scale in California but on a large scale 
in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and [llinois.. Production in 
the United States in 1914 was 4,295 tons, valued at $588,981, and in 
1917 was 5,888 tons, valued at $1,383,783. 

Imports have been less than 5 per cent of the American produc- 
tion. No statistics of exports are available, but exports were probably 
negligible before the war. An important export trade has developed 
since 1914.” 

CITRIC ACID AND CITRATE OF LIME. 


Description and uses.—Citric acid is a white crystalline substance 
obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry. Its principal use is 
in the manufacture of beverages and pharmaceutical preparations. 
Citrate of lime (dutiable at 1 cent per pound, par. 41) is the inter- 
mediary step in the manufacture of citric acid from lemon juice. 
Citrate of lime is used exclusively for the manufacture of citric acid. 

Domestic production.—The largest proportion manufactured in the 
United States is from the citrate of lime imported from Sicily; a 
small portion is made from lemon and lime juice imported from the 
West Indies, which is exempt from duty under paragraph 532; and 
the remainder is obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry in 
California. 

Citric acid is made from “ cull” lemons (inferior or damaged), not 
salable as fresh fruit. Another by-product obtained at the same time 


1See Tariff Commission report, “ Acids of Paragraph 1 and Related Mate- 
rials in the Tariff Act of 1913,” for detailed import and export information. 


8 SUMMARY. OF ‘TARIFF INFORMATION. 


is essential oil of lemon, which is dutiable at 10 per cent under para- 


graph 46. The cultural methods in California are so much superior 


to those commonly used in Sicily that a smaller proportion of the crop 
is converted into by-products. There is a large acreage of young, 
nonbearing lemon trees in California, and a substantial increase in 
‘the crop may be expected in the near future. In spite of this large - 
increase in total output of lemons, the American demand for citric 
acid can not be met from domestic sources unless overproduction 
forces lemons of good grade into by-products. 

In addition to the California producers, a group of manufacturers 
located near Atlantic ports make citric acid, principally from im- 
ported citrate of lime. These firms ‘are concerned chiefly with the 
margin of duty between citrate of lime and citric acid. The produc- 
tion of citric acid in the United States has grown from 2,729,943 
pounds in 1914 to 4,032,897 pounds in 1917. 

Imports in 1913 were only 8,677 pounds, valued at $2,916, on which 
a revenue of $607 was collected. After the passage of the act of 1913 
imports of citric acid increased greatly, although remaining small in 
comparison with imports of citrate of lime. In 1915 imports were 
722,434 pounds, valued at $447,181, which yielded a revenue of 
$386,121. This increase was not due entirely to the change in the 
tariff, but in part to the erection of critic-acid factories in Italy. 


FORMIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Concentrated formic acid is a corrosive, 
fuming, colorless liquid with a characteristic and irritating odor. It | 
mixes with water in all proportions and appears in commerce in 
strengths varying from 50 per cent to almost 100 per cent. It is 
stronger than acetic acid, which it resembles closely, and has anti- 
septic properties. It is useful in the dyeing and tanning industries, 
but other competing acids have, as a rule, been cheaper, and its use 
has therefore been restricted to a few cases for which it has peculiar 
advantages. Formic acid forms esters with various alcohols which 
are used in perfumes and solvents. Recent technical advances in its 
domestic manufacture and commercial development indicate that under 
normal conditions it may be put on the market at a lower price. 
These new discoveries will probably indirectly have a marked in- 
fluence on the manufacture of oxalic acid. 

Production.—Formic acid is made by two processes. One process, 
developed in Germany and controlled by German patents before the 
war, but since developed in the United States, depends on heating 
caustic soda with carbon monoxide under pressure, yielding sodium 
formate, from which either formic acid or oxalic acid may be made 
by subsequent treatment. The other process, an American invention 
developed during the war, depends on first making cyanide of soda 
from soda, coke, and air. The cyanide of soda is then decomposed 
by steam, yielding-ammonia and sodium formate. Both processes are 
in the infant stage of development in the United States. 

Imports.—The largest were in 1914 when 1,119,745 pounds of 
formic acid and 1,848,245 pounds of sodiwm formate were imported, 
almost entirely from Germany. 

Exports.— Formie acid is not recorded in the official export statis- 
tics. Exports are probably negligible. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 9 


GALLIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Gallic acid is found in many plants and 
is made commercially directly from nutgalls by boiling tannic-acid 
solutions w:th sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, the yield being only 
about two-thirds of the tannic acid used. This acid appears in com- 
merce in two grades—a refined grade conforming to the specifications 
of the United States Pharmacopoeia and a less pure or technical grade. 
It is an intermediate for making several dyes, including gallocyanine 
blue, which has been much used for dyeing wool for use in Navy uni- 
forms; also in making ink, and in medicine, and as a raw material 
for the manufacture of pyrogallic acid. The output has increased 
greatly during the war, principally on account of the enlarged demand 
for dye making. It is made by four firms in the United States. 

Imports before the war (chiefly from Germany) averaged about 
50,000 pounds per year. 

LACTIC ACID. 


Description.—Lactic acid, as its name implies, is the acid formed 
in milk when it becomes sour, although commercial supplies are 
obtained from other sources. Pure lactic acid is a colorless, odorless 
liquid which mixes with water in all proportions. It attacks iron 
and must therefore be shipped in wood or glass containers. It comes 
on the market in three grades of purity and several strengths. Tech- 
nical lactic acid contains impurities which give it a dark color and 
unpleasant odor. It is customarily sold either in 22, 44, or 66 per 
cent strengths, and is graded according to whether it is “light” or 
“dark” in color. Edible lactic acid is free from impurities which 
give an objectionable odor and flavor, is nearly colorless, and is usu- 
ally about 50 per cent in strength. Lactic acid (United States Phar- 
macopeeia) is a refined article of not less than 85 per cent of acid and 
only traces of impurities. . 

Uses.—Technical lactic acid is used principally in tanning for the 
“pbating”’ and “ plumping ” of hides and also in dyeing and printing of 
textiles. Edible lactic acid has been on the market in considerable 
amounts only since the summer of 1918. A large market will probably 
develop for this product in beverages, especially in nonalcoholic imita- 
tion beers and soft drinks. Another use which may develop is that 
of bread making. It has been found that the addition of this acid to 
dough improves the quality of bread. Lactic acid and several of its 
salts are used in medicine. 

Production.—The acid is made from corn or other starchy mate- 
rial or from vegetable-ivory scrap from button factories. The raw 
material is heated with sulphuric acid to make glucose, fermented to 
lactic acid, then concentrated and refined. The industry began to 
develop in the United States in 1881 and has steadily grown. There 
were five manufacturers in 1917, with an output of over 1,900,000 
pounds, calculated as 100 per cent lactic acid. The output of American 
factories increased rapidly during the war. In 1896 manufacture was 
begun in Germany, where the industry grew more rapidly than in the 
United States. No figures on production in Germany are available, 
but German exports before the war exceeded the total American pro- 
duction. The German acid is made from potatoes. 

Imports.—The largest during any one year (1912) were 335,355 
pounds, valued at $25,267, yielding a revenue of $9,782. 





10 SUMMARY ‘OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports.—Hxport statistics give no datu, but it is known that at 
least one American firm exported lactie acid before the war, and that 
exports have increased substantially. 


OXALIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Oxalic acid is a white crystalline solid 
which occurs naturally in many plants, especially Owvalis acetoseila 
(wood sorrel), but commercial supplies are obtained by chemical 
processes instead of extraction from natural sources. It has a great 
variety of uses, the largest, probably, in commercial laundries as an 
acid to rinse out the last traces of alkali or soap and to remove iron 
stains. It is also used in the dyeing and printing of textiles; for 
bleaching leather, cork, wood, straw, and shellac; and as an ingredient 
in metal polishes. It is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories. 
Some of its salts are used in medicine and in photography. 

Production.—Before the war there was only one producer in the 
United States who used a process dependent on heating sawdust with 
caustic potash, followed by elaborate chemical treatment. This firm 
had severe competition from German producers, who had developed a 
newer and apparently cheaper process by heating caustic soda with 
carbon monoxide under pressure, forming sodium formate, which on 
further heating yields sodium oxalate, and this in turn is converted 
into oxalic acid. During the war several firms in the United States 
have undertaken the manufacture by the new method, ha are still in 
the infant-industry stage of development. 

Imports.—Prewar imports of oxalic acid, chiefly from Germany, 
but partly from Norway and Great Britain, varied from about seven 
to eight million pounds per year, despite a duty of 2 cents per pound. 
It is estimated that the imports were several times greater than Amer- 
ican production. Imports declined during the war, averaging less 
than 1,000,000 pounds per year. 

Exports.—No statistics are available, but exports are believed to be 
negligible. 

PYROGALLIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Pyrogallic acid, or pyrogallol, is a white 
erystalline solid made by heating gallic acid. It is the oldest photo- 
graphic developer and is probably used more than any other. Pyro- 
gallic acid and several products made from it are used in medicine. 
Another use is the dyeing of fur and hair; also the manufacture of 
some dyes. It is an important reagent in the chemical! laboratory as 
an absorbent for oxygen gas in gas analysis. 

Production.—It is made by three firms in the United States, whose 
output has shown a substantial increase during the war. Imports 
have been larger in proportion to American production than in the 
case of the closely allied substances, tannic acid and gallie acid. 


SALICYLIC ACID. 


Salicylic acid is no longer dutiable under paragraph 1 of the act of 
1913, but is now dutiable under Title V of the act of September 8, 
1916, which provides for chemicals of coal-tar origin. | 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Ey 


TANNIC ACID AND TANNIN, 


Description and uses.—The term “ tannin” in scientific usage is a 
class name covering a large number of similar substances. The term 
as used in commerce and in the tariff means one member of this class, 
known to chemists as gallotannie acid. A highly purified grade con- 
forming to the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeeia, is 
known as “ tannic acid, U. S. P.,” and a less pure grade as “ technical 
tannic acid.” 

' The technical grades of tannic acid and extracts of nutgalls are 
used as a mordant in the dyeing and printing of textiles, in the manu- 
facture of color lakes, in ink making, and for the manufacture of 
gallic acid. Other materials are both cheaper and better for tanning 
. leather... Tannic acid, U.S. P., is used for medicinal purposes and for 
the clarification of wines and fruit juices. 

Production.—Tannic acid is made from nutgalls, obtained almost 
entirely from China, Japan, and Asia Minor. In 1914 the domestic 
production by five firms was 853,830 pounds, valued at $287,142. For- 
eign statistics are not available, but before the war Germany was the 
largest producer, German exports exceeding the total American pro- 
duction. 

Imports under the tariff act of 1909, which imposed a duty of 35 
cents per pound, were negligible, the maximum during any fiscal year 
being 8,071 pounds, valued at $3,864. The act of 1913, reducing the 
duty to 5 cents per pound, was followed by an increase in imports to 
49,493 pounds, valued at $17,047, or about 6 per cent of the American 
production during 1914. Imports since 1915 have been negligible, 
probably due to the blockade of Germany. 


TARTARIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Tartaric acid is present in grapes and is 
obtained commercially from wine lees, argols, or crude tartar, by- 
products of the wine and grape-juice industries. It is closely allied 
in origin, manufacture, and use to cream of tartar or potassium acid 
tartrate (par. 8). It is used in the manufacture of baking powder, 
in beverages, jellies and preserves, in pharmaceutical products, in the 
dyeing and printing of textiles, and in the manufacture of various 
salts of tartaric acid used in photography, medicine, silver plating, and 
chemical laboratories. 

Domestic production of crude tartar materials is very small. 
Hither the crude tartar materials or the refined tartaric acid and 
cream of tartar are imported to supply the demands. 

Imports during 1913 were: Argols, crude tartar, and wine Ices, 
29,476,172 pounds, valued at $2,621,491, dutiable at 5 per cent, yield- 
ing a revenue of $131,074; tartaric acid, 78,942 pounds, valued at 
$15,747, yielding a revenue of $3,947; and cream of tartar, 66,718 
pounds, valued at $11,797, dutiable at 5 cents per pound, yielding a 
revenue of $3,335. Under the tariff act of 1909 rates of duty on 
crude and refined tartar materials were so adjusted that imports were 
almost entirely of the crude material to be refined in the United 
States. The act of 1918 reduced the rate on tartaric acid to 3} cents 
and on cream of tartar to 23 cents, and was followed by a large in- 
crease in imports of the refined, although imports of crude materials 
continued to be many times greater. 


12 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports during 1915 were: Argols, crude tartar, or wine lees, 
28,814,878 pounds, valued at $3,122,317, dutiable at 5 per cent, yield- 
ing a revenue of $156,115; tartaric acid, 820,105 pounds, valued at 
$273,880, dutiable at 34 cents per pound, yielding a revenue of $28,703 ; 
cream of tartar, 764,868 pounds, valued at $166,922, dutiable at 23 
cents per pound, yielding a revenue of $19,121. 

The crude tartar materials come chiefly from Italy and France, the 
refined tartar materials from France, Italy, and Germany. 

Exports.—Statistics on tartaric acid or cream of tartar are not 
available, but probably were not large. However, exports of baking 
powder containing these materials have been extensive. 


ALL OTHER ACIDS AND ACID ANHYDRIDES, 


Other acids and acid anhydrides, mentioned elsewhere, and there- 
fore not dutiable under this provision, include the following: Para- 
graph 2, acetic anhydride; paragraph 18, glycerophosphoric acid; 
paragraph 387, acetic or pyroligneous, arsenic or arsenious, carbolic, 
chromic, fluoric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, phos- 
phoric, phthalic, prussic, silicic, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, and vale- 
rianic; all acids of coal-tar origin, Title V, act of September 8, 1916. 

There are many other acids which, if imported, would be dutiable 
under the provision for “all other acids and acid anhydrides not 
specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem.” 
The acids not specially provided for, but imported in the largest 
amounts,’ are oleic acid, stearic acid, and barbiturie acid. 

Oleic acid is made from vegetable oils, especially cottonseed oil. 
This is used in the textile industry in the dyeing and finishing of 
textiles, for the manufacture of soap, and in the manufacture of cos- 
metics, especially cold creams. Imports during the fiscal year ended 
June 30, 1914, amounted to 367,070 pounds, valued at $24,662. This 
is approximately 1 per cent of the production in the United States. 

Stearic acid is made from beef tallow or other fats and is used 
chiefly in the manufacture of candles. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 
were 100,107 pounds, less than 1 per cent of American production. 

Barbiturie acid is a synthetic product used in the manufacture of 
certain drugs. Imports during 1914, entirely from Germany, amounted 
to 39,924 pounds, valued at $2,837. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Citric acid and the closely allied products of citrate of lime and 
lemon oil present two distinct tariff problems. First, duty free or a 
duty for revenue, or to encourage the recovery of by-products of the 
California lemon industry. Second, it is improbable that the output 
of by-products from California will be sufficient to supply the demand, 
and the deficiency must be made up by imports. Whether the im- 
ports will be in the form of the finished article (citric acid) or in the © 
form of citrate of lime, which will serve as the raw material for the 
manufacture of citric acid in the United States, will be determined 
largely by the difference between the rates on the two articles. 

Formic acid.—Consideration should be given to the advisability of 
adding sodium formate to paragraph 67, because any attempt to raise 
revenue on formic acid or to encourage its manufacture in the United 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF ENFORMATION. 13 


States might be defeated through the importation of the sodium for- 
mate, which under the present law would be dutiable at 15 per cent 
under paragraph 5 as a salt not specially provided for. 

Lactic acid.—A uniform spécific rate of duty bears unevenly upon 
the different commercial grades and strengths of lactic acid. There 
were two rates in the act of 1909, with 40 per cent of actual acid as 
the dividing line. A distinction might be made between lactic acid 
suitable for edible and medicinal purposes and that not suitable for 
such purposes, with subdivision of the latter into (a) content of less 
than 25 per cent by weight of actual lactic acid (at the lowest rate 
of duty); (0) content of 25 per cent, or more, and less than 50 per 
cent by weight of actual lactic acid; and (c) content of 50 per cent, 
or more, by weight of actual lactic acid (at proportionate rates of 
duty). 

Tannic acid and tannin.—Nutgalls, sometimes called gallnuts or 
galls, a source of tannic acid, are exempt from duty under paragraph 
. 624 of the act of 1918 when used expressly for dyeing or tanning, 
whether or not advanced in value or condition, except when imported 
as extracts or decoctions, in which form they are dutiable under para- 
graph 380 at three-eighths cent per pound. In litigation under the act 
of 1897 aqueous extract of nutgalls was held by the Circuit Court of 
Appeals for the First Circuit to be dutiable as nutgalls advanced in 
value and not dutiable either directly or by similitude as tannic acid 
or tannin. (145 Fed., 126, of 1906.) Specific provision was made in 
the act of 1909 for aqueous extract of nutgalls, but in the act of 1913 
(par. 80) the word “aqueous” was omitted. Merchandise claimed 
to be extract of nutgalls, which on analysis showed 78.34 per cent 
of tannic acid, was held, on the record without evidence of the 
process of manufacture, to be dutiable as tannic acid. (G. A. 8291, 
T. D. 38151, of 1919.) An appeal is pending in the Court of Customs 
Appeals. This so-called nutgall extract had a higher tannin content 
than some of the commercial tannie acids. A Government witness 
who testified that the merchandise was tannic acid based his belief 
partly on the high tannin content and partly upon the fact that the 
extract was in powdered form. This indicates that nutgall extracts 
are either liquid or semiliquid. <A provision differentiating the solid 
and the liquid or semisolid extracts might be advisable. 

Tartaric acid.—The duty on crude tartar materials is an ad valorem 
rate, whereas the duty on the refined articles, tartaric acid and cream 
of tartar made therefrom, is a specific rate. AS a consequence the 
effective margin has been reduced by the general advance in prices 
which has ocqurred since the passage of the act of 1918. 

All other acids.—The provision for acid anhydrides, new in the act 
of 1913, was held less specific than paragraph 387 for anhydrides of 
acids named in the latter. Phthalic and phosphoric were the particu- 
lar acid anhydrides in issue. Commercial designation as acids was 
established for both. (G.-A. 7819, T. D. 85914, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 141; T. D. 37270, of 1917.) 

Under the construction against repeal by implication (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —; T. D. 37978, 37980, of 1919; Decs. Treas. Dept., Oct. 5 
and Noy. 7, 1916, published in report of Tariff Commission on Dyes 
and Other Coal-tar Chemicals, pp. 65, 66) coal-tar products more 


14 SUMMARY’ OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


specifically enumerated in the tariff act of 1918 than in Title V of 
the war revenue act of 1916 and not mentioned in the repealing 
clause of the latter, still come within the tariff act of 1913. 

(See pars. 2, 8, 18, 30, 41, 67, and 387.) 


PARAGRAPH 2. 
ACT OF 1909. ACTF OF 1913. 


et oo Sees Acetic anhydrid, 23] 2. Acetic anhydrid, 23 cents per 
cents per pound; * * # pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Acetic anhydride, a colorless liquid with a 
strong acetic odor, is derived from acetic acid by the removal of 
water. It is used in the manufacture of acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) 
and cellulose acetate, which largely replaces nitrocellulose where 
a noninflammable substance is especially desirable, as in moving- 
picture films and as a “dope”.or varnish for protecting aeroplane 
wings. 

Production.—It is made by treating anhydrous sodium acetate with 
phosphorous chloride or sulphur chloride. Prior to the war little, 
if any, was made in this country. The war demand for aeroplane 
dopes and the expiration of the patents on “aspirin” caused a great - 
stimulus to the industry. 

Acetic anhydride is now produced at Midland, Mich., Charleston, 
W. Va., Carteret, N. J., and St. Louis, Mo.; at St. Louis as a raw 
material for pharmaceutical chemicals; and at other places as one 
of several products requiring chlorine. 

Imports prior to the war were from Germany, and amounted to 
about 1,200,000 pounds in 1910 and 1911. Imports declined to about 
300,000 pounds in 1913, and since have become negligible. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Phthalic acid anhydride and phosphoric acid anhydride, held exempt 
from duty, as set forth in “Interpretation and comments” under 
paragraph 1, are important anhydrides. Phthalic acid anhydride is 
a eoal-tar product and is provided for by name in pending legislation. 
If it is desired to made phosphoric acid anhydride dutiable it might 
be enumerated in paragraph 2 with the related article acetic anhy- 
dride; if it is to be free, it should be inserted after “ phosphoric 
acid ” in paragraph 387. 


PARAGRAPH 3. 


| 3. Acetone, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Acetone (dimethyl ketone) is a elear, col- 
orless, and highly inflammable liquid. It is used primarily as a sol 
vent for fats, resins, rubber, and other gums, nitrocellulose (cordite, 
guncotton, pyroxylin plastics), tannins, and acetylene, and in the 
manufacture of chloroform, but for the last-named purpose has @ 
strong competitor in carbon tetrachloride. 

Acetone oil (ethyl methyl ketone) is a residue obtained in the puri- 
fication of acetone produced from acetate of lime. It possesses the 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 15 


same solvent properties as acetone and on account of its higher boil- 
ing point is preferred in some cases: 

Methyl acetone is the first portion of the distillate in refining crude 
wood alcohol. It is a mixture of acetone, with some wood alcohol, 
and methyl acetate. 

Production of acetone by eight firms in 1914 was 10,425,817 pounds, 
valued at $1,099,585. Prior to the war acetone was made exclusively 
from acetate of lime, a product of the hardwood distillation industry. 
The large war demand for the manufacture of the British explosive, 
cordite, caused the development of several new processes. The first 
is the fermentation of various substances—corn, molasses, and kelp. 
Plants employing these fermentation processes have closed since the 
signing of the armistice, which indicates inability to compete with 
acetone produced from acetate of lime. Another process, developed 
solely by the Canadian Electro Products Co. at Shawinigan Falls, 
Canada, produces acetone from calcium carbide. This firm, through 
a subsidiary company, built a plant on behalf of and with funds sup- 
plied by the United States Government. There are indications that 
this process may be able to offer serious competition to the hardwood 
distillation industry in the manufacture of both acetic acid and ace- 
tone. In addition, another process was being developed during the 
war which produced acetone as a by-product of the Burton method of 
eracking petroleum oils. This process is still in an experimental 
stage, but has promising commercial features. 

Imports have been sporadic and negligible when compared with 
domestic production. In 1918 there were 148,082 pounds. In 1914 the 
imports of acetone oil were 155,210 pounds, valued at $14,609, chiefly 
from Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Acetone oil, while known in commerce under that name, was de- 
clared neither commercially nor industrially an oil but a species. of 
acetone, and accordingly dutiable under the eo nomine provision for 
acetone in paragraph 3, as claimed by the importer, rather than as 
a distilled oil under paragraph 46, as classified by the Government. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 329, of 1918.) (See par. 498.) 

Specific provision might be made for acetone oil and for methyl 
acetone, which is chiefly acetone. 


PARAGRAPH 4. 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1918. 
abi * * Albumen, ege *.* * 4. Dried egg albumen, 3 cents per 
3 cents per pound. * * * pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


For a description of conditions of production and foreign compe- 
tition, see paragraphs 203 and 204, “frozen and dried eggs, yolk and 
albumen.” 

Information indicates that bakers and confectioners use the bulk of 
the imported dried egg albumen, which suggests inclusion in para- 
graph 204 with other dried egg products. (See par. 203.) 


16 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 5. 


ACT OF 1909. 


8. Alkalies, alkaloids, * * * and 
all combinations of the foregoing, and 
all chemical compounds, mixtures and 


ACT OF 19138. 


5. Alkalies, alkaloids, and all chemi- — 
cal and medicinal compounds, prepara- 
tions, mixtures and salts, and combi- 


salts, * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 


nations thereof not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


65; * *.* ~~ <All other medicinal 
preparations not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Alkalies are a class of chemical compounds 
which have the property of combining with acids to form salts. All 
of the alkalies which are of any considerable industrial and commer- 
cial importance are mentioned by name elsewhere in the act of 1913. 
A few of the alkalies have medicinal uses, but these are of minor 
importance when compared with their industrial chemical uses. 

Alkaloids are a class of chemical compounds having strong and 
varied physiological effects and therefore are of great importance in 
medicine. Many of them occur in plants and are made therefrom, but 
many new ones not found in nature are made by chemical processes. 
The following alkaloids are mentioned specifically elsewhere in the 
tariff act of 1918 and are therefore not dutiable under this para- 
graph—quinine and all alkaloids derived from cinchona bark, cocaine, 
morphine, ecgonine, strychnine, and caffeine. 

Imports reached a maximum of $3,239,102 in 1913 and yielded a 
revenue of $809,775. During the war the imports decreased to a 
minimum of $501,627 in 1916 and increased to $1,127,846 in 1918, yield- 
ing a revenue of $169,177. This large decrease during the war may 
be accounted for by the shutting off of imports from Germany, That 
country was especially successful in producing the rarer chemicals. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Medicinal preparation defined.—The term “ medicinal preparation ” 
has been declared to be descriptive, with the same meaning in com- 
merce as in common speech, and to refer to substances used in medi- 
cine, prepared for use of apothecary or physician, to be administered 
as a remedy in disease. (79 Fed., 313, of 1897.) In a later case the 
term was defined to mean such articles as are of use or believed fairly 
and honestly to be of use in curing or alleviating or palliating or pre- 
venting some disease or affection of the human body. (130 Fed., 624, 
of 1891.) The definition in the former case was quoted with apparent 
approval by the Court of Customs Appeals in a decision that volcanic 
earth, dried and ground in a mill, and used for external application 
to the body, is not a medicinal preparation. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15, 
of 1913.) In a case holding malt soup stock and food maltose to be 
similar to medicinal compounds within paragraph 17 of the act of 
1913, the Court of Customs Appeals, quoting the definition in the latter 
case, declared that the fact that preparations designed to cure or to 
alleviate or to palliate or to prevent some disease of the human body 
also afforded nourishment to the patient does not necessarily exclude 
them from the classification of medicinal compounds or articles simi- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. i 


lar thereto. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 118, of 1916.) The provision for 
medicinal preparations has been held to be more specific than that for 
chemical compounds and salts. (170 U. S., 584, of 1898.) 

Chemical compounds and mixtures distinguished.—In a chemical 
compound the identity of the chemicals as distinct entities is lost 
in the union, and a new substance having properties radically dif- 
ferent from those of its constituent elements is evolved, while a 
chemical mixture is simply an intermixture of chemicals with preser- 
vation of their corporeal integrity. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 285, of 1911, 
holding a combination of lime and manganese oxide, used in drying 
and hardening a varnish, to be a chemical mixture; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
433, of 19138, holding plate-polishing powder not to be in chief value 
of a chemical and dutiable as whiting, by similitude, under the 
act of 1909.) The mixture must be substantially entirely of chemicals. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 483, of 1918.) Both compounds and mixtures are 
artificial products; hence barium binoxide, a combination of barium 
and oxygen, in which the identity of each chemical element as a 
separate entity is entirely lost, is a chemical compound. (1 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 213, of 1911.) But a natural ore mechanically ground is 
neither a chemical compound nor a chemical mixture. (5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 196, of 1914.) ; 

The words “in part of” in section 500, Title V, of the revenue act 
of September 8, 1916, providing in part for “ medicinals * * * not 
otherwise specially provided for * * * when obtained, derived, or 
manufactured in whole or in part from any of the products provided 
for in Groups I and II,” were interpreted to apply to components, even 
though not of chief value, and homatropine hydrobromide and similar 
medicinal preparations composed in part, but not in chief value, of 
ecoal-tar products were held to come within that provision as more 
specific than paragraphs 5 or 17 of the tariff act of 1913. (T. D. 
37661, of 1918. See also G. A. 8170, T. D. 37652, of 1918.) 

Alkalies and alkaloids are covered by the general provision for 
chemical and medicinal compounds in the same paragraph. With 
the rate of duty the same, there is no necessity for the separate pro- 
vision for alkalies and alkaloids. (See pars. 16 and 17.) 

Coumarin, reported to be suitable for use in the manufacture of 

perfumery, was found to be_used chiefly for making flavoring ex- 
tracts and dutiable under this paragraph rather than paragraph 49. 
(Abstract 41691, of 1918.) (See revenue act of 1916.) 
Mixed acids——A mixture of 20.16 per cent of sulphuric acid with 
72.28 per cent nitric acid, the remainder being water, has been held by 
the Board of General Appraisers dutiable under this paragraph and 
not exempt from duty as nitric acid under paragraph 387. (G. A. 
8235, T. D. 37927, of 1919.) An appeal to the Court of Customs Ap- 
peals is pending. 

Ginseng root treated with sugar is dutiable as a medicinal prepa- 
ration under paragraph 5 or 17 according to the size of the package. 
(T. D. 387885, of 1919.) 

Antimony sulphide is not a salt or compound of ee amdny oxide 
and is therefore dutiable under this paragraph rather than under 
paragraph 144. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 8, of 1916.) 

Antimony oxide is also dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 
41027, of 1917.) 

184911°—_ 





18 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


a 

Hucalypiol, classified as an essential oil under paragraph 46, was 
declared not to be an essential oil but dutiable as a chemical com- 
pound under this paragraph. (Abstract 38963, of 1915.) 

So-called sliced deer horn, used by the Chinese as a medicine, was 
held to be dutiable under this paragraph unless put up in individual 
packages of 23 pounds or less gross weight, when it falls within para- 
graph 17. (T. D. 36401, of 1916.) 

Oi hardened by heating in contact with hydrogen and in the pres- 
ence of nickel, the latter acting as a catalytic agent, the fatty acids 
taking up a molecule of hydrogen and becoming saturated, was held 
exempt from duty under paragraph 498, and not dutiable under para- 
graph 5. (G. A. 8260, T. D. 38031, of 1919.) An appeal to the Court 
of Customs Appeals is pending. (T. D. 38060, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 6. 





ACT OF 1909. 


4. Alumina, hydrate of, or refined 
bauxite, containing not more than 64 
per cent of alumina, # of 1 cent per 
pound; containing more than 64 per 
cent of alumina, 7 of 1 cent per 
pound, Alum, alum cake, patent 
alum, sulphate of alumina, and alum- 


ACT OF 1918. 


6. Alumina, hydrate of, or refined 
bauxite; alum, alum cake, patent 
alum, sulphate of alumina, and alum-, 
inous cake, and all other manufac- 
tured compounds of alumina, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 


inous cake, containing not more than 

15 per centum of alumina and more } 
than # of 1 per centum of iron oxide, 

3 of 1 cent per pound; alum, alum 

take, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, 

and aluminous cake, containing more 

than 15 per centum of alumina, or 

not more than ; of 1 per centum of 

iron oxide, 3 of 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ALUMINA, HYDRATE OF, OR REFINED BAUXITE, 


Description and uses.—Hydrate of alumina, or refined bauxite, is 
the oxide of the metal aluminum chemically combined with water. 
It is used principally in the preparation of metallic aluminum and 
other aluminum compounds; also for waterproofing fabrics and to 
some extent in medicine. It forms a constituent of many color lakes. 

Production.—The raw material for the manufacture of alumina 
hydrate is bauxite (free list, par. 411), which occurs in large deposits: 
in the United States, principally in Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, and 
Tennessee. The most important deposits in foreign countries are 
located in France. 

Most of the hydrate of alumina used in this country is of domestic 
manufacture from domestic bauxite. This substance is made on a 
large scale as an intermediate product in the manufacture of metallic 
aluminum, and aluminum compounds from bauxite. 

Imports during the five years immediately preceding the war varied 
from about 1,500,000 pounds to 2,000,000 pounds annually, but since 
1914 the imports have greatly decreased, amounting to only 202,968 
pounds in 1915 and 418 pounds in 1916. No imports are shown for 
1917, but 94,280 pounds were imported in 1918. , 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 19 


ALUM, ALUM CAKE; PATENT ALUM, AND SULPHATE OF ALUMINA. 


Description and uses.—These names refer to various similar arti- 
cles all of which contain sulphate of alumina as their essential in- 
gredient. The different varieties or grades differ in the other in- 
gredients present and may be classified as follows: 

(1) Crystal alums, containing either potassium sulphate, ammonium 
sulphate, or sodium sulphate and water of erystallization (about 45 
per cent) and not more than a few hundredths of 1 per cent of ferric 
oxide (iron oxide), and less than 15 per cent of oxide of aluminum 
(usually 10 to 12 per cent). They are usually made by dissolving 
refined hydrate of alumina in sulphuric acid, filtering, adding the sul- 
phate of potassium, ammonium, or sodium, and erystallizing the alum. 

- (2) Burnt alums, made from crystal alum by the elimination of 
most of the water. They contain more than 15 per cent of alumina. 

(3) Iron-free sulphate of alumina, containing from 16 to 22 per cent 
of oxide of alumina and not more than a few hundredths of 1 per cent 
of ferric oxide. This grade is usually made from refined hydrate of 
alumina, but also directly from bauxite by a secret process for the 
elimination of the iron always present in the crude mineral. 

(4) Sulphate of alumina, containing from 16 to 22 per cent of oxide 
of alumina and from about 0.2 per cent of ferric oxide up to 0.75 per 
cent of ferric oxide. This grade is made directly from the crude min- 
eral bauxite by solution in dilute sulphuric acid, followed by filtration 
from insoluble matter and evaporation. If the content of alumina is 
over 21 per cent, it is called “ concentrated alum.” 

(5) Alum cake or aluminous cake contains less than 15 per cent of 
alumina, but rarely less than 14 per cent, and from about 0.2 per cent 
up to 0.75 per cent of ferrie oxide, together with insoluble or earthy 
matter up to 10 per cent. It is made by the treatment of crude 
bauxite, or even clay, with strong sulphuric acid without any evap- 
oration or attempt to eliminate insoluble matter. It is the lowest 
quality of all. 

Patent alum is an obsolete term. 

Alums are used largely in the preparation of sizing material in 
paper manufacture, aS a mordant in dyeing, for the purification of 
water and sewage on a large scale, for tanning skins, for deodoriz- 
ing mineral oils, and for hardening plaster casts. They are also used 
in the manufacture of color lakes, in medicine, and as an ingredient 
of some baking powders. 

Production.—In the United States these substances are produced 
on a large scale from bauxite. Most of that consumed is of domestic 
manufacture and many municipal and industrial waterworks produce 
their own sulphate, which is consumed by them and does not enter 
the market. The production of sulphate of alumina in the United 
States in 1916 was 153,860 short tons, valued at $4,410,741, of which 
6,037 tons did not enter the market. In 1917 the total production was 
178,738 short tons. In 1916 there were nine plants in the eastern 
United States producing alum of various grades with a total output 
for the year of 27,257 short tons, valued at $1,177,881. In 1917 there 
was a decrease in the production, the total being 19,714 short tons. 

Imports have not been large and there has been a decrease since 
1915. In 1914, 152,808 pounds of lump alum were imported, 92 per 
cent of which came from England. Imports of sulphate of alumina 
have averaged less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. 


20 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


OTHER COMPOUNDS OF ALUMINA. 


Description and uses.—Other compounds of alumina of commercial 
importance are the acetate, known as “ red liquor,” used as a mordant 
in calico dyeing and printing and in waterproofing and fireproofing 
fabrics; and aluminum chloride, used for refining mineral oils, for 
carbonizing wool, and in the manufacture of certain organic com- 
pounds. . 

Production.—In 1914 three plants were reported to be manufac- 
turing aluminum chloride with a total output for the year of 4,702 
short tons, valued at $811,900. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In the tariff act of 1913 no distinction is made between the different 
grades of alum and sulphate of alumina on the market, but all are 
dutiable under the same ad valorem rate. In the act of 1909 these 
articles were divided into two classes carrying specific rates of one- 
fourth cent per pound and three-eighths cent per pound, respectively. 
The lower rate was imposed on the products“ containing not more 
than fifteen per centum of alumina and more than three-tenths of one 
per centum of iron oxide.” If it is determined to impose specific 
duties on these products the revision of the specifications which dis- 
tinguished between the different grades should be considered. The 
specification ‘“*‘ more than three-tenths of one per centum of iron oxide” 
might well be changed to read “‘ more than one-tenth of one per cent of 
ferric oxide,’ because the grades sold as “iron free” will always 
contain less than 0.1 per cent of ferric oxide, whereas the iron-con- 
taining grades commonly dealt with commercially will frequently 
contain less than 0.8 per cent of oxide of iron. It is suggested that 
the term “ oxide of-iron” should be replaced by “ ferric oxide,” be- 
cause the latter has a precise chemical meaning, whereas the term 
“ oxide of iron” is not definite, since there are two different oxides of 
iron, known as ferrous oxide and ferric oxide, containing different 
proportions of iron. 

The term “ patent alum ” is obsolete and may well be omitted. 

The provision “alumina, hydrate of, or refined bauxite,” might be 
changed to “aluminum hydroxide, or refined bauxite.” 


PARAGRAPH 7. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


5. Ammonia, carbonate of, 14 cents 7. Ammonia, carbonate of, and mu- 
per pound; muriate of, or sal ammo- | riate of, 3 of 1 cent per pound; phos- 
niaec, 3 of 1 cent per pound; liquid | phate of, 1 cent per pound; liquid 
anhydrous, 5 cents per pound. anhydrous, 23 cents per pound; am- 

moniacal gas liquor, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The largest use of ammonia in normal times is in the form of am- 
monium sulphate for fertilizer purposes. Liquid anhydrous ammonia 
is largely used for refrigeration, ammonium nitrate and ammonium 
picrate are used as explosives, aqua ammonia for household cleaning, 
and other ammonium compounds chiefly for chemical purposes. 

The war developed a large domestic manufacture of synthetic nitric 
acid based on the production of ammonia for conversion into nitric 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 21 


acid, Chilean nitrate failing to supply the quantities demanded for 
explosives. The ammonia necessary for this large volume of nitric 
acid came from by-product coke ovens, from the direct synthesis of 
ammonia from nitrogen of the air and hydrogen, and from calcium 
cyanamide made from calcium carbide and atmospheric nitrogen. 
Two Government synthetic nitrogen plants are located at Muscle 
Shoals, Ala. One plant, with a rated output of 30 tons of anhydrous 
ammonia per day, uses the method of direct synthesis of ammonia 
from nitrogen and hydrogen; the other plant, with a capacity of 
22,000 tons of ammonia-per year, uses the cyanamide process. These 
war developments give a potential ammonia capacity in excess of our 
normal needs, 


- 


CARBONATE OF AMMONIA. 


Description and uses.—Commercial carbonate of ammonia, a mix- 
ture of ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate containing 
about 81 per cent of ammonia (NH:3), is a white crystalline salt smell- 
ing strongly of ammonia, volatile when heated, and sometimes known 
as sal volatile. It is used in wool scouring, in some baking powders, 
smelling salts, and certain domestic cleaning powders. 

Production.—It is made by heating a mixture of sulphate of am- 
monia and chalk (calcium carbonate). The vapors of ammonia, 
carbon dioxide, and water, on cooling, condense to form the solid mix- 
ture of ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate. The crude 
product is usually purified by sublimation. The domestic output is 
unknown. 

Imports prior to 1915 averaged about 870,000 pounds per annum, 
doubling in 1915, but declining to 76,160 pounds in 1918. 


MURIATE OF AMMONTA. 


Description and uses.—Muriate of ammonia or, correctly speaking, 
ammonium chloride, is ammonia combined with hydrochloric acid. 
It is also called sal ammoniaec. The crude material is usually more 
or less dark colored, due to tarry impurities. Ammonium chloride comes 
in cakes (sal ammoniac), white and translucent, or in crystals (muri- 
ate of ammonia). It is used in pharmacy, in soldering, galvanizing 
iron, tinning, dyeing of textiles, and in electric dry batteries. 

Production in 1914 was 11,511,934 pounds, valued at $641,040, sup- 
plying less than 60 per cent of domestic consumption. It can be made 
by treating aqua ammonia with hydrochloric acid, by distilling 
ammoniacal liquor and absorbing the ammonia gas in hydrochloric 
acid or by crystallization from a saturated solution of sulphate of am- 
monia and ordinary salt (sodium chloride). 

Imports from 1910 until 1915 were between 9,000,000 and 14,000,000 
pounds, decreasing until in 1918 only about 1,000,000 pounds were 
imported. 

PHOSPHATE OF AMMONIA. 


Description and uses.—There are two important phosphates of 
ammonia, the monammonium phosphate and the diammonium phos- 
phate. These are of little commercial importance compared with the 
other ammonium compounds, but are used in the manufacture of fire- 
proof cloth and paper and for medicinal purposes. The sodium salt 
of acid ammonium phosphate has important analytical uses. ‘There 
is a fertilizer known as Ammo-Phos sold in two grades; one’grade 


<- 


yey SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


contains 13 per cent ammonia and 47 per cent ‘available phosphoric 
acid,” the other contains 20 per cent ammonia and 20 per cent “avail- 
able phosphorie acid.” This article is undoubtedly crude ammonium 
phosphates, 

Production in this country is from calcium acid phosphate and 
ammonia, but the output is not known. 

Imports decreased from a maximum of 68,039 pounds in 1911 to 
about 7,000 pounds in 1913, increasing sharply to 205,742 pounds in 
1914, but declining to 1,000 pounds since 1915. 


LIQUID ANHYDROUS AMMONIA, 


Description and uses.—The term ammonia refers to a colorless 
gas composed of one part of nitrogen and three parts of hydrogen 
by volume. It is a weak alkali and has a strong, characteristic, pun- 
gent, penetrating odor. Under pressure it becomes a liquid which 
is then stored and shipped in steel cylinders, commonly containing 
about 100 pounds of ammonia. Liquid ammonia expands and vapor- 
izes when the pressure is removed, and absorbs a large amount of 
heat, which give anhydrous ammonia its wide use for refrigeration: 
and ice making. 

Production in 1914 was 16,659,789 pounds, valued at $3,140,848. 

Imports are negligible, the largest being 2,698 pounds in 1918. 


AMMONIACAL GAS LIQUOR. 


Description and uses.—Ammoniacal gas liquor is the crude liquor 
obtained in the scrubbing and purification of the gasses evolved in the 
destructive distillation of coal and other organic nitrogenous sub- 
stances. It is a pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid, smelling strongly 
of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and carbolic acid, and contains be- 
tween 1 and 2 per cent of actual ammonia. For economy in trans- 
portation it is worked up into concentrated liquor, aqua ammonia, 
or some ammonium Salt, usually sulphate of ammonia. The strength 
of ammonia is expressed in the number of ounces of pure sulphuric 
acid required to combine with the ammonia in 1 gallon of the 
liquor. : 5 

Production.—Data for the total production are not available, al- 
though the Geological Survey reports the amount of ammoniacal gas 
liquor from by-product coke ovens. e 

Imports have been small and probably from Canada, transportation 
from abroad being economically impracticable. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term ammonia refers to a colorless gas composed of one part 
of nitrogen and three parts of hydrogen by volume (NH,). The 
word ammonium designates a chemical radical (NH ay which does not 
occur by itself like ammonia, but is always in combination with some 
acid radical to form ammonium salts, such as ammonium sulphate. 
Ammonium is the correct scientific term and is. the one in general 
use. “ Muriate of ammonia” is, correctly speaking, ammonium chlo- 
ride. The advisability of changing the wording in paragraph 7 to 
correspond to this correct and generally used terminology should be 
considered. Should this be done, the classification in paragraph 7 
would read as follows: “Ammonium carbonate, [rate]; ammonium 
chloride, [rate]; ammonium phosphate, [rate]; liquid anhydrous am-— 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


23 


monia, [rate]; aqua ammonia, [rate]; and ammoniacal gas liquor, 


[rate].” (See par. 395.) 


PARAGRAPH 8. 


ACT OF 1909. 


6. Argols or crude tartar or wine 
lees crude, 5 per centum ad valorem ; 
tartars and lees crystals, or partly 
refined argols, containing not more 
than 90 per centum of bitartrate of 
potash, and tartrate of soda or po- 
tassa, or Rochelie salts, 3 cents per 
pound; containing more than 90 per 
centum of bitartrate of potash, 4 cents 
per pound ; cream of tartar and patent 


ACT OF 1918. 


8. Argols or crude tartar or wine 
lees crude or partly refined, contain- 
ing not more than 90 per centum of 
potassium bitartrate, 5 per centum ad 
valorem ; containing more than 90 per 
centum of potassium bitartrate, cream 
of tartar, and Rochelle salts or tar- 
trate of soda and potassa, 2% cents 
per pound; calcium tartrate crude, 5 
per centum ad valorem. 


tartar, 5 cents per pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Argols or crude tartar are a crystalline 
deposit which forms on the sides of wine casks during fermentation 
and contain about 50 to 85 per cent of acid potassium tartrate and 
6 to 12 per cent of calcium tartrate. Wine lees are a similar deposit 
on the bottom of the casks and contain from 20 to 85 per cent of 
potassium acid tartrate and up to 20 per cent of calcium tartrate. 
Argols and wine lees (together with crude calcium tartrate referred to 
below) are the raw materials from which tartarie acid and all salts 
of tartaric acid, including cream of tartar, Rochelle salts, and tartar 
emetic, are prepared. Cream of tartar is refined potassium bitartrate, 
The better grades contain more than 99.5 per cent of potassium 
bitartrate and less than five parts per million of lead or other 
heavy metals. It is used principally as an ingredient in one variety 
of baking powder; in the dyeing and printing of textiles; in medi- 
cines and in food products, especially jellies, preserves, and bever- 
ages; in photographic developing and printing; in the deposition 
of silver on glass for mirrors and ornaments; and as a laboratory 
reagent. Rochelle salts or “tartrate of soda and potassa” is made 
from cream of tartar and soda ash, and is used in medicine, photog- 
raphy, and in chemical laboratories. Crude calcium tartrate is also 
a by-product of the wine industry and a raw material for the manu- 

facture of tartaric acid. 

- Production.—Small quantities have been produced in the past by 
the wine industry and relatively insignificant amounts are now ob- 
tained from unfermented grape juice. Domestic production has prob- 
ably never exceeded 1 per cent of the world’s supply, and probably 
will be still further reduced as a result of the constitutional amend- 
ment prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages. 
Although no reliable statistics of production are available, Italy and 
France are undoubtedly the chief sources of the raw materials of the 
tartar industry and together produce more than three-fifths of the 
world’s supply. Spain, Portugal, and French Africa are also im- 
portant producers. Austria-Hungary and Germany are minor sources 
of supply. In recent years Argentina has produced argols. 

Imports of argols and wine lees containing not more than 90 per 
cent of potassium bitartrate for the fiscal years 1910-1918, inclusive, 
have averaged 28,670,615 pounds, valued at $3,416,326, and yielded 
an average revenue of $170,815. 


24 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

Imports of crude calcium tartrate for 1914-1918, inclusive, have 
averaged 693,150 pounds, valued at $75,435, yielding an average rev- 
enue of $3,771. 

Imports of cream of tartar during 1918 were 66,718 pounds, valued 
at $11,798, yielding a revenue of $3,335. From October 4, 1913, to 
June 30, 1914, imports were 812,421 pounds, valued at $156,886, 
yielding a revenue of $20,310. Imports since 1914 have declined 
to 68,586 pounds in 1918, valued at $16,067. 

Imports of Rochelle salts have been variable, reaching a maximum 
in 1915 of 253,609 pounds, valued at $19,244, yielding a revenue of 
$6,340. In 1916 imports declined to 187 pounds. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


As Rochelle salts is the common name and clearly identifies the 
article, the words “ or tartrate of soda and potassa ” might be omitted. 

Whether American tartar-product needs shall be met by the impor- 
tation of crude materials (wine lees, argols, and calcium tartrate) 
or by the importation of refined articles (tartaric acid, cream of 
tartar, and Rochelle salts) will depend primarily on the relative 
duties on the materials and refined articles. The effective margin 
has been reduced since the passage of the act of 1918, because the 
duty on the materials is ad valorum and has therefore increased with 
the advance in price, whereas the duty on the refined articles is 
specific. (See par. 1.) 

PARAGRAPH $9. 





ACT OF 1909. 


559. Drugs, such as * * *_ bal- 
sams * * *; any of the foregoing 
which are natural and uncompounded 
drugs and not edible and not specially 
provided for in this section, and are 
in a crude state, not advanced in 
value or condition by any process or 
treatment whatever beyond that essen- 
tial to the proper packing of the drugs 
and the prevention of decay or dete- 
rioration pending manufacture: Pro- 
vided, That no article containing alco- 
hol, or in the preparation of which 
‘aleohol is used, shall be admitted free 
of duty under this paragraph. 


20. Drugs; such! a8") 2) 2) 1. vals 
sams, which are natural and uncom- 
pounded drugs and not edible, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
but which are advanced in value or 
condition by any process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture, 4 of 1 cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto 10 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
no article containing alcohol, or in 
the preparation. of which alcohol is 
used, shall be classified for duty under 
this paragraph, 


ACT OF 19138. 


9. Balsams: Copaiba, fir or Canada, 
Peru, tolu, and all other balsams, 
which are natural and uncompounded 
and not suitable for the manufacture 
of perfumery and cosmetics, if in a 
crude state, not advanced in value or 
condition by any process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the balsams and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture, all the forego- 
ing not specially provided for in this 
section, 10 per centum ad valorem; if 
advanced in value or condition by any 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing 
of the balsams and the prevention of 
decay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture, all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
ecentum ad valorem: Provided, That 
no article containing alcohol shall be 
classified for duty under this para- 
graph. 





; 
i 


if 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 25 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The term ‘“ balsam” as used in commerce has no exact chemical 
significance, although chemical authorities have endeavored to limit 
it to resins and oleoresins containing free or combined cinnamic or 
benzoic acids. Resins and oleoresins, including those commercially 
and technically classed as balsams, are exudations of plants, some- 
times occurring naturally in cavities in the plant, or obtained. by 
wounding the plant. The balsam's are used for medicinal purposes, in 
perfumery and cosmetics, and occasionally for technical purposes, 
such as varnishes. 

COPAIBA BALSAM. 


Description and uses.—Copaiba balsam is a liquid oleoresin and 
not a true balsam, chemically speaking. Its principal uses are in medi- 
cine and in the manufacture of varnish, lacs, and tracing paper. 

Production.—It comes chiefly from Brazil and to a less extent 
from Venezuela, Colombia, and Guiana, and is obtained by the 
natives from wild trees. 2 

Imports and revenue.—Imports are given for both crude and ad- 
vanced balsams, but the latter are quite insignificant. Crude balsam 
averaged 199,919 pounds, valued at $62,724, in 1909-1913. In 1914~— 
1918, the annual average was 281,084 pounds, valued at $105,819, the 
average revenue since 1913 being $10,170. 


FIR OR CANADA BALSAM. 


Description and uses.—This is also an oleoresin rather than a 
true balsam. It is chiefly used in microscopy and to some extent in 
medicinal preparations such as plasters. 

Production.—The tree yielding Canada balsam occurs through 
Canada and northeastern United States along the Appalachian Range, 
and is chiefly valued as a cheap lumber and for paper pulp. The 
balsam is principally collected for commerce by the Indians of Quebec 
and is not sufficiently remunerative to attract higher classes of labor, 
although some is collected by Indians in Maine. Production in the 
United States is much less than in Canada. No statistics are 
available. 

Imports are small and variable, chiefly consisting of crude bal- 
sams. For 1909-1918 average annual imports of 9,200 pounds, valued 
at $5,788, are reported, the revenue for 1914-1918 averaging $726. 


PERU BALSAM. 


Description and uses.—This is a true balsam used in medicines 
and perfumery and to some extent as a cheap substitute for vanilla. 

Production.—It comes wholly from the Republic of Salvador. The 
United States is said to take normally about half of the annual pro- 
duction, the other half going chiefly to Germany, where an artificial 
“ Peru balsam ” is also produced. . 

Imports for 1909-1914 averaged 39,832 pounds of crude balsam, 
valued at $46,065. Imports for 1915-1918 averaged 42,794 pounds, 
valued at $108,849. For the years 1915-1918 Peru balsam yielded an 
annual revenue of $10,885. 


TOLU BALSAM. 


Description and uses.—Tolu is a true balsam, used in medicine, 
pharmacy, perfumery, cosmetics, and chewing gum. It comes from a 


26 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


forest tree of South America, and is cellected chiefiy in Colombia and 
to a less extent in Venezuela and Peru. 

Imports for 1909-1913 averaged 39,333 pounds, valued at $10,581, 
chiefly from Colombia. In 1915-1918 the average was 54,004 pounds, 
valued at $18,369, the revenue averaging $1,469. 


OTHER BALSAMS, 


Importations are given only for styrar, which was mentioned in 
previous tariffs. Styrax is a true balsam. Its principal use is for 
flavoring tobacco. It is also used in medicine, perfumery, and cos- 
metics. ; 

Production.—Styrax is obtained from Asia Minor; it is valued in 
oriental medicines, and chiefly consumed in India and China. <A 
product resembling styrax is yielded by the sweet gum tree, which 
occurs in the United States, but does not give a profitable yield. 
Tropical America produces larger amounts of balsam, which -have 
appeared on the American market. 

Imports of styraxr for 1909-1916 averaged 18,634 pounds, valued at 
$2,932. In 1917-18 they averaged 12,840 pounds, valued at $24,583. 
In 1914-1918 the average revenue was $1,132. Other balsams are 
included under this paragraph without specific mention, but appear 
to be without individual importance. Importations of these averaged 
44,085 pounds, valued at $17,041, in 1908-1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Balsam styrag from which foreign matter, such as sticks and dirt, 
has been removed, is still natural and uncompounded balsam gum, 
dutiable at 10 per cent under this paragraph. (G. A. 7694, T. D. 35172, 
of 1915.) 

PARAGRAPH 10. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 


10, Barium, chloride of, 4 cent per 
pound ; dioxide of, 14 cents per pound; 
carbonate of, precipitated, 15 per 
centum ad yalorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


The barium chemicals mentioned and others not mentioned are 
made chiefly from barytes dutiable under paragraph 51. Witherite, 
on the free list, is imported and can be used as the raw material for 
barium chemicals. Until 1915 about 35 per cent of the domestic con- 
sumption of crude barytes was imported for the manufacture of 
lithopone and as the raw material for a very limited quantity of 
barium chemicals. ‘The domestic production, chiefly from Missouri, 
supplied the market for’ ground and floated barytes. 

During the war the production of barytes has more than quad- 
rupled, due to lack of imports from Germany, the consequent estab- 
lishment of a barium chemical industry in the United States, and the 
increase in the demand for barytes in the lithopone and rubber in- 
dustries. The greatest State production shifted from Missouri to 
Georgia in 1916. 

Germany and England are large producers of barytes and barium 
chemicals and will be the chief competitors ef the domestic industry. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 27 


CHLORIDE OF BARIUM. 


Description. and uses.—Barium chloride is a white crystalline sub- 
stance, containing about 15 per cent of water of crystallization. It is 
used for preparing other barium chemicals, chiefly precipitated barium 
sulphate; as a water softener; to some extent in the ceramics in- 
dustry; in the preparation of rat poisons; and as an analytical re- 
agent in sulphur determinations. 

Production.—Barium chloride is prepared by treating barium car- 
bonate (witherite) with hydrochloric acid or by heating barium 
sulphide with calcium chloride. Prior to the war it was practically 
all imported from Germany, but since a domestie industry has. been 
established, the production inereased from 2,106 short tons in 1915 
to 4,870 short tons in 1917. - 

Imports prior to 1914 were practically constant at about 2,800,000 
pounds per year, increasing sharply to about 6,000,000 pounds in 1914, 
and 5,000,000 pounds in 1915. There were no imports in 1918. 


CARBONATE OF BARIUM, PRECIPITATED. 


Description and uses.—Carbonate of barium exists in nature as 
the mineral witherite. (See par. 646.) Precipitated carbonate-of 
barium is a white powder practically insoluble in water. It is used 
chiefly in the ceramics industry for enamels, and in the preparation of 
other barium chemicals, in flat wall paints, and as a rat poison. 

Production.—Practieally the entire supply was imported from Ger- 
many before the war. With the establishment here of a barium 
chemicals industry the production has increased from 2,746 short tons 
in 1915: to 8,238 tons in 1917. 

Barium earbonate is produced by passing carbon dioxide over 
heated barium sulphide or by treating a solution of barium sulphide 
or barium chloride with soda ash. The precipitated barium carbonate 
is then filtered, washed, and dried. 

Imports are first shown in 1912 and were 950,000 pounds, increasing 
to nearly 5,000,000 pounds in 1914, falling to 106,288 pounds in 1918. 


DIOXIDE OF BARIUM. 


Description and uses.—Dioxide of barium, barium peroxide, or 
barium binoxide, is a compound of barium with oxygen. When pure 
it is a white powder insoluble in water. The crude product is usually 
green in color. It is used chiefly in the production of hydrogen per- 
oxide, but also as a bleaching agent and as a source of oxygen. It 
has important war uses. — 

Production.—Prior to the war Germany supplied our barium di- 
oxide, but when these imports ceased a barium chemicals industry 
was established in this country, the domestic production becoming 
- 3,960,000: pounds. valued at $1,089,923 in 1916. Later figures are un- 
obtainable. | 

Barium dioxide is made by heating barium nitrate to redness in a 
current of air. 

Imports prior to the war were about 3,700,000 pounds per year, 
increasing in 1914 to about 6,000,000 pounds. Imports ceased by 
1917-18. 


28 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Barium nitrate is made by treating crude barium sulphide with 


sodium nitrate or Chile saltpeter. 


It is an insportant barium chemical 


used for making other barium products, fireworks, detonaters, rail- 
road signals, and in explosive mixtures. ; 

In 1914 there were imported into the United States 1,040,772 pounds 
of barium nitrate, valued at $38,728, chiefly from Germany. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


It would seem advisable to mention barium nitrate by name in para- 
graph 10 since it was imported in such large quantities before the 
war, and is now being made in the United States, 

* Barium ” might be followed by a colon, and the word “ of” after 
“chloride,” “ dioxide,” and “ carbonate” omitted. 


(See par. 51.) 


PARAGRAPH 11. 


ACT OF 1909. 


7. Blacking of all kinds, 25 per 
ecentum ad valorem; all creams and 
preparations for cleaning or polishing 
boots and shoes, 25 per centum ad 
valorem, 


ACT OF 19138, 


11. Blacking of all kinds, polishing 
powders, and all creams and prepara- 
tions for cleaning or polishing, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 





That no preparations containing alco- 
hol shall be classified for duty under 
this paragraph. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers all articles used as 
blacking, polishes, and cleaning preparations, such as shoe blacking, 
leather polishes, stove polishes, floor polishes, furniture polishes, auto 
body polishes, metal polishes, and scouring compounds used for 
cleaning, and wall-paper cleaners. 

Production of blacking, stains, and dressings in 1914 was valued 
at $10,259,617; of polishing preparations, $5,228,178; and of cleaning 
preparations, $5,565,846. 

Imports from 1911 to 1913, inclusive, of blanco polish were valued 
between $15,000 and $35,000 per annum; in 1917 at $53,458, and in 
1918 at $24,821. All other blacking, polishing, and cleaning prepara- 
tions from 1910 to 1914 ran from $35,000 to $45,000 per year and de- 
creased to $26,724 in 1918. The imports of blacking in 1914 came 
chiefly from England and were valued at $32,424. ‘ 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


* Blacking of all kinds” in the act of 1897 included all forms of 
shoe polish, among them White Cream. (G. A. 4154, T. D. 19415, of 
1898.) Nevertheless, a specific provision for “all creams and prepa- 
rations for cleaning or polishing boots and shoes ” was added in 1909. 
“Blanco ”’ was held to come within this provision. (Abstract 24875, 
T. D. 313835, of 1911.) Removal in 1918 of the restriction to boots and 
shoes rendered unnecessary the enumeration of polishing powders. To 
come within paragraph 11, the cream, preparation, or powder must 
have been prepared or imported for cleaning or polishing in the con- 
dition in which it is imported. Wrought earth for use in the manu- 
facture of polishing creams and polishing pastes are dutiable under 
paragraph 76. (G. A. 7594, T. D. 34697, of 1914.) Both paste and 
liquid polish are included. (Abstract 41858, of 1918.) (See par. 48.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 29 


PARAGRAPH 12. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
8. Bleaching powder, or chloride of 12. Bleaching powder, or chloride of 
lime, 2 of 1 cent per pound. lime, 75 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bleaching powder, incorrectly called chlo- 
ride of lime, is a white powder which evolves chlorine when treated 
with an acid. It is sold on the basis of the “ available chlorine” con- 
tent. It is primarily a bleaching agent used for bleaching pulp and 
paper stock, and cotton and linen in textile mills and laundries. 
Liquid chlorine, however, is fast replacing it in the purification of 
public water supplies. 

Production in 1914 was 310,380,000 pounds, valued at $2,916,225, 
nearly twice that in 1909. Production has been greatly increased for 
war purposes. Its manufacture commercially was promoted by a duty 
of one-fifth cent per pound in the act of 1897, and the industry has 
Since developed rapidly, supplying the greater part of our consump- 
tion. 

Bleaching powder is produced from lime and chlorine gas. The 
chlorine is a: joint product in the manufacture of electrolytic caustic 
soda. It is largely made at Niagara Falls, N. Y.; also by two firms 
in Michigan and one firm in California. Large consumers are install- 
ing electrolytic chlorine plants in order to produce their own bleach 
in liquid form. 

Imports previous to 1914 were between 40,000 and 50,000 short tons 
a year; the United Kingdom supplied from 70 to 80 per cent, most 
of the remainder coming from Germany. Only 583 pounds were im- 
ported in 1918. 

Exports in 1918 were 138,060,401 pounds, valued at $558,066, shipped 
chiefiy to Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Chile, and Spain, in the order 
given. South America consumed about 50 per cent of the total. These 
markets formerly were supplied by Germany and England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Chloride of lime” is incorrect and,often confuses bleaching pow- 
der with calcium chloride. The term used in the United States 
Pharmacopeia is “chlorinated lime.” A better reading would be 
“ Bleaching powder, or chlorinated lime, [rate].” 


PARAGRAPH 18. 


13. Caffein, $1 per pound; com- 
pounds of caffein, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; impure tea, tea waste, tea 
siftings or sweepings, for manufactur- 
ing purposes in bond, pursuant to the 
provisions of the Act of May sixteenth, 
nineteen hundred and eight, 1 cent per 
pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Caffeine is an alkaloid obtained principally 
from the leaves of tea, and also océurring in coffee, kola nut, guarana, 
and in several other plants and plant products. It is chiefly used in 
the preparation of soft drinks and also in medicine. In medical prac- 


30 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tice it is being displaced to a considerable extent by the related 
alkaloids, theobromine, and theophylline. The first named occurs in 
cocoa and the second in tea, but both, especially theophylline, are 
manufactured synthetically. 

The principal compounds of caffeine are citrate, effervescent citrate, 
sodium-benzoate, and sodium-salicylate. 

Production.—Caffeine is manufactured in the principal European 
countries, especially Germany. In the United States it is manufac- 
tured chiefly from tea waste and to a lesser extent from the refuse of 
coffee-roasting establishments. No statistics of domestic manufacture 
are available, but imports of tea waste suffice for the manufacture of 
about 150,000 pounds annually. Caffeine has been made in Germany 
as a by-product of the synthesis of theophylline and theobromine from 
uric acid, derived from South American guano deposits. 

Imports.—Prior to 1914 caffeine and its compounds were dutiable 
at 25 per cent ad valorem. For 1909-1914 an average annual amount 
of 49,278 pounds, valued at $143,105 was reported. The rate of $1 per 
pound imposed by the act of 1913 was equivalent to practically 30 
per cent ad valorem during 1914-15. For 1916-1918 the highest ad 
valorem rate was 10.03 per cent. Importations have decreased mark- 
edly since 1913, owing to the shutting off of imports from Germany, 
which country supplied about 98 per cent of the imports in 1914. Im- 
ports of caffeine compounds are not reported since 1916. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tea sweepings mixed with lime and asafetida to make them unfit 
for beverage use, imported for making caffeine, have been held to re- 
main tea sweepings for tariff purposes. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 128, of 
1916.) Duty may not be separately imposed on tea sweepings and 
lime unless it is shown that the commodities have each maintained 
their identity in the mixture and there is proof of the quantity of 
each. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 340, of 1916.) Allowance for excessive 
moisture in tea waste has been held proper. (Abstract 41371, of 
1917.) 

The use of caffeine in the manufacture of soft drinks has formed a 
subject of controversy under'the food and drugs act. At present its use 
in small amounts is not interfered with and this use is now and 
probably will continue to be the greatest single outlet for caffeine. 
It is a market which may be expected to grow as a result of the 
prohibition of alcoholic beverages. There has been considerable interest 
in other sources of caffeine, but at present tea waste appears to be 
the only material available in commercial centers. The industry may 
be affected in the future, however, by the resumption of German 
synthetic manufacture, which is contingent on the demand for theo- 
bromine and theophylline, as the cheaper alkaloid caffeine can not be 
obtained to an extent that is sufficient to meet the cost of production. 

(See par. 627.) 

PARAGRAPH 14. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


65. * * * Calomel, corrosive sub- 14,. Calomel, corrosive sublimate, 
limate, and other mercurial medicinal |«nd other mereurial preparations, 15 
preparations, 35 per centum ad va- | per centum ad valorem, 
laren ye 9, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 3l 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
CALOMEL AND CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE, 


, Description and uses.—Both of these compounds, the most im- 
portant mercurials, are composed of mercury and chlorine. Corrosive 
sublimate or mercury bichloride contains about 74 per cent of mer- 
cury and about 26 per cent of chlorine. It is either a white trans- 
parent mass or lustrous crystals, soluble in water, and extremely 
poisonous. It is used in medicine and has valuable antiseptic prop- 
erties. It is also used in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, in calico 
printing, for preserving wood and anatomical specimens, for embalm- 
ing, disinfecting, and as a fixing agent in photography. 

Calomel or mercury monochloride is a chemical compound composed 
of about 85 per cent of mercury and 15 per cent of chlorine. It is an 
impalpable powder, usually yellowish-white, and insoluble in water. 
Its chief use is medicinal. Its technical uses are small and un- 
important. 

Production.—Both calomel and corrosive sublimate are prepared 
from metallic mercury or quicksilver, dutiable at 10 per cent ad 
valorem under paragraph 159. Mercury is first converted into the 
sulphate by heating with sulphuric acid. The sulphate of mercury is 
then sublimed with salt (sodium chloride) and a little manganese 
dioxide, thus producing corrosive sublimate. Calomel is usually pre- 
pared from corrosive sublimate by heating with metallic mercury. 
The product is then purified by washing with dilute nitric acid and 
water. 

The production of mercurial salts in 1914 was 605,701 pounds valued 
at $518,023. This quantity supplies a large part of the domestic con- 
sumption, as imports are small. 

Imports of calomel, corrosive sublimate, and other mercurial 
preparations prior to 1915 were valued between $30,000 and $42,000. 
The imports have decreased to $2,124 in 1918. 


OTHER MERCURIAL PREPARATIONS. 


The other important mercurials, which are, however, of lesser im- 
portance than calomel and corrosive sublimate, are mereuric sulphate, 
blue mass (U. S. P.), red precipitate, white precipitate, and mercury 
jodide. 

Mercuric sulphate is a white crystalline powder and is used chiefly 
for the preparation of calomel and corrosive sublimate. It is also 
used with potassium bisulphate for filling galvanic batteries. 

Blue mass (U. 8. P.) is a mercurial medicinal. The United States 
Pharmacopeia specifies that it shall contain not less than 32 per cent 
nor more than 34 per cent of mercury. 

Red precipitate or mercuric oxide is a compound of mercury and 
oxygen, usually prepared by heating mercuric nitrate. An oxide hav- 
ing the same chemical composition, but yellow, is obtained by adding 
an alkali to a cold solution of a mercury salt. It is sometimes preferred, 
as it is usually a finer powder. Red precipitate is used for medicinal 
purposes, for preparing other mercurials, paint for ship bottoms, and 
for diluting pigments used on porcelain. 

While precipitate or ammoniated mercury chloride is obtained by 
treating a solution of mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) with 
an excess of ammonia, and is marketed as a white amorphous powder 


3 ee SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


or pulverulent pieces. It is insoluble in water and is used as an oint- 
ment for sores and skin diseases. This white precipitate should not be 
confused with the French ‘ white precipitate” (précipité blanc), 
which is calomel containing not less than 75 nor more than 80 per cent” 
of mercury. 

Mercury iodide in commerce has two forms, known as yellow (or 
green) and red. The yellow product is mercurous iodide, while the 
red is mercuric iodide. They are used for medicinal purposes, both 
internally and externally. ; 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The omission of the word “ medicinal,” which was in paragraph 
65 of the act of 1909, effected no real enlargement of paragraph 14 
of the act of 1913, since there are very few important mercurial prep- 
arations that are not medicinal. 


PARAGRAPH 15. 
ACT OF 1909. ; ACT OF 1913. 


18. Chalk, .*. * .* _ precipitated 15. Chalk, precipitated, suitable for 
naturally or artificially, or otherwise | medicinal or toilet purposes; chalk 
prepared, whether in the forms of | put up in the form of cubes, blocks, 
cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks, or other- | sticks, or disks, or otherwise, includ- 
wise, including tailors’, billiard, red, | ing tailors’, billiard, red, and other 
* * * 1 cent per pound; manu-| manufactures of chalk not specially 
factures of chalk not specially pro-| provided for in this section, 25 per 
vided for in this section, 25 per |centum ad valorem. . 
centum ad valorem, ’ 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The act of 1913 contains the following provisions which are con- 
sidered in connection with paragraph 15: ] 

Par. 446 (free list).—‘‘ Chalk, crude, not ground, bolted, precipitated, or 
otherwise manufactured.” 

Par, 60 (Schedule A).—‘ Whiting and Paris white, dry, and chaik ground 
or bolted, 74 cent per pound; whiting and Paris white, ground in oil, or putty, 
15 per centum ad valorem.”’’ 

Par. 69 (Schedule A) provides for ‘‘ French chalk,’”’ which is not chalk, but 
tale. 

Description and uses.—Chalk is a soft earthy form of calcium 
carbonate composed mainly of small marine organisms and shells. 
It is generally yellowish or grayish, but is sometimes snow-white. | 
It occurs abundantly along the southern coast of England and in 
the north of France. 

Ground chalk, whiting, and Paris white are merely different grades 
of the same material—natural chalk, ground, washed, and bolted. 
The quality and price are quite variable and dependent on the purity, 
color, fineness, and freedom from grit. 

Precipitated chalk is artificially prepared by chemical means from 
calcium chloride and soda ash. It can-»be secured free from grit 
and in finely divided condition more easily and perfectly than the 
natural chalk and it is therefore preferred for toilet and medicinal 
purposes. 

Chalk has a great variety of uses. The crude chalk is sometimes 
used as a fertilizer for clayey soils, and in England in the manufac- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. he PS 


ture of sodium carbonate and for producing carbon dioxide in quan- 
tity. It is used in the manufacture of whiting and Paris white which 
enter into rubber goods, linoleum, paints, calcimine, and putty. The 
finer grades are used in the preparation of metal polishes and tooth 
powders. The purified precipitated chalk is used to a certain extent 
in medicine as an antacid. Chalk is also used in the manufacture 
of crayons, artists’ pastel colors, and paints. 

Production.—There are no known deposits of chalk in the United 
States which are equal to those of England and France, though 
some pure forms of limestone are ground for whiting and Paris white. 
England and France produce nearly all the crude chalk used in this 
country. Considerable quantities of crude chalk imported from A tage 
countries are purified in the United States. 

Whiting and Paris white reach the American market from three 
sources: (1) Imports, constituting 1 to 2 per cent; (2) manufactures 
from domestic crude material (limestone), 10 to 15 per cent; and 
(3) manufactures from imported crude chalk, about 85 per cent of. 
the total. 

Imports in 1914 from England. amounted to 84,861 tons of crude 
chalk and from France 43,203 tons. By 1917 the imports from France 
had dropped to 400 tons, while those from England had increased to 
127,536 tons. Only small amounts of purified chalk are imported. 
Imports have remained fairly constant since 1910, but the domestic 
production has nearly doubled. 

Exports in 1910 were valued at $110,647; in 1914, at $40,154; in 
1918, manufactures of chalk were valued at $186,711. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Precipitated chalk, bolted abroad but requiring further bolting 
after importation before becoming a trade article or adapted for 
medicinal or toilet use, classified under this paragraph, was declared 
suitable for other than medicinal and toilet uses, and held not suit- 
able in the imported form for medicinal and toilet purposes and 
dutiable under paragraph 60. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 38205, 
of 1919.) 

Tailor’s chalk, billiard 6 haps and red chalk, while not chalk in the 
true sense are specifically made dutiable as such. (G, A. 4920, T. D. 
23027, of 1901°) 

Although it is possible to form a judgment of quality and therefore 
of price based upon the fineness, color, and purity, there is no known 
means to determine with certainty the method of production from 
an examination of samples. It is therefore suggested that all varie- 
ties of chalk (exclusive of crude chalk), ground, bolted, or precipi- 
tated, and whiting or Paris white be placed together in the same 
paragraph. The best commercial grades are worth more than five 
times as much as the poor grades. The following language is sug- 
gested: Whiting or Paris white, ground in oil or putty, [rate]; 
whiting or Paris white or chalk, precipitated, ground, bolted, or put 
up in the form of cubes, blocks, sticks, disks, or otherwise, including 
tailor’s, billiard, and red chalk; and manufactures of chalk not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, [rate]. (See par. 60.) 

184911°—20 3 





34 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


oa 


PARAGRAPH 16. : 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


2. Aleoholic compounds, including 16, Chemical and medicinal com- 
all articles consisting. of vegetable, | pounds and preparations, including 
animal, or mineral objects immersed | mixtures and Salts, distilled oils, es- 
or placed in or saturated with, alco- | sential oils, expressed oils, rendered 
hol, not specially provided for in this | oils, greases, ethers, flavoring and 
sectién, 60 cents per pound and 25 | other extracts and fruit essences, all 
per centum ad valorem. the foregoing and their combinations 
when containing alcohol,. and all ar- 
ticles consisting of vegetable or min- 
eral objects immersed or placed in, 
or saturated with, alcohol, except per- 
fumery and spirit varnishes, and all 
aleoholic compounds not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, if containing 
20 per centum of alcohol or less, 10 
cents per pound and 20 per centum ad - 

65. Medicinal preparations contain- | valorem; containing more than 20 per 
ing alcohol or in the preparation of | centum and not more than 50 per 
which alcohol is used, not specially | centum of alcohol, 20 cents per pound 
provided for in this section, 55 cents | and 20 per centum ead valorem; con- 
per pound, but in no case shall the | taining more than 50 per centum of 
same pay less than 25 per centum | alcohol, 40 cents per pound and 20 per 
ad valorem; .* .* * centum ad valorem. 


3. * * * Chemical compounds, 
mixtures and salts, * * * contain- 
ing aleohol or in the preparation of 
whieh aleohol is used, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 55 
cents per pound, but in no case Shall 
any of the foregoing pay less than 25 
per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of chemical compounds have been chiefly in the class con- 
taining 20 per cent of alcohol or less and in 1918 were valued at 
$30,387 and yielded a revenue of $6,893. In 1918 imports of the class 
containing between 20 and 50 per cent of alcohol were valued at 
$15,882 and yielded a revenue of $7,859; those containing more than 
50 per cent of alcohol, at $850 with a revenue of $709. 

Imports of medicinal compounds have also been chiefly in the class 
containing 20 per cent of alcohol or less, and in 1918 were valued af 
$63,579 and yielded & revenue of $18,422. In 1918 imports of the class 
containing between 20 and 50 per cent alcohol were valued at $26,002 
and yielded a revenue of $18,400; those compounds containing more 
than 50 per cent of alcohol were valued at $10,789, with a revenue of 
$13,284. 

Imports of vegetable or mineral objects immersed in aleohal are 
practically negligible. ; 

Statistics of alcoholic compounds have not been separately reported 
since 1914. Before then imports decreased from 1,272 pounds, valued 
at $1,585 in 1910, to 648 pounds, valued at $749 in 1913. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The terms “ chemical compound ” and “ chemical mixture” are dis: 
tinguished and the term “ medicinal preparations ” is defined under 
paragraph 5 (supra). The oils are described under paragraphs 44, 
45, and 46, and the ethers under paragraph 29 (infra). 

Certain so-called Chinese wines, possessing medicinal properties and 
handled in the drug trade, are dutiable under this paragraph as medic- 
inal preparations containing alcohol. (T. D. 87212, of 1917 and 
37849, of 1918.) 

The term “aicoholic compounds” is used in a common or broad 
sense of being any union or mixture of elements, ingredients, or parts, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 35 


such as finely cut herbs commingled with aleohol and constituting to 
some degree an infusion. (175 Fed., 33, of 1909.) 

The compensatory rates of duty imposed in this paragraph because 
of the alcoholic content are not preportionate to the increased taxes 
levied on distilled spirits by the war-revenue acts. 

The word “esters’’ might be inserted after “ ethers,” as suggested 
in comments on paragraph 29. (See pars. 5 and 17.) 


PARAGRAPH 17. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
65. Medicinal preparations * * *; 17. Chemical and medicinal cem- 
Provided, That chemicals, drugs, me- | pounds, combinations and all similar 
dicinal and similar substances, | articles dutiable under this- section, 


whether dutiable or free, imported in | except soap, whether specially pro- 
capsules, pills, tablets, lozenges, ; vided for or not, put up in individual 
treches, or similar forms, and in- | packages of two and one-half pounds 
tended for medicinal purposes, shall | or less gross weight (except samples 
be dutiable at not less than the rate | without commercial value) shall be 
imposed by this section on medicinal | dutiable at a rate not less than 20 
preparations, per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That chemicals, drugs, medicinal and 
similar substances, whether dutiable 
or free, imported in capsules, pills, 
tablets, lozenges, troches, ampoules, 
jubes, or similar forms, shall be duti- 
able at not less than 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports under paragraph 17 in packages of 24 pounds or less from 
1914, when first shown, to 1918, inclusive, have been vaiued between 
$455,491 and $711,016 per year, and have yielded a yearly revenue 
varying from $91,357 to $142,203. Imports in the form of capsules, 
ete., amounted to $800,000 in both 1914 and 1915, and yielded a yearly 
revenue of about $200,000. In 1918 imports decreased to $443,210, 
yielding a revenue of $110,803: 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An article need not be both a chemical compound and a medicinal 
compound. for the purposes of this paragraph. (G. A. 7833, T. D. 
36031, of 1915.) 

The words “dutiable under this section” refer to articles upon 
which a duty has been levied, and have no application to articles which 
would otherwise be exempt from duties; but chemicals, drugs, medici- 
nals, and similar substances, whether dutiable or free, when imported 
in capsules, pills, ampoules, ete., are dutiable at not less than 25 per 
cent ad valorem. (G. A. 7623, T. D. 34863, of 1914; Abstract 36915, 
T. D. 349338, of 1914.) 

No mere article of food is comprehended ; hence, infant foods of the 
nature of and substitutes for mother’s milk, which they closely re- 
semble, containing neither medical nor chemical ingredients, and not 
used as medicines or chemicals, are not within the provision. (G. A. 
8120, T. D. 37466, of 1917.) But articles not strictly and exciusively 
medicinal, but possessing some therapeutic value, and, because of this 
quality and of the form in which they appear in the trade, are known 
and sold to the public as remedial agencies, are within the provision. 
(7 Ct. Cust, Appls,, 118, of 1916.) 


36 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


As construed by the Treasury Department, all patent medicines, 
proprietary remedies, chemicals synthetically prepared, and articles 
combined or compounded with the use of chemicals, come within this 
provision, Olive oil, oil of lemon, oil of orange, peanut oil, fish oils, and 
other rendered, expressed, distilled, and essential oils, which are not 
mixed or compounded with other oils, earths, chalk, crude drugs, 
which are natural and uncompounded, and similar articles, are ex- 
cluded, because not similar to chemical and medicinal preparations or 
combinations. (T. D. 34184, of 1914, modifying T. D. 34035, of 1914.) 

In the latest decision of the Court of Customs Appeals (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 21, of 1917), construing paragraph 17, the following principles 
were laid down 


1. A compound or combination, in the general understanding, is 
necessarily something composed of more than one component material, 
and these expressions in paragraph 17, tariff act of 1918, are not ap- 
plicable to a natural product. 

2. The use of the word “ medicinal” in paragraph 17, tariff act of 
1918, with reference to compounds or combinations, requires that the 
compound or combination should have healing or curative properties, 
and probably that it should’ be commonly so regarded and used. 

8. The expression “all similar articles,’ used in paragraph 17, 
tariff act of 1918, with reference to compounds or combinations, ap- 
plies only to a compound, combination, mixture, or preparation: com- 
posed of more than one substance or material. 

4. The expression ‘“ medicinal compounds, combinations, and all 
similar articles’ means, first, strictly medical compounds and combi- 
nations, and, second, compounds or combinations similar thereto in 
that, while not strictly medical because possessing properties which 
adapt them to other uses, are nevertheless susceptible of medicinal 
uses and, in the form and condition imported, are specially designed 
therefor and so chiefly used. 


The following are among the products held to fall within the pro- 
vision: Glycerin in plain glass bottles less than 23 pounds gross 
weight. (G. A. 7833, T. D. 36031, of 1915.) Isotonique sea water im- 
ported in ampoules for medicinal purposes. (G. A. 7624, T. D. 34864, 
of 1914.) Citrate of magnesia and preparations of malt in packages 
of less than 24 pounds gross weight. (Abstract 41232, of 1917.) Hz- 
tract of taraxacum or dandelion extract and so-called Hilliman’s 
embrocation. (Abstract 41861, of 1918.) Calcined magnesia in pack- 
ages less than 24 pounds gross weight. (Abstract 41784, of 1918.) 
Antiplague serum in ampoules. (Abstract 37925, of 1915.) Radiogen- 
Trinkwasser in capsules and ampoules. (Abstract 36915, T. D. 34933, 
of 1914.) 

The following are among the articles held not to come within the 
provision: Essence @ Orient, a solution made from the seales of fish 
with water and a little ammonia, and used to impart a pearl -effect 
to glass articles such as hatpin tops. (Abstract 40809 and 41175, of 
1917.) Wash blue, some containing ultramarine, in balls or cubes. 
(Abstracts 38629 and 38840, of 1915; 39885, of 1916, and 41786, of 
1918.) Writing and copying ink. (Abstracts 37926 and 39005, of 
1915.) Refined camphor in tablets containing two-thirds of an ounce, 
packed in tin cans containing 24 tablets. (T. D. 34612, of 1914.) 
Naphthalin and camphor in the form of balls and tablets. (T. D. 
34199, of 1914.) Sweet almond and castor oil in bottles of 3 to 4 
ounces. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 21, of 1917.) Polishes for shoes or metal, 
(Abstracts 39872, of 1916, and 41856 and 41858, of 1918.) Plastilina, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 37 


a modeling clay. (G. A. 7896, T. D. 36361, of 1916.) Lemon oil in 
bottles of less than 24 pounds gross weight. (Abstract 41855, of 
1918.) Saffron in packages less than 24 pounds gross weight. (Ab- 
stract 41261, of 1917.) Hnamel paints and colors. (Abstract 41235, 
of 1917.) Adhesive plasters. (Abstract 40732, of 1917.) 

The Board of General Appraisers, declaring the immediate con- 
tainer to be the package contemplated by this paragraph, held a 
package weighing more than 23 pounds and containing a large number 
of small packages each weighing less than 24 pounds gross to be in- 
cluded. (Abstract 37927, of: 1915.) A single package weighing less 
than 24 pounds shipped by itself in one container is also included, the 
Court of Customs Appeals holding the test to be weight regardless of 
price, quality, origin, method of manufacture, container, suitability 
for use, or any other matter, and whether in wholesale or retail sales. 
(9 Ct. Cuts. Appls., —; T. D. 88208, of 1919.) (See pars. 5 and 16.) 


PARAGRAPH 18. 
ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1918. 


18. Chloral hydrate, salol, phe- 
nolphthalein, urea, terpin hydrate, 
acetanilid, acetphenetidin, antipyrine, 
glycerophosphoriec acid and salts and 
compounds thereof, acetylsalicylic 
acid, aspirin, guiacol carbonate, and 
thymol, 25 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
CHLORAL HYDRATE. 


Description and uses.—Chloral hydrate is a chemical compound 
used chiefly as a sleep-producing drug. Chloral is converted into 
chloral hydrate by the addition of water, and is also combined with 
other substances to form various drugs. 

Production.—It is manufactured by treating ethyl alcohol (grain 
alcohol) with chlorine gas, the use of denatured alcohol being 
lawful for this purpose. 

Prior to the war its manufacture was attempted here, but discon- 
tinued because of the reduction in price on the German product. 
After the war its manufacture was resumed at St. Louis, Mo., and 
at Midland, Mich., and domestic needs have been thus supplied. 

Imports in 1914 were 644 pounds and in 1918, 1,032 pounds, valued 
at $746, yielding a revenue of $187. 


SALOL. 


Description and uses.—Salol is the chemical name for a coal-tar 
medicinal. Commercially, it is a white crystalline powder having a 
faint aromatic odor. It is used chiefiy as a medicinal, with some 
uses in toilet preparations and disinfectant washes. 

Production.—In 1918 the production by five companies was 271,945 
pounds, valued at $406,072. Salol is manufactured from phenol in 
chemical steps by action of caustic soda, carbon dioxide, and phos- 
phorus oxychloride or phosgene. It is also made from salicylic acid 
by heat treatment in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. 

Imports in 1915 were 28,480 pounds, valued at $11,445, yielding a 
revenue of $2,861. Over 98 per cent of the imports in 1914 came from 
Germany. 


38 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PHENOLPHTHALEIN. 


Description and uses.—Phenolphthalein is a_coal-tar medicinal 
made from pheno! and phthalic anhydrid. It is a white or faintly yel- 
low crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless, and almost insoluble in 
water. It is used in chemical laboratories, but it is chiefly sold as a 
medicinal under various trade names. ; 

Production.—In 1917, 69,933 pounds of phenolphthalein (about 
five times greater than the imports of 1914), valued at $674,853, were 
manufactured by four firms, with a substantial increase in 1918. 

Imports in 1914 were about evenly divided between Germany and 
Switzerland. The largest importation was in 1915, 49,3826 pounds, 
valued at $46,295, with a revenue of $11,573. 


UREA. 


Description and uses.—Urea is the commercial name for the sub- 
stance which is found naturally in the urine of mammals and in the 
blood, milk, and other animal fluids. It crystallizes in transparent, 
colorless, four-sided prisms. Urea forms salts such as the nitrate, 
oxalate, acetate, citrate, and hydrochloride, used chiefly as medicinals. 

Its largest use is as a stabilizer in pyroxylin plastics. 

Production.—Urea has been manufactured in the United States 
only since the latter part of 1916.° It is made by treating calcium 
cyanamide with water in the presence of a mineral acid. It may also 
be prepared from phosgene gas and ammonia. 

Calcium cyanamide, the raw material of urea, is manufactured by — 
an American firm with a plant located in Canada. It is cn the free 
list (par. 499). Successful manufacture requires cheap electric power. 

Domestic manufacture of urea resulted from the failure of German 
supplies. The annual production is not known, but is estimated not 
to exceed 200,000 pounds. . 

Urea is made in Germany from ammonium cyanate as a by-product 
from the eyanide industry by treating the cyanate with boiling water. 

Imports.—The largest quantity of urea imported since 1914 was 
79,192 pounds, valued at $32,498, with a revenue of $8,125 in 1916. 


TERPIN HYDRATE. 


Description and uses.—Terpin hydrate is the product formed when 
turpentine is treated with nitric acid and alcohol. It crystallizes in 
colorless, rhombic prisms, has a slightly aromatic edor and a bitter 
taste, and is used chiefly as a medicinal. 

Production.—Terpin hydrate is manufactured in the United States 
by several firms, but data on production are wanting. 

Imports.—The largest imports during any one year (1914) were 
6,929 pounds, valued at $1,020, yielding a revenue of $255. Over 92 
per cent of these imports came from Germany. 


ACETA NILIDE, 


Description and uses.—Acetanilide is the substance obtained by 
the action of acetic acid on aniline. In commerce it has two grades: 
a technical grade used as an intermediate in the manufacture of 
coal-tar dyes, and the United States Pharmacopeia grade, used as a 
medicinal. ; 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 39 


Production.—Acetanilide of U. S. P. grade was manufactured be- 
fore the war for medicinal purposes. Ten firms in 1917 produced 
1,897,703 pounds of technical acetanilide and 923,078 pounds of ace- 
tanilide U. S. P. grade, valued at $490,933, both grades being valued 
at $1,370,723. In 1918, 2,085,088 pounds of technical acetanilide were 
made, valued at $1,106,546, and 939,062 pounds of U. S. P. grade, 
valued at $615,158. Before the war over 98 per cent of the domestic 
consumption of the technical grade was imported from Germany. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,060 pounds of acetanilide, valued at $164, 
with a revenue of $41. The importation in 1914 was one-tenth of 1 
per cent of the present domestic production. 


ACETPHENETIDINE. 


Description and uses.—Acetphenetidine, or commonly, phenacetin, 
is a coal-tar medicinal described in the United States Pharmacopeia 
as a monoacetyl derivative of para-amidophenetol. It occurs in 
commerce in white crystalline seales or fine powder, odorless, with a 
slightly bitter taste. It is used chiefly as an antipyretic or anti- 
neuralgic. 

Production.—Acetphenetidine was made here before the war. In 
1917 five manufacturers produced 72,385 pounds, valued at $554,346. 
Three manufacturers report an increase in 1918. It is made from 
benzol by complex chemical processes employing chlorine, soda ash, 
ethyl bromide, ammonia, and acetic acid materials produced com- 
mercially in the United States. 

Imports in 1914 were 2,228 pounds, valued at $1,711, over 94 per 
cent from England and the balance from France, Germany, and 
Switzerland. The largest imports were in 1915, 39,990 pounds, valued 
at $27,356, with a revenue of $6,839. 


ANTIPYRBINE. 


Description and uses.—Antipyrine. is the commercial name of 
dimethylphenylisopyrazolone. It is a coal-tar medicinal, white, al- 
most odorless, crystalline, with a slightly bitter taste. 

Production.—Antipyrine is manufactured from phenylhydrazine by 
treatment with acetic ether, methyl alcohol, methyl iodide, and caustic 
soda. Phenylhydrazine has been manufactured domestically, chiefly 
for experimental purposes. It is made from coal tar. In 1914 over 
67 per cent of the imports of antipyrine came from France, 29 per 
cent from Germany, and the balance, in order, from Switzerland, Eng- 
land, and Japan. 

_ Imports.—The largest importation of antipyrine was in 1914, 
7,686 pounds, valued at $11,608, with a revenue of $2,902. 


GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID AND SALTS AND COMPOUNDS THEREOF, 


Description and uses.—Glycerophosphoric acid is the substance 
formed when glycerol (glycerin) and phosphoric acid are heated to- 
gether. It is a clear, colorless liquid when made, but decomposes 
rapidly and changes in color. It is rarely obtained pure, and is of 
little importance commercially, but its salts—sodium, calcium, and 
potassium glycerophosphates—are used as medicinals. Glycerophos- 
phoric acid is also used in medicine when combined with iron, man- 
ganese, quinine, and strychnine. 


40 “SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Production.—The production of glycerophosphoric acid and its salts 
is confined to manufacturers of a general line of pharmaceuticals, 
there being two companies in New York State, two in St. Louis, 
and one in Philadelphia. 

Imports.—The quantities show a decrease since 1914, with an in- 
crease in value. In 1917, 5,853 pounds of the acid, and salts of, were 
imported as compared with 24,789 pounds in 1914, 15,933 pounds in 
1915, and 7,668 pounds in 1916. The revenue obtained during the 
maximum year, 1914, was $5,767. 


ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly called “ as- 
pirin,” is a coal-tar medicinal made by treating salicylic acid with 
acetic anhydride. It is a white, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble 
in water and having a slightly acid taste. It is used in medicine for 
colds and headaches and as an antipyretic or antirheumatic. 

Production.—The restraining patent expired in September, 1917, 
and the manufacture of this medicinal was started, eight firms in 
1917 reporting a production of 478,296 pounds valued at $2,628,003. 
This production about doubled in 1918 (961,113 pounds, with a value 
of $3,150,640) and is more than eight times the maximum actly hes 
of 1915 (112,648 pounds, valued at $53,829). 

Imports.—The maximum imports, in 1915, yielded a revenue to the 
Government of $13,457. The imports since that year have been about 
one-tenth of 1 per cent of our production. Of the importation in 1914 
over 37 per cent came from England, 20 per cent from Switzerland, 
and the balance from Canada, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. 


GUAIACOL CARBONATE, 


Description and uses.—Guaiacol carbonate is the product obtained 
from the action of phosgene gas (carbonyl chloride) on guaiacol in a 
caustic soda solution. It is a erystalline powder, odorless and taste- 
less, or having a slight aromatic odor and taste, and used as a 
medicinal. 

Production.—Guaiacol carbonate is made either from guaiacol de- 
rived from the distillation of beechwood creosote or from guaiacol 
manufactured synthetically from pyrocatechin. It is the only de- 
rivative of guaiacol which has received official recognition and the 
only guaiacol compound specifically mentioned in the act of 1913. It 
is manufactured here, but before the war was imported chiefly from 
Germany as ‘ Duotal.” 

Imports.—The largest imports were 9,517 pounds, valued at $75,671, 
with a revenue of $18,918, in 1918. 


THYMOL 


Description and uses.—Thymol is a chemical salt derived from 
ajowan seed, native to India, Egypt, Persia, and Afghanistan. It is 
used in the treatment of disease, aS an antiseptic wash, to destroy 
molds and certain parasites, and as an embalming fluid for corpses 
and anatomical specimens. 

Production.—Thymol has been produced domestically from im- 
ported ajowan seed, although before the war it was chiefly imported 
from Germany, which had a virtual monopoly in its manufacture. 
Because of the scarcity of ajowan during the war, experiments have 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Al 


been undertaken on several American plants with the view of obtain- 
ing a domestic supply. Present production is not known, ‘Thymol 
is manufactured to some extent in England and India. 

Imports for 1914-1918 show an average of 12,199 pounds, valued at 
$33,336; revenue, $8,334, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Under the construction against implied repeal (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
—; T. D. 87978 and 37980, of 1919; Dec. Treas. Dept. Oct. 5, 1916, 
published in report of Tariff Commission on Dyes and Other Coal-tar 
Chemicals, p. 65), salol, phenolphthalein, acetanilide, acetphenetidine, 
antipyrine, and acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, are dutiable under 
the act of 1913 rather than under the war-revenue act of 1916. (Dee. 
Treas. Dept. of Nov. 7, 1916, published in report of Tariff Commission 
on Dyes and Other Coal-tar Chemicals, pp. 65, 66.) 

“Guiacol carbonate” is correctly spelled “ guaiacol carbonate.” 
When manufactured from guaiacol derived synthetically from coal-tar 
pyrocatechin, it likewise comes within the terms of both of said acts, 
and is dutiable under the eo nomine provision of the act of 1913 as 
more specific. 

Quinine glycerophosphaite is not dutiable as a salt or compound of 
glycerophosphorie acid, but exempt from duty as a salt of cinchona 
bark under paragraph 584. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 187, of 1917.) 

The duty on glycerol (glycerin) is specific and phosphoric acid is 
exempt from duty, whereas the duty on glycerophosphoriec acid and 
salts and compounds thereof is ad valorem. As a consequence the 
effective margin has been increased by the advance in value since the 
enactment of the act of 1918. 

Since chloral hydrate is chloral with water added, chloral might 
well be specifically provided for with chloral hydrate. 

The terms “ acetylsalicylic acid” and ‘‘ aspirin’ refer to the same 
article. Aspirin is a brand name; acetylsalicylic acid is generic; 
therefore aspirin might be omitted. (See pars. 1 and 887.) 


PARAGRAPH 19. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT GF 1913. 


14, Chloroform, 10 cents per pound. 19. Chloroform, 2 cents per pound; 
carbon tetrachloride, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
CHLOROFORM. 


Description and uses.—Chloroform is a colorless liquid with a 
characteristic ethereal odor, its vapors producing anesthesia when 
inhaled—a property giving it its largest use. It is used also as a 
solvent and an antiseptic, about 1 per cent of grain alcohol being 
added to prevent decomposition. 

Production in 1914 was 1,333,954 pounds, valued at $295,317, a de- 
crease of more than 500,000 pounds compared with 1909, probably due 
to the increased use of ether in anesthesia. Chloroform is one of 
many articles which requires chlorine in its manufacture. It is made 
from three different raw materials, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, 
and grain alcohol. All of these raw materials are produced in the 


49 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

United States in sufficient quantities. The war demand for acetone 

greatly stimulated the production of chloroform from carbon tetra- 

chloride. t 
Imports in 1914 were 2,444 pounds, valued at $990. 


~ 


CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 





Description and uses.—Carbon tetrachloride or tetrachlormethane, 
is a liquid, the vapors of which are very effective in extinguishing 
fire. It is used in fire extinguishers known as Pyrene, J. M., and Fyr- 
Fyter,-and also for dry cleaning of fabrics and gloves. It is a valu- 
able solvent, an important raw material for making chloroform, and 
was largely used during the war in producing smoke screens. 

Production.—Increased use as a solvent and cleanser, great de- 
mand for fire extinguishers, large war needs, and cessation of imports 
during the war greatly developed the industry sinee 1909. 

The raw materials necessary in its production are coke (carbon), 
sulphur, and chlorine gas, all available in this country. Sulphur 
chloride is a by-product of its manufacture and may be used for the 
production of more carbon tetrachloride. It is produced at Midland, 
Mich.; Charleston, W. Va.; Niagara Falls, N. ¥.; and Pittsburg, Calif. 

Imports in 1914 were 572,910 pounds; in 1915, 342,854 pounds; 
valued respectively at $28,800 and $18,139. Since 1915 the imports, 
almost entirely from Germany, have nearly eeased. - 


PARAGRAPH 20. 





ACT OF 1509. 


15. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 30 


ACT OF 1913. 


20. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not spe- 
cially provided for in this seetion, 30 


per centum ad valorem; * * * per eentum ad valorem. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph, together with paragraphs 21, 22, and 23 of Schedule 
A, and paragraphs 394, 452, and 514 of the free list, and the words “ sali- 
eylie acid,” in paragraph 1 and “carbolic” and “phthalic” in para- 
graph 887, were expressly repealed by Title V of the act of Septem- 
ber 8, 1916, which in general covers dyes and other chemicals of coal- 
tar origin. This whole subject has been discussed in three reports 
of the United States Tariff Commission, entitled respectively, ‘‘ Census 
of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemieals, 1917,” * Dyes and Other Coal-Tar 
Chemicals,” and “ Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals, 1918.” 


PARAGRAPHS 21, 22, AND 23. 


15. * * *:; all other products or 
preparations of coal tar, not colors 
or dyes and not medicinal, not spe 
cially provided for in this section, 20 
per centum ad valorem, 


536. * * * Products of coal tar 


known as * * * benzol, toluol, 
ee . *) xylal.- Ais %4o*. ope phtol 
Soe OR TASOTeTR | 6) My ee) en eee 


foregoing not medicinal and not colors 
or dyes. (Free) 


‘cially provided for 


21. All other products or prepara- 
tions of coal tar, not colors or dyes, 
not specially provided for im this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. 


22. Cold-tar distillates, not spe- 
in this section ; 
benzol, naphtol, resorcin,  toluol, 


xylol; all the foregoing not médicinal 


-and not colors or dyes, 5 per centum 


ad valorem, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 43 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1918. 


491. Aniline salts. (Free.) 23. Coal-tar products known as ani- 

536. Coal tar * * *  products,|lin oil and salts, toluidine, xylidin, 
known as toluidine, xylidin, cumidin, | cumidin, binitrotoluol, binitrobenzol, 
binitrotoluol, binitrobenzol,. benzidin, | banzidin, tolidin, dianisidin, naphtyl- 
tolidin, dianisidin, * * * naph-|amin, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, ben- 
tylamin, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, | zyl chloride, nitro-benzol and _ nitro- 
benzyl chloride, * * *  nitro-|toluol, naphtylaminsulfoacids and 
benzol, and nitrotoluol, naphtylamin- | their sodium or potassium salts, naph- 
sulfoacids and their sodium or potas-| tolsulfoacids and their sodium or po- 
sium salts, naphtolsulfoacids and their| tassium salts, amidonaphtolsulfoacids 
sodium or potassium salts, amidonaph-| and their sodium or potassium salts, 
tolsulfoacids and their sodium or po-| amidosalicylic acid, binitrochlorben- 
tassium: salts, amidosalicylic acid, bi-|zol, diamidostilbendisulfeacid, metan- 
nitroehlorbenzol, diamidostilbendisulfo- | ilic acid, paranitranilin, dimethylani- 
acid, metanilic acid, paranitranilin,| lin; all the foregoing not medicinal 
dimethylanilin; all the foregoing not] and not colors or dyes, 10 per centum 
medicinal and pot colors or dyes.| ad valorem. 
(Free. ) 

639. Oils: * id * Aniline. 
ar. (ree, ) 


See “Interpretation and comments” under paragraph 20, 


PARAGRAPH 24. 


16. Cobalt, oxide of, 25 cents per 24. Cobalt, oxide of, 10 cents per 
pound. pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Two grades of cobalt oxide are found on 
the market, the black and the gray. 

The oxide is usually produced directly from the ore, though if the 
pure substance is wanted the metal is first obtained and then changed 
to the oxide. Zaffer (par. 657, free list) is an impure cobalt oxide. 

Cobalt oxide is used in the preparation of cobalt salts, in the manu- 
facture of smalt and of enameled ironware, for producing blue enamels 
and glazes on porcelain, and as a drier for paints and varnishes. 

Production.—Since Canada began producing cobalt in quantity the 
production of the oxide in the United States has been very small. 
Canada furnishes nearly all of the world’s supply. 

Imports are almost entirely from Canada. In 1913, 28,729 pounds 
were imported. The imports then increased to 109,484 pounds in 
1914, and to 238,934 pounds in 1916. The import during 1918 was 
220,863 pounds. 

The large increase in imports of cobalt oxide has been accompanied 
by a marked decrease in imports of cobalt ore, which was free of duty 
under the acts of 1909 and 1913. With cobalt oxide dutiable at 25 
cents per pound, considerable ore was imported and converted into 
the oxide in the United States. Since the passage of the act of 1913 
plants have been built in Canada; these treat the ore and ship oxide 
and metal into this country. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Cobalt oxide from which the metal cobalt is prepared is dutiable; 
the metal ig free. (See par. 453.) 


44 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 25. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


17. Collodion and all compounds of 25. Collodion and all other liquid 
pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, | solutions of pyroxylin, or of other 
whether known as celluloid or by] cellulose esters, or of celiulose, 15 per 
any other name, 40 cents per pound;|centum ad valorem; compounds of py- 
if in blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or|roxylin or of other cellulose esters, 
other forms, not polished, wholly or! whether known as celluloid or by any 
partly, and not made up into finished | other name, if in blocks, sheets, rods, 
or partly finished articles, 45 cents} tubes, or other forms not polished, 
per pound; if polished, wholly or{| wholly or partly, and not made into 
partly, or if in finished or partly} finished or partly finished articles, 25 
finished articles, except moving-picture| per centum ad valorem; if polished, 
films, of which collodion or any com-| wholly or partly, or if finished or 
pound of pyroxylin or of other cellu- | partly finished articles, of which collo- 
lose esters, by whatever name known, | dion or any compound of pyroxylin or 
is the component material of chief| other cellulose esters, by whatever 
value, 65 cents per pound and 30 per| name known, is the component mate- 
centum ad valorem, rial of chief value, 40 per centum 

ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Pyrorylin is a name applied to the soluble 
nitrates of cellulose. 

Pyroxylin plastics are substances composed of pyroxylin, camphor, 
and a solvent, sold under trade names such as “ celluloid,” “ fiberoid,” 
“ viscoloid,” and “ pyralin.” 'They are used for making combs, mirror 
and brush backs, knife-handles, buttons, toys, rims for eyeglasses, 
and many other articles, and in the manufacture of artificial leather 
and silk. 

Collodion is a solution of pyroxylin in alcohol and ether. It is 
used in surgery and to some extent in photography. 

Of the other cellulose esters, the acetates are the most important. 
They are made by treating cellulose with acetic anhydride and sul- 
phuric acid, and have the same uses as the cellulose nitrates, but being 
noninflammable, are more satisfactory for some purposes. 

Production.—The materials used in the manufacture of pyroxylin 
are cellulose in some form, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid. A sta- 
bilizer, usually urea, is added; also pigments and dyes for opaque or 
colored products. 

The domestic production of pyroxylin plastics has increased greatly, 
its value in 1899 being $1,526,572; in 1909, $5,682,379, and in 1914, 
$8,876,509. There were four producers in 1918, a part of their product 
going to other companies manufacturing finished articles. 

England and France were extensive manufacturers of pyroxylin 
plastics before the war. When the factories were largely given over 
to the making of explosives the production of plastics in those coun- 
tries greatly diminished, with a consequent increase in exports from the 
United States. Germany was formerly, the largest producer of 
pyroxylin and our strongest competitor. Japan will probably become 
the leading competitor under normal conditions, since she controls the 
world’s supply of camphor and is growing in experience in manu- 
facture. 

Synthetic camphor is now manufactured in this country. 

Imports of pyrorylin plastics not made into finished or partly fin- 
ished articles have not averaged more than 1 per cent of the do- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 45 


mestiec production, even though a marked increase followed the act 
of 1913. Imports of the partly or wholly finished manufactured ar- 
ticles in 1914 were about 10 per cent of the domestic production. 
Since the war the imports from Europe have ceased. 

Exports and manufactures of celluloid in 1910 were valued at 
$1,189,080; in 1914, at $1,387,541; in 1918, at $3,744,745. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sheets, tubes, and rods of celluloid not subjected to any process 
designed to polish them, but polished to some extent in the smoothing 
or straightening, were held to fall within this paragraph as not pol- 
ished wholly or partly. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 426, of 1915.) | 

Emaillite, a liquid used in making aeroplane canvas impervious 
to moisture and air, was held dutiable as a compound of cellulose 
esters rather than as a paint or varnish. (Abstract 34818, T. D. 
34026, of 1918.) On the other hand, hand-decorated booklets with 
pyroxylin covers and paper inserts, pyroxylin in chief value, were 
classified under the act of 1909, paragraph 412, as booklets decorated 
in whole or in part by hand and not as manufactures of pyroxylin. 
(3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 841, of 1912.) The provision for hand-decorated 
booklets in paragraph 3825 of the act of 1913 is, however, limited by 
the term ‘“ wholly or in chief value of paper” and booklets, whether 
decorated or not, in chief value of pyroxylin, were held dutiable 
under paragraph 329 as books or printed matter. (G. A. 7917, T. D. 
36484, of 1916; Abstract 40262, of 1916; Abstract 41806, of 1918.) 

Celluloid rings and loops, sometimes used by- babies when teething 
and to decorate or ornament harness, and oecasionally on martingales 
or spreaders, and which are not essential to a complete harness or 
saddle, are dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures of pyrox- 
ylin and not exempt from duty under paragraph 530 as “ harness, sad- 
dles, and saddlery, in sets or in parts, finished or unfinished.” (T. D. 
Ba909, 01 1913; G. A. 7739, T..D. 85529, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 26. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
18. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, 26. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, 
or other liquors, 40 per centum ad | or other liquors, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. valorem, ! 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—This coloring is derived either from the raw ma- 
terials from which the beverage is made or it is added to imitate the 
natural color. Artificial coloring matters are of natural origin, 
such as caramel (burnt sugar), orchil or archil, malva flowers, saf- 
flower, cochineal, alkanet, bilberry juice, elderberry, beet root, red 
cabbage, litmus, logwood, and malt -color. Coal-tar dyes are used 
subject to the food and drugs act. Caramel is used to color brandy, 
wines (rarely), malt beverages, whisky, rum, cordials, and liqueurs. 
Malt color is an extract of black malt (caramalized malt) filtered and 
evaporated to a sirup and is used to color malt beverages such as beer, 
ale, and porter; caramalized corn is sometimes substituted. Orchil, 
malva flowers, safflower, cochineal, alkanet root, bilberry juice, elder- 
berry, beet root, red cabbage, litmus, and logwood are sometimes used 
in the coloring of wines, 


46 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Production.—Vegetable and coal-tar dyes used for coloring bev- ° 
erages are manufactured here in commercial quantities. 

Imports for 1908-1917 averaged $1,327 with a revenue of $638, 
In 1914 about 86 per cent came from England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


So-called Burnt starch or caramel was held dutiable as a coloring 
for liquors within this paragraph and not as burnt starch under para- 


graph 86. 


(T. D. 36975, of 1917.) 


The phrase “not specially provided for by law” might be added 
after “or other liquors,” some of which fall within provisions for ceal- 


tar products. 


PARAGRAPH 27. 


ACT OF 1909. 


20. Drugs, such as barks, beans, ber- 
ries, * * *, buds, bulbs, bulbous 
roots, exerescences, fruits, flowers, 
dried fibers, dried insects, grains, gums 
and gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, 
mosses; * * *, roots, stems, *°* *, 
vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not gar- 
den seeds), seeds of morbid growth, 
weeds, * * *3; any of the fore- 
going which are natural and uncom- 
pounded drugs and not edible, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
but which are advanced in value or 
condition by any process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture, 4 of 1 cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto 10 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
no article containing alcohol, or in the 


ACT OF 1918. 


27. Drugs, such as barks, beans, ber- 
ries, buds, bulbs,’ bulbous roots, ex- 
erescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
dried insects, grains, gums, herbs, 
leaves, lichens, mosses, roots, stems, 
vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not gar- 
den seeds), seeds of morbid growth, 
and weeds; any of the foregoing which 
are natural and uncompounded drugs 
and not edible, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, but which 
are advanced in value or condition by 
shredding, grinding, chipping, crush- 
ing, or any other process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture, 10 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be classified 





for duty under this paragraph. 
preparation of which aicohol is used, | . 
shall be classified for duty under this 
paragraph. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The drugs listed under this paragraph and paragraph 
477 of the free list are extremely numerous, and for the most part of 
strictly foreign production. Most of those produced domestically are 
not grown elsewhere. During the war the cultivation of a number of 
medicinal staples formerly imported has been attempted here with 
good results. American producers, however, use valuable agricultural 
land and a high type of labor; foreign materials are collected from 
plants growing wild, by the cheapest classes of labor. The quality 
of American drugs excels that of imported products, because of 
scientific research and methods of cultivation. Among such domestic 
drugs are belladonna, digitalis, cannabis, henbane, valerian, insect 
flowers, and Levant wormseed. Important products not commercially 
cultivated here are senna, rhubarb, quassia, orris root, scammony, 
squills, and colocynth. 

Imports were 1,776,386 pounds, valued at $113,165 in 1914, and 
401,624 pounds, valued at $78,918 in 1918. 

Exports in 1910 were valued at $476,837; in 1914, at $513,071; in 
1918, at $784,514. In addition,. exports of ginseng amounted to 
$1,832,686 in 1914, and to $1,717,548 in 1918. , 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 4" 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Spruce gum is not a drug within this paragraph and paragraph 477, 
and was held dutiable at 10 per cent under paragraph 385. The 
fact that it has been cleaned is insufficient to make it a manufacture. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 114, 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 144, and 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
210, of 1916.) This gum is now being classified, by similitude in use 
to chicle, under paragraphs 36 and 386. (T. D. 36854, of 1916.) 

The separate provision for gum resin, which appeared in tariff acts 
preceding that of 1913, was retained in paragraph 477, exempting from 
duty gum resin not advanced in value or condition, but was not re- 
tained in paragraph 27 imposing duty on gum resin advanced in value 
or condition. (See par. 477.) 


PARAGRAPH 28. 


ACT OF 1909. 
562. Ergot. (Free.) 


ACT OF 191838. 
28. Ergot, 10 cents per pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description, uses, and occurrence.—Hrgot is a crude botanical drug 
having ‘important and legitimate uses, especially in obstetrics, but is 
used criminally to produce abortion. It is a fungous growth on the 
rye plant, occurring erratically throughout the rye-growing section of 
the United States, notably in Minnesota and the Dakotas. On ac- 
count of its poisonous nature, removal from the rye is essential. As 
ergot grains are two or three times larger than rye grains, passing 
the rye through a screen removes all but the imperfect or broken ergot. 
Rye fiour containing more than 0.1 per cent of ergot is held to be 
adulterated under the pure-food and drugs act. Ergot removed from 
rye by screening is mixed with other refuse, and since machine 
methods for its separation and collection are not available, it has not 
proved commercially profitable in the United States. Ergot occurs in 
all rye-growing eountries and is collected by cheap hand labor, chiefly 
in Russia, Spain, Germany, Austria, and Sweden. 

Imports have come chiefly from Spain and Russia. For the years 
1909-1918 an average of 164,642 pounds, $99,193 value, is reported. 
The act of 1913 yielded an average annual revenue of $14,689. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

The cultivation of ergot for drug purposes could lead to indirect 
harmful consequences and cause loss to neighboring rye growers. 
Mills grinding rye endeavor to remove the ergot, but defective machin- 
ery or careless operatives may allow dangerous quantities to enter the 
flour, thus poisoning consumers or inducing premature parturition. 

PARAGRAPH 29. 
29, Ethers: 


21. Ethers: Sulphuric, 8 cents per 
pound; spirits of nitrous ether, 20 
cents per pound; * * * _ ethers of 
all kinds not specially provided for in 
this section, 50 cents per pound; ethyl 
ehloride, 30 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That no article of this para- 
graph shall pay a less rate of duty 
than 25 per centum ad valorem, 


Sulphuric, 4 cents per 
pound; amyl nitrite, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; amyl acetate and ethyl 
acetate or acetic ether, 5 cents per 
pound; ethyl chloride, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; ethers and esters of all 
kinds not specially provided for in 
this seetion, 20 per centum ad va- 


| lorem: Provided, That no article con- 
| taining more than 10 per centum of 


alcohol shall be classified for duty 


under this paragraph, 


48 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
SULPHURIC ETHER. 


Description and uses.—Sulphuric ether, or more correctly, ethyl 
ether, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant oder. Inhaled vapors 
produce ansesthesia, the property which gives ether its chief use in 
surgery. It is also used to some extent as a local anesthetic. 
Technically ether is largely used in combination with alcohol as a 
solvent for nitrocellulose (guncotton, collodion, pyroxylin plastics) ; 
it also dissolves other substances such as resins, fats, waxes, and alka- 
loids; and is used in some formulas for denaturing alcohol. 

Production.—Ether is produced by heating ethyl or grain alcohol 
with sulphuric acid. Its production in 1914, excluding the explosives 
industry, was 2,120,082 pounds, valued at $278,816, or double the pro- 
duction of 1909. The domestic production supplies the consumption, 
the imports being sporadic and negligible. 

Imports in 1912 were 1,485 pounds, valued at $207, decreasing to 
less than 100 pounds a year since 1915. 


AMYL NITRITE. 


Description and uses.—Purified amyl nitrite, which is chiefly iso- 
amyl nitrite, is a slightly yellowish liquid with a penetrating applelike 
odor. The commercial product, however, is likely to contain ethyl 
and amyl alcohol, amyl nitrate, and other organic impurities. It is 
used for medicinal purposes and in the preparation of artificial fruit 
ethers. 

Production.—It is prepared by distilling a mixture of amyl alcohol, 
sodium nitrite, and sulphurie acid. Amyl alcohol is obtained by the 
purification of fusel oil. (See par. 33.) 


AMYL ACETATE. 


Description and uses.—Amyl acetate is the acetic ester of amyl 
alcohol. When pure it is a colorless liquid with an agreeable odor. 
Two distinct grades are produced—the purified and the technical, one 
nvade by the cold process, the other by the hot process. The purified 
grade is used chiefly in the preparation of fruit ethers, flavoring 
essences, confectionery, and soft drinks; the technical grade is the 
most important and widely used cellulose solvent, especially in the 
pyroxylin lacquer industry, its high boiling point being a great ad- 
vantage. 

Production.—The production in 1914 was 1,300,052 pounds, valued 

at $465,664. 
Amyl acetate is made by treating crude or refined fusel oil with 
acetic acid or by distilling fusel oil with acetate of soda and sulphuric 
acid. All materials, except fusel oil, are produced in sufficient 
quantities in this country. (See fusel oil, par. 3.) 


ETHYL CHLORIDE. 


Description and uses.—Ethyl chloride is the hydrochloric ester of 
ethyl alcohol and is known by many pharmaceutical names. It is a 
very low-boiling liquid and is put up in mechanically sealed glass or 
metal tubes. It is used chiefly as a local anesthetic. 

Production.—Ethyl chloride is usually prepared by treating ethyl 
alcohol with hydrochloric acid in the presence of a dehydrating agent, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 49 


such as anhydrous zine chloride or phosphorous pentoxide. It is 
also formed by the action of chlorine on ethane and by the action of 
hydrochloric acid on ether in sealed tubes. Figures on the domestic 
production of ethyl chloride are not available. , 

Imports prior to the war averaged about 8,000 pounds per year. 
Imports in 1917 were about 9,000 pounds, but during the other war 
years was considerably below the average. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A mixture of 99.85 per cent of ethyl chloride and 0.15 per cent of 
perfume was held to be dutiable as ethyl chloride under the acts of 
1909 and 1913. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 319, of 1914; G. A. 7658, T. D. 
35026, of 1914; Abstract 41,788, of 1918.) 

Hther when used as a name alone without other special designation 
always refers to ethyl ether (diethyl oxide). It was formerly called 
sulphuric or phosphoric ether, depending on the acid used in its prep- 
aration. Ether is also used as a class name in chemical nomenclature 
to designate a group of organic chemical compounds which are oxides 
of alkyl hydrocarbon radicals. Hsters are distinctly different from 
ethers and are products of the action of acids on alcohols with the 
elimination of water. They are analogous to inorganic salts. Many 
compounds which, strictly speaking, are esters are often and im- 
properly called ethers, especially in commerce, This is true of ethyl 
nitrate (incorrectly called nitrous ether) and ethyl acetate (errone- 
ously called acetic ether). Of the articles mentioned by name in para- 
graph 29, sulphuric ether is the only true ether. All of the other 
articles mentioned by name ere esters. Fruit ethers are mixtures of 

various esters usually diluted with cologne spirits (ethyl alcohol). 

“OL Als sulphuric ether refers to the acid used in the manufacture of 
ether and is not a true description of the article, it would seem ad- 
visable to substitute the correct chemical term “ethyl ether.’ This 
being the only ether in the paragraph, it would also be advisable to 
eliminate the general heading “ Hthers.”’ 

Hthyl acetate, as pointed out, is an ester and not, strictly speaking, 
acetic ether. “It would therefore be logical to drop this term in con- 
nection with ethyl acetate. 

These suggestions are summed up in the following rearrangement of 
paragraph 29: Ethyl ether, [rate]; amyl nitrate, [rate]; amyl acetate 
and ethyl acetate, [rate]; ethyl chloride, [rate] ; and ethers and esters 
of all kinds not specially provided for in this section, [rate]: Provided, 
That no article containing more than ten per centum of adcohol shall 
be classified under this paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 30. 


ACT OF 1909. 


22. Extracts and decoctions of log- 
wood and other dyewoods, and ex- 
tracts of bark, such as are commonly 
used for dyeing * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in tkis section, 
Z of 1 cent per pound; extracts of 
nutgalls, aqueous, 4% of 1 cent per 
pound and 10 per centum ad valorem ; 
extract of Persian berries, 20 per 


184911°—20-——4 


ACT OF 19138. 


80. Extracts and decoctions of nut- 
galls, Persian berries, sumac, logwood, 
and other dyewoods, and all extracts 
of vegetable origin suitable for dye- 
ing, coloring, or staining, not spe 
cially provided for in this section; all 
the foregoing not containing alcohol 
and not medicinal, § of 1 cent per 
pound, 


50 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Continued. ACT OF 1913. 





ACT OF 1905 


centum ad valorem; * * *  ex- 
tracts of sumac, * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in this. section, 
5 of 1 cent per pound; all extracts 
of vegetable origin suitable for dye- 
ing, coloring, staining, or tanning, 
not containing alcohol and not me- 
dicinal, and not specially provided for 
in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Extracts and decoctions of plants, flowers, woods, 
barks, roots, berries, and other products of vegetable origin for use 
in dyeing, staining, or coloring, and not containing alcohol, usually 
occur in commerce as aqueous solutions of the coloring matter, or as 
a paste or a solid extract. They are obtained in general by ex- 
tracting the coloring matter with cold or boiling water; separating the 
liquid extract from the insoluble or fibrous portion of the vegetable 
matter by settling, filtering, or centrifuging; and concentrating the 
aqueous extract to the desired strength by evaporation in open or 
vacuum pans. In some cases practically all the water is driven off, 
leaving the extracted substance in a dry or powdered form. Of the 
natural dye extracts which are still employed, logwood extract is 
probably the most important commercially. Other extracts which are 
still used to some extent for dyeing include archil (orchil, cudbear), 
cutch, fustic, indigo, osage orange, Persian berries, quercitron, and 
sumac. 

Uses.—The extracts covered by this paragraph are used in the 
leather industry for tanning and dyeing, and in the textile industry for 
dyeing and mordanting fabrics. Of the vegetable extracts still used, 
osage orange, quercitron, and sumac are the only ones native to the 
United States. Certain other crude materials and extracts are on 
the free list and will be treated under paragraphs 399, 455, 469, 492, 
526, 538, 564, 618, and 624. 


PERSIAN BERRIES. 


Description and uses.—lHxtract of Persian berries is an aqueous 
substance obtained from the seed-bearing fruit of a genus of trees 
(Rhamnus) grown in France, Spain, Italy, and Asia Minor. It is a 
yellow dye used in ealico printing. 

Imports for 1910-1917 averaged 70,677 pounds, valued at $8,112, 
yielding an average annual revenue of $1,015. 


SUMAC. 


Description and uses.—Sumac extract is a brown liquid obtained 
from the dried and powdered leaves or stalks of certain shrubs (Rhus) 
growing throughout the world. That obtained from Sicilian sumac is 
considered the best and is on the market in several grades, including 
a decolorized or stainless grade which is used: in competition with 
tannic acid. This stainless extract is prepared by treating the dilute 
extract with blood albumen and concentrating at a temperature of 
about 70° ©. Sulphurous acid and sulphur dioxide are also used to 
brighten the color and decompose the inorganic salts of the tannin or 





~ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 51 


* coloring matter. Sumac extract is used in tanning leather and also 
in dyeing and calico printing. 
Production.—The United States produced 4,512,361 pounds of 
sumac extract, valued at $129,681, in 1914. The domestic sumac 
industry is located in Virginia. Italy is the chief source of im- 
portations. 
Imports of sumac extract for 1910-1918 averaged 835,693 pounds, 
valued at $32,978, yielding a revenue of $4,674. 


LOGWOOD AND OTHER DYEWOODS. 


Description and uses.—Logwood extract is obtained from the wood 
of a tree (Hematoxylin campechiaum) which is found in Central and 
South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. The extracts are pasty 
liquids of varying strengths or are solids termed “solid logwood ex- 
tract ” or “crystals.” <A chemically different extract is obtained from 
the logwoeod extract by a chemical process in which the coloring 
matter is oxidized to a form called “hematine.” There are several 
grades of hematine extracts, including liquid extracts of several 
strengths, and solid extracts called “hematine solid,” ‘ hematine 
crystals,” and ‘“ hematine paste,” “ oxidized legwood extract,” ‘ log- 
wood extract for wool,’ and other names. Hematine is used to dye 
wool, silk, leather, cotton, hair, wood, and other materiais. It is fur- 
ther used in conjunction with other materials as a weighting agent 
for silk, and has some use in medicine. 

Other dyewoods which are still used include quercitron, Brazil wood, 
camweod, fustic wood, barwood, Sanders wood, and caliatour wood. 

Production.—About 29,000,000 pounds of logwood extract, valued 
at $1,311,966, were produced in the United States in 1914. It is 
probable that several times this quantity has been produced since 
1914. Other dyewoods manufactured during 1914 had a value of 
about $425,000. 

Imports.—The average annual import of logweod and other dye- 
wood extracts for 1910-1918 was 2,062,732 pounds, valued at $148,460, 
yielding a revenue of $14,272. 

Exports of logwood extracts in 1918 were valued at $2,339,480. 


NUTGALLS. 


Extracts and decoctions of nutgalls are discussed in connection with 
tannic acid and tannin under paragraph 1. 


ALL OTHER EXTRACTS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN. 


Imports of extracts of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, color- 

ing, and staining, not containing alcohol, except that of nutgalls, 
Persian berries, sumac, and logwood, and other dyewoods, for the 
period 1909 to 1918, have averaged 1,782,201 pounds, valued at $83,377, 
yielding a revenue of $9,910. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cutch made from the wood and leaves of the acacia catechu tree 
is dutiable under this paragraph as an extract of vegetable origin 
suitable for dyeing, but cutch made from the bark of the mangrove 
tree is exempt from duty under paragraph 624. (G. A. 8265, T. D. 
38055, of 1919.) 


52 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Fustin.—A compound of fustie extract and about 34 per cent of 
diazo benzine, the latter a product of coal tar, is dutiable as a color 
or dye, in part of coal tar, under the act of 1916 rather than as an 
extract of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, coloring, or staining 
under this paragraph. (G. A. 8170, T. D. 37652, of 1918.) 

(See extract of nutgalls, par, 1.) 


PARAGRAPH 31. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


22, * -*..-%... Chlorophyll, (207 per 31. Extract of chlorophyll, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem; saffron and saf- 
flower, and extract of, and saffron 
663. Saffron and safflower, and ex- [ cake, 10 per centum ad valo.em: Pro- 
tract of, and saffron cake, (Free.) vided, That no article containing al- 
cohol shall be classified for duty under 

this paragraph. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


EXTRACT OF CHLOROPHYLL, 


Description and uses.—Chlorophyll, known as leaf green, is the 
green coloring matter of the leaves and stalks of growing plants, 
Being soluble, it may be extracted from plants by alcohol, ether, ethyl 
acetate, acetone, amyl alcohol, petroleum ether, glacial acetic acid, 
and concentrated solutions of the alkalies. The extracts usually have 
a strong red identifying fluorescence, and are used to color liqueurs 
and cordials, confectionery, food preserves, fats, oils, and soaps, 

Production.—Chlorophyll is made by extracting the coloring mat- 
ter of the green plant with alcohol or other solvent. The solvent is 
then usually recovered by distillation, and a small amount of an alka- 
line carbonate is added to preserve the color. 

Imports for 1910-1918 averaged 4,031 pounds, valued at $3,393, 
with revenue of $619. 


SAFFLOWER. 


Description and uses.—Safflower is the name given to the dried 


’ 


flowers of a thistlelike plant (Carthamus tinctorius) native in Asia, | 


but cultivated in Spain, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Persia, 
Egypt, Mexico, and South America. It contains, besides two unimpor- 
tant yellow coloring matters, a small amount of a red color called 
carthamin, the only constituent of value. An extract of carthamin is 
sold as a thin aqueous paste or a dried powder and is called safflower 
extract, or safflower carmine. Roasted cobalt ores and other cobalt 
pigments, sometimes called safflower, should not be confused with the 
vegetable color. Safflower is a weak dye and little used here. Dyers 
and pigment manufacturers in the East, and in France and Japan, use 
it, when mixed with other materials, as a cosmetic. Safflower has been 
used to some’ extent in medicine. 

Production.—An extract of carthamin is obtained from the dried 
flowers by a chemical process which requires successive treatment 
with citric acid, alkaline carbonate, and tartaric acid. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 58 


SAFFRON. 


Description and uses.—Saffron is the name of the dried stigmas of 
a plant (Crocus sativus) native to the East and which contains 
an aromatic oil, known as saffron oil, and a yellow and a red coloring 
matter. For convenience in shipment it is sometimes pressed into 
eakes known commercially as “saffron cakes,” Saffron is used in 
medicine and to color and flavor foods, especially pastries. An im- 
ported article known as “American saffron ’”’-is really safflower. 

Production.—An extract of saffron may be made by a chemical 
process. Commercial supplies of true saffron come chiefly from 
France and Spain. It is grown to some extent in America. 

Imports.—It was on the free list prior to 1918. The average an- 
nual import, October 3, 1918, to 1918, was valued at $83,952, yielding 
a revenue of $8,395. : 
PARAGRAPH 32. 


ACT OF 1909, ACT OF 1918. 


$2. Formaldehyde solution contain- 
ing not more than 40 per centum of 
formaldehyde, or formaline, 1 cent per 
pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Formaldehyde at ordinary temperatures 
and pressures is a gas, but enters commerce (1) as a water solution 
(formalin) containing about 40 per cent formaldehyde, and ‘(2) 
in solid form (paraform) containing about 95 per cent. It is used 
as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservative; as a-reducing agent 
in the silvering of mirrors; and, with hexamethylenetetramine (made 
from formaldehyde), industrially in the manufacture of synthetic 
resinlike products (Bakelite, Condensite, Redmanol). 

Production of formaldehyde by three firms in 1914 was 8,426,247 
pounds, valued at $655,174, a quantity doubtless exceeded during the 
war. Formaldehyde is made by passing a mixture of air and wood al- 
cohol over a heated copper gauze, a very pure grade of wood alcohol 
being used, an adequate supply of which is available in the United 
States from the wood distillation industry. The principal manufac- 
turers of formaldehyde are at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and in New 
Jersey. 

Imports are sporadic and negligible, less than 1 per cent of domestic 
production. 

Exports in 1918 were valued at $866,038, about 50 per cent going to 
France and the remainder largely to the United Kingdom, Italy, and 
Japan, 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The ratio of formaldehyde content of formalin as compared with 
paraform is as 40 is to 95, or about i to 24. No specific provision is 
made for formaldehyde solution, or formalin, containing more than 40 
per cent of formaldehyde. There is no apparent necessity for such 
restriction. A provision for formaldehyde solution, or formalin, would 
cover any strength of the solution. Paraformaldehyde, or paraform, 
however, is a different article and might be separately provided for. 

“Formalin,” rather than “ formaline,” is the preferred spelling of 
the trade name, 


54 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION.. 


PARAGRAPH 33. 


ACT OF 1909. 


36. Fusel oil, or amylice alcohol, 3 
of 1 cent per pound. 


ACT OF 1918. 


33. Fusel oil, or amylie aleohol, 4 
cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Commercial fusel oil consists chiefly of two 
different forms of amyl alcohol, and varying amounts of other al- 
cohols, traces of acids, and considerable water. There is a crude 
grade which is light amber to straw colored, having a persistent, dis- 
agreeable odor, and a refined grade which is nearly colorless and 
free from water, made by redistilling crude fusel oil, The chief use of | 
fusel oil is in the manufacture of amyl acetate (see par. 29), largely 
used as a solvent in the nitrocellulose industry. zs 

Production.—Fusel oil! is obtained as a by-product of fermentation 
processes, chiefiy from distilled liquors and industrial alcohol or 
cologne spirits. The output as a by-product of distilleries in 1918, 
about 830,000 pounds, supplied but an inconsiderable portion of the 
domestic requirements for this oil. 

Imports from 1910 to 1914, inclusive, averaged about 5,300,000 
pounds per year, 75 per cent coming from Russia, the United King- 
dom, and Germany in about equal proportions. Imports declined to 
about 1,600,000 pounds in 1917 and 1918, accounted for in part by the 
cessation of those from Russia. In 1918, Canada, which furnished 
only a smail quantity in the past, supplied over 50 per cent of the 
total. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A mixture consisting mainly of butyl alcohol with a considerable 
quantity of propyl aicohol and a little amyl alcohol, used principally 
in making cheap lacquers, was held to be dutiable by similitude in use 
as fusel oil or amylic alcohol under this paragraph. (T. D. 37577, 
of 1918.) (See par. 393.) 


PARAGRAPH 34. 


23. Gelatin, glue, isinglass or fish 34. Gelatin, glue, and glue size, 


glue, including agar-agar or Japanese 
isinglass, and all fish bladders and 
fish seunds other than crude or Gried 
or salted for preservation only, valued 
at not above 10 cents per pound, 23 


cents per pound; valued at above 10 


cents per pound and not above 35 
cents per pound, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; valued above 35 cents per 
pound, 15 cents per pound and 20 per 
centum ad valorem; gelatin in sheets, 
emulsions, and all manufactures of 
gelatin, or of which gelatin is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specialiy provided for in this sec- 
tion, 35 per centum ad valorem; glue 
size, 25 per centum ad valorem. 


valued not above 10 cents per pound, 
1 cent per pound; valued above 10 
cents per pound and not above 25 
cents per pound, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; valued above 25 cents per 
pound, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
manufactures of gelatin or manufac- 
tures of which gelatin is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; isinglass and pre- 
pared fish sounds, 25 per centum ad 
valorem} agar-agar, 20 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Glue is an organic substance of varying 
chemical composition extracted by water from properly prepared ani- 
mal matter, such as skins and bones. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 55 


Hdible gelatins are derived from some of the same sources. Special 
care, however, is exercised, so that the final product is much cleaner 
and purer than glue. Broadly speaking, glue is impure gelatin, and 
gelatin may be considered as pure glue. Some light-colored glues so 
closely resemble gelatin that it is difficult to differentiate between 
them. Other preparations with adhesive properties like glue are 
loosely called glues—for example, marine glue, which is a resinous 
preparation ; starch and dextrin glues; and casein glues. The casein 
glues are the strongest competitor of gelatin glues. 

Glue size is made by dissolving solid glue in water, or it may be 
the water solution of glue obtained by treating the animal matter with 
water. It is used chiefly for sizing paper. 

Isinglass is a preparation of the “ sound” or swimming bladder of 
the sturgeon and other fish. The principal ingredient of isinglass is 
converted into gelatin on boiling with water. Russian isinglass is the 
most valued kind. It has been used chiefly for clarifying wine, beer, 
and other liquids. 

Agar-agar, commonly called Bengal or Japanese isinglass, is a dried 
seaweed obtained largely from Singapore. It is soluble in hot water, 
and on cooling the solution forms a thick gelatinous jeily. It is used 
chiefly as a culture media for bacteria. Agar-agar differs from other 
products in paragraph 34 in that it is a vegetabie, not an animal 
product. 

Production.—The material used in the manufacture of glue may be 
divided into three classes—hide, bone, and fish stock. The glue made 
from fish stock is always sold in liquid form, and is made from these 
prepared materials by extraction with hot water. The glue solution 
obtained is clarified, concentrated if necessary, and allowed to cake or 
“jell” in rectangular tanks. These cakes are then cut into the de- 
sired sizes and dried in an even. The dried glue is cut, broken, or 
pulverized as desired. 

The eapital of 57 establishments engaged primarily in the manufac- 
ture of glue in 1914 was $17,162,000; output was valued at $13,733,000. 
Of this value 80 per cent was produced in Illinois, Massachusetts, New 
York, and Pennsylvania. Glue to the value of $5,992,879 was produced 
by firms engaged in other manufacture, making a total of $19,725,8T9 
in 1914. The present output is estimated at 10,000,000 pounds annu- 
ally. Of the output of glue in 1914, slaughtering and meat-packing 
eoncerns produced 15.7 per cent and fertilizer manufacturers, 5.75 per 
eent. The production supplies at least 85 per cent of the domestic 
eonsumption. 

Imports for 1910 to 1913, inelusive, have been between 6,000,000 
and 8,000,000 pounds, increasing sharply to over 22,000,000 pounds in 
1914. The combined import of glue and gelatin in 1914 was 13 per 
eent in value of the domestie production.. The imports decreased to 
about 2,000,000 pounds in 1918. The import of gelatin prior to 19i4 
averaged a little over 1,000,000 pounds per year. In 1914 and 1915 
over 2,000,000 pounds were imported, but there was a decrease to less 
than 460,000 pounds in 1918. 

Exports.—The export of glue from 1910 to 1915, inclusive, averaged 
about 2,600,060 pounds per year, increasing since to between 4,000,000 
and 5,000,600 pounds. It was 1.3 per cent in yaiue of the domestic 
preduction of give and gelatin in 19174. 


56TF.. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


{NTERPRETATION AND. COMMENTS. 


Bitocol, made from bones or from other animal substances and 
chemicals, comes within this provision as glue. (Abstract 40424, of 
1916.) 

Roller varnish.—A physical (not a chemical) solution of gelatin 
with acetic acid, water, and coloring matter, the gelatin being the 
component material of chief value and still possessing its natural in- 
herent qualities, known as “Red Top roller varnish” or “ roller yar- 
nish,’’ used in woolen mills to dress the surface of leather rollers to 
keep the wool from sticking, was held dutiable as a manufacture of 
gelatin under this paragraph, rather than as a varnish, or an un- 
enumerated manufactured article. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37874, 
of 1918.) 

Fish sounds, split, washed, and dried in the sun, such splitting being 
part of the drying process, were held not “prepared fish sounds” 
within this paragraph, but exempt from duty under paragraph 419. 
(G. A. 8276, T. D. 38088, of 1919.) An appeal is pending in the Court 
of Customs Appeals, (T. D. 38125, of 1919.) Insertion of the words 
“cleaned, split, or otherwise,” before “ prepared ” would bring within 
this paragraph fish sounds so treated. 


PARAGRAPH 35. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
24, Glycerin, crude, not purified, 1 35. Glycerin, crude, not purified, 1 


cent per pound; refined, 3 cents per | Cent per pound; refined, 2 cents per 
pound. pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Glycerin is a heavy, sweet, sirupy liquid. 
The tariff classification recognizes two grades of glycerin—the crude 
(not purified) and the refined. There are, however, several divisions 
of these grades in commerce. The most important grades of the 
crude are “ soap-lye crude glycerin,’ containing about 80 per cent of 
glycerin, and “crude saponification glycerin,” containing about 85 
to 90 per cent. The two important grades of the refined are ‘‘ dyna- 
mite glycerin ”’ and ‘“‘ chemically pure glycerin.” The dynamite grade 
has a slightly yellowish color and is obtained from crude glycerin by 
one purification or distillation. The chemically pure grade is water 
white and has been purified by repeated distillation. The largest 
use of glycerin is in the manufacture of nitroglycerin for making 
dynamite. It is used as a solvent, preservative, medicinal, sweetening 
agent, in nonfreezing liquids, and in the arts. 

Production.—Glycerin is obtained exclusively as a by-product of 
the soap, candle, and stearic-acid industries. The raw material for 
these industries (fat and fatty oils) contain glycerin in chemical 
combination with fatty acids. 

The domestic production of refined glycerin in 1914 was 60,944,799 
pounds, of which 59,810,405 pounds were sold at $10,779,204. The 
domestic production of crude glycerin is less than one-half the output 
of the refined. The marketed crude glycerin in 1914 was 16,568,920 
pounds, valued at $2,278,976. This does not include the quantity re- 
fined in the plants where produced. The present production of crude 
glycerin may be estimated at about 33,000,000 pounds per year. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 57 


Imports.—The normal imports of crude glycerin have been between 
30,000,000 and 40,000,000 pounds annually, 50 per cent coming from 
England and France. Since the war the imports of crude glycerin 
have decreased to 1,875,531 pounds in 1918. Since 1910 the imports 
of refined glycerin have been very small, amounting to less than 
500,000 pounds per year. This indicates that it is cheaper to import 
crude glycerin and do the refining in this country than to import 
the refined. The imports of crude glycerin are supplementary to, 
rather than competitive with, the domestic product, as the demand 
is much larger than the domestic output. 

Exports in 1918, the first recorded, were 21,045,991 pounds, valued 
at $10,587,531, 90 per cent going to Italy. This is undoubtedly a war 
condition, as normally large quantities are imported. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The words “not purified” might be changed to ‘“ not refined” to 
agree with the word “refined” describing purified glycerin. 


PARAGRAPH 36. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

488. Amber, and amberoid unmanu- 36. Gums: Amber, and amberoid 
factured, or crude gum * * *, | unmanufactured, or crude gum, not 
(Free. ) specially provided for in this section, 

$1 per pound; arabic, or senegal, 4 

527. Camphor, crude, natural. | cent per pound ; camphor, crude, natu- 

(Free. ) ral, 1 cent per pound; camphor, re- 


fined and synthetic, 5 cents per 
pound; chicle, crude, 15 cents per 
pound: refined- or advanced in value 
by drying, straining, or any other 
297, Dextrine, dextrine substitutes, | Process or treatment whatever beyond 
soluble starch or chemically treated | that essential to the proper packing, 
starch, burnt starch, gum substitute, | 29 cents per pound; dextrine, made 
or British gum, 13 cents per pound, from potato starch or potato flour, 1% 
cents per pound; dextrine, not other- 
wise provided for, burnt starch or 
British gum, dextrine substitutes, and 
soluble or chemically treated starch, 
2 of 1 cent per pound, 


12. Camphor, refined, and synthetic 
camphor, 6 cents per pound. 
30. Chicle, 10 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
AMBER AND AMBEROID. 


The provision for amber in paragraph 500 is discussed here. 

Description and uses.—Amber is a fossil resin which is found prin- 
cipally in East Prussia, is picked up along the shore of the Baltic, and 
is obtained by mining, occurring in small lumps. It varies in color 
from pale yellow to red, brown, or even black, and may be transpareng, 
translucent, or opaque. 

Amberoid is produced from small bits of amber, with or without 
other resins, such as copal and camphor, by heating them and press- 
ing into a solid cake by hydraulic pressure. 

The finest amber and amberoid is made into beads and ornamenis, 
and mouthpieces for pipes and cigar holders. Bits and chips make a 
high grade but expensive varnish. Amber in chips, valued at not more. 
than 50 cents per pound, together with the varnish gums—copal, 
‘damar, and kauri—are free of duty under paragraph 500, 


58 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Amber is now being replaced for ornamental articles by an artificial 
product resembling amber in appearance and properties, but differing 
greatly in chemical nature. These so-called “synthetic phenolic 
resins’ are made by the chemical combination of phenol with formal- 
dehyde or hexamethylenetetramine. They are chemically more stable 
than amber. ‘“ Bakelite,” ‘‘ Condensite,”’ and ‘“ Redmanol” are such 
substances. ‘Their domestic manufacture has increased greatly in 
recent years, with the claim that they are equal to or better than 
amber for most purposes. One variety is plastic and used largely 
for electrical insulators and a great variety of molded articles; the 
other is nonplastic, is the more expensive, and alone competes with 
amber. They are dutiable at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound under 
the act of September 8, 1916. 

Production.—The United States produces no amber, though small, 
but not commercial, quantities of fossil gum resembling amber appear 
in Maryland, New Jersey, and Marthas Vineyard. 

Imports come from the Baltic—in 1913, 35,645 pounds; in 1914, 
22,485 pounds; and in 1918, 7384 pounds. 


GUM ARABIC OR SENEGAL. 


Description and uses.—Gum arabic is a natural exudation obtained 
from several species of trees of Africa and Asia. It is used for 
sizing fabrics, in calico printing, water paints and calcimines, mu- 
cilage and mateh manufacture, water colors, and confectionery. The 
finest grades are used in pharmacy and medicine. Materials used for 
similar purposes include dextrin, starch, gelatin, glue, and other modi- 
fications of these; a somewhat similar mucilage is derived from Irish 
moss. Another class of gum used in part for similar purposes includes 
tragaeanth, tragasol, and karaya. 

Imports in 1914 were 2,867,544 pounds; in 1916, 7,613,880 pounds; 
in 1918, 6,033,341 pounds. 


CAMPHOR, CRUDE, NATURAL, REFINED, SYNTHETIC. 


Description and uses.—Camphor is a chemical compound derived 
either from the distilled wood or other parts of the camphor tree, or 
by synthetic processes from turpentine. The act of 1913 recognizes 
the following classes: 

Crude camphor is obtained by the first distillation of camphor 
wood; it contains camphor oil and other impurities. Refined cam- 
phor oil. Synthetic camphor is variously produced, usually from 
pinene, the chief constituent of turpentine oil. Camphor is used 
chiefly in the manufacture of celluloid and applied products, Such as 
photographic films; it is also used in pharmacy and medicine, ab- 
normally so during the recent influenza epidemic. 

Production.—Commercial camphor is chiefly produced by tha. Jap- 
anese in Formosa through a Government monopoly which practically 
controls the world trade. Formerly exported chiefly in a erude 
condition, it is now usually refined in Formosa or Japan. An- 
nual exports of Japanese camphor in recent years are estimated at 
between 5,000,000 and 7,000,000 pounds, of which about five-sixths is 
from Formosa. Camphor is also commercially produced in China, but 
wasteful methods have diminished its supply. The camphor tree has 
been intreduced into India, Java, and southern Europe, none of 
which has reached commercial importance in camphor production; 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 59 


also into Florida, the present commercial center of the American’ in- 
dusiry. The tree thrives in the sandy soils of that State, where 
production on a small seale is made possible by improved methods 
which utilize leaves and twigs for distillation, and do not, like the 
oriental process, destroy the tree. The domestic industry is as yet in 
the infant class, with an estimated yield of 8,000 pounds. Refining is 
earried en extensively in New York and Pennsylvania. Camphor oil, 
a by-product of refining, is important in perfume manufacture. Syn- 
thetic camphor has been rather extensively manufactured in Germany, 
and about 1907 was also produced here; but the cost of turpentine, 
the expensive processes used, and the fall of camphor prices eliminated 
the American industry and prebably damaged that abroad. It is 
reported that production on a commercial scale has been resumed. 

Imports of erwde camphor, 1909-1913, averaged 2,875,396 pounds, 
valued at $861,029. During 1915-1918 an average of 4,658,483 pounds, 
valued at $1,427,311, is reported. Imports of refined camphor, 1909- 
1918, averaged 425,403 pounds, valued at $148,112; and for 1915-1918, 
2,281,085 pounds, valued at $996,145. Insignificant amounts of syn- 
thetic camphor were imported in 1915 and 1917. 


CHICLE. 


Description and uses.—Gum chicle is a dried milky juice derived 
from Archas sapota, a tree growing from Mexico to Guiana, the 
principal source of supply being Yucatan. The milky juice comes from 
incisions in the bark; it is then boiled and allowed to harden in molds. 
First-class, well-cooked chicle is nearly white when fresh and clean, 
but turns reddish when overcooked. Certain trees also yield a red- 
dish gum. Its chief use is in chewing gum, for which purpose it is 
often adulterated with paraffin. 

Imports.—Prior to the act of 1915 all chicle was dutiable at a uni- 
form rate. In i918 the import was 6,920,415 pounds, valued at 
$3,059,116, and yielded a revenue of $692,041. From July 1 to 
October 3, 1913, 7,998,186 pounds, but for the remainder of the 
fiscal year 1914 only about 1,500,000 pounds of both ernde and refined 
chicle were imported. Since 1914 the imports of crude chicle have 
increased from 2,465,400 pounds in 1915 to 4,580,501 pounds, valued 
at $2,076,143, and yielding a revenue of $687,075 in 1918. The 
import of refined chicle increased from 1,934,760 pounds in 1915 to 
3,935,093 pounds, valued at $2,371,834, and yielded a revenue of 
$787,018 in 1917. In 1918 the import of refined decreased to 2,028,367 
pounds. 

DEXTRIN, BRITISH GUM, SOLUBLE STARCH. 


Description and uses.—Dexirin is a gubstance produced by heat- 
ing starch er by treating starch with dilute acid. it is sometimes 
considered an intermediate product between starch and dextrese. It 
ig soluble in water and has strong adhesive properties. Dextrin 
is used extensively in the textile industry for thickening mordants, 
for printing caticos and other fabrics, and in finishing textiles; in the 
manufacture of paper boxes and wall paper; for gumming stamps 
and envelopes ; in inks, felts, ete. 

British gun is a name given to the commercial product. There are 
different grades depending on the methods of manufacture and the 
botanical sources of the starch. 


60 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Soluble starch is starch rendered soluble by chemical treatment. 
It is intermediate between starch and dextrin, and is used as an 
emulsifying agent, in the textile industry, and in volumetric chemical 
analysis. : . 

Production of dextrin in 1914 was 18,931,641 pounds, valued at 
705,584. Domestic production of dextrin has increased greatly 
since 1914, the United States now having the largest plants and 
producing more tapioca dextrin than foreign countries; also, large 
quantities from potato starch and cornstarch. The tapioca used 
is imported from Java. 

Imports.—Before the war about 5,000,000 pounds of dextrin were 
imported, usually from Germany, Holland, and England, but these 
imports decreased during the war to less than 100,000 pounds in 
1918. Imports of soluble starch in 1914 were 1,697,392 pounds, de- 
creasing greatly since, with none reported in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Chicle ground and dried and known commercially as “ desiccated 
chicle ”’ was held to come within this paragraph as chicle “ advanced 
in value by * * * treatment * * * beyond that essential to 
the proper packing” and not as “ chicle, crude.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
9, of 1917; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37841, of 1918.) The ques- 
tion of what constitutes chicle refined or advanced as contradis- 
tinguished from crude is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals 
upon the importer’s appeal from Abstract 42861, of 1919, which fol- 
lowed the foregoing T. D. 37841, and from G. A. 82938, T. D. 38153, of 
1919. 

Spruce gum is classified by similitude in use as chicle under this 
paragraph by virtue of paragraph 3886. (T. D. 386854, of 1916.) 
Cauchillo gum is also classified either directly or by similitude as 
chicle. (T. D. 37653, of 1918.) 

Chemically treated potato starch in part soluble in hot water and 
known as soluble starch, although a portion of it is insoluble, was 
held dutiable under the provision in this paragraph for “ soluble or 
chemically treated starch” and not under paragraph 234 as “ starch 
made from potatoes.” (G. A. 7683, T. D. 34906, of 1914.) 


PARAGRAPH 37. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
26. Ink and ink powders, 25 per 37. Ink and ink powders, 15 per 
centum ad valorem, centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The most important ink is black printing 
ink used in newspaper and book printing. It is composed of finely 
divided lampblack ground in a varnish composed of linseed oil, rosin 
oil, a dryer, a thinner, and other materials such as soap. In col- 
ored inks for printing and lithographing the lampblack is replaced 
by a color lake or pigment derived from a coal-tar dye, or in the 
case of some blues from a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue. 
Black writing inks are usually composed of tannate of iron and a 
gum dissolved in water. Blue writing inks or fluids are usually com- 
posed of a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue which has been 
chemically treated to make it water soluble, dissolved in water and 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 61 


oxalic acid. Writing inks, other than blacks and most blues, are 
composed of a coal-tar dye and a gum dissolved in water. In 
inks used for fountain pens the gum is usually omitted. Ink pow- 
ders or tablets are soluble coal-tar dyes, and upon the addition of 
water form a writing fluid. These powders may also be used in 
other products where a soluble color is required. 

Production of writing inks in 1914 amounted to over $2,500,000 in 
value, and printing and lithographing inks valued at approximately 
$14,000,000 were also produced by American manufacturers. 

Imports.—The average annual import of writing inks for 1910-1918 
was valued at $21,983 (revenue of $4,402) and of printer’s ink, for 
the same period, at $11,155 (revenue $1,899). The import of writ- 
ing and printing inks in 1914 was less than one-tenth of 1 per cent 
of domestic production. 

Exports of printing ink for 1910-1918 have averaged $525,106, 
and the average export of all other inks for the same period was 
valued at $242,418. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The coal-tar dyes used in the manufacture of writing ink or fluids 
containing a gum, and in powder or tablet form, are suitable for 
dyeing textiles. The Tariff Commission, in its report on Dyes and 
Other Coal-Tar Chemicals, recommended that the phrase ‘ink pow- 
ders” be added to the chemicals enumerated in Group III, Title V, 
of the act of September 8, 1916, qualified by the phrase, “when ob- 
tained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in part from any of 
the products provided for in Group I or IT.” 

The words “not specially provided for by law” might, accordingly, 
be inserted in this paragraph after the word “ powders.” 

(See revenue act of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 38. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


28. Iodoform, 75 cents per pound. 88. Iodoform, and potassium iodide, 
62. Hydriodate, iodide and iodate|15 cents per pound. 
of potash, 25 cents per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
IODOFORM. 


Description and uses.—Iodoform is a yellow, crystalline substance 
prepared by the interaction of iodine with alcohol or acetone in the 
presence of an alkali. It is used in medicine as an antiseptic dressing 
and also, to a slight extent, internally. 

Production.—Most of the iodoform consumed in the United States 
is of domestic manufacture. Production figures are not available. 

Imports have been small: 86 pounds in 1914, none in 1917. 


POTASSIUM IODIDE. 


Description and uses.—Potassium iodide is a white crystalline salt, 
easily soluble in water, used in medicine and photography, and as a re- 
agent in analytical chemistry. By far the greatest use is in medicine. 

Production.—It is produced from iodine and potassium carbonate, 
both raw materials being obtained almost entirely by importations 


* 


62 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


from Chile and Germany, respectively. During the war potassium 
jodide has been largely replaced by sodium iodide, owing to the 
scarcity of potash. More than half of the iodine consumed in the 
United States is used for making potassium and sodium iodide. 

Imports have averaged less than 100 pounds annually until 1917. 
For the fiscal year ending June 80, 1917, the imports were 24,357. 
pounds and for the same period in 1918, 65,992 pounds. The source 
of these imports is not indicated in Commerce and Navigation, but as 
the Japanese annual returns of foreign trade report 38,600 pounds 
of potassium iodide exported to the United States in 1917, it is prob- 
able that these imports were almost wholly from Japan. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Iodate of potash was mentioned in the same paragraph (62) of 
the act of 1909 with iodide of potash, but is not more specifically 
provided for in the act of 1913 than as chemical salts (par. 5). 

Hydriodate of potash, which was also mentioned in the act of 1909, 
is an obsolete name for the iodide and may well be omitted. The 
iodate is not of sufficient industrial importance to justify specific 
enumeration. Sodium iodide is, however, an important substitute for 
potassium iodide, and is classified under paragraph 5 at 15 per cent, 
which is higher than the rate on potassium iodide. 

Potassium iodide is the only potassium compound mentioned by 
name in Schedule A that is outside of paragraph 64. It would seem 
advisable to transfer potassium iodide to paragraph 64. (See “ Inter- 
pretation and comments,” par. 64.) ) : 


PARAGRAPH 389. 


ACT GF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
41. * * *;3; eoea leaves; 5 cents 39. Leaves and roots: Buchu leaves, 
PerEpounds. ees os. 10 cents per pound; coca leaves, 10 


iy : ; ‘ _| cents per pound; gentian, 4 cent per 
611. Licorice root, unground. (Free.) | nound; licorice root, 4 cent per pound; 
sarsaparilla root, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BUCHU LEAVES. 


Description and uses.—Buchu leaves are a crude drug, used in 
medicine, especially for genito-urinary diseases, but not highly valued 
in modern therapeutics. 

Production.—British South Africa is the only commercial source 
of buchu leaves. The plant is a native shrub which grows wild; 
owing to extensive collection, it is becoming rare and cultural ex- 
periments are being made. In order to conserve the supply an ex- 
port duty has been placed on buchu by British South Africa. ‘The 
United States consumes 50 to 80 per cent of the total output. 

Imports for 1911-1917 averaged 119,168 pounds per year, valued at 
$110,544. 

COCA LEAVES. 


Description and uses.—Coca leaves are a crude drug used chiefly in 
the manufacture of cocaine. (See par. 47.) The Harrison Act, as 
recently amended, and also the war-revenue act, provide stringent 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 63 


regulations of traffic in coca leaves. Decocainized coca leaves are 
used to some extent in the manufacture of soft drinks. This product 
is in no way related to cocoa. 

Production.—Coea leaves are commercially produced in South 
America and to a lesser extent in India and Dutch Hast Indies. The 
plant is native to Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and is cultivated in 
those countries by the natives who chew the leaves. Successful ex- 
perimental cultivation has recently been reported in Florida. 

Imports for 1909-1918 averaged 979,312 pounds, valued at $136,680. 
Revenue has practically doubled with an increase in duty from 5 
cents to 10 cents a pound. 


GENTIAN. 


Description and uses.—Gentian is a crude drug root used as a 
bitter tonic in proprietary medicine. It is the most important of the 
nonalkaloid bitters. 

Production.—Gentian plants grow wild in the mountainous por- 
tions of central and southern Europe, where it is collected by very 
cheap labor—women, children, and old men. France is the chief 
source of our supplies, lesser amounts coming from other Huropean 
countries. 

Imports for 1909-1918 averaged 1,376,841 pounds, valued at $81,063. 
The average annual revenue on gentian since 1914 has been $2,676. 


LICORICE ROOT. 


Description and uses.—Licorice root is a plant product used in 
tobacco manufacture and in the preparation of licorice paste. The 
root yields about 20 per cent or more of its weight in paste. It has 
been considered indispensable in the manufacture of chewing tobacco, 
but on account of the shortage during the war, flavoring substitutes 
containing little or no licorice have been developed. 

Production.—Licorice plant is grown extensively in southern 
Ihurope and Asia Minor, and American supplies are normally drawn 
chiefly from Asiatic Turkey. The lcorice plant has also been intro- 
duced into America and grows readily in localities where severe 
frosts do not occur. Occasional attempts at commercial production have 
been made, but the costs of raising and curing the product have been 
too high to enable it to compete with imports. Imports of licorice 
from China have been noted during the war. 

Imports for 1909-1917 averaged 85,225,819 pounds, valued at $1,693,- 
014. During 1918, owing to war restrictions, imports decreased to 
27,051,021 pounds, valued at $1,863,886. Since 1914 the average an- 
nual revenue has been $138,451. 

Exports in 1918 were to Canada and Mexico, amounting to 9,246 
pounds, valued at $1,368. 


SARSAPARILLA. 





Description and uses.—Sarsaparilla is a crude drug used chiefly 
ia proprietary medicines, such as blood purifiers and tonics. It may 
be, but usually is not, employed in soft drinks known as “ sarsa- 
parillas.” 

Production.—Sarsaparilla is chiefly derived from wild plants grow- 
ing in the forests of Mexico, Central America, and northern South 





so 


64 SUMMARY OF TARIF?® INFORMATION. 


America. Small amounts are cultivated in Jamaica and Ceylon, but 
products of these localities rarely reach the United States. 

Imports have tended to decrease in recent years, owing presum- 
ably to a lessened medicinal demand. The average import from 
1909 to 1918 was 828,748 pounds, valued at $41,064. Since 1913 sarsa- 
parilla has yielded an average annual revenue of $1,903. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Gentian.—The provision for gentian covers both leaves and roots, 
(Abstract 89291, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 40. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


29. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, 40. Licorice, extracts of, in pastes, 
rolis, or other forms, 24 cents per | rolls, or other forms, 1 cent per pound, 
pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Licorice extract is a dried decoction of 
licorice root. It is used in the manufacture of chewing tobacco and 
in pharmacy. 

Production.—Licorice extract is extensively produced in Italy. 
Lesser amounts are manufactured in Russia, Spain, Turkey, and other 
European countries. It is also extensively manufactured in America 
from the imported root, and it is prepared chiefly by tobacco manu- 
facturers for their own use. American’ production is characterized 
by a higher type of mechanical process than that used abroad, which 
is chiefly dependent upon cheap hand labor. The root yields about 
one-fifth of its weight in extract. The production of extract in the 
United States may be estimated from the root imported to be about 
17,000,000 pounds annually. Imports of licorice extract are usually 
of a high grade, and are used mainly in pharmacy. 

Imports come chiefly from Spain. They have continued to increase 
under the successively decreasing rates of recent acts. Trade in this 
product has also grown at the expense of that of licorice root, owing 
to the greater bulk of the latter and the shipping restrictions imposed 
under war conditions. During the year 1909, when it was dutiable at 
44 cents a pound, 520,446 pounds of licorice entered. For the years 
1910-1913, at 24 cents a pound, the average annual amount was 820,205 
pounds. During the years 1915-1918, when it was dutiable at 1 cent 
per pound, the average annual imports increased to 1,162,437 pounds. 
Revenues have decreased with the diminution in rate. For 1909- 
1913 they averaged $22,244 annually; for 1915-1918, $11,624. 


PARAGRAPH 41. 


613. Lime, citrate of. (Free.) 41. Lime, citrate of,.1 cent per 
pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Citrate of lime is an intermediate substance 
obtained in the manufacture of citric acid from the juice of lemons 
oer other citrous fruits. It is used only for the manufacture of citric 
acid. 

Imports for the fiscal year 19138 amounted -to 5,526,954 pounds, 
valued at $756,309. Imports increased in 1916 to 8,127,364 pounds, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 65 


valued at $1,763,652, and yielding a revenue of $81,273, but decreased 
again in 1918 to 4,013,606 pounds, valued.at $814,073, and yielding 
a revenue of $40,136. Imported citrate of lime comes almost entirely 
from Sicily. 

Domestic production.—Citrate of lime is produced in California 
from cull lemons, but in amounts much below imports. (See par. 1.) 


PARAGRAPH 42. 
ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1913. 


31. Magnesia and carbonate of, 42. Magnesia: Calcined, 34 cents 
medicinal, 8 cents per pound; cal-} per pound; carbonate of, precipitated, 
cined, medicinal, 7 cents per pound;]14 cents per pound; sulphate of, or 
sulphate of, or Epsom salts, 2 of 1 cent | Epsom salts, yo cent per pound. 
per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


CALCINED MAGNESIA. 


Description and uses.—Calcined magnesia is the oxide of magne- 
sium which has been produced by heating magnesium carbonate to 
drive off water and carbon dioxide. It is a white solid, insoluble in 
water. The crude material is used largely as a refractory material 
for furance linings; the pure product is employed in medicine. 

Production and imports.—Production statistics are not available. 
The crude calcined magnesia produced in this country is largely from 
domestic magnesite. Imports decreased after the war; they came 
principally from Germany. The import in 1915 was 145,806 pounds; 
in 1917, 56,656 pounds. 


CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA. 


Description and uses.—Carbonate of magnesia is a white insoluble 
substance. The pure product is used in medicine, in tooth and face 
powders, metal and glass polishes, and in some paints. Crude car- 
bonate is used extensively as an insulating covering for furnaces 
and steam pipes, 

Production and imports.—Production statistics are not available. 
The import in 1914 was 58,683 pounds, chiefly from England. 


SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA (EPSOM SALTS). 


Description and uses.—Sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts) is a 
white, crystalline salt which is readily soluble in water. It is used 
extensively for sizing cotton goods and for weighting silks, paper, and 
leather. The purified magnesium sulphate is used in the manufac- 
ture of laxative mineral water and for medicinal uses. 

Production in 1914 was 29,265,115 pounds. Some natural deposits 
of Epsom salts, which before the war could not compete with the 
imported product, are now being worked. Germany produces enor- 
mous quantities as a by-product of the Stassfurt potash deposits. 

Imports in 1914 were 13,549,599 pounds, chiefly from Germany, but 
have since decreased to 48,540 pounds in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The omission of the word “medicinal,” which was in paragraph 31 
of the act of 1909, makes all forms of calcined magnesia dutiable 
under this paragraph. (Abstract 37933, of 1915.) 

184911 °—20—_5 


66 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The word “magnesium,” followed by a colon, might be inserted 
before ‘“ carbonate,” and the word “of” omitted after “ carbonate” 
and “ sulphate.” 

PARAGRAPH 48. 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 19138. 


43. Menthol, 50 cents per pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Menthol, or peppermint crystals, is a me- 
dicinal obtained from peppermint oil. The pure product is sold as 
colorless crystals; these have the odor and taste of peppermint. 
Menthol is used chiefly in solution or as a salve (when mixed with 
petrolatum or other greases), in cough drops, and in various throat 
and nasal sprays. 

Production.—Most of the mentho] used in the United States is im- 
ported from Japan, notwithstanding the fact that the United States 
preduces over half of the world’s supply of peppermint oil. Japanese 
peppermint oil contains a larger proportion of menthol than the 
American and Huropean oils and is, therefore, used for menthol pro- 
duction rather than for flavoring purposes. ‘The total exports of 
menthol from Japan for 1910-1917 have averaged 304,764 pounds a 
year. i 

Imports.—Before 1913 menthol was not specifically provided for 
in the tariff, but was dutiable at 25 per cent under one of the general 
clauses. In the act of 19183 a specific duty of 50 cents per pound — 
was provided. This duty was equivalent to an ad valorem rate 
of only 16.66 per cent in 1914 and this reduction in rates was fol- 
lowed by a striking increase in the imports, From 1910 to 1913 
the imports had averaged only 48,801 pounds per year and had yielded 
an average revenue of $40,987. For 1914-1198 imports averaged 
145,873 pounds and the average annual revenue for the same period 
was $74,804. 

PARAGRAPH 44. 


3. * * * Rendered oils and all 
combinations of the foregoing * * * 
and all greases not specially provided - 
for in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem 315% Ot 


44. Oils, rendered: Sod, seal, her- 
ring, and other fish oil, not specially 
provided for in this section, 3 cents 
per gallon; whale oil, 5 cents per 
gallon; sperm oil, 8 cents per gallon; 
wool grease, including that known 
commercially as degras or brown 
wool grease, crude and not refined or 
improved in value or condition, 4 
{ cent per pound; refined or improved 
in value or condition, and not spe- 
cialiy provided for in this section, 4 
cent per pound; lanolin, 1 cent per 
pound ; all other animal oils, rendered 
oils and greases, and all combinations 
of the same, not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


40, Seal, herring, whale, and other 
fish oil, including sod oil, not spe-.: 
cially provided for in this section, 8 
cents per gallon. 


290. * * * Wool grease, includ- 
ing that known commercially as de- 
gras or brown wool grease, crude and 
not refined, or improved in value or 
condition, 41 of 1 cent per pound; re- 
fined, or improved in value or condi- 
tion, and not specially provided for 
in this section, 4 of 1 cent per pound.. 


= 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 67 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
_ OILS, RENDERED. 


The “rendered oils” (animal) in paragraph 44 resemble in chem- 
ical composition and use the “expressed oils” (vegetable) in para- 
graph 45, therefore a general discussion of these two paragraphs, and 
paragraphs 498, 561, and 622 of the free list (fats and oils), is de 
sirable. 

There is no essential difference between an oil and a fat. Both 
are mixtures of chemical compounds known as glycerides, which are 
a combination of glycerin with various fatty acids, such as stearic, 
oleic, palmitic, and others. Those combinations which are liquid at 
ordinary temperatures are known as oils, while those which are solid 
at ordinary temperatures are known as fats. Although most of the so- 
called oils are obtained either from the fruit or the seed of plants (for 
example, olive, peanut, and linseed oils), not all vegetable glycerides 
are oilS; some are solid fats or butters, as cacao and nutmeg butter 
and palm kernel and coconut oil, which, although liquid in tropical 
countries, whence they come, are fairly solid in the Temperate Zones. 
On the other hand, animals, as a rule, produce fats which are hard 
at ordinary temperatures (for example, lard, suet, and wool grease). 
There are, however, exceptions to this generalization, as the fish and 
whale oils in paragraph 44 are liquid. The differences between the 
various fats and fatty oils are due primarily to the variation in the 
relative proportions of the fatty acids present. These fats and fatty 
oils have the following general properties and uses: 

(1) If of a good quality, most of them are edible, and, in fact, are 
an essential part of the diet of man and the food of animals, 

(2) Soap and glycerin are formed by the action of caustic soda or 
caustic potash on fats and fatty oils. 

(8) Some of the fatty oils when spread out in a thin layer absorb 
oxygen from the air, thereby being converted into a hard, elastic, 
waterproof film. This property accounts for the large use of oils in 
the manufacture of paint and varnish, oilcloth, linoleum, patent 
leather, and various waterproofing coatings. 

(4) The liquid oils when treated with hydrogen under suitable con- 
ditions combine chemically with the hydrogen and are thereby con- 
verted into solid fats, which are more suitable than the original oils 
for soap making and for food purposes, as lard substitutes, or in the 
manufacture of butter substitutes. The manufacture of such “ hydro- 
genated ” or hardened oils has developed on a large scale in the past 
decade, both vegetable and fish oils being used. 

(5) Other minor uses include the softening of leather, lubrication, 
burning for illumination, tempering steel, manufacture of * vulcanized 
oils” used by the rubber industry, the manufacture of textiles, and 
in medicine. 3 

The seeds, from which the oils in paragraph 45 are made, are duti- 
able, with the exception of hempseed, mustard seed, and rapeseed, 
which are free of duty under paragraph 595. In some cases the duty 
on the’ seed is equivalent to a duty on the recoverable oil contained 
therein, which is less than the duty on the oil when imported as such, 
thus favoring the crushing of the seed in the United States. In other 
cases the reverse is true, thus favoring the importation of the oil as 
such. Apparently there is no definite relation between the duty on the 


6h SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


raw material (seeds) and the duty on the finished product (oils). 
This relation should be given attention when considering duties on 
these products. 

All fish oils of American fisheries are admitted free of duty under 
that portion of paragraph 561 which reads: “And also spermaceti, 
whale, and other fish oils of American fisheries, and all fish and other 
products of such fisheries.” 


- 
< 


HERRING OIL AND OTHER FISH OILS. 


Description and uses.—Herring oil is obtained from several species 

of herring, found principally in the North Sea, near Japan, and to 
some extent in American waters. Other common fish oils are men- 
haden oil, sardine oil, and salmon oil. Menhaden oil is the principal 
fish oil produced in this country along the Atlantic coast. The fish is 
cooked with water or steam and then pressed to separate the oil. The 
residual press cake is sold as fertilizer. The other fish oils, including 
sardine oil and salmon oil, are obtained chiefly as by-products of the 
fish-canning industry. 
‘The fish oils are used extensively in the leather industry, in paints, 
and for adulterating linseed oil. Menhaden oil is used in tempering 
steel and as a substitute for linseed oil in the manufacture of paints, 
patent leather, and similar products. . 

Production of fish oils in the United States in 1917 was approxi- 
mately. 3,200,000 gallons, nearly 2,660,000 gallons of menhaden oil, and 
218,250 gallons of herring oil. 

Imports of herring and other fish oils, including sod oil, in 1914 
were 386,743 gallons, chiefly from Great Britain and Canada. Imports 
increased to 2,280,018 gallons in 1917, and decreased to 1,532,512 gal- 
lons in 1918. 

SOD OIL. 


Description and uses.—Chamois and similar leathers are saturated 
with whale or fish oil during manufacture, allowed to ferment, and 
part of the oil pressed out. ‘The oil remaining in the leather is re- 
moved with alkali and then liberated with an acid. ‘This recovered 
oil is known as sod oil, and in Europe as degras. It is in great de- 
mand for treating leather. 

SEAL OIL, 


Description and uses.—Seal oil is obtained from the blubber of 
various species of seal. It is used as a lubricant, as.illuminating oil 
in lighthouses, and as an adulterant of cod liver oil. Poorer qualities - 
are used in the manufacture of soft soaps and in the leather industry. 

Production is small in the United States. There are legal restric- 
tions on the killing of seals. z 

Imports have been somewhat irregular. In 1914 the import, chiefly 
from Newfoundland, was 179,734 gallons; for 1915-1917 the average 
was about 500,000 gallons, but decreased in 1918 to 148,262 gallons. 


WHALE OIL. 


Description and uses.—Whale oil is used for illumination, making 
leather dressing, and when hydrogenated produces edible and soap 
fats. In Norway hydrogenated whale oil is of great importance and is 
used in the manufacture of oleomargarine. In pressing whale oil a 





p 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 69 


. by-product of stearin is obtained, which is used principally in the 


manufacture of soap and as a lubricant. 

Production of whale oil in the United States in 1917 was approxi- 
mately 159,000 gallons. 

Imports in 1914 were 373,500 gallons (including some sperm oil), 
nearly 75 per cent coming from Canada. Imports increased to 
1,184,021 gallons in 1918. + 

SPERM OIL. 


Description and uses.—Sperm oil is obtained from the blubber and 
head cavity of the sperm whale. The head oil is considered more 
valuable than the body oil, but the two are frequently mixed. On 


- Standing, a solid portion separates which is pressed out and sold as 


spermaceti, 

Arctie sperm oil is obtained from the bottlenose whale. This oil 
gums more easily than sperm oil and therefore does not command so 
high a price. Sperm oil is valuable as a lubricant for light, rapid- 
running machinery because of its great viscosity, for illumination, for 
leather dressing, and for tempering steel. 

Production of sperm oil in the United States was approximately 
257,800 gallons in 1914, 520,800 gallons in 1916 and 438,000 gallons in 
1917. 

Imports during 1914 were 157,142 gallons, not including that listed 
as whale oil under the old law. Imports decreased to 48,178 gallons 
in 1917 and 60,288 gallons in 1918. 


WOOL GREASE (DEGRAS), LANOLIN. 


Description and uses.—W00] grease is the fatty substance which is 
present in raw wool. It may be recovered either by extraction with 
naphtha, or from the wool scouring by means of either centrifugal 
or acid treatment. In this country the centrifugal process is the 
one used in most plants. In the United States crude, brown wool 
grease is also known as degras. 

Lanolin, a highly purified wool grease, is a yellowish white mass 
which takes up water readily. It is used principally in pharmacy as 
a basis for salves, ointments, emulsions, cosmetics, and for softening 
leather. Crude wool grease is used principally for dressing leather ; 
sometimes as a lubricating grease; also, to some extent, in making 
printing ink and in the varnish industry. 

Production.—Complete figures for the production of wool grease in 
the United States are not available, but partial figures indicate the 
annual production to be about 10,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of crude wool grease in 1914 were 12,284,248 pounds, de- 
creasing to 4,639,947 pounds in 1918. Imports of partly refined wool 
grease have decreased from 2,691,591 pounds in 1914 to 31,268 pounds 
in 1918. Imports of lanolin have been quite variable. In 1914 they 
were 91,477 pounds; in 1916, 13,842 pounds, and in 1918, 4,268 pounds. 

Practically all of the lanolin and most of the wool grease imported 
in 1914 came from Germany, while England sent more crude wool 
grease than any other country. In the European wool-scouring mills 
purification of the effluent is required by law; wool grease is one of 
the products of this process. 

Exports of these oils are not listed separately. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


70 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Wool grease, lanolin, and adeps lane distinguished—A yellow, hard 
grease obtained by washing the solid residuum left after the distil- 
lation of wool grease was held under the act of 1897 to be wool grease 
and dutiable as such notwithstanding that it was not included in 
what was commercially known as wool grease. (108 Fed., 42, of 
1901.) Refined woo! grease of a high grade, produced by a process 
eliminating the mineral matter and the natural odor, was also held 
to be wool grease. (149 Fed., 304, of 1903.) Lanolin was classified 
under the act of 1890 as a medicinal proprietary preparation and not 
as wool grease (66 Fed., 734, of 1895), and preparations of wool grease 
known as “ anhydrous adeps lanz”’ and “‘ adeps lane cum aqua” were 
held not within the provision for wool grease in the act of 1897 {167 
Fed., 312, of 1909). But such preparations known as adeps lang, or 
lanolin, used as a base for ointments and as a carrier for soluble 
medicinal salts having, without the addition of medicinal agents, no 
therapeutic value, were declared dutiable as wool grease, refined or 
improved in value or condition, within paragraph 290 of the act of 
1909. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 316, of 1912.) 

Wool grease.—The provision in this paragraph for “ wool grease, 
including that known commercially as degras or brown wool grease, 
crude and not refined, or improved in value or condition,” is more 
specific than the provision in paragraph 498 for “‘ grease, fats, * * * 
such as are commonly used * * * for stuffing or dressing leather.” 
(G. A. 8214, T. D. 87838, of 1918.) 

Oleine.—Heavy oils, derived from a wool-grease base by distillation, 
invoiced as “ oleine,” “ dressing oil,” “ soluble oleine,’ and ‘ leather 
dressing oil,” are dutiable under this paragraph as animal oils not 
specially provided for and not under paragraph 46 as distilled oils. 
The words, “ oils, rendered,’ in this paragraph, and “oils, distilled 
and essential,” in paragraph 46, do not exclude all distilled and essen- 
tial oils from this paragraph and rendered oils from paragraph 46. 
(S Ct. Cust. Appls., 368, of 1918.) 

The eo nomine provision for lanolin in paragraph 44 of the act of 
1918 was construed as not restricted to the patented or trade-marked 
article. (Abstract 38552, of 1915.) Subsequently-adeps lanze anhy- 
drous was deciared not to be lanolin, but wool grease refined or im- 
proved in value or condition within that paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 171, of 1917; G. A. 8267, T. D. 38064, of 1919.) Under this 
construction adeps lanz anhydrous pays less duty than lanolin, 
although adeps jane is higher priced and purer than lanolin, since 
lanolin contains added water. The trade name “ Lanolin” might be 
omitted and provision be made for adeps lang, hydrous and anhy- 
drous. (See pars. 498 and 545.) 


‘PARAGRAPH 45. 





ACT OF 1909. 


82. Alizarin assistant, sulpho-ricin- 
oleic acid, and ricinoleic acid, and 
soaps containing castor oil, any of the 
foregoing in whatever form, in the 
manufacture of which 50 per centum 
or more of castor oil is used, 30 cents 
per gallon; in the manufacture of 


ACT OF 1915. 


45. Oils, expressed: Alizarin§ as- 
sistant, sulphoricinoleic acid, and ri- 
cinoleic acid, and soaps containing 
castor oil, any of the foregoing in 
whatever form, and ail other alizarin 
assistants and all soluble greases used 
in the processes of softening, dyeing, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


which less than 50 per centum of 
castor oil is used, 15 cents per gallon; 
all other alizarin assistants and all 
soluble greases used in processes of 
softening, dyeing, or finishing, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 


33. Castor oi], 35 cents per gallon. 


35. Flaxseed, linseed, and poppy- 
seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, 15 
cents per gallon of seven and one-half 
pounds weight. 


37. Hempseed ‘oil, 10-cents per gal- 
lon; rapeseed oil, 10 cents per gallon. 


639. Oils: Almond, * * *- ge- 
same or seSamum seed or bean. 
eee e) (FR ree;) 


38. Olive oil, not specially provided 
for in this section, 40 cents per gal- 
lon; in bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or 
other packages, containing less than 
five gallons each, 50 cents per gallon. 


Q * a ok 


ste 
Ose) a 


Expressed oils, 
and all combinations of the foregoing, 
* * * not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem; *. *) = 


71 


ACT OF 1918—Continued. 


or finishing, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; castor oil, 12 cents per gallon; 
flaxseed and linseed oil, raw, boiled, or 
oxidized, 10 cents per gallon of seven 
and one-half pounds; poppy-seed cil, 
raw, boiled, or oxidized, rapeseed oil, 
and peanut oil, 6 cents per gallon; 
hempseed oil, 3 cents per gallon; al- 
mond oil, sweet, 5 cents per pound; 
sesame or sesSamum seed or bean oil, 
1 cent per pound; olive oil, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 20 
cents per gallon; olive oil, in bottles, 
jars, kegs, tins, or other packages 
having a capacity of less than five 
standard gallons each, 30 cents per 
gallon; all other expressed oils and 
all combinations of the same, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ALIZARIN ASSISTANTS 


AND SOLUBLE GREASES, 


For a general discussion of oils and fats, see paragraph 44. 

Description and uses.—The language in paragraph 45 describing 
alizarin assistants and soluble greases, used in the processes of 
softening, dyeing, and finishing, covers a variety of products manu- 
factured from vegetable oils and used by the textile industry. In 
dyeing cotton with alizarin dyes the use of a fatty acid or alizarin as- 
Sistant increases the brilliancy of the dye, in the case of unbleached 


cotton producing a more level and uniform shade. 


The most widely 


used alizarin assistant is turkey-red oil, which was originally made 


by treating olive oil with sulphuric acid. 


It was soon found that 


an alizarin assistant produced from castor oil gave better results, 
and the bulk of the alizarm assistants are now made from that oil. 


Some are made also from olive, peanut, and cottonseed oils. 


This 


group of alizarin assistants made by treating vegetable oils with 
sulphuric acid is also known as sulphated or sulphonated oils. 

Other soluble greases, whieh are really oil soaps, are used in vari- 
ous processes in the textile industry. They are usually potash or 
soda soaps prepared from vegetable oils, although tallow soaps can 


be used for some purposes. 


They are used in scouring raw wool, 


woolen yarns, in the scouring and milling or fulling of woolen cloth; 
in degumming silk; and in treating cotton fabrics in three operations— 
cleansing before, during, and after dyeing—and in calico printing. 
Some of the so-called soluble oils are turkey-red oil, others are soaps 


dissolved in water. 


72 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—These products are manufactured by various firms in 
this country specializing in chemicals used in the textile industry 
and by large textile manufacturers. The production of turkey-red 
oil in 1914 was 11,681,884 pounds (about 1,370,000 gallons) valued at 
$820,491. 

Imports of alizarin assistants have shown a gradual increase prior 
to the war from 97,097 gallons, valued at $38,600 in 1910, to 186,234 
gallons, valued at $72,480 in 1914. The imports since then have de- 
creased until in 1918 only 24 gallons were imported. 


CASTOR OIL. 


Description and uses.—Castor oil is obtained from castor beans, 
which are dutiable at 15 cents per bushel of 50 pounds. (See par. 
212.) On large-scale crushing about 40 per cent of the weight of the 
seed is obtained as castor oil. 5 

The principal use of castor oil prior to the war was in the manu- 
facture of alizarin assistants. It is also used as a purgative in medi- 
cine, in the manufacture of transparent soaps, and as a leather dress- 
ing. In India the oil is largely employed as a lubricant for loco- 
motive bearings. It is also used for lubricating marine engines, for 
the manufacture of blended lubricating oils, and during the war it 
was in great demand for use as a lubricant for high-speed airplane 
motors. 

In the preparation of the medicinal oil the outer shell of the bean 
is removed and the remaining kernels are cold pressed. The cake 
from this expression is pressed a second and third time and the oil 
obtained is used for technical purposes. The cake or meal, known 
as castor pomace, contains a poisonous substance preventing its use 
for cattle feed, but it is a good fertilizer. 

Domestic production from 1912 to 1917, inclusive, has been be- 
tween 20,000,000 and 23,000,000 pounds per year. The production de- 
creased in 1918 to 14,184,000 pounds. 

Imports were less than 10,000 gallons prior to 1914, but increased in 
that year to about 190,000 gallons, valued at about $88,000, yielding a 
revenue of about $23,000. Since 1915 the imports have increased 
gradually until in 1918 they reached 1,175,064 gallons, valued at 
$1,366,578, and yielded a revenue of $141,098. 


HEMPSEED OIL, 


Description and uses.—This oil is obtained from the seeds of the 
hemp plant, cultivated in France, Belgium, Germany, northern Italy, 
Turkey, Algeria, North America, India, Manchuria, and Japan. The 
yield is about 80 per cent. Hempseed oil is used principally in paint. 
It is a drying oil, but does not have the pronounced drying properties 
of linseed oil. It is also used for making a soft soap of a dark-green 
color. The low-grade oils are used for certain varnishes. The press 
cake contains sharp bits of shell which make it unfit for cattle feed. 

Production.—Figures for the domestic production of hempseed oil 
are not available. Some hemp is raised in this country, principally 
for its fiber; probably little of the oil is expressed. 

Imports in 1910 were 471,002 gallons, valued at $154,866; they were 
insignificant for 1914-1917, but in 1918 amounted to 25,000 gallons. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 73 


SESAME OIL. 


Description and uses.—This oil is obtained from the seeds of the 
plant Sesamum indicium, L., which is grown principally in East India, 
Java, Siam, China, and Japan and in the countries bordering the 
Mediterranean. Sesame could be grown in the southern United States, 
but the harvesting requires a great deal of hand labor. 

The seeds yield from 30 to 50 per cent of a thin yellow oil which is 
odorless, has a pleasant taste, and does not become rancid on exposure. 
The best qualities are used as table oils or to adulterate olive oil, 
the poorer grades as fuel or soap stock. It is one of the staple food 
oils of southern Europe. 

Production.—The production from imported seed has increased 
greatly since 1914, when it was 30,000 pounds. In 1916 it was 129,000 
pounds and in 1917, 304,000 pounds. : 

Imports for 1914 were 1,389,648 pounds, more than half of which 
came from Germany. In 1915 they were 341,545 pounds; in 1917, 
73,846 pounds; and in 1918, 346,211 pounds. ‘ 


OLIVE OIL. 


Production.—California produces practically the entire domestic 
supply of olive oil; and this supply, 966,000 pounds in 1912 and 1,461,- 
000 pounds in the record year, 1916, is only about 2 per cent of the 
consumption. Approximately 40 per cent of the olive crop is crushed 
for oil, nearly all of the balance being subjected to the pickling process 
which produces the familiar ripe olive. Special varieties are culti- 
vated for pickling and for oil, the latter usually being grown with- 
out irrigation. The culls and injured stock of the pickling varieties 
are also used for oil. While the area in olives in the year 1916 
(36,800 acres) was about double that of four years before, this increase 
is almost entirely in the pickling varieties. (See par. 218 for olive pro- 
duction.) According to testimony submitted by growers at hearings 
before the Tariff Commission (1918) the average price received for 
oil olives on trees was $42.50 per ton for the period 1915-1917, and 
the price received for pickling olives was $110 per ton. This is offset 
by a considerable difference in costs of production. Partly because of 
fluctuation in the quality of the crop, and also because the olive tree 
usually alternates heavy and light yields, the annual output varies 
considerably. 

Processes.—The fleshy part of the olive contains the oil. The 
fruit is ground, usually pits and all, and the oil expressed by hy- 
draulic pressure. The residue is again ground and pressed for an 
inferior grade of oil, and the pomace sometimes subjected to a third 
pressing, which produces “foots oil,” used in the United States for 
industrial purposes, and provided for in the free list of the tariff 
act of 1913 (par. 561). The edible oil is then placed in tanks and 
cured in order to eliminate the tannic acid with which it is highly 
charged. . While two or three years are generally allowed for the 
curing process in Europe, in California it has not been profitable 
to age the product for more than a year. This difference in the 
aging or curing process gives rise to differences in quality, the 
heavier foreign oils being usually preferred to the more bitter 
domestic product. Ordinarily the domestic oils are not shipped 
east of Chicago, because of freight charges and the competition of 


74 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


the foreign oils. In California the pickling of ripe olives and oil 
processing is carried on by specially equipped packing plants; in the 
Mediterranean countries olives are usually grown in small groves 
and cured er pressed on a household basis, the preduct being sold 
to prekers at gathering stations. 

Imports of edible olive oil have increased rapidly, in 1907 amount- 
ing to over 3,100,006 gallons (of 7.56 pounds), and in 1917 to over 
7,700,000 gallons. The duties collected ranged between $1,500,000 and 
$2,200,000 annually. In 1907 about 75 per cent of the imports were 
dutiable at the higher rate applying on shipments in containers of 
less than 5 gallens; by 1917 this proportion had dwindled to about 
40 per cent. 

FLAXSEED AND LINSEED OIL. 


Description and, uses.—Linseed oil belongs to the class known in 
the paint and varnish industry as drying oils. It is very satisfactory 
for the purpose and this accounts for the fact that in the calendar 
year 1914 that industry alone consumed 24,481,623 gallons of lin- 
seed oil, costing over $12,000,000. Linseed oil is also used in the 
manufacture of soaps, lithographic inks, linoleum, oilcloth, and patent 
leather. It is the best oil for making putty and enters into the 
manufacture of the so-called “ vulcanized oils.” Cold-pressed linseed 
oil has a pleasant taste and considerable quantities are used for 
edible.-purposes in Russia, Hungary, Germany, and India. 

Boiled linseed oil is one to which certain quantities of lead and 
manganese oxides have been added and dissolved by heat. Other sub- 
stances, such as resinates, oleates, and linoleates of various metals, 
are also used, 

High prices during the war induced the substitution of other drying 
oils for linseed oil, especially in the paint industry, where soy bean, 
menhaden, perilla, and China-wood oil have been used to an ap- 
preciable extent, the last-named most extensively as an improvement 
on linseed oil in varnishes. 

Production.—Flaxseed, from which linseed oil is obtained, and flax 
fiber, from which linen is made, are both from the fiax plant. It 
can not, however, be grown for both fiber and seed at the same time. 
If harvested at a time to yield fiber, the seeds are immature and useless 
for oil production. If harvesting is delayed until the seeds are ripe 
enough to yield oil, the stalks are no longer suitabie for the recovery 
of the fiber. The principal! countries in which the fiax plant is grown 
for the seed are Argentina, India, the United States, Canada, and 
Russia. The oils expressed from the Russian and Indian seeds are 
superior to those obtained from the American and Argentine seeds. 
However, seed grown in Canada from imported Russian flaxseed yields 
an oil equal in quality to the Russian oil. 

The oil is obtained by three different methods knewn as hot-pressed, 
cold-pressed, and extraction. Ail of the flaxseed oil produced in the 
United States is hot-pressed in hydraulic presses. The oil obtained 
by the pressing process is usually refined by treatment with strong 
sulphurie acid. The refined oil is similar to the crude oil in its 
properties except that it is less viscous and lighter colored. The press 
eake or residue is a valuable cattle feed. 

The average yield is about 2.5 gallons of oil per bushel of flaxseed. 
The duty on the seed under the act of 1913 is 20 cents per bushel of 56 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. "5 


pounds. This is equivalent to a duty of 8 cents per gallon (74 
pounds) on the oil content as against 10 cents per gallon on imported 
linseed oil. This gives a differential of 2 cents per gailon in favor 
of United States crushers. 

The domestic production of linseed oil increased from 864,625,000 
pounds in 1912 to 464,595,000 pounds in 1916. The production in 1917 
was 400,266,000 pounds and in 1918, 375,452,000 pounds. 

Imports of linseed oil prior to the war decreased from 3,958,961 
gallons in 1911 to 172,522 gallons in 19138. The maximum imports 
since 1913 were 535,601 gallens in 1915, valued at $248,344,-and yielding 
a revenue of $53,560. 

Exports of linseed oil since 1914 have been about 1,260,000 gailons 
with the exception of 1916, when the export was only about 700,000 
gallons. Previously the export was only about 200,000 gallons per 
year except in 1913, when over 1,700,000 gallons were exported. The 
quantity of exported linseed oil made from imported flaxseed and on 
which a drawback is paid has varied greatly. In 1915 a drawback of 
$115,649 was paid on 533,023 bushels of imported flaxseed, from 
which were produced and exported 1,585,081 gallons of linseed oil. 


POPPY-SEED OIL. 


Description and uses.—Poppy-seed oil is obtained from the seed 
of two different varieties of the plant. The seeds are dutiable at 15 
eents per bushel of 47 pounds under paragraph 212. 

There are two grades of poppy-seed oil on the market. One, a cold- 
drawn oil obtained from the first pressing of the seeds, is almost color- 
less and is known in commerce as white poppy-Seed oil; the other, 
which is obtained from a second pressing of the seed at a higher tem- 
perature, is inferior in quality and is known commercially as red poppy- 
seed oil. The best grades are used for edible purposes, chiefly as salad 
oil, and in the preparation of the finest artist’s paint. The lower grade 
is used in the manufacture of potash soaps and is added to olive oil 
in manufacturing castile soap to make it “softer.” Poppy-seed oil is 
often adulterated with sesame oil, and in turn is used to adulterate 
olive oil and bitter-almond oil. 

Production.—The poppy plant is grown to a large extent in Asia 
Minor, Persia, India, Egypt, the southern part of Russia, and in the 
north of France. The Levant seeds are preferred to the Indian seeds, 
as they yield, when pressed twice on a large scale, 39 to 40 per cent of 
oil as against 36 to 38 per cent from the Indian seeds. ‘The oil is 
produced in a manner similar to other vegetabie oils. By far the 
largest quantity of seed is erushed in France, although poppies are 
cultivated in California for this purpose. 

Imports.—The maximum import of poppy-seed oil was in 1911 and 
amounted to 18,686 gallons, valued at $14,071, yielding a revenue of 
$2,802. This decreased to an average of about 9,000 gallons per year 
for 1912-1915 and further decreased until in 1918 only 21 gallons were 
imported. 

RAPESEED OIL. 


Description and uses.—Rapeseed or coiza oil is obtained from the 
seeds of the plant Brassica campestris, which is grown in almost all 
European countries, particularly in Hast India. The soap industry in 
1917 consumed 5,972,000 pounds of rapeseed oil. Smaller quantities 


76 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


are used for lubricating purposes and for quenching steel. It is used 
as a food in India. 

Production during 1918 was 189,000 pounds, which was only a small 
portion of the consumption (about 22,000,000 pounds). 

Imports in 1913 were 1,564,659 gallons, valued at $784,750, yield- 
ing a revenue of $156,465. In 1918 the imports increased to 3,051,875 
gallons, valued at $2,697,152, and yielded a revenue of $183,112. 


ALMOND OIL, SWEET. 


Description and uses.—So-called sweet almond oil is expressed 
from sweet and bitter almonds, since both oils are practically identical 
and can not be distinguished by chemical means. The cake resulting 
from the cold expression is ground and distilled with water, thus pro- 
ducing bitter oil of almond. (See par. 46.) Sweet almonds yield, on 
an: average, about 44 to 55 per cent of oil, while bitter almonds yield 
about 88 to 45 per cent, though it may be as low as 20 per cent. 

The oil is pale yellow, with a pleasant mild taste, and little odor. 
It does not readily become rancid. Owing to its high price, almond oil 
is freely diluted with other similar oils, chiefly peach-kernel and 
apricot-kernel oil. Genuine almond oil is sold under the name of 
“almond oil, true.” 

Almond oil is used principally for pharmaceutical purposes and in 
the manufacture of high-class toilet soaps. 

Production.—The principal countries producing almonds are Mo- 
rocco, the Canary Islands, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, Syria, 
and Persia. Figures for the domestic production of the oil are not 
available, but it is probably inconsiderable. Some almonds are raised 
in California, but are mostly used for other purposes. 

Imports for 1913 amounted to 152,300 pounds; for 1918, to 36,283 
pounds. 

PEANUT OIL. 


Description and uses.—This oil, which is also known as arachis 
oil, earthnut oil, and groundnut oil, is obtained from the peanut. The 
nuts contain from 88 to 50 per cent of oil, and yield about 30 per cent 
on pressing. The United States and China probably lead in the. pro- 
duction of peanuts, although large quantities are also produced in 
Africa, Argentina, the East Indies, Japan, Java, Sicily, and Spain. 

The finest oil is cold pressed, though a much larger yield can be 
obtained by hot pressing. The cold-pressed oil needs no refining if 
made from good, clean nuts. It is used as a salad oil, as an adulter- 
ant for olive oil, as an ingredient of margarine, and for soap making. 
The cake from which the oil is expressed makes an excellent cattle 
feed; if high-grade blanched nuts are used it can be ground and used 
with wheat flour for certain kinds of bread. 

Production.—The cultivation of peanuts and the expression of 
edible oil are increasing in the United States, especially in districts 
where ravages of the cotton boll weevil have been especially severe. 
More peanuts are crushed and more oil extracted in Marseille, France, 
than elsewhere in the world, about 15,500,000 gallons of edible oil and 
23,000,000 gallons of inedible oil being produced in 1912. 

The United States produced only 1,006,000 pounds of commercial 
peanut oil in 1914. Production increased to 28,534,000 pounds in 1916 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 77 


and 50,287,000 pounds in 1917. In 1917 peanut oil ranked as one of 
the principal oils produced in the United States from home-grown 
products. 

Imports prior to 1915 far exceeded the domestic production. The 
imports for 1914 were 1,332,108 gallons, France supplying more than 
any other country, Germany ranking second. In 1916 imports 
amounted to 1,466,048 gallons and in 1917 to 3,018,468 gallons. 
Lately China has entered the market and is shipping large quantities 
of a rather poor grade to this country. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tea oil, classified as expressed oil under this paragraph, was held 
exempt from duty under paragraph 498, because shown not to be com- 
pounded and suitable for use in the soap and textile industries and 
similar to commercial olive oil, commonly used in these industries. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37845, of 1918.) Collectors of customs 
are, however, still assessing duty by direction of the Treasury Depart- 
ment pending a decision upon another record. (T. D. 87921, of 1919.) 

Mandarin oil is also excluded from paragraph 45 and dutiable 
under paragraph 46. (Abstract 41195, of 1917.) 

Apricot-kernel oil and peach-kernel oil come within the paragraph 
as expressed oils not specially provided for. (Abstract 369038, T. D. 
34933, of 1914; Abstract 41195, of 1917.) 

Mustard oil is also within the provision. (Abstract 38644, of 1915.) 

Peanut oil is dutiable under the provision therefor in this paragraph 
rather than free of duty as Chinese-nut oil under paragraph 561. 
(Abstract 36962, of 1914; Abstract 38644, of 1915.) A similar oil 
was found to be derived from a species of groundnuts of the peanut 
family and dutiable as peanut oil. (G. A. 8152, T. D. 87591, of 
1918.) 

Oxidized linseed oil may contain as much as 8 per cent of rosin. 
Linoleum cement is oxidized linseed oil with approximately 10 per 
cent each of rosin and kauri gum. As no kauri gum was shown on 
analysis, the merchandise was classified as oxidized linseed oil. (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 219, of 1917.) 

Sweet almond oil and castor oil in bottles of 3 to 4 ounces are within 
this paragraph and not paragraph 17. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 21, of 1917.) 

Olive oil.—While the tariff act reduced by 20 cents per gallon 
the duty upon olive oil in containers, as well as in bulk, the differ- 
ential between the two has remained 10 cents per gallon. There 
has been considerable litigation upon the classification of olive oil 
in large tins. Under the act of 1897, they were held not ejusdem 
generis with “ bottles, jars, tins, or similar packages’ (158 Fed., 1022, 
of 1908), and an intention to levy duty upon the contents rather than 
upon the capacity of the tins was inferred from the change in the 
act of 1909 to “other packages containing less than 5 gallons each.” 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 139, 140, of 1918.) Capacity was made the test 
in the 1913 act. Slightly less capacity than 5 gallons was not treated 
as negligible and disregarded. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 358, of 1913; 5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 377, of 1914.) The English wine gallon of 231 cubic 
inches capacity, and not a lesser quantity, though accepted by the 
trade, was declared the “ gallon” of paragraph 88 of the act of 1909. 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 332, of 1914.) A conventional weight of 7.61 
pounds for a gallon has been adopted, but if this is not accepted by 


7S SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


the importer the actual weight per gallon is ascertained. 
rw ws OE oy ie BB RPE 

Olive oil not rendered unfit for human consumption, either before 
or after importation, before it leaves the custody of the Government, 
is dutiable under this paragraph rather than free under paragraph 561. 
To be free it must be rendered unfit for use as food or for any but 
mechanical or manufacturing purposes under regulations prescribed 
by the Secretary of the Treasury. (G. A. 8227, T. D. 37888, of 1919.) 

Difficulties in ascertaining the tare of containers of olive oil (T. D. 
35746, of 1915) would be removed by the assessment of ad valorem 
duties, or of specific duties on the gross rather than on the net 
weight. 


(T. D. 


PARAGRAPH 46. 


ACT OF 1909. 


39. Peppermint oil, 25 cents per 
pound, 
639. Oils: Almond, amber, crude 


and rectified ambergris, anise or anise 
seed, * * * aspic or spike laven- 
der, bergamot, 2% so Ree caraway, 
cassia, cinnamon, cedrat, chamomile, 
citronella or lemon grass, civet, * * * 
fennel * * jasmine or jasimine, 
oe ba wey juniper, lavender, lemon, 
limes, mace, neroli or orange flower, 
SE 6 Bar ot “Teses; are, Te 
rosemary or anthoss, * * * thyme, 
origanum red or white, valerian; 
ph hae ping Nat Sy sy erg) 


21.5". * .* Wruit ethers, o18, or 
essences, $1 per pound; ott A Stee: 
Provided, That no article of this para- 
graph shall pay a less rate of duty 


ACT OF 1918. 


46. Oils, distilled and cssential: 
Orange and Jemon, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; peppermint, 25 cents per 
pound; mace oil, 6 cents per pound; 
almond, bitter; amber; ambergris; 
anise or anise seed; bergamot; camo- 
mile; caraway; cassia; cinnamon; 
cedrat; citronella and lemon-grass; 
civet; fennel; jasmine or jasimine; 
juniper; lavender, and aspie or spike 
lavender; limes; neroli or orange 
flower; origanum, red or white; rose- 
mary or anthoss; attar of roses; 
thyme; and valerian; all the forego- 
ing oils, and all fruit. ethers, oils, 
and essences, and essential and dis- 
tilled oils and all combinations of the 
same, not specially provided for in 
this section, 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That no article con- 


taining alcohol shall be classified for 


D5 ; 
than 25 per centum ad valorem. duty under this paragraph. 


aS * * ok 


3. Distilled oils, essential 
oils, * * * and all combinations 
of the foregoing * * * not espe- 
cially provided for in this section, 25 
per centum ad valorem; * * #* 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
OILS, DISTILLED AND ESSENTIAL, 


Description and uses.—A scientific definition of the term “ essential 
or distilled oils” is not possible, but the oils may be described as sub- 
stances of an oily nature obtained, as a rule, from vegetable sources, 
possessed usually of an agreeable odor, characteristic of or resembling 
that of the plants yielding the oils. They are generally liquid, 
although sometimes semisolid at ordinary temperatures, and volatile 
without decomposition. Essential oils are used as flavors and per- 
fumes, while a few possess medicinal properties. 

Production.—The essential oils occur in yarious parts of the plant; 
in some instances distributed throughout the plant, in others re- 
stricted to a particular portion—for example, in the petal of the 
flower, as in the rose; in the bark and leaves, as in the cinnamon; 
and in the flower and rind of the fruit, as in the orange and lemon. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 79 


The methods of producing essential oils may be divided into three 
principal classes: (1) Distillation of the plant or of an oleo-resinous 
exudation. (2) Mechanical processes. (3) Extraction by solvents. 

Distillation.—This methed is used in the preparation of most of the 
essential oils. The usual method is to pass steam through the ma- 
terial, suitably arcanged on trays, since all of the essential oils are 
readily volatile by means of steam. Many are distilled under reduced 
pressure, which enables the distillation to be carried out at a much 
lower temperature, thus avoiding decomposition of the oils. The 
distillation of an oleo-resin is illustrated by the manufacture of-tur- 
pentine and copaiba. 

Mechanical production.—Mechanical processes are employed in the 
preparation of lemon, orange, bergamot, grapefruit, and lime oils, 
which are obtained from the peel or rind of the fruit. The most 
primitive example of this method is employed in Sicily in the prepara- 
tion of orange and lemon oils. The peel is removed from the fruit 
and is pressed by hand against a sponge which absorbs the oil. 
Various other mechanical processes are employed in Italy and France 
for the production of these oils, especially bergamot. Orange oil and 
lemon oil are produced from cull fruit in California. The whole fruit 
is shredded by a machine, and the juice and oils are separated from 
this pulp by presses. The oils are then separated from the juice of the 
fruit by a centrifugal machine. 

Hartraction by soivents.—Extraction processes are employed for the 
preparation of delicate floral essences which would be decomposed 
by distillation. This process is used in preparation of jasmine and 
tuberose. Three kinds of extraction processes are used: (1) Those 
in which a volatile solvent is used; (2) those in which a nonvolatile 
oil or fat is employed; (3) those in which a current of moist air is 
used. 

Volatile solvents commonly used are alcohol, benzine, ether, chloro- 
form, light petroleum oil, carbon disulphide, acetone, and tetra- 
chiorethane. The simplest form of extraction is.to allow the solvent 
to percolate either cold or hot over the erude material. On the re- 
moval of the solvent a mixture of oil, resin, and coloring matter is 
obtained from which “absolute floral essences” or “ conecretes” are 
prepared by extraction with alcohol. 

The extraction by nonvolatile solvents is known as the “ enfleurage 
process.” This is both a hot and a cold process. In the hot process, a 
pure neutral fat, such as purified lard, is melted in trays, the flowers 
are placed in the melted grease which is kept at about 65° C. This 
mixture is then pressed, which separates the grease pomade contain- 
ing the essential oil from the flower petals. In the cold process the 
flowers are placed on wire netting over which a grease-covered glass 
plate is suspended. The flowers and plates are placed in alternate 
layers. The first flowers after a time are removed and replaced by 
more fresh flowers until the fat has become saturated with the oils. 
The fat containing the oil is removed and sold as “ pomades,” which 
are employed in the manufacture of perfume. 

In the moist-air process hot air is passed through a series of wet 
sponges, then over the flower, and then into a volatile solvent. The 
solvent retains the perfume and is afterwards removed, leaving a 
perfume which contains only the oil and no coloring matter or 
resins. 


80 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Of the principal essential oils produced in the United States (pep- 
permint, spearmint, black birch, wintergreen, and wormwood), only 
peppermint oil is mentioned in paragraph 46. The domestic produc- 
tion of essential oils in 1914 was valued at $1,289,482. About 50 per 
cent of this value is represented by peppermint oil. In addition to the 
oils mentioned above, there were produced other essential oils, amount- 
ing in value to $348,552, which include sassafras, cedar, pennyroyal, 
tansy, sandalwood, camphor, cloves, parsley, patchouli, lemon, and 
orange, 

Imports of all essential and distilled oils prior to the war had 
increased from $2,118,102 in 1910 to $4,905,157 in 1913. The imports 
declined until 1916, from which time they show a gradual increase to 
$3,948,059 in 1918. Of the total imports of essential oils in 19138, about 
70 per cent is represented by seven oils—citronella, lemon grass, lemon, 
orange, bergamot, attar of roses, and lavender or aspic. These 
Same Oils in 1918 represented 56.5 per cent of the value of the total 
imports of essential and distilled oils. The value and percentage of 
the total imports of eacb of these for 1913 and 1918 are shown in the 
following table: 














1913": ; 1918 

Per cent. Per cent. 

Citronella and lemon grass......--...2------0+ $885 , 846 18.1 $900, 853 22.8 
Lemoneis vaapisks - ons sf param et Yoda weigs Bee ees 794, 215 16. 2 404, 568 10. 2 
Attar Of TOSO8 6:6 55 Sargn tee Steud eee e ae aptia Dele 791,370 16.1 89,049 2.2 
Bergamot os: ch = wise op cee cio = sleet alee ect 310, 835 6.3 241, 465 bo 
OTAN GG 1. 5 oe eae Bais ye aie owns es ea ait 155, 299 3.2 330, 506 8.4 
Lavender Or aspit. .. ... owes nse eas eae Sue 482,779 9.8 373, 466. 6.9 
Total of 7 G19 1523 sow ee a eee wee 3, 420,344 69.7 | 2,239,907 56. 6 

SSO Se memes, “eee bane Sram ————_—=—= 

Total essential and distilled oils........- f 00, 10 hola aco See 3,948, 059 newer A 





ORANGE AND LEMON OILS. 


Production.—The lemon and the orange are usually cultivated in 
the same localities. The greater part of both orange oil and lemon 
oil is produced in Sicily, chiefly in the district of Messina. These oils 
are produced in the United States, chiefly in California, from cull 
fruits. 

Imports of lemon oil prior to the war were constant at a little 
over 400,000 pounds, but the value shows an increase from about 
$300,000 in 1911 to nearly $800,000 in 1913. The import decreased 
somewhat in 1914, but has shown an increase to 577,600 pounds, 
valued at $404,568, yielding a revenue of $40,456, in 1918. 

Imports of orange oil have been much less than those of lemon oil, 
in 1913 being 79,797 pounds, valued at $155,299, and yielding a revenue 
of $38,824. In 1918 there was an increase to 196,846 pounds, valued 
at $330,506, and yielding a revenue of $33,050. 


PEPPERMINT OIL. 


Description and uses.—Oil of peppermint is a volatile oil distilled 
from the leaves and flowering tops of the peppermint herb. It is a 
popular flavoring agent and finds an extensive use in chewing gum, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 81 


confectionery, and pharmaceutical preparations. The Japanese oil is 
used in the preparation of menthol. (See par. 438.) 

Production.—Peppermint oil is produced chiefly in the United 
States, England, Germany, Japan, and Russia. The United States 
supplies about 50 per cent of the world’s production. The domestic 
output in 1914 was 363,991 pounds, valued at $601,617. The major 
part of the crude oil is produced in Michigan and is refined in New 
York., 

Imports have been practically negligible as compared with domestic 
production, the largest since 1910 being 29,360 pounds, valued at 
$28,953, yielding a revenue of $7,340 in 1918. 

Exports in 1910 amounted to 110,407 pounds, valued at $215,845; in 
1914, 117,809 pounds, at $397,050; and in 1918, 76,247 pounds, at 
$233,899. 

MACE OIL. 


Description and uses.—Mace oil and nutmeg oil are closely allied 
products obtained from different parts of the seed of’ the same plant, 
Myristica fragrans. Nutmeg oil is obtained by distilling the kernel, 
or nutmeg proper, and mace oil by distilling a portion of the outer 
husk which incloses the nutmeg. The two oils are so similar they 
are frequently sold one for the other. Commercial mace oil is gen- 
erally nutmeg oil distilled from nutmegs of inferior quality. It is used 
as a gentle external stimulant and has other minor medicinal uses. 

Production.—It is obtained chiefly in the East Indies by beating 
nutmegs into a paste which is then expressed between hot plates. 

Imports of mace oil prior to the war were rather sporadic. The 
import in 1913 was 5,787 pounds, valued at $2,611, and was admitted 
free of duty. The imports from 1914 to 1917 varied between 3,000 
and 5,000 pounds, and yielded a revenue of $100 to $300 per year. 
No imports are shown in 1918. 


BITTER ALMOND OIL, 


Description.—When bitter almond kernels are expressed they yield 
a bland fixed oil which is known as sweet almond oil. (See par. 45.) 
The residue from this expression is ground and distilled with water, 
yielding the bitter oil of almonds. The bitter almond oil does not 
exist in the kernel, but is produced by the action of water on 
amygdalin, a constituent of almonds; it is also obtained by dis- 
tilling the seeds of peaches and apricots. Bitter almond oil consists 
of about 85 per cent of benzaldehyde, which can be prepared syn- 
thetically from coal tar. The synthetic product has largely replaced 
the natural oil, and has a more uniform composition. 

Imports of bitter oil of almonds in 1913 were 10,442 pounds, valued 
at $25,629, and were admitted free of duty. The imports during the 
war declined considerably and in 1918 amounted to 1,887 pounds, 
valued at $18,154, and yielded a revenue of $3,630. 


AMBER OIL. 


Description and uses.—Amber oil is obtained by the destructive 
distillation of the fossil resin amber, which is described under para- 
graph 36. The crude oil is usually purified by redistillation with 
water. It is used as a counterirritant, stimulant, and antispasmodic. 

184911°—20 6 





82 SUMMARY: OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of amber oil in 1918 were 18,707 pounds, valued at $1,027, 
and were admitted free of duty. The imports during the war de- 
ereased to a minimum of 674 pounds in 1916. In 1917 the import was 
7,580 pounds, valued at $2,932, and yielded a revenue of $586. In 1918 
the import decreased to 1,080 pounds. 


AMBERGRIS OIL. 


There is no article known either commercially or scientifically as 
essential or distilled oil of ambergris. Ambergris, which is a perfume 
material, is described under paragraph 49. 


ANISE OR ANISE-SEED OIL. 


Description and wuses.—Anise-seed oil is distilled from anise fruit 
or the fruit of the star anise. The fruit yields from 13 to-3 per cent of 
oil. The plant is indigenous to Asia Minor and Egypt and is also cul- 
tivated in Russia, Spain, Malta, Greece, Bulgaria, Chile, and India. 
The chief use of anise-seed oil is as a flavoring agent, especially in 
cheap grades of candy. It is used to some extent in medicines as a 
carminative and stimulant. 

Imports prior to the war had reached a maximum of 127,501 
pounds, valued at $173,078 in 1918, and decreased to about one-third of 
this quantity in 1914. During the following years the imports in- 
creased, until in 1917 there were imported 266,686 pounds, valued 
at $150,849, which yielded a revenue of $30,169. Imports declined 
to 160,774 pounds in 1918. By far the greater quantity of anise oil 
imported is the oil of star anise seed from China. 


BERGAMOT OTL. 


Description and uses.—Bergamot oil is obtained from the fresh 
rind of the fruit known as the bergamot orange or the bergamot 
lemon. An oil of an inferior quality is obtained by distilling the 
erushed rind with steam. Oil of bergamot possesses stimulating prop- 
erties when taken internally. It is employed as a perfume in hair 
tonics, and in dusting powders and ointments to disguise the un- 
pleasant odor of certain drugs. Bergamot oil is sometimes adulterated 
with orange oil and turpentine. 

Imports in 1913 were 64,259 pounds, valued at $310,835, and were 
free of duty. In 1914 imports decreased to about 50 per cent of the 
normal prewar imports, but since have been about equal to imports 
in 1913. The import in 1918 was 57,689 pounds, valued at $241,465, 
and yielded a revenue of $48,293. 


CAMOMILE OIL, 


Description and uses.—Camomile oil is obtained by distillation 
from the flowers of the camomile plant which is indigenous to the 
southern and western parts of Europe. The plant is also eultivated 
in Germany, Great Britain, France, and Belgium. ‘The dried flowers 
yield about i per cent of oil. The oil is used for medicinal purposes 
as an antispasmodic stimulant and carminative. 

_ Imports have been comparatively small. The maximum importa- 
tion prior to the war was 68 pounds in 1910, valued at $348. The im- 
ports since the war began have been practically negligible. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 83 


CARAWAY OIE. 


Description and uses.—Caraway oil is obtained by steam distilla- 
tion from the caraway fruit, which yields from 4 to 6 per cent of oil. 
The oil is distilled chiefly in Hmgland, Holland, Germany, and Mo- 
rocco. It is used medicinally as a stimulant and carminative, and to 
impart an agreeable flavoring to other pharmaceutical remedies. 

Imports had decreased prior to the war from 60,007 pounds in 
1910 to 10,107 pounds in 19138. Imports further decreased in 1914 to 
about 3,500 pounds. In 1915, 18,107 pounds were imported, valued at 
$20,730, and yielded a revenue of $4,146. Imports Since then have de- 
creased. 

CASSIA OIL. 


Description.—Cassia oil is distilled from the bark, leaves, and 
twigs of the plant Cinnamomum cassia, which is indigenous to Cochin 
China, and is also cultivated in other parts of China. The oil consists 
chiefly of from 75 to 85 per cent cinnamic aldehyde. ‘This product 
can be made synthetically frem coal tar, and synthetic cassia oil is 
now a common article of commerce. 

Imports are combined with those of oil of cinnamon, which it 
greatly resembles. (See cinnamon oil.) 


CINNAMON OIL, 


Description.—Cinnamon oil is distilled from the bark of the Ceylon 
cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum czeylanicum). The oil is usually dis- 
tilled from an inferior bark ef insufficient value to pay the export 
tax. The bark yields from one-half to 1 per cent of oil. 

Cinnamon leaf oit is an essential oil distilled from the leaves of 
the same plant. It differs from oil of cinnamon in that it eontains 
very little cinnamic aldehyde and from 70 to $0 per cent of eugenol. 

' Imports.—The combined imports of cassia and cinnamon oil in 
1913 were 123,645 pounds, valued at $97,438, and were admitted free 
of duty. The imports decreased somewhat during 1914 and 1915, and 
in 1917 increased to 158,244 pounds, valued at $130,112, and yielded a 
revenue of $26,022. Imports decreased by abont 40,000 pounds in 1918. 


CEDRAT OIL. 


Description.—Cedrat or citron oil is obtained by expression from 
the rind of the fruit Citrus medica. Citron oil is very similar to lemon 
oil. Factitious oils are offered under both the name of citron and 
cedrat oils, but are composed of oil of other species of citrus fruits. 

Imports are unimportant. The maximum import was in 1915, 
788 pounds, valued at $3,721, yielding a revenue of $744. 


CITRONELLA AND LEMON-GRASS OILS. 


Description, uses, and production.—Citronella oil is distilled from 
“Indian grass,” chiefiy in the southern part of Ceylon. It is a pale- 
yellow oil which possesses a powerful odor, and this property, along 
with its low price, accounts for its extensive use as a cheap soap per- 
fume. It is also used as a protection against insects, chiefly mosqui- 
toes. Lemon-grass oil is obtained by distillation from two varieties of 
grass grown in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, Malabar, and Cochin 
China. Ceylon and Singapore are the chief centers of cultivation of 


84 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


the grass and of the production and exportation of the oil. It is 
chiefly used as a perfume, especially for the cheaper grades of soaps. 
It is also used to adulterate oil of lemons. 


CIVET OIL. 


No such article as essential or distilled oil of civet is known to 
commerce or science. Civet, which is a perfume material, is described 
under paragraph 49, 

FENNEL OIL. 


Description.—Fennel oil is distilled from the ripe fruit of fennel. 
This plant is found in Europe, especially in the countries bordering 
on the Mediterranean. There are two fennel oils—sweet and bitter— 
recognized in commerce. The sweet fennel oil is preferred. The yield 
varies from 4 to 64 per cent. 

Imports prior to the war show a gradual decrease to 5,702 pounds, 
valued at $4,160, admitted free of duty in 1918. The imports subse- 
quently decreased until 1917, when none was imported. In 1918 the 
import was 2,094 pounds, valued at $2,512, and yielded a revenue of 


$502. 
JASMINE OIL. 


Description and uses.—Oil of jasmine is obtained by a cold en- 
fleurage process from the flowers of the common white jasmine which 
are grown for this purpose, chiefly in the southern part of France. 
It is known commercially only in the form of pomades or flower ex- 
tracts. Jasmine oil contains about 65 per cent of benzyl acetate, 
which can be made synthetically from coal tar; the odor is imitated 
by synthetic preparations. Jasmine is used chiefly in the preparation 
of high-grade toilet perfumes. 

Imports of jasmine in 1913 were 3,416 pounds, valued at $39,554, 
and were admitted free of duty. The import during the war de- 
creased greatly, due to the war conditions which seriously affected the 
industry in France. The import in 1918, however, was 5,840 pounds, 
valued at $89,820, yielding a revenue of $17,864. 


JUNIPER OIL. 


Description, uses, and production.—Juniper oil is obtained by dis- 
tilling ripe juniper berries, It is produced chiefly in Hungary where 
it is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of gin, and is gen- 
erally considered to be different from that obtained by direct distilla- 
tion of the berries. The Italian berries give the best yield of oil, 
which is usually 1 to 13 per cent of the weight of the berries. Juniper 
oil is used as an antiseptic (chiefly for sterilizing catgut), as a car- 
minative, and as a stimulant. For medicinal purposes it is usually 
administered in the form of Holland gin. ; ; 

Imports in 1913 were 17,356 pounds, valued at $13,087, and were 
admitted free of duty. The import during the war decreased until 
in 1916 less than 1,000 pounds were imported. Since then the imports 
increased to 21,346 pounds in 1918, valued at $67.147, and yielded a 
revenue Of $13,429. 


LAVENDER AND ASPIC OR SPIKE LAVENDER OILS, 


Description and uses.—Oil of lavender refers to a volatile oil dis 
tilled from the fresh flowering herb Lavandula vera and other species 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 85 


' growing on the higher slopes of the Alps. There are several grades of 
this oil on the market differing greatly in price. A large part of the 
commercial oil is obtained from the wild plant in France by means 
of portable stills. The English oil, which is obtained exclusively from 
cultivated plants, commands a much higher price than the ordinary 
commercial or French oil, as only a small amount is produced. 
Commercially the English oil is frequently designated as oil of garden 
lavender. Oil of lavender is employed chiefly as a perfume and as a 
flavoring agent for certain pharmaceutical preparations. It is rarely 
employed in medicine. 

Spike lavender oil or spike oil is distilled from the flowering Lav- 
andula spica, which grows in the lower mountainous regions of France, 
Spain, and Italy. Spike oil is a common adulterant of oil of lavender 
and is occasionally distilled with true lavender. It is also used by 
artists in the preparation of varnishes. Spike lavender oil is much 
cheaper than true oil of lavender. 

Imports of lavender and spike lavender oil in 1913 were 227,013 
pounds, valued at $482,779, admitted free of duty; in 1914 and 1915, 
about one-third of the 1913 imports; in 1916, 198,205 pounds, valued 
at $271,815, yielding a revenue of $54,363. Since then imports have 
decreased to 122,958 pounds in 1918. 


_ OIL OF LIMES. 


Description and production.—Expressed lime oil is obtained by me- 
chanical means from the peel of the fresh fruit of Citrus limetta. It 
is produced in Italy chiefly during the months of December and Janu- 
ary. This oil closely resembles oil of lemon. A distilled lime oil is 
also produced, chiefly in the West Indies, and is the usual lime oil of 
commerce. The expressed Italian oil is much more valuable than the 
distilled West Indian oil. 

Imports in 1913 were 13,075 pounds, valued at $15,025, and were 
admitted free of duty. The imports during the war have shown a 
decrease only in 1915. Since then the imports have increased con- 
siderably until in 1918 there were imported 29,137 pounds, valued at 
$73,685, yielding a revenue of $14,737. 


NEROLI OR ORANGE FLOWER OIL. 


Description, uses, and production.—This oil is obtained by distilla- 
tion from fresh orange flowers and is produced exclusively in the 
southern part of France. The best grade of neroli comes from Nice. 
This oil is used almost exclusively in perfume. A form of orange 
flower oii is used to a certain extent as a flavoring agent in sirups. 
The odor of orange flower oil is due to methyl anthranilate, which 
can be made synthetically from coal tar. Methyl anthranilate was 
produced in the United States during 1918 by three firms. A syn- 
thetic product which is sold under the name of Neroli is used largely 
as a perfume by soap makers. 

Imports of neroli, or orange flower oil, in 1913 were 38,365 pounds, 
valued at $171,932. During 1914 and 1915 the imports decreased to 
about 14,000 pounds, and during 1916, 1917, and 1918 were only 
slightly less than the imports in 1913. The 1918 imports were 
32,687 pounds, valued at $84,880, and yielded a revenue of $16,976. 


86 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ORIGANUM OIL. 


Description.—Origanum or marjoram oil closely resembles oil of 
thyme and is obtained by distillation with water from two species of 
origanum native to Europe and America. The two oils recognized 
in commerce are Trieste otl, which is dark, and Smyrna oil, which 
is light colored. This difference in color accounts for the tariff 
description “red or white.” 

Imports of origanum had increased prior to the war (1913) to 8,822 
pounds, valued at $8,502, and admitted free of duty. With the ex- 
ception of 1914, the imports during the war have shown a remark- 
able increase to 54,671 pounds, valued at $45,859, and yielding a reve- 
nue of $9,171 in 1917. The imports then decreased to less than 4,000 
pounds in 1918. 

ROSEMARY OR ANTHOSS OIL. 


Description.—Rosemary oil is distilled from the flowering tops of 
the rosemary plant. There are two commercial varieties, Italian or 
Dalmatian oil, which is distilled after the flowering season is over, 
and a French oil, which possesses a finer odor and is distilled from the 
fresh flowering tops. English oil, which is produced from culti- 
vated plants, and the Spanish oil are of minor commercial importance, 
although the English product brings a much higher price than the 
other oils. 

Imports of rosemary oil have shown a large increase from about 
50,000 pounds in 1910 to 284,144 pounds, valued at $100,930, in 1913, 
and were admitted free of duty. The imports during 1914, 1915, and 
1916 were only about one-third those of 1913. Imports in 1918 were 
204,105 peunds, valued at $71,541, and yielded a revenue of $14,308. 


ATTAR OF ROSES. 


Description, uses, and production.—Atiar or otto of roses is a 
volatile oil distilled from fresh rose flowers. Of the numerous yvarie- 
ties of roses, only a few are used in the preparation of the essential 
oil. A large part of the attar of roses is obtained from the Balkan 
Mountains. The important center of the industry is Kezanlik. Roses 
are also cultivated in the southern part of France in the neighbor- 
hood of Grasse, Cannes, and Nice. The French flowers, however, 
are used chiefly for the preparation of rose water and rose pomades. 
In recent years extensive rose plantations have been established in 
Germany near Klein-Miltitz. There is also a small preduction of attar 
of roses in Algeria. 

Rose oil being expensive, the probability of adulteration is always 
great. The principal adulterants are palmarosa oil and true gera- 
nium oil. Rose oil is used chiefly in the preparation of high-grade 
toilet perfumes and is also employed in medicine for perfuming 
cerates, ointments, and lotions. 

Imports.—The imports of attar of roses in 1913 had reached 133,325 
ounces, valued at $791,370, admitted free of duty. The imports since 
have been considerably less, and in 1917 declined to a minimum of 
11,285 ounces, valued at $85,673, and yielded a revenue of $17,134. 
This decrease in imports has been due to war conditions which have 
demoralized the rose industry in Bulgaria, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 87 


THYME OIL. 


Description and uses.—Thyme oil is distilled from fresh flowering 
tops of the thyme herb which grows wild in the mountains of south- 
ern France. Small quantities of oil are produced from the culti- 
vated herb, but this source is of little commercial importance. The 
Spanish thyme oil is probably derived from a species of origanum. It 
has been a common practice to export thyme oil from France to Eng- 
land, whence it is reexported to the United States as oil of origanum. 
Thyme oil closely resembles oil of origanum; being much cheaper, it 
has been substituted largely for the latter. 

Thyme oil is used chiefly for veterinary preparations, and as a cheap 
soap perfume. The French oil is the most valuable. There are two 
commercial varieties Known as red and white. The former grade is 
a crude distilled oil and, when properly rectified and purified, gives 
the commercial white thyme oil. The yield of oil varies from 0.5 to 
2.5 per cent, 

Imports prior to the war increased from about 50,000 pounds in 
1910 to 188,972 pounds, valued at $105,296, admitted free of duty in 
1913. Imports during the war increased considerably until in 1918 
they were 206,185 pounds, vaiued at $248,144, yielding a revenue of 
$49,629. 

VALERIAN OIL. 


Description and uses.—Valerian oil is distilled from the root of an 
herb which is grown chiefly in Holland. Recently it has been culti- 
vated in Japan. The Japanese root yields 6 to 7 per cent of oil as com- 
pared with 1 per cent from the European herb. The oils from the 
two varieties of herbs are similar in composition and are often substi- 
tuted one for the other. 

Imports are practically negligible, as less than 100 pounds were 
imported prior to 1918, when the imports were 366 pounds, valued at 
$3,690, and yielded a revenue of $738. 

Exports of these oils are not listed separately. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mandarin oil is dutiable at 10 per cent under paragraph 46. (Ab- 
stract 41195, of 1917.) 

Oil of male fern is dutiable at 20 per cent under the same para- 
graph. (Abstract 42660, of 1918.) 

“ Oleine.”—Heavy oils derived from a wool grease base by distilla- 
tion are not dutiable under this paragraph as distilled oils, but under 
paragraph 44 as animal oils, n. s. p. f. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 368, of 
1918.) 

A combination of distilled oils, used in finishing textile fabrics, 
was held to come within this paragraph and not to be dutiable under 
paragraph 44, nor free of duty under paragraph 498. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., ; T. D. 37872, of 1918.) 

The terms “ citronella”’ and “lemon grass” indicate like products. 
They are distinct articles, and should be separated by semicolons, 
the same as the other oils in paragraph 46. The statistics of these 
two oils are now shown together. This would be avoided by adopting 
the above suggestion. 

Since mace and nutmeg oils are similar, it would be well to provide 
for nutmeg oil in connection with mace oil. 





88 


Consideration should be given to the advisability of mentioning by 
name certain essential oils, namely, eucalyptus oil and camphor oil, 
which are important articles of commerce. In 1914 there was im- 
ported 80,322 pounds of oil of eucalyptus, valued at $23,480. About 71 
per cent of this import came from Australia, and most of the re- 
mainder from England. In 1914 there were imported from Germany 
21,433 pounds of camphor oil, valued at $4,210. 

Distilled and essential oils —The 20 per cent ad valorem rate im- 
posed on lime oil is double the rate imposed in the same paragraph 
on orange and lemon oils. The word “limes” should be changed to 
“lime,” as it is used adjectively the same as “ orange” and “ lemon.” 
The word “and” between “ distilled” and “essential” at the be- 
ginning of the paragraph should be changed to “or,” as all of 
the oils therein provided for are not both distilled and essential; 
orange, lemon, bergamot, and lime oils are essential and expressed, 
but are not distilled. Ambergris and civet are enumerated as oils, 
but there are no essential or distilled oils of ambergris and civet. 
The ambergris and civet of commerce are specifically provided for 
elsewhere. (See par. 49.) 

Fruit ether—This provision includes all fruit ethers not con- 
taining alcohol, and paragraph 29 enumerates ethers of all kinds, 
n. s. p. f., not containing more than 10 per cent of alcohol. Para- 
graph 16 provides for ethers containing alcohol, irrespective of amount. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 47. 


ACT OF 1909. 


41, Opium, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, and not adulterated, contain- 
ing 9 per centum and over of morphia, 
$1.50 per pound; opium of the same 
composition, dried, powdered, or other- 
wise advanced beyond the condition of 
crude or unmanufactured, $2 per pound ; 
morphia or morphine, sulphate of, and 
all alkaloids of opium, and salts and 
esters thereof, $1.50 per ounce ; cocaine, 
ecgonine, and all salts and derivatives 
of the same, $1.50 per ounce; * * * 


aqueous extract of opium, for medici-’ 


nal-uses, and tincture of, as laudanum, 
and other liquid preparations of opium, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 40 per centum ad valorem ; opium 
containing less than 9 per centum of 
morphia, $6 per pound; but prepara- 
tions of opium deposited in bonded 
warehouses shall not be removed there- 
from without payment of duties, and 
such duties shall not be refunded: 
Provided, That nothing herein con- 
tained shall be so construed as to re- 
peal or in any manner impair or affect 
the provisions of an Act entitled: ‘An 
Act to prohibit the importation and 
use of opium for other than medicinal 
purposes,” approved February ninth, 
nineteen hundred and nine. 


ACT OF 1913. 


47. Opium, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, and not adulterated, containing 
9 per centum and over of morphia, 
$3 per pound; opium of the same com- 
position, dried to contain 15 per 
centum or less of moisture, powdered, 
or otherwise advanced beyond the con- 
dition of crude or unmanufactured, $4 
per pound; morphia or morphine, sul- 
phate of, and all alkaloids of opium, 
and salts and esters thereof, $3 per 
ounce; cocaine, ecgonine, and all salts 
and derivatives of the same, $2 per 
ounce; aqueous extract of opium, for 
medicinal uses, and tincture of, as 
laudanum, and other liquid prepara- 
tions of opium, not specially provided 
for in this section, 60 per centum ad 
valorem; opium containing less than 
9 per centum of morphia, $6 per 
pound; but preparations of opium de- 
posited in bonded warehouses shall not 
be removed therefrom without pay- 
ment of duties, and such duties shall 
not be refunded: Provided, That noth- 
ing herein contained shall be so con- 
strued as to repeal or in any manner 
impair or affect the provisions of an 
Act entitled ‘‘An Act to prohibit the 
importation and use of opium for other 
than medicinal purposes,’ approved 
February ninth, nineteen hundred and 
“nine, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 89 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
OPIUM. 


Description and uses.—Opium is a drug consisting of the air-dried 
juices of the poppy plant. It is used in medicine to induce sleep and 
insensibility to pain, and in the manufacture of alkaloids, of which 
morphine, heroin, and codeine are of chief importance. One pound of 
opium supplies about 7,000 medicinal doses. 

Production.—Commercial opium, derived mainly from Asiatic Tur- 
Key and Persia, has an alkaloid content which is higher than that from 
other important producing countries, rendering it unfit for smoking 
purposes. Smoking opium, which is used chiefly or wholly by addicts, 
contains less than 9 per cent morphine and was formerly produced in 
large quantities in India and China. East Indian cultivation of the 
poppy Has recently been much restricted. It has also been prohibited 
in China for some years, although governmental disturbances in that 
country have aided illicit production. Greece, Bulgaria, and a number 
of other countries produce small amounts of opium. It has been pro- 
duced experimentally in the United States also, but the costs of pro- 
duction are at present considered prohibitive. The poppy is extensively 
raised for seed in California and elsewhere, The seed, which contains _ 
no alkaloid, is used for the expression of oil and for culinary purposes. 
Poppy culture in the tropical possessions of the United States has been 
discouraged. 

Imports of opium are tabulated under three classes: 

(1) Crude opium containing 9 per cent or over of morphine.—This 
is the chief grade used in medicine and manufacture. For the years 
1909-1915 imports averaged 428,634 pounds, valued at $1,787,162. Dur- 
ing three succeeding years imports decreased largely owing to war 
conditions. In 1918 only 21,342 pounds of crude opium, valued at 
$265,288, are recorded. Since the signing of the armistice, large 
amounts of opium are understood to have been imported. 

(2) Dried or advanced opium.—This is normally negligible in 
amount as compared with the crude grade, but has increased largely 
during the war, 98,498 pounds, valued at $1,514,127, being imported in 
1918. 

(3) Opium containing less than 9 per cent morphine.—This ‘grade 
includes smoking opium. The importation of low-grade opium has 
been prohibited by act of Congress since 1909. Import revenues from 
opium and its derivatives greatly exceed those of all other drug prod- 
ucts combined. For the years 1909-1916 crude opium yielded an aver- 
age annual revenue of $671,969; the dry or advanced beyond the con- 
dition of crude, for 1910-1918, an average of $178,093. 

Imports under recent high tariffs have been small as compared with 
American manufacture and have consisted mainly of the rarer alka- 
loids and salts. War conditions caused demand for opium products 
virtually regardless of price, and considerable increase in imports 
‘took place in 1917-18. That increases were not larger is doubtless 
due to universal searcity and export restrictions of other nations 
rather than to high prices or present tariff rates. The duty of $3 
per pound on 9 per cent opium is equivalent to a tax of $2.07 per 
ounce on the contained alkaloid, leaving a margin in favor of the 
American manufacturer of 93 cents per ounce, This, together with 
the profit gained from codeine and other by-products, and the appli- 


90) SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


cation of legal restrictions beyond the purview of the tariff, consider- 
ably hampered foreign competition in the American markets. Im- 
ports of morphine fell off under the present tariff rates from an an- 
nual average (1910-1918) of 18,004 ounces to (1914-1917) 2,805 
ounces. In 1918 imports rose to 25,215 ounces, valued at $202,263. 
Other alkaloids have pursued a very irregular course. The maximum 
(1917) is 34,179 ounces, valued at $165,028. Imports of laudanum and 
other preparations have in recent years passed the $5,000 mark only 
in 1915. Under the tariff of 1909 opium alkaloids yielded an average 
annual revenue of $5,393. The tariff of 1913 has yielded (1915-1918) 
an annual average of $49,233. 


MORPHINE, SULPHATE OF, AND ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM. 


Description and uses.—The derivatives and preparations of opium 
are considered for tariff purposes in two categories—(1) opium alka- 
loids and their derivatives, and (2) medicinal preparations of opium. 
Morphine, codeine, and heroin or diacetylmorphine are the most impor- 
tant of opium alkaloids. Morphine occurs in medicinal opium in 
amounts of 9 per cent or more; codeine rarely exceeds 3 per cent. 
Heroin is an artificial product obtained from morphine. These prepa- 
rations are used in medicine to relieve pain and induce sleep. Morphine 


is perhaps the most important single agent in the materia medica, both’ 


as regards its legitimate use and in its capacity as a habit-forming 
drug. The uses of heroin are similar to those of morphine. It was in- 
troduced as a nonhabit-forming substitute, but was speedily found to 
be even more dangerous in this connection than morphine itself. Heroin 
and cocaine may probably be considered as most subject to vicious 
misuse of any of the habit-forming drugs. Because of this fact and 
because heroin possesses no medicinal superiority to morphine, 
modern therapeutic authorities have advocated the prohibition of its 
manufacture and traffic. The use of codeine is similar to that of 
morphine. It is considered less habit-forming than morphine, and 
therefore better suited to repeated administration. The secret use 
of the opium alkaloids and opium preparations in proprietary remedies 
has been regulated by the food and drugs act. These materials also 


come within the scope of the Harrison Narcotic Act. Medicinal 


preparations, salts, and various combinations of opium are of con- 
siderable importance in domestic pharmaceutical manufacture, but 
the high ad valorem rate (60 per cent) has virtually eliminated them 
from our imports. Their use is that of opium. Among the principal 
preparations may be mentioned laudanum, paregoric, and Dover’s 
powder. 

Production.—Opium alkaloids are extensively manufactured in 
England, Germany, and the United States. England and Germany 
led in production prior to the war. Germany, in particular, produced 
a large variety of the rarer alkaloids and salts. Morphine has been 
extensively manufactured in America for a number of years. No 
statistics of production are available, but the average annual opium 
import before the war was equivalent to about 69,000 ounces, or 
2,500,000,000 medicinal doses of morphine. Considerable amounts of 
opium, however, are not manufactured into the alkaloid. Codeine 
was formerly produced chiefly in Germany. Under war conditions, 
it has been extensively manufactured in the United States from Per- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 91 


sian opium, which contains a comparatively large amount of this alka- 
loid. Heroin was, until recently, made only in Germany, but is now 
manufactured in this country. 


COCAINE, ECGONINE, AND ALL SALTS AND DERIVATIVES OF THE SAME. 


Description and uses.—Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from coca 
leaves (par. 30). It is used chiefly as a local anzesthetic in minor 
surgical operations and dentistry, and is the most important medicinal 
of this class. It has other less important legitimate uses. Large 
quantities are used as an exhilarant by drug addicts.. The use of 
cocaine is considered by medical authorities to be the most vicious and 
difficult to deal with of any narcctie addiction. Hcgonine and its deriva- 
tives are alkaloidal substances occurring with cocaine in coca leaves, 
and from them cocaine may be derived by chemical processes. They 
have no recognized medicinal use. 

Production.—Cocaine used in the United States is practically all 
of domestic manufacture. Statistics are lacking, but the normal im- 
port of coca leaves is sufficient for the annual preduction of 100,000 
or more ounces. Owing to the habit-forming properties of cocaine, 
a host of synthetic local anzsthetics have been developed as substi- 
tutes. These were formerly chiefly imported from Germany, but 
under the trading-with-the-enemy act a number of German patents 
have been licensed to American manufacturers. While these products 
have attained a considerable vogue, apparently they have not de- 
creased the demand for cocaine. The manufacture of cocaine, like 
that of most alkaloids, is a specialized industry, requiring a high type 
of chemical skill, and is carried on by only a few firms. The limita- 
tions imposed by the food and drugs act, the Harrison Narcotic Act, 
and various other laws, have further tended to centralize the industry. 
Cocaine is also produced commercially in Germany, England, and 
other European countries. Considerable amounts of crude cocaine are 
produced in Peru and exported to Kurope fer purification. 

Imports for the years 1910-1914 have averaged 3,239 ounces per 
year. After the imposition of the specific rate of $2 per ounce only 
insignificant amounts of cocaine entered until 1916 and 1917 when, 
on account of war conditions, imports rose to 4,275 ounces and 19,388 
ounces, respectively. American cocaine imports normally consist 
largely of rare salts, which are not- manufactured in this country. The 
revenues yielded by cocaine have never been large, reaching a maxi- 
mum of $46,933 in 1910, and since then have decreased, amounting to 
more than $10,000 only in 1917 and 1918, 

Commodities included in paragraph 47 embrace the chief narcotic 
and habit-forming drugs. The high rates of duty imposed by this and 
previous tariffs were presumably designed to limit imports and con- 
sumption rather than to raise revenue, although in the case cf opium 
and its products the revenue has been comparatively large. The 
testimony brought out in various hearings on narcotic legislation in- 
dicates that the average annual amount of opium (and its products) 
and cocaine consumed within the United States is enormously in excess 
of medicinal use. Estimates of actual medicinal need of opium have 
varied from 50,000 pounds to 100,000 pounds annually. Under war 
conditions imports have been about 120,000 pounds annually, and 
much of this has been absorbed directly or indirectly by the Army. 
Recent investigations of opiumism and cocainism indicate that these 


99 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


addictions are on the increase. Legislation has tended to drive illicit 
trade in narcotic drugs into underground channels, but not to extir- 
pate it. Statistics indicate that past tariff levies have been insufficient 
to exert any marked influence on the use of or demand for narcotics. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Aqueous extract of opium has been held to be smoking opium, and 


importation prohibited by the act of January 17, 1914. 


of 1914.) 


(T. D. 34598, 


Sun-dried opium in bricks or cakes was held to be crude or unmanu- 


factured within paragraph 41 of the act of 1909, 


347, of 1914.) 


of 1897 was construed to include synthetic codeine. 


Appls., 41, of 1915.) 


(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


The provision for alkaloids in paragraph 43 of the act 


(6 Ct. Cust. 


PARAGRAPH 48. 


ACT OF 1909. 


67. Perfumery, including cologne 
and other toilet waters, articles of 
perfumery, whether in sachets or oth- 
erwise, and all preparations used as 
applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, 
or skin, such as cosmetics, denti- 
frices, including tooth soaps, pastes, 
including theatrical grease paints 
and pastes, pomades, powders, and 
other toilet articles, all the fore- 
going; if- containing alcohol, or in 
the manufacture or preparation of 
which alcohol is used, 60 cents per 
pound and 50 per centum ad valorem; 
if not containing alcohol, or in the 
manufacture or preparation of which 
alcohol is not used, 60 per centum ad 


ACT OF 1913. 


48, Perfumery, including cologne 
and other toilet waters, articles of 
perfumery, whether in sachets or oth- . 
erwise, and all preparations used as 
applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, 
or skin, such as cosmetics, denti- 
frices, including tooth soaps, pastes, 
including theatrical grease paints, 
and pastes, pomades, powders, and 
other totlet preparations, all the fore- 
going, if containing alcohol, 40 cents 
per pound and 60 per centum ad 
valorem; if not containing alcohol, 
60 per centum ad valorem; floral or 
flower waters containing no alcohol, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 20 per centum ad valorem. 


valorem; floral or flower waters con- 
taining no alcohol, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. 


Description and uses.—Perfumes and cosmetics include liquid per- 
fumes, such as toilet waters and cologne and dry perfumes, such as 
sachet and talcum. Also they include preparations for the care of the 
skin, such as emulsions, crémes, and nail powders; for the care of the 
hair, such as oils, washes, tonics, and pomades; for the care of the 
mouth, such as tooth pastes and powders; and cosmetics, such as face 
paints, powders, lip sticks, eyebrow pencils, and theatrical greases and 
paints. Paragraph 48 covers perfumery and cosmetics in finished 
form. These products are made by mixing perfume materials with 
other substances. The raw materials may be natural products, such 
as musk, enfieurage grease, floral essences, which are dutiable under 
paragraph 49; synthetic materials, dutiable under the act of Septem- 
ber 8, 1916; or balsams, which are dutiable under paragraph 9. The 
manufacture and the sale of these articles are, as a rule, by firms other 
than those dealing in the raw materials. The materials are mixed with 
alcohol in the case of liquid perfume, toilet waters, and hair tonics; 


SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION. 93° 


with talc in the case of talcum powders; with greases and pigments in’ 
the case of face paints; and with many other substances, 

Production.—France is probably the leading producer of perfume 
material, finished perfumes, and cosmetics. This is partly due to} 
natural advantages in growing flowers which produce the perfume 
odors and to the large use of these commodities by the French people. 
The domestic production of perfumery and cosmetics in 1914 was 
valued at $16,899,000. The State of New York produced nearly one- 
half of the total output. Illinois and Massachusetts each produced 
over $1,000,000 worth; New Jersey ranks with these two States. 

Imports of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet preparations have 
shown a steady increase from $1,214,792 in 1910 to $3,806,699 in 
1917. The import declined slightly to $3,497,695 in 1918. Between 
80 and 90 per cent of the imports have been from France. In 1913 
the import of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet preparations con- 
taining alcohol was 285,553 pounds, valued at $818,942, and yielded 
a revenue of $580,803. In 1918 the import declined to 265,678 pounds, 
valued at $1,011,659. The import of perfumery, cosmetics, and all 
toilet preparations not containing alcohol in 1913 was valued at 
$1,025,200, and yielded a revenue of $615,120. The imports increased 
to $1,688,256 in 1917, with a revenue of $1,012,954, but declined to 
$1,490,324 in 1918. 

Exports of perfumery, cosmetics, and toilet preparations have 
steadily increased from $824,460 in 1910 to $3,965,465 in 1918. Eng- 
land and Canada have been the chief consumers of our exports. 
Australia, Cuba, and the Philippines have taken a considerable por- 
tion in recent years. 


FLORAL OR FLOWER WATERS. 


Description and uses.—Floral or flower waters are obtained as a 
by-product of the steam distillation process of recovering the essential 
oils of various flowers. (See par. 46.) The flowers are distilled with 
steam and the essential oil of the flower separates from the condensed 
steam or water, but the water is left perfumed with the odor of the 
flower. An illustration of this is the well-known rose water which is 
produced in Bulgaria as a by-product of the production of oil of rose. 

Imports from 1910 to 1913 were valued at $31,413. In 1914 the 
value was $50,297 and yielded a revenue of $10,059. Imports decreased 
to $22,216 in 1915, but increased to $52,208 in 1918, yielding a revenue 
of $10,441. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph contemplates articles ready to be applied without 
further treatment. (Abstract 41762, of 1918.) 

Nail powder—The phrase “ other toilet preparations ” includes a 
preparation for polishing finger nails, these not being limited to such 
as are for application to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 190, of 1915.) 

Toilet talc.—Powdered tale, to which a small quantity of boric acid 
has been added, the use and purpose of which are as a toilet prepara- 
tion for application to the skin, is dutiable according to that use under 
paragraph 48, and not as ground tale under paragraph 69. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 89, of 1916.) 


94. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Bath tablets.—Antiseptic bath tablets are properly classified as toilet 
preparations under this paragraph rather than as chemical compounds 
(par. 5) or medicinal soaps (par. 66). (Abstract 41376, of 1917.) 

Bath salt—A perfumed salt, which is put into the bath to soften 
the skin, is also classified as a toilet preparation. (Abstract 37391, 
of 1915.) | 

Bottles—Perfumery is ordinarily put up in cut or decorated bottles 
which by operation of paragraph 84 are separately dutiable at 45 per 
eent. (Abstracts 41682 and 41692, of 1918.) When plain bottles are 
used they bear the same rate of duty as the contents, 60 per cent, by 
eperation of paragraph 83. 

See comments under paragraph 16 relative to compensatory duty on 
alcoholic content. Only the purest grade of aleohol (absolute alcohel) 
ean be used in perfumery; therefore the internal-revenue tax can not — 
be avoided by use of denatured alcohol. ~ 


PARAGRAPH 49. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


489. Ambergris. (Free.) 49, Ambergris, enfleurage greases 
and floral essences by whatever 
639. Oils: * +f * enfleurage | method obtained; flavoring extracts, 
grease, liquid and solid primal flower musk, grained or in pods, civet, and 
essences not compounded * * ™*./ a1] natural or synthetic odoriferous 
(Free. ) or aromatic substances, preparations, 
and mixtures used in the manufacture 
of, but not marketable as, perfumes 
or cosmetics; all the foregoing not 
538. Civet, crude, (Free.) containing alcohol and not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 

centum ad valorem. 


631. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 
(Free. ) 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
, AMBERGRIS. 


Description and uses.—Ambergris is supposed to be undigested 
matter present in the intestines of unhealthy whales. This sub- 
stance is found floating on the sea, especially in the Southern Hemis- 
phere. It is usually found in small fragments, but sometimes in large 
pieces weighing 200 pounds. It was used chiefly in perfume manu- 
facture, but its use has largely decreased in recent years, as synthetic 
substances have become available at a fraction of the cost of the nat- 
ural article. The supply of ambergris is irregular and uncertain. 


ENFLEURAGE GREASE AND FLORAL ESSENCES. 


Description and uses.—HEnfleurage greases and pomades are greases 
or fats saturated with the odoriferous essential oils of certain flowers 
resulting from the enfleurage process in perfume manufacture. This 
process is described under paragraph 46. * The pomades contain only 
a small portion of odorous substances and the greases and fats em- 
ployed (usually lard or tallow) will turn rancid in time. Such ob- 
jections have led to improved methods of recovering these delicate 
essential oils by means of volatile solvents, described under paragraph 
46. The so-called flower concretes or floral essences are made _ this 
method in southern France. 

Imports of enfleurage grease, not containing alcohol, in 1913 were 
92,446 pounds, valued at $124,195, and were free of duty. In 1918 the 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 95 


imports were 23,620 pounds, valued at $167,861, and yielded a revenue 
of $33,572. 

Imports of flower essences, liquid and solid primal, in 1913 were 
9,440 pounds, valued at $470,684, and were free of duty. Floral es- 
sences imported in 1917 were valued at $406,136 and yielded a revenue 
ef $81,227. In 1918 the import decreased to $250,531. 


MUSK. 


Description and uses.—Musk is a dried secretion from the pre- 
putial follicles of the male musk deer. The chief source of supply 
is Tibet, China. Musk enters commerce in two forms, either in the 
dried sacs er pods as taken from the deer, or the pods are opened and 
the musk removed, when it is known as grain musk. An “American 
musk,” the sacs of the common muskrat, have been used as a substi- 
tute. Owing to its high price, musk is one of the most frequently 
adulterated perfume materials. An imitation musk is prepared from 
coal tar. Musk is of chief value as an ingredient of perfume and is 
said to add strength and persistency to vegetable essences. 

Production.—The musk deer is a small animal found in the moun- 
tains and table-lands of Central Asia. The animal is taken for its 
hide and musk, chiefly the latter. China, which imports musk from 
Tibet, consumes about half of the world’s total output. Shanghai 
is the principal export market. The value of the 1915 musk crop | 
was $266,000, and in 1916 there were shipped 25,160 ounces, valued at 
$407,000. 

Imports.—Trance has usually been the largest importer of Chi- 
nese musk, but in 1915 the United States stoed first, taking about 
one-fourth of the year’s product. 

The import of crude musk in natural pods in 1913 was 12,994 ounces, 
yalued at $124,855; in 1918 it was 5,516 ounces, valued at $33,970, and 
yielded a revenue of $6,794. The import of grain musk in 1913 was 
valued at $7,699 and yielded a revenue of $769; in 1917 it increased to 
$63,304 and yielded a revenue of $12,660; and in 1918 declined to 
$29,246. 

CIVET. 


Description and uses.—Civet is a secretion contained in a pouch 
of the civet cat of Abyssinia. It is a semiliquid substance, yellowish 
in color, becoming brown on exposure to the air, and of a strong 
oder. It is used exclusively for perfumery. Substances are now 
produced synthetically which resemble civet and are available in 
liquid and crystalline form. 
Imports of civet in 1913 were 11,269 ounces, valued at $15,557, and 
were admitted free of duty. In 1918 the imports were 9,766 ounces, 
valued at $11,877, yielding a revenue of $2,375. 


OTHER NATURAL SYNTHETIC AROMATIC SUBSTANCES. 


Description and uses.—The clause ‘all natural or synthetic odor- 
iferous or aromatic substances, preparations, and mixtures used in 
the manufacture of, but not marketable as, perfumes or cosmetics; all 
the foregoing not containing alcohol and not specially provided for 
in this section” covers a variety of substances which are intended 
for further manufacture into perfumes and esosmetics. These sub- 
stances may be natural vegetable products, such as essential oils or 


96 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


balsams, but in large part are synthetic products, many of which are 
derived from coal tar. ‘ 

The rate of duty on these materials being lower than the rate on 
perfumery in paragraph 48, and the provision that no article shall be 
classified in this paragraph which contains alcohol, tend to encourage 
the importation of the raw materials and the mixing and bottling of 
the perfumes and toilet waters in the United States. 

Production.—The development of synthetic substances as substi- 
tutes for the odor of various flowers, chiefly in France, Germany, 
Switzerland, and the United States, makes these countries more or 
less independent of the flower-growing industry. 

The domestic production of synthetic perfume materials derived 
from coal tar was 116,268 pounds, valued at $584,695, in 1918. 

Imports for consumption under this clause have averaged about 
$500,000 per year, yielding an annual revenue of about $100,000. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Ambergris, crude civet, enfleurage grease, and crude musk were ex- 
empt from duty under prior laws, ambergris in any form being free 
since 1861. . 

Coumarin, reported to be suitable for use in the manufacture of 
perfumery, was found to be used chiefly for making flavoring ex- 
tracts and is not dutiable under this paragraph, but as a chemical 
compound under paragraph 5. (Abstract 41691, of 1918; see revenue 
act of 1916, infra.) 

Lavender flowers, rosebuds, etc.—Rose leaves, rose flowers, rose- 
buds, orange buds, violet flowers, and lavender flowers, in a crude 
and dried condition, the general use of which is in the manufacture 
of medicinal preparations, are not classable under this paragraph 
but are free as crude drugs under paragraph 477. (Abstracts 39004, 
of 1915; 40327, of 1916; 41191 and 41192, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 50. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
66. Plasters, healing or curative, of 50. Plasters, healing or curative, of 
all kinds, and court-plaster, 25 per |all kinds, and court-plaster, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. : 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Healing and curative plasters are intended 
for external application. They are usually pliable at the temperature 
of the body. The plastic material may be “lead plaster” (a lead 
soap made by beating together equal parts of lead oxide, olive oil, 
and lard), some mixture containing crude rubber, or a mixture of . 
resinous substances with fats and waxes. The substances are spread 
upon linen, muslin, paper, or leather before using. The active prin- 
ciple used in the plaster depends upon the curative action desired. 

Adhesive plasters are used in surgery to keep dressings in place, to 
cover ulcers, and to strengthen weak muscles. Court-plaster is made 
by applying to silk a coating of isinglass and tincture of benzoin. 
‘Imports for four years prior to the war averaged a little less than 
$5,000 in value. The value of imports was $10,929 in 1914, $8,094 
in 1916, and $5,531 in 1918, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tr 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Volcanic earth dried and ground in a mill and used for external 
application to the human body is not within this provision. (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 15, of 1913.) 

Court-plaster cut into diminutive forms such as stars, etc., although 
reported to be used for adornment of the face and not medicinally, 
was held to be dutiabie under the eo nomine provision for court-plaster 
rather than under the provision for toilet preparations. (Abstract 
26049, T. D. 31757, of 1911.) However, cotton velvet articles, one side 
gummed, known as beauty spots, used on the face to enhance the 
brilliance of the complexion, and not as coverings for wounds, are 
properly dutiable at the rate of 40 per cent as articles of cotton 
velvet under paragraph 257, act of 1918, rather than as court-plaster. 
(G. A. 8226, T. D. 87887, of 1919.) (See par. 76.) 


PARAGRAPH 51. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


42, Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, 
including barytes earth, unmanufac- 
tured, $1.50 per ton; manufactured, 
$5.25 per ‘ton. 


44, Blanc-fixe, or artificial sulphate 
of barytes, and satin white, or artifi- 
cial sulphate of lime, 4 of 1 cent per 


51. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, 
including barytes earth, unmanufac- 
tured, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
manufactured, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; blanc-fixe, or artificial sul- 
phate of barytes, and satin white, or 
artificial sulphate of. lime, 20 per 
centum ad valorem, 


pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BARYTA, SULPHATE OF, OR BARYTES. 


See also paragraph 10 for general discussion of barium industry. 

Description and uses.—The term “ baryta” in chemical nomencla- 
ture refers to the monoxide of barium, therefore “ sulphate of baryta ” 
is not a true description of barytes or barium sulphate. Barytes is 
also called “ barite,” ‘heavy spar,” and “tiff.” It is usually a white 
opaque to translucent mineral, but it is also found stained pink due 
to the presence of oxides of iron. The commercial grades of crude 
barytes contain 90 to 95 per cent of barium sulphate. This ore is 
used as the principal raw material for the manufacture of barium 
chemicals. (See par. 10.) The natural mineral ground fine or 
crushed is known as unbleached barytes or barytes off color, and is 
used in the preparation of dark-colored paints, and as a filler in the 
paper industry, chiefly in the manufacture of heavy stiff materials, 
such as playing cards and bristol board. Bleached barytes which 
has been treated with acid to dissolve out the iron and thereby im- 
prove its color is known as “ prime white” and “ floated ”’ barytes. It 
is used in white paints and as a filler in paper and rubber goods where 
a white product is desired. 

Domestic production of crude barytes has increased from 52,747 
short tons, valued at $155,647 in 1914, to 221,952 short tons, valued at 
$1,011,232 in 1916. The production decreased slightly in 1917 to 
206,888 short tons, valued at $1,171,184, and in 1918 decreased further 
to 155,241 short tons, valued at $1,044,837. Prior to the war prac- 
tically all of the barytes mined in the United States came from Mis- 
souri, and supplied the ground barytes trade of the Middle West. 

184911 °—20——_-7 


98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. © 


In 1916 the largest State production of crude barytes was shifted 
from Missouri to Georgia, due to the development of the Georgia 
deposits by the eastern manufacturers of barium chemicals and 
lithopone who had previously depended on Germany for this raw 
material, Barytes is now mined chiefly in Georgia, Missouri, Ten- 
nessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. The mining operations in the East 
are on a larger scale than those of Missouri, which are primarily 
small-scale operations by individuals. ‘This difference is due to the 
development of the eastern fields by large consumers. 

Foreign preducticn.—Up to the beginning of the war Germany was 
the largest producer of barytes. In 1913, for example, Germany ex- 
ported about four times as much as was produced in the United States 
in that year. Germany has unlimited deposits of this material, which 
are of an exceedingly good grade. Since the war, however, pro- 
duction in this country has increased until the present output is 
greater than the exports of Germany previous to 1914. The United 
Kingdom aiso has large high-grade deposits. 

Imports.—Prior to 1915 about 35 per cent of our consumption of 
crude barytes was imported, chiefly from Germany. Since that time 
the import has been practically negligible. 


BLANC-FIXE OR ARTIFICIAL SULPHATE OF BARYTES. 


Description and uwses.—Blanc-fixe, a French name meaning “ per- 
manent white,” refers to barium sulphate which has been precipitated 
by chemical means from a solution of a soluble barium salt. “ Pre- 
cipitated ”’ is better than “ artificial” as a descriptive term to be ap- 
plied to barium sulphate thus produced. This is the best grade of 
barium sulphate on the market and is used as an inert pigment and 
filler for paints and paper when a white product is desired. A special 
grade is largely used by the rubber industry. It is aiso used in the 
manutacture of printing inks. 

Production.—Statistics on the domestic production of blanc-fixe 
are not available prior to 1916. Production has inereased from 3,337 
short tons in 1916 to 6,314 short tons in 1917. 

It is prepared by treating a solution of crude barium sulphide 
(which is made from barytes by fusion with coal) with sodium sul- 
phate or salt cake; and a by-product of sodium sulphide is obtained. 
It is also prepared by treating barium chloride with sodium sulphate, 

Imports.—Prior to 1914 imports of blanc-fixe and satin white or 
artificial sulphate of lime were between 5,600,000 and 6,000,000 pounds 
per year. Since then imports declined rapidly to less than 500,000 
pounds in 1916 and 1917 and to about 180,000 pounds in 1918. 


SATIN WHITE AND ARTIFICIAL SULPHATE OF LIME. 


Description and uses.—Satin white is gelatinous aluminum hy- 
droxide mixed with calcium sulphate. It is made by’ precipitating a 
concentrated solution of sulphate of aluminum with an excess of lime. 
Artificial sulphate of lime is pure calcium sulphate produced by pre- 
cipitation from a solution of caicium chloride by means of sodium 
sulphate. It is also obtained as a by-product of certain chemical. 
processes. Calcium sulphate also exists in nature as gypsum. (See 
par. 74.) Satin white and artificial sulphate of lime are used synony- 
mously in the act of 1918; in reality they are distinct commodities. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 99 


Satin white is used largely in the coating of paper. Precipitated ecal- 
cium sulphate, as well as natural calcium sulphate (gypsum), is used 
as an inert pigment and filler in the manufacture of paints. 
Imports.—These two commodities, with ‘“ blanc-fixe or artificial 
sulphate of barytes,” are combined in the statistics of imports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “sulphate of baryta” is inconsistent with good chemical 
terminology and is not generally used in commerce to designate barytes 
or sulphate of barium. Precipitated bariuin sulphate is a more accu- 
rate description of blanc-fixe than artificial sulphate of barytes. The 
term “ barytes ” alone signifies barium sulphate. 

Satin white and artificial sulphate of lime are used synonymously 
in this paragraph, but are distinct articles. Precipitated calcium sul- 
phate is a better term than artificial sulphate of lime. Satin white 
and precipitated calcium sulphate have no relation to the other articles 
mentioned in paragraph 51. it would seem advisable to place these 
two articles in a separate paragraph. 

The above suggestions are embodied in the foliowing proposed 
paragraphs: 

Par. 51. Barytes or crude barium sulphate, including barytes earth, 
unmanufactured, [rate]; manufactured, [rate]; blanc-fixe or precipi- 
tated bariuny sulphate, [rate]. 

- Par, —. Satin white, [rate]; and precipitated calcium sulphate 


[rate]. 
PARAGRAPH 52. 


ACT OF 1509. 


43. Blues, such as Ferlin, Prussian, 
Chinese, and ail others, containing fer- 
rocyanide of iron, in pulp, dry or 
ground in or mixed with oil or water, 


ACT OF 1913. 


52. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, 
Chinesa, and all others, containing fer- 
roeyanide of.iron, in pulp, dry or 
ground in or mixed with oil or water, 


8 cents per pound. 20 per centum. ad valorem; ultra- 
marine blue, whether dry, in pulp, cr 
ground in or mixed with oil or water, 
and wash dine containing ultramarine, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 


59. Ultramarine blue, whether dry, 
in pulp, or mixed with water, and 
wash blue containing ultramarine, 3 
cents per pound, 


GENEBAL INPORMATION. 


Pigments are mineral or organic substances which, when fineiy 
ground and mixed with the proper vehicle, will form paint. It is 
essential that the pigment be insoluble in the vehicle, and opaque, 
since these properties determine the body and covering power of 
the paint. The manufacture of pigments is the most important 
branch of the paint industry, but considerable quantities are used 
for other industrial purposes, such as fillers in rubber, paper, lino- 
leum, and oilcloth. Other pigments, especially tampblack and the 
color lakes, are used in lithographic inks. 

The inorganic pigments may be classified according to their origin 
into three groups: (1) Natural mineral pigments, such as ocher, 
umber, sienna, hematite, siderite, and ground shale or slate; (2) 
pigments made directly from ores, e. g., zine oxide, leaded zinc oxide, 
and basic sulphates of lead; and (8) chemically manufactured pig- 
ments, e. g., basic carbonate white lead, litharge, red lead, Venetian 
red, lithopone, vermilion, color lakes, and the chromium colors. 


100 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


The different pigments and related paint materials are discussed 
under their respective headings in the order and in the groups pro- 
vided for in the tariff law. 


FERROCYANIDE BLUES. 


Description and uses.—The terms Berlin blue, Prussian blue, and 
Chinese blue are commercial names given to blue pigments made 
from ferrocyanide of iron. Many other names are used commercially 
for very similar pigments. The name Berlin blue is practically ob- 
solete. They are sold in pulp, dry or ground in or mixed with oil 
or water with varying percentages of the color pigment. Ferro- 
cyanide blues are used as pigments in prepared paints and dry colors; 
printing, lithographing, and writing inks; japans, enamel paints, 
soluble laundry blues; and mixed with other pigments, in the manu- 
facture of other dry colors. 

Production.—Ferrocyanide blues in general are made by mixing 
ferrocyanide of potash or soda with a soluble iron salt such as cop- 
peras, and oxidizing the insoluble white product formed with a suit- 
able chemical under carefully controlled conditions. The insoluble 
blue material formed in the process is then filtered, washed, and 
dried. Ferrocyanide blues are made on a large scale in the United 
States, and prior to 1914 the domestic production supplied over 75 per 
cent of the total needs. Over 1,000,000 pounds of Prussian blue, 
valued at $387,077, were manufactured in the United States in 1914, 
It is also manufactured in Germany, France, and England. 

Imports for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 263,549 pounds, 
valued at $76,840, yielding a revenue of $19,623. In 1914 about 50 
per cent of ferrocyanide of soda or potash used as a raw material 
was imported. 

ULTRAMARINE, 


Description and uses.—Ultramarine is the commercial name given 
to the blue pigment obtained from the mineral lapis lazuli and to the 
artificial product obtained by a chemical process; the latter has almost 
entirely replaced the more expensive natural color. It is sold as dry 
powder (which is insoluble in water), in pulp, or ground in or mixed 
‘with water or oil. It is used in large quantities in paints, inks, soaps, 
and paper, and for many other purposes, including the manufacture of 
laundry blues. 

Production.—Artificial ultramarine is made by heating a mixture 
of clays, soda ash or Glauber salts, coal, and sulphur in specially 
constructed furnaces, followed by grinding and lixiviating the product 
in water. Over 2,500,000 pounds of ultramarine, with a value of 
$222,769, were manufactured in the United States in 1914. It is also 
manufactured in the principal countries of Europe, chiefly in England 
and Germany. 

Imports for 1911-1917 have averaged 636,907 pounds, valued at 
$59,251, yielding a revenue of $14,362. Imports before the war were 
obtained chiefly from England and Germany. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for ultramarine blue in paragraph 52 of the act of 
1897 was held not to include a pigment of a pale-blue tint, described 
as gray blue, containing ultramarine blue, and not possessing the 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 101 


coloring strength of ultramarine blue. It was held dutiable as a pig- 
ment under paragraph 58. (G. A. 6636, T. D. 28294, of 1907.) A 
somewhat similar importation, containing a larger percentage of ultra- 
marine blue and some aniline, was likewise held dutiable under para- 
graph 58 rather than as ultramarine blue. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 19, of 
1910.) 

An article containing ferrocyanide of iron and used exclusively for 
bleaching purposes is not a color and therefore not within the para- 
graph. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1910; Abstract 26014, T. D. 31744, 
of 1914.) 

An importation invoiced as color in powder was found to contain 
more than 50 per cent of ferrocyanide of iron and was held dutiable 
under the first part of paragraph 52 rather than as a coal-tar color 
under paragraph 20. (Abstract 39697, of 1916.) 

“Ferrocyanide blues” might be substituted for ‘blues, such as 
Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing ferrocyanide of 
iron.” (See pars. 53, 56, and 63.) 


PARAGRAPH 583. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


45. Black, made from bone, ivory, 53. Black pigments, made from 
or vegetable substance, by whatever | bone, ivory, or vegetable substance, 
name known, including bone black and | by whatever name known; gas black 
lampblack, dry or ground in oil or | and lampblack, dry or ground in or 
water, 25 per centum ad valorem, mixed with oil or water, 15 per centum 

ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Carbon is the base of nearly all black 
pigments. 

Lampblack is the most important of these pigments. It is produced 
by the incomplete combustion of many substances, including natural 
gas, crude petroleum oil, dead oil (obtained from coal tar by dis- 
tillation), or from knots and other refuse from pitch pine and hem- 
lock. Lampblack is used largely in the manufacture of printing ink. 

Other black pigments of importance are: 

Ivory black, made by heating refuse from ivory working in retorts. 
It forms a fine black pigment. ; 

Bone black, made by charring bones in a retort. It is inferior to 
ivory black. Considerable quantities of bone black, used for decolor- 
izing purposes, are ground and used as a pigment. 

Charcoal.—Soft-wood charcoal is sometimes ground and used as a 
pigment. 

Competing with the above for some purposes are certain mineral 
substances and black lakes. (Black lakes of coal tar are dutiable 
under Title V, act of Sept. 8, 1916.) Plwmbago or graphite (par. 
579, free list) is used to some extent in protective paint for iron- 
work and largely in stove polish. Manganese, pyrolusite, and haus- 
mannite ores are sometimes powdered and used as pigments. 

Production of carbon black was valued at $918,091 and of lampblack 
at $503,856 in 1914. 

Imports have been small as compared with the domestic produc- 
tion. The average value for the five years preceding the war was 
about $26,000. Since 1915 the imports have been quite small, amount- 
ing in 1918 to only $279, 


102 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Exports have been much larger than imports, reaching a value of 
$1,111,265 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Black made from bone, ivory, or vegetable substances, used for 
decolorizing purposes, and classified as pigment under this paragraph, 
was held exempt from duty as “ bone black, not suitable for use as a 
pigment,” under paragraph 447. (Abstract 37347, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 54. 
ACT OF 19909, ACT OF 1913. 


46. Chrome yellow, chrome green, 54. Chrome yellow, chrome green, 
and all other chromium colors in the | and all other chromium colors ina the 
manufacture of which: lead and bi- | manufacture of which lead and _ bi- 
chromate of pctash or soda are used, | chromate of potash or soda are used, 
in pulp, dry, or ground in or mixed | in pulp, dry, or ground in or mixed 
with oil or water, 43 cents per pound. | with oil or water, 20 per centum ad 

valorem. ; 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Chrome yellow is a pigment obtained by 
mixing solutions of sodium or potassium bichromate with a soluble lead 
salt (such as the acetate), filtering the insoluble lead chromate 
formed, and washing and drying to a powder. Shades from deep 
orange to light canary yellow may be obtained by varying the chemical 
conditions. 

Chrome green is a mixture of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. 

Chrome red is sometimes known as vermilion red or American ver- 
milion. It is a basic lead chromate made by digesting chrome yellow 
with caustic soda. 

Zine yellow is a pigment containing zine and chromium. (See “ In- 
terpretation and comments,” par. 61.) 

The chrome colors are used in the manufacture of paints and for 
other purposes where a color pigment is desired. Chrome green is also 
used in the manufacture of lithographic inks. These colors are sold 
in pulp, dry, or ground in or mixed with oil or water. 

Production.—In 1914 the United States produced 5,747,317 pounds 
of chrome yellow, valued at $641,584. Production of orange and 
green pigments (including chrome orange and green) in 1914 was 
8,024,409 pounds valued at $677,329. 

imports for 1911-1917 were 111,618 pounds, valued at $18,146, yield- 
ing a revenue of $4,472. 


PARAGRAPH 55. 


47. Ocher and oehery earths, sienna 55. Ocher and ochery earths, sienna 
and sienna earths, and umber and/]and sienna earths, and umber and 
umber earths, not specially provided | umber earths, 5 per centum ad ya- 
for in this section, when crude or not | lorem; Spanish brown, venetian red, 
powdered, washed, or pulverized, § of | Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of 
1 cent per pound; if powdered, | iron, not specially provided for in this 
washed, or pulverized, 3 of 1 cent | section, 10 per eentum ad valorem. 
per pound; if ground in oil or water, 

1 cent per pound. 





— = 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 103° 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
OCHER, SIENNA, UMBER, AND EARTHS. 


Description.—Ocher, sienna, and umber are natural pigments — 
consisting essentially of clay colored by the hydrated oxides of iron 
and manganese. Ordinary ocher rarely contains more than 380 per 
cent of the hydrated oxide of iron. The composition of sienna and 
umber is similar to that of ocher, although they invariably contain 
manganese and frequently more iron. Ocher is the cheapest of the 
common yellow pigments. Ugnber and sienna are of brown color due 
to manganese content. 

When ocher is calcined the color is changed to an orange or red, 
but these varieties, known as burnt ochers, are less important pig- 
ments than the untreated and natural yellows. Umber and sienna 
are marketed both raw and burnt, but the burnt pigments, which are 
darker in color, are the more important. Burnt sienna is reddish 
brown, while burnt umber is a rich, warm brown. 

Uses.—Coarse ocher is used as a filler for linoleum, the finer grade 
as a pigment in tinted paints or as a stain for the pulp of brown 
paper. Siennas and umbers are used principally as paint pigments. 
Ground sienna is used in lithographic printing and widely as a 
stain and filler for wood. Umber paints have good covering power, 
and umber is am essential ingredient in many weather-proof paints. 

Production.—France provides the world’s greatest output of ocher 
and ochery earths. Large quantities are also mined in England and 
the United States. The French colors are considered more brilliant 
and finer than those from other countries and are generally recog- 
nized as standard grades. Prior to the war the United States an- 
nually consumed between 20,000 and 25,000 tons of ocher, of which 
about two-thirds was of domestic origin. Georgia, Pennsylvania, and 
Florida furnished most of the American product. 

Neither sienna nor umber is produced in large amounts in the 
United States, the average domestic output before the war being less 
than 1,000 tons annually. In 1914, the last year for which complete 
data are available, the combined imports of umber and sienna were 
7,581 short tons, valued at $109,238, as compared with a domestic out- 
put of only 790 short tons, valued at $21,070. Umber is produced in 
practically all countries, but the finest qualities are found in Cyprus, 
Sicily, Asia Minor, and the Netherlands. Turkish umber, chiefly 
from the island of Cyprus, is the standard. Italian sienna, pro- 
duced in Tuscany, has the same preeminence in its field as Turkish 
umber in the world market. The Harz Mountains are the only other 
important source of supply, although small amounts of sienna are 
produced in many parts of the world. 

Imports of ocher and ochery earths prior to the war were 6,000 to 
9,000 tons annually. Approximately three-fourths came from France. 
Sienna and umber are imported in three forms—(1) crude or un- 
pulverized, (2) powdered or washed, and (3) paste (ground in oil or 
water). Imports of paste have been relatively small and principally 
in crude form. Imports of wmber of all classes in 1914, which is a 
fairly representative year, amounted to 2,803 short tons, valued at 
$35,570; imsports of sienna during the same period were 3,245 tons 
with a value of $55,925, 


104 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


SPANISH BROWN, VENETIAN RED, INDIAN RED, AND COLCOTHAR. 


Description and uses.—These pigments, consisting chiefly of red 
and brown oxides of iron, are known by the general term metallic 
paint. Commercially the brown colors are called metallic browns to 
distinguish them from ochers, umbers, and siennas. Spanish brown 
is the product imported from Spain. The nomenclature of the reds 
is much more involved, and describes shade and quality rather than 
origin or method of production. 

Venetian red has been loosely applied to a variety of red pigments, 
but is correctly applicable only to a combination of iron oxide and 
calcium sulphate. All Venetian reds are of the familiar brick color, 
are paler than other iron reds and not so brilliant, are permanent, 
work well with oil, can be-mixed with other pigments, and are cheap. 

Indian red is doubtless the best known of the natural iron oxide 
pigments, and in the trade bears various names, such as bole, raddle, 
oxide red, and rouge. Native Indian red contains about 90 per cent 
of iron oxide. 

Coicothar is the obsolete name for iron oxide formed by the cal- 
cination of copperas—iron sulphate crystals produced from iron wastes 
and from pickling liquors in wire works and galvanizing mills. 

Oxide of iron is the commercial term used to describe the artificial 
oxide obtained by calcination of copperas. The name is not used to 
describe natural pigments or those made direct from ore, although 
red hematite and calcined carbonate iron ore may have the same 
chemical composition. 

Crocus martis is a trade designation for the purple or deep-red 
pigment produced by calcining certain iron salts. It is used as a 
pigment or polishing powder. 

One of the most extensive uses of iron paints is the protection of 
structural steel and iron, for which purpose it has proved more satis- 
factory than either graphite or red lead; it is also much cheaper in 
first cost. Large quantities are used for painting freight cars, barns, 
and houses. | 

In addition to its use as a pigment, the best grade of iron oxide is 
an important abrasive. Iron oxide of natural and artificial origin 
is prepared in extremely fine form and used for polishing plate sans 
and lenses, gold, silver, and other metals. 

Production.—The chief source of natural iron paints in the United 
States is the Clinton hematite found in various places throughout 
the Appalachian region. -There is also a small output from the Lake 
Superior district. Accurate statistics of production are practically 
impossible to secure because of the diversity of the products and 
the difficulty of classification. Data reported by the United States 
Geological Survey for the years 1907 to 1914 show an average do- 
mestic output of about 25,000 short tons, valued at approximately 
$180,000. These figures do not include material of similar compo- 
sition used as mortar colors or all of the oxide paints from the metal- 
lurgical waste liquors. The marketed production of Venetian Teg in 
1914 was 7,445 short tons, valued at $119,895. 

Imports.—The United States is the largest consumer of iron 
paints in the world. The consumption is increasing rapidly and is 
supplied chiefly by domestic production. However, Spanish iron ores, 
notably the brown hematites, are important imports. Special quali- 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 105 

s 
ties of reds, chiefly of artificial origin, are imported from Europe, 
especially from England and, before the war, from Germany. The 
value of the imports of oxides of iron for consumption are the only 
data shown in Commerce and Navigation. Since 1910 annual im- 
ports have averaged about $180,000, increasing from $82,514 in 1911 to 
$335,176 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Oxide of iron in the condition as taken from the ground,. without 
any preparation whatever, and intended for use as a pigment, is 
within this paragraph. (T. D. 34890, of 1914.) 

The term colcothar is practically obsolete, having been replaced 
in general usage by the more descriptive designation oxide of iron. 


PARAGRAPH 56. 


ACT OF 1918. 
ACT OF 1909. 
56. Lead pigments: Litharge, orange 


Ber nad <x * mineral, red lead, white lead, and all 


Litharge, 2% 


cents per pound. 


48. Orange mineral, 34 cents per 
pound, 


49. Red lead, 23 cents per pound, 


pigments containing lead, dry or in 
pulp, and ground or mixed with oil 
or water, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem, 


538. White lead, and white pigment 
containing lead, dry or in pulp, or 
ground or mixed with oil, 24 cents 
per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Lead pigments may be conveniently divided into white pigments— 
including white lead (basic lead carbonate) and sublimed white lead 
(basic lead sulphate)—and colored pigments. The latter include lith- 
arge, red lead, orange mineral, and chrome yellow. Other pigments 
containing zine and not over 5 per cent lead will be described under 
paragraph 61. 

WHITE LEAD. 


Description and uses.—White lead is the commercial name given 
to the artificial white pigment consisting of a mixture of carbonate 
and hydroxide of lead, and is the most important of the paint pig- 
ments, being impervious to light and possessing the highest covering 
power. It is sold dry or in pulp, ground or mixed with oil or 
water. White lead used alone or mixed with other pigments is a con- 
stituent of almost all mixed paints, and is used for the production of 


’ other lead compounds and salts. 


Production.—White lead is manufactured chiefly by a method 
known in the trade as the “ Dutch process,” which consists essentially 
in corroding cast lead “ buckles” by means of acetic acid and con- 
verting the acetate of lead produced into a mixture of lead car- 
bonate and hydroxide of lead. This is accomplished by the action 
of carbon dioxide gas, obtained from fermentation of spent tan bark. 
Several other processes are employed which have distinct advantages, 
but the bulk of the white lead produced in this country is made by the 
Dutch process. 


i 


106 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The average annual domestic production for 1910-1916 was 142,986 
shert tons, valued at $18,260,727. It is manufactured in many coun- 
tries, among them England, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, 
Belgium, and Holland. Prior to 1915 it was produced in France, but 
manufacture was discontinued on account of lead poisoning. 

Imports since 1913 have been less than 1 per cent of the domestic 
production and yielded a revenue averaging about $4,000. 

Exports since 1913 have averaged about 7 per cent of the domestic 
production. 

SUBLIMED WHITE LEAD. 


Description and uses.—Sublimed white lead (basic lead sulphate) 
is an amorphous white pigment with excellent covering properties. 
It is composed of about 7b per cent lead sulphate, 20 per cent lead 
oxide, and 5 per cent zine oxide. Basic lead sulphate is used in painis, 
and in the manufacture of oilcioth, stained paper, and rubber goods. 

Production.—Sublimed white lead is made directly from the ore 
(silver-free galena) by mixing finely ground ore with coal and heating 
in a furnace. Blue fume or “sublimed blue lead,” which has some 
use as a pigment, is a by-product. ‘The production of sublimed white 
lead in 1910 was 9,951 short tons valued at $1,002,010. Since 1910 
the production figures of this commodity have been grouped with the 
figures for other lead pigments, chiefly leaded zine oxides. Sublimed 
white lead is made in Hngland and Australia and elsewhere abroad. 

Import statistics for this commodity are not shown in official pub- 
lications. ; 

LITHARGE. ' 


Description and uses.—Litharge is the commercial name given to 
the yellow monoxide of lead which is formed when melted lead is 
heated to about 900° C. and oxidized in a current of air. It is used 
in the manufacture of paints; as a drier for drying oils, such as linseed 
cil; in glass and pottery manufacture; in the preparation of numerous 
lead salts, such as lead acetate; and for various other purposes. 

Production.—Litharge is made by melting lead in rotating drums 
or reverberatory furnaces and blowing air through it. The melted 
litharge is allowed to run over iron plates, when it is chilled with 
water; this produces the “ yellow” litharge of commerce. Slow cool- 
ing favors the formation of a red, flaky variety. The flakes are sepa- 
rated from the lumps by sifting and are sold as “flake.” The solid 
material is ground wet, settled in water, and dried. It is marketed 
as “levigated” or “ buff” litharge. Production in the United States 
has been steadily increasing—37,739 short tons, valued at $5,853,543 
in 1916. et: 

Imports.—The average annual import for 1910-1916 was 35,509 
pounds, valued at $1,787, yielding a revenue of $782. 


BED LEAD. 


Description and uses.—Red lead, the name given to the tetraoxide of 
lead, is a heavy, orange-red pigment having good covering power. 
Red lead is used in the manufacture of flint glass and cut-glass table- 
ware, in the manufacture of preservative paints, and for various 
other purposes, including the manufacture of rubber goods and stor- 
age batteries, and as a lute in pipe fittings. 








ee 


— Eo | 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. 107 


Production.—Red lead is made by heating litharge to about 375° C. 
under carefully controlled conditions. Production has steadily in- 
creased in the United States, 23,035 short tons of red lead and orange 
mineral, valued at $3,933,566, were made in 1916. 

Imports.—The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 370,351 
pounds,. valued at $16,075, yielding a revenue of $9,743. 

Exports in 1918 were 4,792,330 pounds, valued at $567,854. 


ORANGE MINERAL. 


Description and uses.—Orange mineral is a tetraoxide of lead 
which has been prepared with special care and is therefore more ex- 
pensive than red lead. It is used as a pigment and for other pur- 
poses, including the manufacture of rubber. 

Production.—Orange mineral is made by heating white lead in the 
presence of air. It is usually made from the scum which collects on 
the surface of wash waters used in levigating white lead. The pro- 
duction figures of orange mineral in the United States have been in- 
cluded with the figures for red lead since 1915. Prior to 1915 the 
production of orange mineral averaged about 600 short tons. 

Imports.—The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 317,205 
pounds, valued at $20,098, yielding a revenue of $9,373. 


OTHER LEAD PIGMENTS. 


Of the other lead pigments not specifically provided for in the tariff 
law, leaded zinc oxide is probably the most important commercially. 
It consists of zine oxide and basie lead sulphate. This pigment is 
made by roasting an ore containing zinc and lead and converting the 
lead to basic sulphate by the action of the combustion gases in the 
furnace. The leaded zinc oxides contain approximately 15 to 25 per 
cent of lead. 

PARAGRAPH 57. 


ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1913. 


58. Lead: Acetate of, white, 3 cents 57. Lead, acetate of, white, and ni- 
per pound; brown, gray, or yellow, 2 | trate of, 14 cents per pound; acetate 
cents per pound; nitrate of, 24 cents | of, brown, gray, or yellow, 1 cent per 
Peon. *° * pound; all other lead compounds not 

specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
LEAD ACETATE, 


Description and uses.—Acetate of lead, often called sugar of lead, 
is the most soluble of the common lead salts. It is on the market as 
(1) “white” or pure acetate of lead and (2) “brown” (also “gray” or 
“vellow”’) acetate of lead, an impure grade of the lead salt. White 
acetate of lead is also known and sold as “ crystals,” while the brown 
grade is called “granular.” Other qualities of both the white and 
brown acetate of lead are sold as “broken” or “broken cakes.” Lead 
acetate is one of the most important of lead salis. It is used in the 
manufacture of pigments and in the preparation of alum mordants 
for dyeing cloth and some fibers; in medicine, in the preparation of 
insecticides, and in chemical laboratories as a reagent. The basic 
lead acetate is used to some extent for weighting silk. 


108 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Production.—Lead acetate is usually made by the action of acetic 
acid upon litharge. In the production of “brown” sugar of lead, 
pyroligneous acid (crude acetic acid or wood vinegar) is used. The 
brown color is due to the dissolved impurities in pyroligneous acid. 
Lead acetate may also be made directly from metallic lead or white 
lead. Basic lead acetate is prepared by dissolving an excess of 
litharge in a minimum quantity of acetic acid. 


LEAD NITRATE. 


Description and uses.—Lead nitrate is the compound formed by 
the action of nitric acid on litharge, and usually costs more than 
lead acetate, due to the higher cost of nitric acid. It is used in dye- 
ing and calico printing, for the production of mordants, in insecticides, 
in the manufacture of matches, and in lead chromate pigments. 


ALL OTHER LEAD COMPOUNDS, N. S. P. F. 


Forty-six different lead compounds were imported during 1914, but 
only 18 of these in amounts greater than $100 in value. There are 
few salts of lead not specially provided for in the act of 1918 which 
are commercially important. Arsenate of lead is a compound ob- 
tained by the action of arsenic acid upon a soluble lead salt. It is 
used quite extensively as an insecticide, and is manufactured and 
sold in this country, but it is doubtful if any is imported. Other 
lead salts are used as reagents in chemical laboratories, in paint 
driers, and for the manufacture of rubber, but the quantities re- 
quired are usually small. 

Production in the United States of lead acetate, lead nitrate, and 
other lead compounds for the calendar year 1914 was 7,290,936 
pounds, valued at $474,430. Germany, Great Britain, Belgium, and 
France manufacture lead salts and other lead components in con- 
siderable quantities. 

Imports of lead acetate and lead nitrate for the period 1910-1913 
have averaged 146,189 pounds per year, and were valued at $7,572, 
yielding a revenue of $3,417. Since October 4, 1913, other lead 
compounds and salts have been included in the statistics for lead 
compounds. 

| PARAGRAPH 58. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


51. Varnishes, including so-called 58. Varnishes, including so-called 
gold size or japan, 25 per centum ad | gold size or japan, 10 per centum ad 
valorem: * * * spirit varnish con- | valorem: Provided, That spirit var- 
taining 5 per centum or more of | nishes containing less than 10 per 
methy! alcohol, 85 cents per gallon | centum of methyl alcohol of the total 
and 35 per centum ad valorem; spirit | alcohol contained therein, shall be 
varnish containing less than 5 per | dutiable at $1.82 per gallon and 15 
centum of methyl alcohol, $1.82 per | per centum ad valorem. 
gallon and 35 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Varnish is a homogeneous liquid which 
dries (when applied to a surface) by evaporation of the volatile sol- 
vent or by evaporation of the solvent and oxidation of the oil and 
resins to a more or less impervious elastic film. Varnishes in the 
drying of which heat is applied in a closed compartment to expel 








. 


; SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 109 


the solvent and the residual layer fused to a glasslike uniformity 
are termed japans. In the trade the term is loosely used. Gold 
size is a varnish used in preparing surfaces to which gold leaf is 
to be applied. Lacquers are highly transparent varnishes used to 
produce a thin film on metals to preserve their luster; some are 
finished by heating; others, by drying in the air. The term is used 
somewhat interchangeably with “ japan.” 

Varnishes may be divided into three classes: (1) Spirit varnishes, 
which are a solution of a gum resin in a volatile solvent, such as 
grain or wood alcohol or a mixture of the two; for example, shellac. 
(2) Oil varnishes, which contain a gum resin, a drying oil (linseed, ~ 
_ China wood), a thinner, and a drier. (8) Pyroxylin varnishes, which 
consist of cellulose nitrate dissolved in a solvent, usually amyl ace- 
tate. _Pyroxylin varnishes are often classed as spirit varnishes, but 
are quite different chemically. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 215 establishments, with a capital 
of $29,860,798, engaged primarily in the manufacture of varnishes, 
with 5,610 employees, and an output valued at $33,214,949, an increase 
of about $3,000,000 over 1909. The chief producing States are New 
York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio. 

Imports from 1910 to 1917, inclusive, have varied from a minimum 
of $55,787 in 1913 to a maximum of $70,073 in 1916, decreasing to $28,- 
597 in 1918. In 1914 the imports were less than 9.2 per cent of do- 
mestie production. 

Exports from 1910 to 1915 were practically constant at about 
$1,000,000, decreasing to. $682,352 in 1915 and increasing to prewar 
figures in 1917 and 1918. In 1914 exports were 3 per cent of the 
domestic production. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Roller varnish.—A. physical solution of gelatin with acetic acid, 
water, and coloring matter, the gelatin being the component mate- 
rial of chief value and still possessing its natural inherent qualities, 
known as “ Red Top roller varnish” or “roller varnish,” used to 
dress the surfaces of leather rollers in woolen mills, is not a varnish 
within this paragraph nor a nonenumerated manufacture under 
paragraph 385, but dutiable as a manufacture of gelatin under para- 
graph 34. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37874, of 1918.) 

No duty for the alcohol is levied in the 1913 act upon spirit var- 
nishes containing 10 per cent or more of methyl alcohol of the total 
alcohol contained therein. Importations containing slightly more 
than 10 per cent of methyl alcohol of the total alcohol would accord- 
ingly be dutiable at 10 per cent ad valorem only, whereas importa- 
tions containing slightly less than 10 per cent of methyl alcohol of 
the total alcohol would be dutiable at $1.32 per gallon and 15 per 
cent ad valorem. Another matter for consideration is whether the 
specific rate of $1.82 per gallon is sufficiently compensatory in view 
of the increased tax on distilled spirits. 

As gold size and japans are distinct articles, they would be better 
connected by the conjunction “and” instead of ‘“ or.” 

A solution of a cellulose ester somewhat simiJar to the pyroxylin 
varnishes described above was held to be dutiable as a compound of 
cellulose esters. (See par. 25.) 


110 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 59. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


52, Vermilion reds, containing quick- 59. Vermilion reds, containing quick- 
silver, dry or ground in oil or water, | silver, dry or ground in oil or water, 
10 eents per pound; when not contain- | 15 per centum ad valorem ; when not 
ing quicksilver but made of lead or | containing quicksilver but made of 
containing lead, 4Z cents per pound. lead or containing lead, 25 per centum 

ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Vermilion red ordinarily refers to the red 
sulphide of mercury which is suitable for use as a pigment. It is so 
expensive on account of a large content of quicksilver (mercury) 
that substitutes’ are extensively used for the true vermilion. ‘Amer- 
ican vermilion’’ is basie lead chromate and is more generally known 
as chrome red. (See par. 54.) Another so-called vyermilion is eosine 
vernilion or “vermilionette,” which is really a color lake produced by 
precipitating eosine, a coal-tar dye, on inert white bases, such as 
barium sulphate, lead sulphate, or white lead. 

Production.—True vermilion may be of natural or artificial origin. 
It exists in nature as the mineral cinnabar, but this source is of 
minor importance. Practically all of the quicksilver vermilion is now 
manufactured from quicksilver and sulphur, both produced in: this 
country. Quicksilver is dutiable at 10 per cent (par. 159); sulphur 
is free (par. 617). 

The production of vermilion reds is one of the minor branches of 
the paint industry. ‘The total output of true vermilion as reported by 
the Census in 1914 was 322,759 pounds, valued at $200,134. 

Vermilion is manufactured in various European countries, Ger- 
many and England being the most important. These countries depend 
on Spain, Austria, and Italy for their supply of quicksilver. 

Imports in 1913 of vermilion red containing quicksilver were 84,294 
pounds, valued at $44,420, and yielded a revenue of $8,429. The 
import in 1914 was about 72,000 pounds and in 1915 increased to 
94,164 pounds, valued at $58,464, and yielded a revenue of $8,769. Im- 
ports then decreased to 7,181 pounds in 1918. 

The import of vermilion red not containing quicksilver, but made of 
lead or containing lead, decreased from 10,845 pounds in 1910 to 1,042 
pounds in 1913, valued at $3338, and yielded a revenue of $51. Since 
then the annual import has been less than 500 pounds with the ex- 
ception of 1915, when the import was 1,495 pounds, valued at $233, and 
yielded a revenue of $58. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Spurious vermilion red containing no quicksilver was held dutiable 
under the act of 1890 as vermilion red because commercially so known. 
(56 Fed., 470, of 1893.) Vermilionette was likewise classified. (G. A. 
2235, T. D. 14806, of 1893.) 

The language “ when not containing quicksilver but made of lead or 
containing lead” is in conflict with the language in paragraph 54, 
“all other chromium colors in the manufacture of which lead and 
bichromate of potash or soda are used.” ‘The only pigment which 
could be classified under this provision in paragraph 59 is American 
vermilion, which is basic lead chromate (see par. 54), distinctly a 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 111 


chromium color. As this pigment is described by the language “ all 
other chromium colors in the manufacture of which lead and 
bichromate of potash or soda are used” in paragraph 54, and as 
vermilionette is a coal-tar lake which comes within the act of 1916 
as well as this paragraph, there is no apparent reason for the provi- 
sion in paragraph 59. 


PARAGRAPH 60. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
54, Whiting and Paris white, dry, 60. Whiting and Paris white, dry, 
% cent per pound; grouna in oil, or | and ehalk, grornd or bolted, 7 cent 
putty, $ cent per pound, . | per pound; whiting and Paris white, 


ground in oil, or putty, 15 per centum 
13. Chalk, when ground, bolted, | aq valorem. 


7 eee th Del pound 5% * » * 
See paragraph 15 for general information. 


PARAGRAPH 61. 


5d. Zine, oxide of, and white pig- 61. Zine, oxide of, and pigments 

ment containing zinc, but not contain- | containing zine but not containing 

ing lead, dry, i eent per pound; | more than 5 per eentum of lead, 

ground in oil, 12 cents per pound; | ground dry, 10 per centum ad valorem ; 

sulfid of zine white, or white sulphide | when ground in or mixed with oil or 

of zinc, 1} cents per pound; * * * } water, lithopone and white sulphide of 
zine, 15 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATTON. 
ZINC OXIDE, 


Description and uses.—Zine oxide is a white, insoluble compound 
of zine and oxygen. It is the most important pigment containing 
zine aS the principal ingredient, and is sold in various grades, deter- 
mined by the quality and method of manufacture, all grades con- 
taining not less than 99 per cent of oxide of zinc. When mixed with 
other pigments, it is used in the manufacture of paint. It is also 
used aS an ingredient in vulcanized rubber goods, in the manufac- 
ture of oilcloth, linoleum, and printing inks. An especially high- 
grade zinc oxide is used in medicine and in many pharmaceutical 
preparations. 

Production.—Zine oxide is made by two processes—the American 
and the French. The American process consists essentially of blow- 
ing air through a heated mixture of oxidized or roasted zinc ore 
mixed with coal and collecting the fume. This process requires an 
extremely high-grade pure ore in order to obtain a product that will 
compete with that made by the French process. The French method 
consists in oxidizing the vapor given off by a boiling bath of spelter 
and collecting the fume. This gives a high-grade product and is 
the process chiefly used in Europe. It has been used in this country 
since 1915. The output of American-proecess oxide is in excess of 
the domestic consumption and leaves a small margin for export. 
Zine oxide is produced in Germany, Belgium, Holland, and France. 

Imports of dry zinc oxide for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 
4,236,109 pounds, valued at $282,883, yielding a revenue of $39,911. 
Zine oxide is imported chiefly from Belgium; the decrease of about 
4,000,000 pounds in 1915 over the previous year was caused by inter- 
‘ruptions tg shipping, 


Tre SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Exports.—The average annual exports of zine oxide and leaded 
zine oxide for 1910-1917 were about 31,000,000 pounds. 


LEADED ZINC OXIDE. 


This pigment, a zine oxide containing basic lead sulphate, has 
approximately 15 to 25 per cent of lead, and would therefore be 
dutiable under paragraph 56 for all pigments containing lead, dry or 
in pulp, ete., at 25 per cent ad valorem. (See par. 56.) 


LITHOPONE. 


Description and uses.—Lithopone is a coarse-grained, brilliant, 
white pigment which has excellent covering powers. The quality 
depends largely upon the method of manufacture. It is used as a 
pigment chiefly in the manufacture of paints known in-the trade as 
“flat paints; ” also as a filler in the manufacture of such articles as 
linoleum, table oilcloth, window shades, and vulcanized rubber goods. 

Production.—Lithopone is manufactured by mixing solutions of 
zine sulphate and barium sulphide. The resultant insoluble mixture 
of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate is filtered, washed, dried, 
roasted, quenched, and powdered. Production in the United States 
during 1914 was 48,972,062 pounds, valued at $1,857,510. Large 
quantities are manufactured in Germany. 

Imports of lithopone and zine sulphide for 1910-1917 have averaged 
4,970,328 pounds, valued at $179,114, yielding a revenue of $48,026. 


ZINC SULPHIDE. 


This is a white or yellowish pigment which is sometimes substituted 
for zine oxide. It is rarely used alone as a pigment, but is combined 
with barium sulphate as the white pigment lithopone. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Lithopone was judicially classified as white sulphide of zine under 
the act of 1897. (123 Fed., 296, of 1903.) The word “ lithopone” ap- 
pears in the act of 1913, but not in the act of 1909. Lithopone and 
white sulphide.of zine are chemically different articles. 

Zine yellow, consisting of zinc and potassium chromates, is dutiable 
under this paragraph rather than paragraph 54. (Abstract 37062, of 
1914.) 

PARAGRAPH 62. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
55. * * * Chioride of zine and 62. Zine, chloride of and sulphate 
sulphate of zinc, 1 cent per pound, of, 4 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ZINC CHLORIDE, 


Description and uses.—Zine chloride, a chemical compound com- 
posed of zinc and chlorine, is a white to grayish-white solid. It is 
sold in solution or as a powder, in percelainlike masses, and cast in 
the form of pencils and tablets for pharmaceutical purposes. The 
preservation of wood, chiefly railroad crossties, is its largest use, the 
annual consumption for this purpose being about 30,000,000 pounds, 
or about 65 per cent of the domestic production. It is also used in 
the manufacture of imitation leather, hair, and silk and for pharma- | 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 113 


ceutical purposes as a caustic, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant, and 
deodorant. . 

Production of “zine salts” in the United States in 1914 was 
40,786,886 pounds, valued at $1,130,959, which supplies the major part 
of the consumption in this country. It is made from zine scrap or 
roasted zine ores by treatment with hydrochloric acid and is obtained 
as a by-product of galvanizing sheet iron. 

Imports prior to 1914 were over 1,000,000 pounds, declining to 
about 6,000 pounds in 1917, and increasing to 200,000 pounds in 1918, 


J ZINC SULPHATE. 


Description and uses.—Zine sulphate (white vitriol) occurs as 
colorless transparent crystals or as granular crystalline powder. It 
contains about 44 per cent of water, and is used principally for the 
manufacture of zine pigment lithopone. It is also used for preserving 
and clarifying glue solutions, as a disinfectant, as a mordant in the 
dyeing and printing of textiles, as an astringent and emetic in medi- 
cine, and in electroplating. It is also the intermediate salt used in 
the electrolytic production of metallic zinc. 

Production.—Statistics are not available. Zine sulphate may be 
produced from zine dross, zine scrap, and roasted zine ores. The 
production of zine sulphate is closely allied with the zine industry. 

Imports have been sporadic and, with the possible exception of 1914 
and 1915, are entirely negligible. 


PARAGRAPH 63. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. | 


51. * * * Enamel paints, made 
with varnish, 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


63. Enamel paints, and all paints, 
colors, pigments, stains, crayons, in- 
cluding charcoal crayons or fusains, 
smalts, and frostings, and all ceramic 
and glass fluxes, glazes, enamels, and 
colors, whether crude, dry, mixed, or 
ground with water or oil or with solu- 
tions other than oil, not specially pro- 


56. All paints, colors, pigments, 
stains, lakes, crayons, including char- 
coal crayons or fusains, smalts and 
frostings, whether crude or dry or 


mixed, or ground with water or oil or 
with solutions other than oil, not oth- 
erwise specially provided for in this 
section, 80 per centum ad valorem ; all 
glazes, fluxes, enamels, and colors 
used only in the manufacture of ce- 
ramic, enameled, and glass articles, 30 
per centum ad valorem; all paints, 
colors, and pigments, commonly known 
as artists’ paints or colors, whether 
in tubes, pans, cakes, or other forms, 
50 per centum ad valorem. 


vided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; all paints, colors, 
and pigments commonly known ag ar- 
tists’ paints or colors, whether in 
tubes, pans, cakes, or other forms, 20 
per centum ad valorem; all color 
lakes, whether dry or in pulp, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Under this paragraph are classed all of the paint materials ex- 
cepting only those pigments specifically mentioned in the preceding 
paragraphs (51-62). <A great variety of products are, therefore, 
dutiable under the general clauses of this paragraph, and, for the 
purpose of compilation, the import statistics for these products have 
been divided into the following seven groups: 

(1) Brown, Vandyke, cassel earth or cassel brown. 

(2) Crayons, including charcoal crayons and fusains, 

184911°—-20—_8 


114 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


(3) Enamel paints. 

(4) Glazes, fluxes, enamels and colors, ceramic and glass. 

(5) Lakes, dry or in pulp, not specially provided for. 

(6) All paints, colors, and pigments, commonly known as artist’s 
paints or colors, whether in tubes, pans, cakes, or other forms. 

(7) All other paints, colors, pigments, stains, smalts, and frostings, 
crude, dry, mixed or ground with water or oil or other solutions, not 
specially provided for. 

(1) Vandyke brown, cassel earth, and cassel brown are Names ap- 
plied indiscriminately to a pigment composed of clay, iron oxide, de- 
composed wood, and some bituminous products. These pigments are 
obtained from certain bog earths and peat deposits. Vandyke brown 
is not important as an oil color and its largest consumption is in the 
manufacture of wall and fancy paper. It is not mentioned spe- 
cifically in this paragraph and has always been classified under the 
general clause as a color or pigment not otherwise specifically pro- 
vided for. Deposits of an earthy brown have been discovered in 
Florida, and the product is known as sap brown. Before the war 
Germany was the chief source of supply. The maximum importation 
for any one year was in 1912, valued at $2,635. Under the 30 per 
cent duty then in force the revenue was only $791. 

(2) The term crayon is usually applied to pencils made of charcoal 
or pipe clay or chalk, colored with various pigments, and used for 
drawing on paper, wood, or other materials. Black crayons usually 
consist only of lampblack and pipe clay. Other crayons often con- 
tain wax or resin. Fusain is an older term referring particularly to 
charcoal crayons and has little usage in the United States. The 
census for 1914 reports that the 11 factories manufacturing artist’s 
crayons in the United States had an output valued at $181,000. Im- 
ports have averaged about $10,000 in value. In 1918, $1,542 revenue 
was collected. 

(8) Hnamel paints consisting of oil varnishes ground with finely 
divided pigments and thinned with turpentine are decorative paints. 
Statistics for the production of enamel paints are not published, but 
the industry is believed to be quite large. Imports of enamel paints 
in 1914, which is a fairly representative year, amounted to 88,413 
pounds valued at $15,852. In 1918 imports dropped to 2,470 pounds, 
valued at $336. . 

(4) The group “fluxes, glazes, enamels, and colors, ceramic and 
glass,” are of inorganic nature and must be able to withstand the 
temperature of firing the ware. These products are used wholly in 
the ceramic industries. Data as to domestic production have not 
been obtained, but it is not large. This is due partly to the com- 
paratively small output of hand-decorated china and to the use of 
imported ceramic colors and decaleomanias (see par. 325) for dec- 
orating domestic pottery. England, France, and Germany have de- 
veloped the manufacture of these colors to a high degree. Reduction 
of duty (1913) from 30 per cent to 15 per cent was followed by an 
increase in imports. The average import during the three years 1911 
to 1918 was $13,589, and. the average annual revenue for the same 
period under the 30 per cent rate was $4,077. In 1915-16, the average 
was valued at $67,460, and the revenue was $10,119 per year. In 
1917-18, due to war conditions, the imports and consequently the 
revenue were considerably lower. 


‘ 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 115 


(5) Lakes are insoluble pigments obtained by precipitating natural 
or artificial dyes with metallic salts. To this is added a “carrier,” 
consisting of kaolin, aluminum hydroxide or barytes, for the purpose 
of increasing the body and covering power of the pigment. In the 
case of the pulp colors, sufficient water is retained to give them a 
plastic consistency ; this is increased by adding finely levigated clay. 
The provision for color lakes in this paragraph has been partially 
repealed, the act of September 8, 1916, providing for all color lakes 
manufactured from products of coal-tar origin. This covers a large 
proportion of the color lakes, most of them requiring coal-tar dyes 
in their manufacture. Statistics for domestic production of color 
lakes, other than those of coal-tar origin, have never been collected. 
The maximum importation under this section was in 1915, when the 
value reached $153,480 and yielded a revenue of $30,686. Since 1916 
the value decreased to $11,230 in 1917 and $8,301 in 1918. 

(6) The paints commonly known as artist’s paints or colors con- 
sist of pigments, such as burnt sienna, burnt umber, cobalt oxide, 
white chromes, etc., ground in oi] and put up in tubes for artists’ use. 
No figures have been published for the domestic production of 
artist’s colors, but it is thought that their manufacture does not repre- 
sent a large industry. The maximum importation occurred in 1915, 
when the value was $186,728, and yielded a revenue of $37,345. 

(7) “ All other paints, colors, pigments, stains, smaits, and frost- 
ings, crude, dry, mixed * * *” ig the general clause under which 
an important proportion of the paint materials are classified. Stains, 
being thinner than paint, are absorbed by the pores of the material to 
which applied instead of forming a coating on the surface. Those 
used for staining shingles usually contain a creosote or pine oil which 
has the effect of preserving the wood. The stains used for interior 
decorating, such as floor stains, are of greater commercial impor- 
tance. Smalt is a deep-blue pigment made by fusing the oxide of 
cobalt with silica and potash, thus forming a glass. This product 
is reduced to a powder and used in the arts, although at present 
it is largely replaced by cobalt blue and artificial ultramarine. 
Frostings are made from coarsely powdered, thin flakes of glass and are 
used for decorative work, signs, and the like. Imports classified 
under this clause of paragraph 638 for 1914-1918 averaged $157,075 
per year and yielded an average annual revenue of $23,561. The 
maximum importation during this period was in 1915, when the 
imports had a value of $233,877. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Ceramic colors.—Merchandise invoiced as dunkelpurpur, a ceramic 
color and also a mixture of which gold constituted the element 
of chief value, was held dutiable under this paragraph as a ceramic 
eolor and not under paragraph 65 as a mixture of which gold con- 
stituted the element of chief value. (9 Ct: Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 
37979, of 1919.) 

Artist’s colors and paints derived from indigo and alizarin are 
dutiable under the act of 1916 rather than under the provision for 
artist’s paintS or colors, or color lakes, in this paragraph. (G. A. 
8110, T. D. 37429, of 1917.) So is tuscan red. (Abstracts 42413 
and 42464, of 1918.) Artist’s colors, consisting of coal-tar or alizarin 
lakes, put up in tubes, are likewise dutiable under the revenue act 


116 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


of 1916. (Abstract 42465, of 1918.) Small wooden paint boxes con- 
taining water colors, crayons, brushes, and drawing materials, called 
water-color boxes, and reasonably adapted for other purposes than 
for the amusement of children, were held dutiable as artist’s colors 
under this paragraph rather than as toys under paragraph 342. (7 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 58, of 1916.) By agreement between the Govern- 
ment and importers this decision is not applied to paints or colors 
in wooden or paper boxes valued at less than 100 marks per gross 
or in metal boxes valued at less than 25 marks per gross, or the 
equivalent in each.case in franes. They are classified as toys. (T. D. 
37168, of 1917.) 

Oxide of chromium containing no lead or potassium bichromate 
is dutiable as a color under paragraph 63 rather than as chrome green 
under paragraph 54. (Abstract 37081, of 1914.) 

A pigment is a special kind of coloring matter and a lake is a par- 
ticular species of pigment. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 483, of 1916.) 

This paragraph provides for glass and other enamels whether crude, 
dry, mixed or ground with water or oil or with solutions other than 
oil, n. s. p. f., at 15 per cent, while paragraph 96 provides for fusible 
and glass enamel n. s. p. f. at 20 per cent. 


PARAGRAPH 64. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Ol pet ee OLOsIh sa ao 
chlorate of, 2 cents per pound. 


60. Bichromate and chromate of 
potash, 24 cents per pound. 


63. Nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, 


ACT OF 19138. 


64, Potash; Bicarbonate of, refined, 
and chlorate of, 4 cent per pound; 
chromate and bichromate of, 1 cent 
per pound ; nitrate of, or saltpeter, re- 
fined, $7 per ton; permanganate of, 1 
cent per pound; prussiate of, red, 2 


cents per pound; yellow, 14 cents per 


refined, $ of 1 cent per pound. pound, 


64. Prussiate of potash, red, 8 cents 


per pound; yellow, 4 cents per pound; 
* * * i 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


BICARBONATE OF POTASH, REFINED. 


Description and uses.—Potassium bicarbonate is a white crystalline © 


substance which evolves carbon dioxide on treatment with an acid. It 
is used for making potassium carbonate of high purity, as an antacid, 
and in the preparation of effervescing salts. 

Production.—Pure potassium bicarbonate is prepared by passing 
carbon dioxide through a solution of potassium carbonate. Carbonate 
of potash is free of duty under paragraph 580. 

Imports prior to 1914 had increased to about 300,000 pounds per 
year, valued at about $15,000, yielding a revenue of about $4,000. In 
1914 the import increased to about 480,000 pounds, in 1916 decreased 
to 2,062 pounds, and in 1918 increased to 171,528 pounds, valued at 
$84,381, with a revenue of $858. 


CHLORATE OF POTASH. 


Description and uses.—Potassium chlorate or chlorate of potash is 
a white crystalline substance not readily soluble in water. It is a 
strong oxidizing agent and when mixed with sulphur and charcoal 





: 
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7. 





i 
7 
7 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 117 


forms an explosive powder. It is used in the manufacture of matches, 
fireworks, percussion caps, and explosive powders, in dyeing, and in 
medicine. 

Production.—Potassium chlorate is made by subjecting a solution 
of potassium chloride to the action of a direct current of electricity 
in an electrolytic cell. In 1914 the combined production of sodium and 
potassium chlorates was 8,304 short tons, valued at $1,131,316. 

Imports of potassium chlorate have been rather sporadic, the 
largest being over 1,200,000 pounds in 1913. During the war the 
import declined to a minimum of 27,000 pounds in 1915, increasing to 
about 1,000,000 pounds in 1918. Japan has been active recently in the 
production of potassium chlorate and it is likely that these imports 
originated in that country. 

Exports of potassium chlorate are first shown in Commerce and 
Navigation in 1918, when 1,564,662 pounds, valued at $681,128, were 
exported, chiefly to Australia and British Africa. 


POTASSIUM CHROMATE AND DICHROMATE. 


Description and uses.—These two salts of chromic acid have simi- 
lar uses, and are readily converted into each other. Both crystallize 
well, but the dichromate, being much less soluble in cold water, crys- 
tallizes better and is the one usually prepared. Both crystallize more 
readily than the corresponding sodium salt and are therefore more 
readily purified. Potassium dichromate is used to a much greater ex- 
tent than the potassium chromate, owing to its greater richness in 
chromic acid and the fact that it is more easily crystallized and puri- 
fied. It is a strong oxidizing agent. The chief uses of these salts are 
in the chrome tanning of leather, textile dyeing and printing, manu- 
facture of chrome pigments and ‘colors, pickling of brass, and the 
electro-engraving of copper plates» It is also used in bleaching oils 
and fats, for other oxidation purposes, and as a chemical reagent. 
Wherever possible the cheaper sodium salt is now substituted for the 
potassium salt. 

Manufacture.—Potassium chromate and dichromate are prepared 
from chrome iron ore or chromite, the larger portion of which is 
imported. The ore is pulverized and mixed with lime and potassium 
carbonate. This mixture is then heated to a bright red in a strong 
eurrent of air. The fused mass is then lixiviated with water, forming 
a solution of calcium and potassium chromates. Additional potash, 
usually potassium sulphate, is added to the solution to convert the 
calcium chromate into potassium chromate. The clear solution of 
potassium chromate is then drawn off and treated with sulphuric 
acid, thus producing potassium dichromate, which is crystallized from 


, the solution. 


Domestic production.—Figures for the domestic production of 
chromate and dichromate of potash are not available, but it is known 
that the consumption is largely supplied by domestic manufacturers. 

Imports since 1910 have been not more than 40,000 pounds, and 
negligible since 1915. 


NITRATE OF POTASH OR SALTPETER REFINED. 


Description and uses.—Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, when pure, 


‘is a white erystalline substance and is readily soluble in water. 


118 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


It is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and other explosives and 
in fireworks. It is also used in curing meats and as a reagent in 
assaying. Crude nitrate of potash is on the free list (par. 580). 

Production.—Formerly potassium nitrate was obtained almost 
exclusively from niter earths, which occur chiefly in India. Much of 
it is now produced by treating sodium nitrate with potassium chloride. 
Before the war large quantities were made in this manner in Ger- 
many from potassium chlorides of Stassfurt and sodium nitrate 
imported from Chile. Since the beginning of the war considerable 
amounts have been separated by crystallization from erude Chilean 
sodium nitrate. There are no commercial deposits of potassium ni- 
trate in the United States.. In 1914 there were produced from imported 
raw materials 29,480,000 pounds, valued at $1,244,051. 

Import of refined nitrate of potash just prior to the war was less 
than 200 tons, valued at about $20,000. Since then the import de- 
clined to 2 tons in 1916 and increased to 288 tons, valued at $35,143, 
in 1917. In 1918 the import again declined to 48 tons. (See also 
par. 580.) . 

RED PRUSSIATE OF POTASH. 


Description and uses.—Potassium ferricyanide is known commer- 
cially as red prussiate of potash. It crystallizes from water in large 
red anhydrous crystals. It is poisonous, readily soluble in water, and 
is used in calico printing, in the manufacture of blue-print paper, an 
the production of-blue pigments. 

Production.—Red prussiate of potash is manufactured by treating 
a solution of yellow prussiate of potash with chlorine. 

Imports in 1914 were 89,976 pounds, chiefly from Germany and 
Austria-Hungary. In 1915 the import was slightly less, but in 1916 
declined to 2,040 pounds. Since then the import increased slightly to 
9,924 pounds in 1918. 


POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE (YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF POTASH). 


Description and uses.—Potassium ferrocyanide, known as yellow 
prussiate of potash, crystallizes from water in large yellow crystals 
containing water of crystallization. When heated, or exposed to dry 
air, the crystals become a white powder. It is used in the prepara- 
tion of Prussian blue, in calico printing, for dyeing silk, for case- 
hardening of iron, and for making potassium cyanide and ferricyanide. 
Small amounts are used in the manufacture of some explosives and 
as a reagent in analytical chemistry. Within the last few years so- 
dium ferrocyanide has replaced potassium for most purposes because 
it is much cheaper. 

Production.—Feormerly the method of manufacture was to fuse 
nitrogenous animal matter with potassium carbonate and iron bor- 
ings. The organic matter used was hides, hoofs, hair, blood, or other 
animal wastes. At present potassium ferrocyanide is produced al- 
most entirely as.a by-product of the manufacture and purification of 
coal gas. The exhausted purifying agent is first treated with water 
to dissolve out ammonia and soluble salts, then dried, the sulphur ex- 
tracted with carbon bisulphide, and the residue mixed with lime. This 
is then heated with steam and forms calcium ferrocyanide, and on 
treating with potassium chloride a double calcium potassium ferro- 
cyanide is formed. When this is treated with potassium carbonate, 





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SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 119 


calcium carbonate separates and potassium ferrocyanide remains in 
solution and may be recovered by evaporation. Late figures for produc- 
tion are not available. In 1909 the United States produced 3,510,208 
pounds and in 1914, 3,204,684, which probably represented a little less 
than half of the total consumption. 

Imports for 1914 amounted to 3,508,229 pounds, more than 50 per 
cent of which came from Germany and about 27 per cent from Eng- 
land. In 1915 the imports were 2,316,736 pounds, but dropped the 
next year to 44,156 pounds. In 1918 the imports were 134,638 pounds. 


POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, 


Description and uses.—Potassium permanganate forms purplish 
black crystals with a greenish metallic luster which dissolve in 
water, giving a deep purple-red solution. It is used largely as an 
oxidizer, and when mixed with organic matter may cause spontaneous 
combustion. It is also used for bleaching; in dyeing shoe leather; 
for coloring wood a deep brown; for purifying ammonia and carbon 
dioxide; to some extent in medicine, especially as a local disinfectant 
and germicide; and as an important reagent in analytical chemistry. 
It is estimated that over 50 per cent of the domestic production of potas- 
sium permanganate during the war was used in the manufacture of 
saccharin. 

_Production.—The usual method of manufacture is to mix a solution 
of potassium hydroxide with powdered manganese ore and potassium 
chlorate or potassium nitrate, evaporate to dryness, and fuse the 
residue until it becomes pasty. This forms potassium manganate, 
which is then dissolved in water and treated with sulphuric acid, 
chlorine, or carbon dioxide. The permanganate crystallizes on evap- 
oration. 

Another method in use is to fuse manganese ore with caustic soda, 
producing sodium manganate. This is electrolytically oxidized to 
sodium permanganate and caustic soda and then treated with carbon 
dioxide, forming soda ash, which crystallizes on evaporation, leav- 
ing the sodium permanganate in solution. The sodium permanganate 
is now treated with a potassium salt, preferably the carbonate, which 
produces the potassium permanganate, which is separated by crystal- 
lization. Sodium permanganate crystallizes poorly. 

Prior to the war no permanganate was produced in this country. 
The shutting off of imports, the requirements for war purposes, and 
the large demand for the manufacture of saccharin have greatly 
stimulated the industry in the United States, several firms manu- 
facturing permanganate of potash during the war. It is estimated 
that the domestic consumption is approximately 5,000,000 pounds per 
year. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,351,855 pounds, nearly all of which came 
from Germany, but by 1916 imports had fallen to 208,979 pounds, and 
in 1917 to 5,605 pounds. In 1918 the imports were 438,826 pounds. 
Some came from Japan, but when prices fell these imports were re- 
duced, as Japan was not able to ship to this country at the lower 


prices. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term potash, strictly speaking, refers to potassium oxide (K:20). 
It has been used loosely and inaccurately to designate all potassium 


compounds. The best and most accurate method of naming these 


120 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


salts is to use the name of the metal “ potassium ” followed by a word 
designating the acid combined with the metal. For example “potas- 
sium chlorate” is preferable to “chlorate of potash.” This method of 
naming is universal in scientific chemical literature and is generally 
used in commerce. 

Bicarbonate of potash or potassium bicarbonate in paragraph 64 is 
restricted to the refined grade. There is no specific provision for crude 
potassium bicarbonate. This makes it dutiable as a chemical com- 
pound or salt under paragraph 5 at 15 per cent. The correct chemi- 
cal term for red prussiate of potash is potassium ferricyanide, and 
for yellow prussiate of potash is potassium ferrocyanide. Potas- 
sium iodide, the only other potassium compound which is specifically 
mentioned in Schedule A, is now in paragraph 88 with iodoform. It 
is suggested that it be placed in paragraph 64 with the other potas- 
sium compounds. (See pars. 88, 143, and 580.) 

The above comments are summarized in the following suggested 
wording of paragraph 64: 

Potassium: Bicarbonate, [rate]; chlorate, [rate]; dichromate and 
chromate, [rate]; nitrate, or salpeter refined, [rate]; ferricyanide, or 
red prussiate, [rate]; ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate, [rate]; per- 
manganate, [rate]; iodide, [rate]. 


PARAGRAPH 65. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


65. Salts and all other compounds 
and mixtures of which bismuth, gold, 
platinum, rhodium, silver, or tin con- 
stitute the element of chief value, 10 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The metals named in this paragraph occur 
in nature in relatively small amounts and their salts and compounds 
are among the most expensive chemicals of mineral origin which 
find technical or medicinal use. The evident purpose of this para- 
graph is to impose a lower rate of duty on the relatively expensive 
substances than would be imposed under the general provision for 
salts, compounds, and mixtures not otherwise more specifically pro- 
vided for (par. 51). 

Gold, platinum, and silver salts are used in photography, bismuth 
salts principally in medicine and cosmetics. Tin salts are used in 
far larger quantities than any of the others. The principal tin salts 
are the chlorides used as mordants in dyeing and for weighting silks 
in the textile industry. Tin oxide is used for polishing glass, in the 
manufacture of glazes and enamels, and as a polish for finger nails. 
Technical or medicinal uses for salts of rhodium are not recorded. 

Production.—Separate figures for the production of salts of bis- 
muth and rhodium are not available, but in 1914 the production of 
the other salts included in this paragraph was as follows: 


Quantity. Value. 


Goldisalts.....2.%, ounces. . 28,817 | $291,658 


Platinum salts.....-.. do... 365 6,998 
Bilver'salts 20. .¢. 9522 do...| 2,563, 238 846, 059 


TAN ISBNS AE. pounds..} 8,291,239 | 2,028,511 











4 
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SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 121 

Tin bichloride is now produced in large quantity by the action of 
chlorine on tin scrap. 

Imports have not been large and have shown a decided decrease 
since the beginning of the war. The total imports in 1915 were valued 
at $24,685 and in 1918 at $5,988. 

Imports of bismuth salts during 1914 amounted to 588 pounds, most 
of which came from Germany, and of silver salts, about 306 pounds, 
mostly from England. Imports of tin salis amounted to only 577 
pounds, from Germany. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Silver chloride was held dutiable as a chemical compound under 
paragraph 8 of the act of 1909 and not exempt from duty under 
paragraph 643 as sweepings of silver. (Abstract 23784, T. D. 30828, 
of 1910.) But the provision in paragraph 565 of the act of 1913 
for sweepings of silver was held to be the proper classification of 
silver chloride consisting of a lumpy powder mixed with débris, and 
having the appearance of waste. The term “sweepings of silver” 
as therein used was interpreted to include not only so-called “ buff- 
ings” broken off in the manufacture of silver articles, but also silver 
chlorides which come off as waste in the manufacturing process and 
which can not be used commercially except for the reclamation of 
the silver therein, and paragraph 65, providing for salts of silver, 
was limited to salts of silver used commercially or chemically as 
such. (G. A. 8009, T. D. 36924, of 1917; Abstract 41300, of 1917.) 
Similar sweepings which were classified by the collector of customs 
as waste, not specially provided for, under paragraph 479 of the 
act of 1909, were held exempt from duty as sweepings of silver under 
paragraph 6438 of that act. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 62, of 1914.) 

The word ‘ constitute ”’ should be “ constitutes.” 


PARAGRAPH 66. 


ACT OF 1909. 


69. Castile soap; 11 cents per 
pound; medicinal or medicated soaps, 
20 cents per pound; fancy or per- 
fumed toilet soaps, 50 per centum ad 
valorem ; all others soaps not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 


ACT OF 1918. 


66. Soaps: Perfumed toilet soaps, 
30 per centum ad valorem; medicinal 
soaps, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
eastile soap, and unperfumed toilet 
soap, 10 per centum ad valorem; all 
other soaps and soap powder not spe 


centum ad valorem, cially provided for in this section, 5 


per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term soap is ordinarily confined to 
the water-soluble potassium and sodium salts of the fatty” acids, 
although the water-insoluble soaps of lead, magnesium, manganese, and 
aluminum are used for technical purposes. 

Castile soap is supposed to be made from inedible olive oil and soda 
lye only, but as a pure olive-oil soap becomes excessively brittle and 
hard on standing, other oils are usually added. 

The term toilet soap is used to distinguish toilet soaps from house- 
hold and laundry soaps. As certain soaps are suitable for both toilet 
and laundry purposes, the term “ toilet soap ”’ is rather vague and has 
caused considerable litigation. The tariff act of 1918 makes a dis- 
tinction between perfumed and unperfumed toilet soap, Soap stocks, 


a SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


as a rule, have an unpleasant odor which prevents their use for toilet 
purposes. Some substance, usually a perfume material, is added to 
neutralize the odor of the stock or to give the soap a decidedly pleas- 
ant smell. Medicinal soaps contain some substance possessing anti- 
septic or healing properties. 

Production.—The chief raw materials used in making soap are tal- 
low, grease, and other fats; coconut, cottonseed, soy-bean, palm, corn, 
peanut, and other vegetable oils; vegetable waxes and resin. Large 
quantities of caustic soda are used in converting these materials into 


soap and lesser quantities of caustic potash in making soft soaps, wool- | 


scouring soaps, and shaving soaps. Certain fillers, such as silicate of 
soda (water glass), borax,and soda ash, are used. For scouring soaps 
different abrasive materials are used. Perfumes, naphthas, and other 
materials are used in soap manufacture. 

Manufacture involves the action of a caustic alkali, usually caustic 
soda, on fatty acids or more often the glycerides of fatty acids. 
This operation, known as saponification, produces an alkali salt 
(soap) and an important by-product, glycerin. Manufacture is by 
three processes, giving boiled, half-boiled, and cold-process soaps, 
The names are descriptive of the condition under which the soap is 
made. Boiled soaps are by far the most important class. 

The capital invested in 3871 establishments in 1914 was over 
$92,000,000, the materials consumed cost $88,866,786, and the value of 
the finished product was $127,942,441. Domestic production supplies 
over 99 per cent of consumption. The principal States producing 
soap are New York, Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 

Imports have been valued at less than $850,000. About 50 per cent 
of the ABD OT Ge is castile soap. Foreign manufacturers of well-known 
brands have branch factories in this country. 

Exports have shown a steady increase from $38,620,546 in 1910 to a 
maximum of $9,140,712 in 1918. 'The export in 1914 was about 4 per 
cent of the value of domestic production. The increase has been 
largely in the export of varieties other than toilet soap. The export 
of “toilet” or “ faney ” soap has been chiefly to the United Kingdom, 
Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Cuba. Prior to 1917 the United 
Kingdom took between 15,000,000 and 25,000,000 pounds of soap other 
than toilet soap. Since 1916 Mexico has taken the largest quantity 
of this variety, importing over 27,000,000 pounds, valued at more than 
$2,000,000, in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Soap embraces liquid as well as solid combinations. Tetrapol soap, — 


containing 17 per cent of alcohol, was held dutiable under the provi- 
sion for “ other soaps” n. s. p. f., in paragraph 69 of the act of 1909. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 358, of 1912.) Soap of the same name, but ap- 
parently having no alcohol, was likewiSe classified under the act of 
1897. (G. A. 6902, T. D. 29724, of 1909.) 

The phrase fancy toilet soap, in paragraph 69 of the act of 1909, 

was held to include Pears’ unscented soap. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 500, 
of 1911.) 

Medicinal soap has been defined to be soap which has in its composi- 
tion substances claimed to be beneficial to the human skin, or which 
are to be used on the human body for remedial purposes. (G. A. 2056, 
T. D. 18951, of 1898; G. A. 5531, T. D. 24901, of 1904; Abstract 37688, 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1238 
of 1915.) Unperfumed soap containing carbolic acid was held prop- 
erly classified as medicinal soap under paragraph 66 of the act of 1913. 
(Abstract 37688, of 1915.) Soap dealt in as a medicinal article, and con- 
taining among its component ingredients natural salts having medici- 
nal and curative properties, was also held dutiable under the provision 
of paragraph 69 of the act of 1909 for medicinal or medicated soaps, 
and not as fancy or perfumed toilet soap, under the same paragraph. 
(G. A. 7081, T. D. 30864, of 1910.) 

Merchandise invoiced as antiseptic bath. tablets was held properly 
classified as toilet preparations under paragraph 48 of the act of 
1913 rather than as medicinal soap under paragraph 66. (Abstract 
41376, of 1917.) 

PARAGRAPH 67. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


70. Bicarbonate of soda, or super- 
carbonate of soda, or saleratus, and 
other alkalies, containing 50 per 
centum or more of bicarbonate of 
soda, 8 of 1 cent per pound. 


67. Soda: Benzoate of, 5 cents’ per 
pound; chlorate of, and nitrite of, 4 
cent per pound; bicarbonate of, or 
supercarbonate of, or saleratus, and 
other alkalies containing 50 per centum 
or more of bicarbonate of soda; hy- 
drate of, or caustic; phosphate of; 
hyposulphite of; sulphid of, and sul- 
phite of, 4 cent per pound; chromate 
and bichromate of, and yellow prus- 
siate of, # cent per pound; borate of, 


71. Bichromate and chromate of 


soda, 12 cents per pound, 
11. Borax, 2 cents per pound. * * * 


72. Crystal ‘carbonate of soda, or 


concentrated soda crystals, or mono- 
hydrate, or sesquicarbonate of soda, 
4 of 1 cent per pound; chlorate of 
soda, 14 cents per pound. 


or borax refined ; crystal carbonate of, 
monohydrate, and sesquicarbonate of; 
sal soda, and soda crystals, 4 cent per 
pound; and sulphate of soda erystal- 


lized, or Glauber salts, $1 per ton. 
Tie puipnate,of soda; * >: *..* $1 


per ton. 


73. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, 3 
of 1 cent per pound; nitrite of soda 
and yellow prussiate of soda, 2 cenfs 
per pound; sulphide of soda, contain- 
ing not more than 35 per centum of 
Sulphide of soda, and hyposulphite of 
soda, 2 of 1 cent per pound; sulphide 
of soda, concentrated, or containing 
more than 35 per centum of sulphide 
of soda, 3 of 1 cent per pound. 


74. Sal soda, or soda erystals, not 
concentrated, 4 of 1 cent per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BENZOATE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Benzoate of soda or sodium benzoate is a 
coal-tar chemical, white, soluble in water, and has a sweetish taste. 
It is used as a food preservative and to some extent in medicine. 

Production is by treating benzoic acid with sodium carbonate 
(soda ash). It is one of the products of the new American coal-tar 
chemical industry, and has increased from 183,309 pounds, valued at 
$604,177, in 1917, to 255,667 pounds, valued at $658,879, in 1918, the 
latter output representing about 80 per cent of domestic consumption. 
Production was reported by 14 firms in 1917 and by 9 firms in 1918. 

Imports in 1914 were only 190 pounds. The maximum import was 
80,754 pounds in 1917, which was 44 per cent of the domestic pro- 


124 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


duction, decreasing to 1,369 pounds, valued at $4,752, during the fiscal 
year 1918. 
CHLORATE OF SODA, 


Description and uses.—Sodium chlorate is a colorless crystalline 
compound composed of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen, readily soluble 
in water. It is used as an oxidizing agent in the manufacture of 
coal-tar dyes, in dyeing and printing textiles, and in large quantities 
in the manufacture of matches and explosives. It was formerly be- 
lieved that only potassium chlorate could be used for matches, since 
sodium chlorate is hydroscopic, but the high price of potassium salts 
during the war led to methods permitting such use. Sodium chlorate 
has generally replaced the higher priced potassium salts. 

Production in 1917 was large, but statistics are not available. It 
is generally manufactured by subjecting a solution of sodium chloride 
(salt) to the action of a direct current of electricity. The apparatus 
for its manufacture electrolytically is quite expensive. It was for- 
merly made by treating milk of lime with chlorine gas and con- 
verting the calcium chlorate formed into’ sodium chlorate by treat- 
ment with sodium sulphate (salt cake). 

Imports since 1915 have been between 22,000 and 45,000 pounds a 
year, amounts proportionately negligible. 


NITRITE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound 
composed of sodium, nitrogen, and oxygen. It differs from nitrate of 
soda in that it contains one atom less of oxygen. When pure it is a 
white crystalline salt, containing commercially 96 to 98 per cent of 
sodium nitrite. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, 
in the dyeing of textiles, and has minor laboratory and pharmaceu- 
tical uses. 

Production.—Sodium nitrite was usually prepared by the reduction 
of sodium enitrate (Chile saltpeter) “by means of lead; also from 


atmospherie oxygen. In the fixation of nitrogen by the are process — 


the oxides of nitrogen produced are absorbed in sodium carbonate 
(soda ash), forming sodium nitrite. Ammonia gas produced from 
by-product coke ovens or synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen 


can be oxidized to form a similar mixture of oxides of nitrogen 


which are converted into sodium nitrite as described above. 

The domestic production of sodium nitrite in 1917 was 1,722,000 
pounds, valued at $480,145, and in 1918 increased to 3,402,000 pounds, 

valued at $609,779. 

Imports increased from 1,696,567 pounds in 1915 to 3,675,179 
pounds in 1917, the imports in 1917 being more than twice the do- 
mestic production. The increase in imports was caused by the 
development of the American dye industry, now the largest consumer 
of sodium nitrite. 

BICARBONATE OF SODA, 


Description, and uses.—Bicarbonate of soda or acid sodium car- 
bonate, a white opaque powder soluble in water, is the mildest of 
the alkalies. In pure form it is the ordinary baking soda or saleratus. 
When sodium bicarbonate is treated with an acid it evolves carbon 
dioxide, a property which gives it a large use for industrial and 
household purposes. Sodium bicarbonate is the cheapest and most 








; 

{ 

: 
; 
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SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 125 


convenient form of storing carbon dioxide. It is used in the manu- 
facture of baking powders, Seidlitz powders, effervescing drinks, and 
in medicine as an antacid, A very pure product is demanded for 
household and medicinal uses; one of less purity for carbonating 
waters, charging fire extinguishers, and prevention of timber mold. 
Mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate are sold for 
cleaning purposes. 

Production.—Practically all of the bicarbonate of soda is produced 
by the “ ammonia-soda” process, the raw materials being salt in the 
form of brine, limestone, ammonia, and coal. The ammonia is used 
over and over. The limestone is burned at the plant so that the 
carbon dioxide evolved is available for use in the process, and the 
lime produced is used in the regeneration of the ammonia and in the 
making of caustic soda. (See infra.) The brine solution is saturated 
with ammonia gas and this ammoniacal brine subjected to the action 
of carbon dioxide in high towers, producing sodium bicarbonate. 
This crude product is converted by heating into sodium carbonate 
which is then dissolved in water and carbon dioxide passed through 
the solution, giving a refined bicarbonate of soda. 

A small quantity of sodium bicarbonate is made from the alkaline 
waters of Owens Lake, Calif. 

Production has increased from 90,169 short tons, valued at $1,439,014, 
in 1914, to 174,212 short tons, valued at $5.292,374, in 1917. In 1918 
the production was 118,535 short tons, valued at $3,293,153. 

it is made by the “ ammonia-soda’” process at Syracuse, N. Y.3 
Saltville, Va.; Detroit and Wyandotte, Mich.; and Hutchinson, Kans. 

Imports are small compared with the domestic production, the 
maximum since 1910 being 129,414 pounds, valued at $2,867, in 1916. 

Exports are not shown separately, There was exported in 1918 
over $7,000,000 worth of “all other sodium salts,’ which undoubtedly 
includes sodium bicarbonate. 


HYDRATE OF SODA OR CAUSTIC SODA. 


Description and uses.—Sodium hydroxide, or caustic soda, in indus- 
trial importance ranks second only to soda ash. The term “ hydrate ” 
is not the correct one to apply to a hydroxide. The commercial prod- 
uct is a white opaque solid having strong caustic properties, sold by 
content of sodium oxide (Na.O0). The common grades are 60, 70, 74, 
and 76 per cent sodium oxide. The method of stating this content 
is, however, based on erroneous atomic weights. The so-called New 
York and Liverpool test, figured from the actual content, is used in the 
United States, The difference between the actual content and that 
calculated by this test is shown for the ordinary grades of caustic 
soda: 


Sodium oxide. 


Actual. New York and Liverpool test. 


Per cent. Per cent. 
68.12 60 
67,81 70 
71.68 74 


73.62 ‘ 76 


126 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Caustie soda has a wide variety of uses in the manufacture of soap, 
wood pulp and paper, chemicals, dyes and drugs, in refining vege- 
table and mineral oils, in mercerizing cotton, for water softening, 
bottle washing, and in the preparation of cleaners. The largest single 
use is in the manufacture of soap. The war caused a large demand 
for caustie soda for phenol, the raw material of explosive picrie acid. 

Production.—It is made from salt or soda ash, the raw material 
depending on the method of manufacture. Soda ash is converted into 
eaustic soda by treatment with lime. Caustic soda is also made di- 
rectly from salt, a solution being subjected to the action of direct elee- 
trie current, 

Production has inereased from 180,917 short tons im 1913 to 488,056: 
short tons, valued at $29,402,689, in 1917, 27 per cent by the electrolysis 
of salt, the balance from soda ash. In 1917 there were 8 firms using 
the soda-ash method and 28 companies using the electrolysis of salt 
method. The output in 1918 increased to 518,368 short tons, valued 
at $31,854,470. 

Imports.—The largest. itberth teen was in 1911, 1,500 short tons, 
declining in 1918 to 50 short tons. 

Exports in 1918 were 67,365 short tons, valued at $8,629,086. 
Japan, Italy, Brazil, and Canada were the chief countries of destina- 
tion, 

PHOSPHATE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—There are a number of sodium phosphates, 
the most important in commerce being disodium phosphate, also 
known as “neutral phosphate” and “secondary phosphate,” usually 
the product referred to when only sodium phosphate is specified. It is 
used in the textile industries (especially the silk industry in the 
weighting of the material in dyeing), in the preparation of enamels, in 
tinning and soldering, and pharmaceutically. The other sodium 
phosphates, monosodium and trisodium phosphate, are of minor im- 
portance. 

Production.—It is obtained from dicalcium phosphate by treat- 
ment with soda ash. It is also prepared from bone ash or phos- 
phorite, by digestion with sulphurie acid followed by treatment with 
soda ash and crystallization of the sodium phosphate from the clear 
solution. 

The production in 1914 was 15,397 short tons valued at $853,528, 
and in 1917, 13,805 short tons valued at $711,283, practically supplying 
domestic consumption. In 1918 the output increased to 15,620 short 
tons, valued at $1,427,947. 

Imports prior to the war were small and sporadic, the maximum 
in 1914, 1,864,767 pounds, declining to 112 pounds in 1918. 


HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Hyposulphite of soda is a commercial 
term used incorrectly to designate the chemical compound sodium 
thiosulphate. Hyposulphite of soda in chemical terminology refers to 
a compound which is distinctly different from sodium thiosulphate, 
a white crystalline substance containing about 27 per cent of water 
of crystallization, soluble in water, and a strong reducing agent. It 
is used as a fixer in photography, when it is usually designated hypo; 
as an antichlor in bleaching to destroy the last traces of chlorine 





~ 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 127 

Fos “Bie j 
bleach ; as a reducing agent in the chrome tanning of leather; and for 
iodine determinations in analytical work. 

Production in 1917 was 26,598 short tons, valued at $717,924, by 
three firms in Philadelphia, Cleveland, and St. Louis. In 1918 the 
output was 26,868 short tons, valued at $1,051,623. Sodium thio- 
sulphate is .produced by boiling a solution of sodium sulphite with 
sulphur. In Europe it is obtained as a by-product from the sulphide 
residues of the Le Blane soda process. 

Imports have increased from prewar imports of about 8,000 pounds 
per year to over 900,000 pounds in 1914 and 1,800,000 pounds in 1915. 
Imports in the following years declined to less than the prewar 
import. 

SULPHIDE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Sulphide of soda, or sodium sulphide, is 
composed of sodium and sulphur. There are two commercial articles, 
the “crystal” sulphide of soda, containing about 380 per cent of so- 
dium sulphide, and the “ fused” or ‘‘ concentrated,” containing about 
twice as much sodium sulphide as the crystal product. It is used 
chiefly in the manufacture and dyeing of sulphur colors and as a de- 
pilatory agent in leather manufacture. 

Production.—Sulphide of soda was formerly manufactured from 
sodium sulphate (salt cake). The war caused the establishment of a 
barium chemical industry from which practically all of the sodium 
sulphide now comes as a by-product. The domestic production has 
increased from 20,263 short tons in 1914 to 49,494 short tons, valued at 
$1,905,473 in 1917, due to the establishment of the American dye in- 
dustry, the largest consumer of sodium sulphide. In 1918 there was a 
slight decrease to 43,490 short tons, valued at $2,293,804. Domestic 
production supplies practically the entire consumption. 

Imports.—The maximum import of sodium sulphide was in 1914, . 
and was about 6 per cent of domestic production. 


SULPHITE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—There are three sulphites of soda, the nor- 
mal sulphite, the bisulphite or acid sulphite, and the metabisulphite. 
These compounds are white erystalline salts more or less soluble in 
water. The sulphites are employed in various industries as antisep- 
tics, reducing agents, and sources of sulphur dioxide. Sulphite of 
soda is used industrially as an antichlor in bleaching processes, 
and as a bleaching agent for delicate fabrics, such as silk and wool. 
Both the normal and metabisulphite are used in the preparation of 
photographic developers. Bisulphite of soda is a more energetic 
antichlor and bleaching agent than the sulphite. It is also used as an 
antiseptic in steeping and preserving grain, and a strong solution is 
used for sterilizing brewer’s casks. Bisulphites of calcium and mag- 
nesium are formed during the manufacture of sulphite pulp for paper. 
Sodium hydrosulphite is another reducing agent which is even more 
energetic than other sulphites, used chiefly in dyeing and printing 
textiles. 

Production.—Bisulphite of soda is the starting point for the manu- 
facture of all of the sodium sulphites. It is produced by saturating 
a solution of soda ash with sulphur dioxide. The acid sulphite thus 
produced can be separated from the solution or an additional quan- 


128 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
& 4 | a Fee. oe ‘ “ 

tity of soda ash can be added, thus forming the normal sulphite of 
soda, which crystallizes from the solution with seven molecules of 
water. Carbon dioxide is evolved in this process and in some cases 
it is purified and compressed in cylinders for sale. Sodium sulphite 
is also a by-product of the manufacture of phenol. g 

Sodium hydrosulphite is produced in textile mills (where it is 
consumed) by dissolving zinc in a solution of sodium bisulphite. Its 
commercial production has been developed during the war. : 

Domestic production by firms in Massachusetts and New York of 
sulphite, bisulphite, and meta-bisulphite of soda in 1917 was 138,707 
short tons, valued at $300,668, and in 1918 the output was 16,362 
short tons, valued at $478,482. 

Imports of sulphite of soda have not been large compared with 
the domestic production, being less than 1 per cent in 1917. Import 
of sodium hydrosulphite in 1914 was 505,232 pounds, valued at $116,- 
197, coming from Germany; also 366,468 pounds of various prepara- 
tions of sodium hydrosulphite (decroline, hyraldite, and rougalite), 
valued at $111,864. 


CHROMATE AND DICHROMATE OF SODA, 


Description and uses.—Dichromate of soda or sodium dichro- 
mate is a red crystalline compound containing about 67 per cent of 
chromic acid (Cr.O;). It is about ten times as soluble as the corre- 
sponding potassium salt and is frequently preferred. The sodium 
salt is also much cheaper and has replaced potassium salt to a large 
extent. Chromate of soda or sodium chromate is a yellow crystalline 
compound containing only 29.2 per cent of chromic acid. The dichro- 
mate of soda is therefore generally preferred, owing to its greater 
richness in chromic acid, which is the active constituent. 

Chromates and dichromates are used for the chrome tanning of 
‘leather; in textile dyeing and printing; in the manufacture of chrome 
colors and pigments, especially lead and barium chromates; for 
pickling brass; in the electro-engraving of copper plates; as laboratory 
reagents; and in the bleaching of oils and fats. 

Production.—All of the chromium salts are prepared from chrome 
iron ore or chromite. (See par. 448.) The ore is pulverized and 
mixed with lime and soda ash and roasted in a strong current of air. 
Calcium chromate, which is produced with sodium chromate, is con- 
verted into sodium chromate by means of more soda ash. Sodium 
chromate is usually converted directly in solution to sodium dichro- 
mate by treatment with sulphuric acid. Dichromate of soda when 
used in oxidation processes is reduced to chromium sulphate, which 
may be reconverted into sodium dichromate and used again. 

Domestic production of sodium dichromate and chromate has in- 
creased from 11,824 short tons, valued at $1,125,398 in 1914, to 22,446 
short tons, valued at $9,045,188 in 1917, and to 28,334 short tons, 
valued at $9,868,118 in 1918. 

Imports of dichromate and chromate of soda have been insignifi- 
cant since 1910. 


_ 


YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Yellow prussiate of soda, or more correctly 
sodium ferrocyanide, is a lemon-yellow crystalline compound con- 
taining 10 molecules of water of crystallization. It is similar to the 


a 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 129 


potassium salt and has largely replaced it on account of the high 
price of that compound. It is used in the manufacture of blue pig- 
ments, in calico printing and dyeing, for the case hardening of iron, 
for making sodium ferrocyanide, and as a chemical reagent. 

Production.—Sodium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of soda, was 
formerly made by fusing iron filings and nitrogenous animal waste 
materials of any kind (horn, blood, hair, wool waste, and leather 
scrap) with sodium carbonate. It is now prepared in this country 
as a by-product of the purification of coal gas; also from sodium 
eyanide by lixiviating with hot water in the presence of iron. 

In 1917 the production was 8,346,000 pounds, valued at $2,577,667; 
in 1918 it was 9,050,000 pounds, valued at $2,690,110. 

Imports prior to the war had reached about 1,900,000 pounds in 
1918. In 1914 they increased to about 2,300,000 pounds, and steadily 
declined until 1918, when no imports appeared. 


BORATE OF SODA OR BORAX REFINED. 


Description and uses.—Crude borax and borate materials used in 
the manufacture of refined borax are free of duty in paragraph 429. 
Sodium borate, or borax refined, is the most important derivative of 
boric acid. It comes on the market in two forms, common or pris-. 
matic borax, which contains 10 molecules of water of crystallization, 
and octahedral borax, which contains only 5 molecules. 

The largest use of borax is in making. enamel coating for cast 
and wrought iron sanitary and kitchen ware. It is also used in the 
manufacture of glass and soap, for sizing paper, in the soaking and 
cleaning of hides in tanneries, in the textile industry as a mordant 
and for rendering certain cloths fireproof, and as a flux in welding 
and brazing. 

Production.—It is now made from colemanite, which is calcined, 
the calcium borate is separated mechanically from the minerals, 
and boiled with a solution of soda ash, forming sodium borate and 
insoluble calcium carbonate. 

Domestic production increased from 26,501 short tons, valued at 
$2,071,774, in 1914, to 28,3809 short tons, valued at $3,805,711, in 1917, 
In 1918 the output was 26,673 short tons, valued at $8,909,565. 

Imports have been less than 0.01 per cent of the doméstic produc- 
tion. The maximum import was 11,768 pounds, valued at $882, in 
1913. 

Exports before the war were small and chiefly to the Orient. Dur- 
ing the war a substantial export trade to Europe was developed. 


CRYSTAL CARBONATE, SAL SODA, AND SODA CRYSTALS. 


Description and uses.—Soda crystals is an indefinite term applied 
to several crystalline sodium carbonates. These compounds may be 
sodium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium 
bicarbonate, containing water of crystallization. The term “ crystal 
carbonate ” refers to erystals of completely hydrated sodium carbonate 
which contain 10 molecules of water (Na:CO;-10H20), also known as 
sal soda and washing soda. The correct designation of this product 
is hydrated sodium carbonate, sal soda, washing soda, or crystal car- 
bonate of soda. Monohydrate of soda, or monohydrated sodium car- 
bonate, is a crystalline compound of sodium carbonate containing one 

184911°—20———_-9 


130 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


molecule of water (NasCO;-H:O). Sesquicarbonate of soda is a mixture 
of chemically equivalent parts of sedium carbonate and sodium acid 
carbonate crystallized with two melecules of water (NazCO;-NaHCO:- 
2H.O). Sodium carbonate or soda ash, which is the raw material used 
in the preparation of the above crystal carbonates, is free of duty 
under paragraph 605. 

Production.—Sal soda is prepared by dissolving soda ash (sodium 
carbonate) in hot water to form a solution of a definite specific grav- 
ity. On allowing this solution to cool, the sodium carbenate crys- 
tallizes out with 10 molecules of water. The addition of a little sedi- 
um sulphate to the solution is necessary te obtain the preper crystal 
form. This fact, however, is sometimes taken advantage ef to dilute 
the finished product with a cheaper inert material which has no clean- 
ing properties. Sodium sesquicarbonate is formed by. crystallization 
from a hot solution containing chemically equivalent quantities of 
sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate. For many purposes 
this product is preferred to the other soda crystals, 

Production in 1914 was 106,591 short tons of sal soda, imcluding 
monohydrate crystals. In 1917 the production of sal soda alone was 
77,939 short tons, valued at $1,698,520, and in 1918, 82,215 short tons, 
valued at $2,014,021. The production of monehydrate and sesqui- 
carbonate decreased from 55,035 short tons, valued at $1,262,875, in 
1917 to 22,678 short tens, valued at $482,958, in 1918. 

Imports.—The maximum imports of crystal carbonate, monehydrate, 
and sesquicarbonate were 854,609 pounds in 1912, which is less than 
0.2 per cent of the domestic production. Imports declined te 60,000 
and 70,000 pounds in 1917 and 1918, respectively. * 

Exports of sal soda in 1918 were 14,076,264 pounds, valued at 
$205,489, 


SULPHATE OF SODA CRYSTALLIZED, OR GLAUBER SALT. 


Description and uses.—Sulphate of soda crystallized was discoy- 
ered by a chemist named Glauber and is known commercially as 
Glauber salt. It is sodium sulphate crystallized with 10 molecules of 
water. It is used as an assistant in dyeing, for diluting dyes, and for 
the preparation of cooling mixtures. Ordinarily most sodium sul- 
phate is used in the anhydrous form (salt cake, par. 605) and only a 
small portion is converted into the crystallized Glauber salt. It is 
more economical to ship the anhydrous salt. 

Production.—Glauber salt is a by-product of the manufacture of 
hydrochloric acid. Domestic production was 46,471 short tons, valued 
at $512,464 in 1909. This decreased to 34,537 short tons, valued at 
$427,808, in 1914 and then increased to 47,757 short tons, valued at 
$732,403, in 1917 and to 50,233 short tons, valued at $1,027,581, in 1918. 

Imports have never been large and have disappeared from the 
reports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The name “soda” was originally used to designate sodium oxide 
(Na:O), and is frequently applied indiscriminately to all compounds 
of sodium. It is better usage and prevents ambiguity to employ the 
term sodium, such as sodium chlorate. The true chemical name of 
the compound when not used exclusively in commerce might be ams 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 131 
s 
plified with the commercial term, for example, “ sodium hydroxide, or 
eaustic soda.” 

Under the construction against implied repeal, sodium benzoate 
is dutiable under the specific provision in paragraph 67 rather than 
under the provision for coal-tar medicinals in the act of September ; 
8, 1916. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; TI. D. 37978, 37980, of 1919; Dec. 
Treas. Dept. Oct. 5 and Nov. 7, 1916, published in report of Tariff 
Commission on Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals, pp. 65 and 66.) 

Hyposulphite of soda is a cemmercial term used incorrectly to 
designate the chemical compound sodium thiosulphate. It would 
seem advisable to designate this compound by the term “sodium thio- 
sulphate or ‘hypo.’” Hydrosulphite of soda has been held to be 
dutiable as a chemical compound under paragraph 5, rather than as 
hyposulphite of soda under this paragraph. (Abstract 42707, of 1918.) 
Calcined sodium sulphate in powdered form was also held properly 
dutiable as a chemical compound or mixture and not within the 
provision of this paragraph for sulphate of soda crystallized or 
Glauber salt. (G. A. 7864, T. D. 36192, of 1916.) 

The correct chemical name for “ yellow prussiate of soda” is sodium 
ferrocyanide. 

The wording “crystal carbonate of, monohydrate, and _ sesqui- 
earbonate of; sal soda, and soda crystals” describes three separate 
chemical and commercial articles. Soda crystals is an indefinite term 
which may be applied to all three substances. Crystal carbonate and 
sal soda designate the same substance, which is also known as hy- 
drated sodium carbonate, or washing soda. Monohydrate of soda is 
monohydrated sodium carbonate. These articles may be distinguished 
as follows: (1) Hydrated sodium carbonate, or sal soda, or washing 
“soda, or crystal carbonate of soda; (2) Monohydrated scdium car- 
bonate; and (3) Sodium sesquicarbonate. 

The advisability of adding to paragraph 67 certain sodium com- 
pounds which are important articles -of commerce might be con- 
sidered. Sodium formate, which is the raw material used in the 
manufacture of formic and oxalic acids (see par. 1), was imported 
in 1914 to the extent of 1,843,245 pounds, valued at $44,693. Over 
99 per cent came from Germany, 

The above suggestions are summed up in the following proposed 
classification for paragraph 67: 

Sodium: Chlorate, [rate]; nitrite, [rate]; hydroxide, or caustic 
soda, [rate]; phosphate, [rate]; thiosulphate, or “hypo,” [rate]; 
chromate and bichromate, [rate]; sulphide, [rate]; sulphite, bisul- 
phite, and meta-bisulphite, [rate) ; ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate, 

[rate]; borate, or borax, refined [rate]; sulphate, crystallized, -or 
Glauber salt, [rate]; acid carbonate, or bicarbonate, or baking soda, 
or saleratus, and-other alkalies containing 50 per centum or more of 
bicarbonate of soda, [rate]; carbonate, hydrated, or sal soda, or wash- 
ing soda, or crystal carbonate, [rate]; carbonate, monohydrated, 
[rate] ; sesquicarbenate, [rate]; formate, [rate]. 

Sodium hydrosulphite is another important compound which has 
been discussed under “ Sulphite of soda.” Separate provision might 
be made for sodium hydrosulphite and similar preparations, in a para- 
graph following paragraph 67, in these words: ‘ Sodium hydresulphite, 
hydrosulphite compounds, sulphoxylate compounds, and all combina- 
_tions and mixtures thereof, [rate].” 


132 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 68. 


ACT OF 19509. 


79. Sponges, 20 per centum ad va- 


ACT OF 1913. 


68. Sponges: Trimmed or  un- 


lorem; manufactures of sponges, or | trimmed but not advanced in value by 
of which sponge is the component.| chemical processes, 10 per centum ad 
material of chief value, not specially | valorem ; bleached sponges and 
provided for in this section, 80 per | sponges advanced in value by proc- 


centum ad valorem, esses involving chemical operations, 


manufactures of sponges, or of which 
sponge is the component material of 

. chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Sponges are collected principally in the 
Mediterranean and Red Seas and waters of the West Indies, Florida, 
and Central America. The finest sponges are obtained from the 
Mediterranean, the next in quality from the Red -Sea. 

Crude sponges are prepared by maceration in cold water for several 
days and then beaten to break up and remove concretions contained 
in them. The better grades are treated with a dilute solution of 
hydrochloric acid to remove remaining calcareous matter and then, 
if desired, are bleached by chemical means. 

Sponges are used for mechanical purposes only. 

Production.—Most of the crude sponges marketed in this country 
are from the Florida fisheries. The product of these fisheries in 
1913 was valued at about $735,000, a little over $615,000 in 1914, 
and over $920,000 in 1917. In 1918 it was considerably less, about 
$623,000. This decrease was due partly to the high price of fish, 
which induced those engaged in sponge gathering to take up fish- 
ing. Tarpon Springs, Fla., is the center of American sponge produc- 
tion. New York is the principal distributing center. 

Imports of crude sponges have averaged a little more than half 
the domestic production since "1918, in that year valued at $289,642. 
The value for 1918 was $510,265. Imports of chemically treated or 
manufactured sponges have been much less, amounting to $38,300 in 
1914, $58,797 in 1916, and $27,682 in 1918. Crude sponges come 
mostly from the British West Indies, Cuba, and Greece. 

Exports, 1910-1914, inclusive, averaged about 200,000 pounds, witha 
value of a little less than $200,000. Production dropped in 1917 to 
116,181 pounds, valued at $129,063. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sponges taken by vessels enrolled or licensed under the United 
States laws have been held exempt from duty as products of Ameri- 
can fisheries. (T. D. 26550, of 1905.) Rubber bath sponges are not 
within this provision, but dutiable as manufactures of india rubber. 
(149 Fed., 1022, of 1906.) 

Buntes would be placed logically in Schedule N (Sundzies) rather 
than in Schedule A, 

PARAGRAPH 69. 


French chalk 1 cent 69. Talcum, ground tale, steatite, 
and French chalk, cut, powdered, 
washed, or pulverized, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 


iit * * * 
per pound. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. F233 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The tariff act of 1918 also contains the provision, “‘ Taleum, steatite, 
and French chalk, crude and unground ”+(par. 621, free list), which 
is considered in connection with paragraph 69. 

Description and uses.—Tale is a natural magnesium hydrogen 
silicate. It has a greasy or soapy feel, and is one of the softest 
minerals known. The massive, compact variety is known as steatite 
or soapstone. 

Tale has a great variety of uses. As soapstone it is cut into slabs 
and used for table tops in hospitals, laboratories, etc., and made into 
vessels for storing acids, also into sinks and laundry tubs; as a heat 
resistant, it is used for griddles, foot warmers, and hearthstones; as 
an insulator, for electrical switchboards and floors of electrical plants. 

Ground or powdered tale is used as a filler in the manufacture of 
paper and paint and as a dressing for rubber, cloth, and leather. 
It is extensively employed in the manufacture of toilet powders; 
as a preservative coating on stonework and as a nonconductive 
material for covering steam pipes; also as an adulterant for soaps and 
other goods. 

French chalk is high-grade tale in its natural state cut to shape 
and size for marking cloth, metals, slate, ete. Tale is used in making 
tips for gas burners and some varieties are substituted for graphite 
in lubricants. 

Production.—The United States produces more tale than all other 
countries; Italy and France produce the finest varieties. Before the 
war France ranked second to the United States in total production. 
Virginia produces all the soapstone mined in this country, and New 
York produces most of the fibrous tale used in paper making. 

In 1915 the total production of tale and soapstone in the United 
States was 186,891 short tons and in 1917 it was 218,848 short tons. 

Imports.—Most of the tale, ground or prepared, imported before 
the war came from France and Italy, with smaller amounts from 
Canada and Austria-Hungary. Since 1914 the imports from France 
have fallen off, but those from Italy have increased. The total im- 
ports during 1914 were 29,690,092 pounds, and during 1917 were 
34,288,429 pounds. The imports for 1918 were 27,550,409 pounds. 

In 1914 the imports of crude and unground talcum and French 
chalk amounted to 2,807,974 pounds and in 1918 to 4,721,980 pounds. 


INTERPRETATIGN AND COMMENTS. 


Tale and French chalk are not the same thing for tariff purposes. 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls:, 92, of 1911; 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 522, of 1913.) 
French chalk is a species of tale suitable for uses such as the mark- 
ing of cloth by tailors, for which other varieties of tale are not fitted. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 522, of 1913.) Powdered tale, to which a small 
quantity of boric acid has been added, for use as a toilet prepara- 
tion for application to the skin is not ground tale within this pro- 
vision, but dutiable under paragraph 48. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 89, of 
1916) (See par. 15.) : 

Talcum, steatite, and French chalk might appropriately be trans- 
ferred to Schedule B. 


134 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
PARAGRAPH 70. 


AOT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 






70. Vanillin, 10 cents per ounces 
vanilla beans, 30 cents per pound; 
tonka beans, 25 cents per pound. 


83. Vanillin, 20 cents per ounce. 
697. Tonquin, tonqua, er  toenka : 
beans. (Free.) 


GENERAL IN¥FORMATIGN. 
VANILLIN. 


Description and uses.—Vanillin is the aldehyde of vanillic or 
methylpretecatechuic acid, which is present in vanilla beans. True 
- extract of vanilla beans contains vanillin, the chief aromatic con- 
stituent. Artificial vanillin is obtained by a chemical precess from 
oil of cloves; it is disseived in alechol and the solution colored with 
caramel in imitation of the true extract of vanilla beans. This arti- 
ficial extract is generally cheaper and is a strong competitor with the 
natural er genuine vanilla extract. An extract of tonka beans is 
sometimes sold as a substitute for vanilla extract. The genuine and 
artificial product are used as food flavors, in liqueurs, and in pharma- 
ceutical preparations. 

Production.—Vanilla extract is made from the vanilla beans by 
extracting the aromatic resins with aleohol. Artificial vanilla extract 
(vanilla essence, vanillin) is made chiefly from oil of cloves by a 
chemical process involving the use of acetic anhydride, potassium per- 
manganate, and sulphuric acid. In 1914, 120,619 pounds of vanillin, 
valued at $525,219, were produced in the United States. Vaniillin is 
also produced in foreign countries, including Switzerland and 
France. ; 

Imports for 1908-1915 have averaged 5,408 ounces, valued at $1,072, 
yielding a revenue of $909. ) 


VANILLA BEANS, 


Description and uses.—Vanilla beans are the fruit of a tropical 
plant and are used in the preparation of the alcoholic extract or “es- 
sence” ordinarily sold as vanilla, used in flavoring chocolate, confec- 
tionery, various foods, liquors, and in pharmaceutical preparations. 
Vanillin, which is the chief aromatic constituent of vanilla beans, 
is now prepared synthetically. (See Vanillin.) 

Production.—Vanilla beans are not produced commercially in the 
United States, the industry requiring tropical climatic conditions 
and specially trained cheap labor. The vanilla plant is native to cer- 
tain localities in Mexico, where it still occurs wild, although the 
vanilla beans of commerce are chiefly cultivated. "The cultivation of 
vanilla has been introduced in many tropical lecalities, but has reached 
commercial importance only in the French insular colonies; a few 
British possessions, notably the Seychelles and Mauritius; and in 
Java and other Dutch colonies. 

The quality of vanilla varies greatly with its geographical source, 
no doubt due both to climate and method of culture and curing. 
Mexican, Bourbon, Seychelles, and Tahiti vanilla beans rank in 
quality in the order named. 

Imports since 1910 have been between 800,000 and 1,150,000 pounds 
per year, valued at from $1,500,000 to $2,500,000. Imports. have shown 
no appreciable decline during the war. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 135 


TONKA BEANS. 


Description and uses.—Tonka beans are seeds used in perfuming 
tobacco, especially snuff, to adulterate vanilla extract; and in the 
manufacture of perfumery. They have been used in the preparation 
of coumarin, but this product is now more extensively manufactured 
synthetically. Extracts of tonka beans are sometimes used in 
pharmacy to mask the odor of iodoform. The beans contain about 25 
per cent of a fatty substance which is extracted as tonquin butter. 

Production.—Tonka beans are not produced in the United States 
or its possessions. The trees are native to South America, chiefly in 
the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Venezuela. The beans are prepared 
for market by soaking in rum or alcohol and drying in the sun. 

Imports for the years 1909 to 1914 have averaged 358,313 pounds, 
valued at $406,696. For the years 1915 to 1918, during which period 
the duty was 25 cents per pound, the average annual import was 
224,863 pounds, valued at $137,026. 


SCHEDULE B. EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLASSWARE, 
PARAGRAPH 71. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


71. Fire brick, magnesite brick, 
chrome brick, and brick not specially 


84, Wire-brick, weighing not more 
than ten pounds each, not glazed, 


enameled, ornamented, or decorated in 
any manner, $1.25 per ton; glazed, 
enameled, ornamented, or decorated, 
85 per centum ad valorem; weigh- 
ing more than ten pounds each and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, not. glazed, enameled, ornamented, 
or decorated in any manner, 30 per 


provided for in this section, not glazed, 
enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- 
mented, or decorated in any manner, 
10 per centum ad valorem; if glazed, 
enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- 
mented, or decorated in any manner, 
and bath brick, 15 per centum ad 
valorem. . 


centum ad valorem; glazed, enameled, 
ornamented, or decorated, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; magnesite brick, 
ehrome brick, and brick other than 
fire-brick, not glazed, enameled, paint- 
ed, vitrified, ornamented, or decorated 
in any manner, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem; if glazed, enameled, painted, 
vitrified, ornamented, or decorated in 
any manner, 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. | 


Description and uses.—Building brick are classified into (1) com- 
mon brick and (2) ornamental brick, the latter including front brick 
having an attractive finish, enameled brick, and all kinds of fancy 
brick. Fire brick (refractory brick), composed of substances having 
a high melting point, are used in structures which must endure ex- 
posure to high temperatures, including glass-making and metallurgi- 
eal furnaces, coke ovens, and settings for boilers. Wor many special 
purposes brick composed of silica, magnesite, chromite, bauxite, 
dolomite, or carborundum are needed in order to withstand the chem- 
ical action of molten metals or slags. Vitrified brick are clay brick 
which have been made harder and less porous by fusion, of which 
paving brick is an example, 80 per cent of vitrified brick in 1917 being 
thus used. Bath brick is an abrasive used for scouring and polishing. 


136 


Production.—As clay, the raw material, is so widely distributed, 
the industry exists to some extent in every State. The production was 
valued in 1914 at $83,182,045; and in 1917 at $128,086,508, when the 
value of fire brick rose to $58,012,264, about $10,000,000 above common 
brick. Ornamental brick varied but little from 1913 to 1917, averag- 
ing about $10,000,000. Vitrified brick decreased from $12,500,866 in 
1914 to $10,664,560 in 1917. 

Imports of all kinds of brick are unimportant, not exceeding 
$250,000 since 1908, fire brick constituting more than 50 per cent. 
Bath brick imports were valued at $5,355 in 1914 and $4,741 in 1918. 

Export statistics show “fire” and “building” brick. Prewar 
annual exports of fire brick averaged about $1,000,000, increasing to 
$4,770,842 in 1918. Export of building brick, almost entirely to Can- 
ada, is a negligible factor, amounting to $785,696 in 1913. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Articles made from clay ground up, mixed together, forced into 
molds, and then dried and baked in a high temperature, and used in 
the construction of coke ovens, were held to be fire bricks, although 
containing less impurities than American fire bricks. (Abstract 26306, 
T, D. 318138, of 1911; followed in Abstract 38338, of 1915, as to “ ab- 
sidianite ware” and in Abstract 438469, of 1919, as to brick made from 
the same clay from which fire brick is made and used in connection 
with furnaces, either in the lining or in other places of contact with 
heat.) 

PARAGRAPH 72. 


ACT OF 19909. 


85. Tiles, plain, unglazed, one color, 
exceeding two square inches in size, 
4 cents per square foot; glazed, en- 
caustic, ceramic mosaic, vitrified, semi- 
vitrified, flint, spar, embossed, enam- 
eled, ornamented, hand painted, gold 
decorated, and all other earthenware 
tiles and tiling, by whatever name 


known, except pill tiles and so-called 


quarries or quarry tiles, valued at 
not exceeding 40 cents per square 
foot, 8 cents per square foot; exceed- 
ing 40 cents per square foot, 10 cents 
per square foot and 25 per centum 
ad valorem; so-called quarries or 
quarry tiles, 45 per centum ad va- 
lorem; mantels, friezes, and articles 
of every description, composed wholly 
or in chief value of tiles or tiling, 
60 ‘per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


72. Tiles, plain unglazed, one color, 
exceeding two square inches in size, 
14 cents per square foot; glazed, or- 
namented, hand-painted, enameled, vit- 
rified, semivitrified, decorated, encaus- 
tic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, em- 
bossed, gold decorated, grooved and 
corrugated, and all other earthenware 
tiles and tiling, except pill tiles and 
so-called quarries or quarry tiles, but 
including tiles wholly or in part of 
cement, 5 cents per square foot; so- 
called quarries or quarry tiles, 20 
per centum ad _ valorem; mantels, 
friezes, and articles of every descrip- 
tion or parts thereof, composed wholly 
or in chief value of earthenware tiles 
or tiling, except pill tiles, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. ; 


% ’ GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tiles, like bricks, are clay products. The 
chief uses are for roofing, flooring, and wall finishing. Roofing tiles, 
made from natural clays sometimes mixed with other minerals, are 
usually vitrified and may be self-finished or glazed. Flooring tiles 
are practically all vitrified and unglazed. The term ‘‘ quarry tiles” 
refers to square, unglazed, red flooring tiles made of natural clays. 
Ceramic mosaics are smaller and of better material than quarry tiles, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. T87 


Wall tiles generally have a white body composition of clay and other 
minerals, such as feldspar and flint. -They- are seldom vitrified, but 
usually coated with glaze. Mantels are sometimes built of wall tile. 
“ Semivitrified ” is not a scientific term, but is used in the trade to 
describe articles ranging between porous and vitrified. 

Portland and Sorel cements, instead of clay, are also used in tile 
manufacture. 

Production of tiles (other than drain tile) was valued at 
$5,705,583 in 1914 and at $6,821,221 in 1917. Ohio reported over one- 
third the total output, with New Jersey second. Transportation 
costs alone limit distant competition to the best grade tiles or to 
special articles, such as Welsh red quarries. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $111,566 and in 1918 at $58,808. 
Importers state that most of the quarry tile (over 50 per cent of the 
imports) and roofing tile come from England. Tile, glazed, orna- 
mented, etc., comes in larger quantities than plain tile. Imports of 
cement tile and articles of tiles or tiling are insignificant in value. 

Exports, classed as “tiles (except drain),” were valued at $561,869 
in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Semivitrified as applied to tiles had the same meaning in trade as 
in ordinary speech in 1913 and applied to red ferrolite flooring tiles. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 77, of 1916.) Tiles composed of burnt flint, spar, 
and clay, with coloring matter, used for floor pavements, were held 
to be vitrified. (Abstract 35234, T. D. 34821, of 1914.) Tile designed 
to form a completed panel or picture representing a dairy farm, used 
as a wainscotting, was held properly classified at 80 per cent under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 39942, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 3. 


ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1918. 
87. Lime, 5 cents per one hundred 73. Lime, 5 per centum ad valorem. 
pounds, including weight of barrel or 


package. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Lime is a white, infusible material made 
by calcining relatively pure limestone. Quicklime and hydrated lime 
are the two general classes of lime on the market. Pure quicklime 
is the oxide of calcium, but all commercial limes contain magnesia and 
other oxides, sometimes as much as 45 per cent. Hydrated lime, as its 
name implies, has been slaked or hydrated by the addition of water. 
In the chemical action between quicklime and water the calcium oxide 
is converted to calcium hydroxide. Hydrated lime possesses the advan- 
tages of keeping better and being more easily handled than quicklime. 
Its principal use, for building purposes, accounted for about 35 
per cent of the total consumption in 1917. The chemical industry 
consumed 20 per cent and agriculture 13 per cent in 1917. 

Quicklime may be shipped in bulk, in wooden barrels of about 
200 pounds capacity, or in iron casks holding 400 pounds. Hydrated 
lime is sold in 100-pound burlap sacks or in 40-pound paper sacks. 

Production in the United States is over 99.8 per cent of domestic 
consumption. It increased from 3,505,954 short tons, valued at 


138 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


$14,088,039, in 1910 to 4,073,433 short tons, valued at $18,509,305, in 


1916. 
increased to $23,807,877. 


In 1917 the quantity decreased to 3,786,364 tons, but the value 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, and West 


Virginia rank in order as producing States. 
Imports have not exceeded one-fifth of 1 per cent of the domestic 


’ production. 


Of these imports, approximately 90 per cent has come 


from Canada and the remainder, a special grade of high-priced lime, 


from Hurope. 


Exports have been less than 1 per cent of production, 90 per cent 


going to Canada. 


This exchange of lime has caused severe compe- 


tition between producers in British Columbia and the State of Wash- 


ington. 
domestic production since 1911. 


Washington, however, has-furnished less than 1 per cent of 


(Yor the discussion of chloride, citrate, artificial sulphate, and 
borate of lime and lime nitrogen, see pars. 12, 41, 51, 429, and 499,) 


PARAGRAPH 74. 


ACT OF 199092. 


86. * * * Cement, not otherwise 
specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


88. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, 
380 cents per ton: if ground or eal- 
cined, $1.75 per ton; pearl hardening 


for paper makers’ use, 20 per centum , 


ad valorem; Keene’s cement, or other 


ACT OF 1915. 


74, Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, 
ground or caicined, pearl hardening 
for paper makers’ use; white, non- 
staining Portland cement, Keene’s ce- 
ment, or other cement of which gyp- 
sum is the component material of chief 
value, and all other cements not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 10 
per centum ad valorem, 


cement of which gypsum is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, if 
valued at $10 per ton or less, $3.50 | 
per ton; if valued above $10 and not 
above $15 per ton, $5 per ton; if 
valued above $15 and not above $30 
per ton, $10 per ton; if valued above 
$30 per ton, $14 per ton. . 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Plaster rock or gypsum is a naturally 
occurring form of calcium sulphate crystallized with two molecules 
of water. Gypsum when calcined at about 105° C. loses one molecule 
of water to form plaster of Paris; when heated further, it loses all 
of its water of crystallization and also its property of hardening 
when treated with water. It is then known as “dead” or “ over- 
burnt” plaster. Pearl hardening is the name applied to artificial 
or natural calcium sulphate used as a filler in writing paper; it is 
more commonly applied to artificial calcium sulphate, provided for 
in paragraph 51. About 500,000 tons of gypsum are sold annually 
without ealcining. The buik of this material is used as a retarder 
in Portland cement, White, nonstaining Portland cement is a white 
cement with a very low iron content. Minor quantities are used 
as a pigment base in making cold-water paints and crayons, as a 
filer for paper and cloth, as a base for insecticides, and as lan 
plaster or fertilizer. Car 

Keene’s cement is a hard-finish wall plaster. Essentially it is com- 
pletely calcined gypsum which has been heated with small quantities 
of alum or borax. It differs from ordinary gypsum wall plasters in 
the time required for setting and in superior hardness. 


139 


Production of crude gypsum, 1912-1915, was constant at about 
2,500,000 short tons. In 1916 it increased te 2,757,730 tons; in 1917, 
to 2,696,226 tons. The value of both crude and ealcined gypsum, 
1910-1915, varied from $6,500,000 to $7,000,000. In 1916 the value 
was $7,959,032, and in 1917, $10,495,348. New York, Iowa, and Michi- 
gan, in order, are the largest producers. 

Imports of gypsum and plaster of Paris have been valued at less 
than 1 per cent of domestic production, and therefore may be con- 
Sidered negligible. They are almost wholly from Neva Seotia and 
New Brunswick, and enter ports of New England and North Atlantie 
States. Large blocks of gypsum are occasionally received from 
England. : 

Exports of plastcr of Paris have been small; the maximum value 
was $28,144 in 1917. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Pearl hardening for paper makers’ use is usually artificial sulphate 
of ealecium, although natural calcium sulphate is also used; if arti- 
ficial, there is a conflict with the provision in paragraph 51 for “ arti- 
ficial sulphate of lime”; if natural, it is covered by the provision for 
plaster rock or gypsum preceding it in paragraph 74. (See par. 444.) 
PARAGRAPH 75. 

ACT OF 1913. 


ACT OF 1909. 


75. Pumice stone, unmanufactured, 
5 per centum ad valorem; wholly or 


89. Pumice stone, wholly or par- 


tially manufactured, 3 of 1 cent per 
pound ; unmanufactured, valued at $15 
or less per ton, 80 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than $15 per 
ton, 4 of 1 cent per pound; manufac- 
tures of pumice stone or of which 
pumice stone is the component mate- 


partially manufactured, 4 cent per 
pound ; manufactures of pumice stone, 
or of which pumice stone is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
25 per centum ad valorem, 


rial of chief value not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 85 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Pumice is a form of volcanic glass used 
as an abrasive, chiefly in metal polishes, scouring soaps, and litho- 
graphic work. 

Production.—The domestic product prior to 1917 was principally 
a fine volcanic dust er ash, not properly called pumice. It is, for 
ordinary requirements, a satisfactory substitute for ground Italian 
pumice originating in the Lipari Islands as a massive, vesicular, glassy 
lava. The only domestic deposits of lump pumice approaching this 
product are located in California and Arizona. Difficulty of shipping 
from Mediterranean ports and an embargo on imports stimulated pro- 
duction of lump pumice in 1917. The 1918 output of lump pumice was 
about 15,000 tons, and of voleanic dust about 30,000 tons. Production 
of voleanic dust increased from 27,591 tons, valued at $59,172, in 1914, 
to 35,293 tons, valued at $84,814, in 1917. Nebraska led in production 
until 1916, when Kansas took the lead. 

Imports of unmanufactured pumice in 1913 were 5,558 tons, valued 
at $44,474, and in 1918, 3,900 tons, valued at $36,466. In 1913 imports 
of wholly or partially manufactured pumice were 3,845,326 pounds, 


140 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


valued at $17,417; in 1917, 7,796,173 pounds; and in 1918, 3,238,776 


pounds. 


Imports of manufactures of pumice have been small; in 


1913, worth $12,231; in 1915, $115; and in 1918, $2,025. 
Exports of pumice stone are not given. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision includes pumice stone in wimps filed or rolled as par- 


tially manufactured pumice stone. 


Abstract 40422, of 1916. ) 


(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 59, of 1914; 


Scouring bricks, made of pumice stone, have 


been classified as manufactures of pumice stone rather than as 


pumice stone manufactured. 


(Abstract 25542, T. D. 31589, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 76. 


ACT OF 1909. 


90. Clays or earth, unwrought or 
unmanufactured, not specially provided 
for in this section, $1 per ton; wrought 
or manufactured, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, $2 per ton; 
china clay, or kaolin, $2.50 per ton 
* * .*; fuller’s earth, unwrought 
and unmanufactured, $1.50 per ton; 
wrought or manufactured, $3 per ton; 


ACT OF 1913, 


76, Clays or earths, unwrought or 
unmanufactured, not speciaHy provided 
for in this section, 50 cents per ton; 
wrought or manufactured, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, $1 
per ton; china clay or Kaolin, $1.25 
per ton; fuller’s earth, unwrought and 
unmanufactured, 75 cents per ton}; 
wrought or manufactured, $1.50 per 


fiuorspar, $3 per ton, ton; fiuorspar, $1.50 per ton: Pro- 


vided, That the weight of the casks or 
other containers shall be included in 
the dutiable weight, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. : 
CLAYS, N.S. P. F. 


Uses.—Clays are used in all chinaware, earthenware goods, and 
other burnt-clay products, as fillers in paper, mineral paint, and lino- 
leum, in Portland cement, as bonding material in abrasive wheels, and 
for many other purposes. 

Production of all clay (except kaolin) was 2,175,669 tons, valued 
at $3,471,751 in 1914, and 3,081,959 tons, valued at $7,741,168 in 1917. 

Imports were 37,570 tons, valued at $210,574 in 1914, and 24,474 
tons, valued at $144,666 in 1918. The largest imports were 386,465 
tons in 1918. Imported clays are usually for special purposes. (See 
par, 450.) : 

Exports of clay in 1914 amounted to $306;916, going to Europe and 
Canada; in 1918 they were $499,673, chiefly to Canada. 


CHINA CLAY OR KAOLIN, 


Description and uses.—China clay or kaolin are white-burning 
clays of residual origin. These clays are largely used in the manu- 
facture of white earthenware and china pottery, in high-grade tile,’ 
and as filler in paper, paint, rubber, and oilcloth. Kaolin forms about 
20 to 50 per cent of the body in china, with varying proportions of 
ball clay, flint or quartz, and feldspar. The clays give plasticity and . 
working properties and act as a bond during early stages of firing. 
Ball clay is the most plastic ingredient; kaolin, although less plastic, 
is used because of the whiteness it imparts. Much of the domestic 
paper clay and some of the ball clay have similar uses, though not 
called kaolin because of different geologic origin. ' 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 141 


Production was 34,191 short tons of kaolin, valued at $284,817, and 
116,328 short tons of paper clay, valued at $558,334 in 1914. In 1917 
the output of kaolin was 31,885 tons, valued at $301,378, and of paper 
clay, 174,449 tons, valued at $962,421. Kaolin was produced in ten 
States and paper clay in four States, about 87 per cent of the former 
and 85 per cent of the latter coming from the South. 

Imports of kaolin, which include clays used in the paper, pottery, 
and other industries, were 241,985 short tons, valued at $1,590,054, 
in 1914, and 192,705 tons, valued at $1,803,668, in 1918. Of the china 
clay used in American potteries, 56 per cent is imported from Eng- 
land, because it has been considered necessary to produce the higher 
grade ware. 

FULLER’S EARTH. 


Description and uses.—Fuller’s earth is a clay having the power 
of absorbing greasy substances and of decolorizing fats and oils. Its 
variations in chemical composition and in physical properties deter- 
mine its value. It is used principally for bleaching, clarifying, or 
filtering fats, greases, and oils. Other uses are in pigments for print- 
ing wall paper, in detecting certain coloring matters in food products, 
and as a substitute for talcum powder. The domestic industry first 
assumed importance in 1895. 

Production in 1916 had multiplied about ten times over 1895, and 
81 per cent of consumption in 1917 was of domestic production. Flor- 
ida produces nearly all the domestic output, but commercial quantities 
come also from Georgia, Arkansas, Massachusetts, Texas, and Cali- 
fornia. The total output sold here in 1916 was 67,822 short tons, 
valued at $706,951; in 1917, 72,567 short tons, valued at $772,087; and 
in 1918, 84,468 short tons, valued at $1,146,354. 

Imports are as follows: Unwrought or unmanufactured in 1918, . 
1,597 short tons, valued at $10,359; in 1917, 975 short tons, valued at 
$7,846 ; in 1918, 1,848 short tons, valued at $14,552. Wrought or manu- 
factured have been greater, amounting in 1918 to 15,269 short tons, 
valued at $135,229; in 1917 to 15,077 short tons, valued at $159,071; 
and in 1918 to 13,485 short tons, valued at $177,102. 

Export figures are not available. 


FLUOR SPAR. 


Description and uses.—Fluor spar or fluorite, chemically calcium 
fluoride (CaF:), contains 48.9 per cent fluorine and 51.1 per cent cal- 
cium. It is translucent to transparent, and has about the same hard- 
ness as calcite. The general grades are lump, ground, and gravel 
spar. ‘The principal uses, in order of importance, are (1) metallur- 
gical work, (2) manufacture of opalescent glass and enameled ware, 
and (8) chemical manufactures, especially hydrofluoric acid. The 
bulk of domestic production and practically all of the imported supply 
appear as gravel spar, 80 per cent of the domestic production being 
used in the basic open-hearth steel furnaces. 

In metallurgy, fluorite makes extremely fluid slags with great sol- 
vent power for refractory substances., It has a comparatively low 
melting point and, at high temperatures, it has a higher quantitative 
efficiency as a flux than limestone. In the making of ferromanganese . 
and ferrosilicon, it gives great fluidity to the" slag without too high 
temperature and greatly reduces the amount ‘of phosphorus, sulphur, 


142 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


and other impurities in the pig. The most important use is in basic 
open-hearth steel furnaces, where, with limestone, it is of value as a - 
desulphurizing agent. It makes the melt more fiuid and permits the 
use of greater quantities of lower grades and scrap. Very little lump 
is used for metallurgical purposes. Theoretically, gravel spar runs in 
size from one-half inch down, but, as a matter of fact, it may vary 
from egg size to fines. 

The highest grade is white or clear, pale-green or blue, and is the 

material used by glass, enameling, and chemical industries, including 
- the manufacture of hydrofiuorie acid, which accounts for the bulk of 
the consumption. Some sodium fluoride is made for use in the pres- 
ervation of wood. For most chemical uses a purity of 95 to 98 per 
cent is necessary. 

Miscellaneous uses for the mineral are as a binding agent in emery 
wheels and for carbon electrodes, in the extraction of potash from 
feldspar, and for increasing the volatilization’ of potassium in the re- 
covery of potash from Portland cement clinker. As an electrode bond, 
fluorite increases the lighting efficiency and decreases the current 
required. 

Production.—America is now the largest producer of fluor spar, 
over 90 per cent of which is mined near Rosiclare, Ill. The field 
extends across the Ohio River into the adjoining counties of Kentucky. 
It is also produced in New Hampshire, Arizona, and Colorado, 

Prior to 1905 the domestic output was less than 50,000 tons annually 
and fluctuated considerably. In 1909, its use for open-hearth steel 
being more generally recognized, the mining and milling facilities in 
the Illinois-Kentucky fields expanded greatly, and production in- 
creased rapidly until 1912. The 1917 production of 218,828 tons, 
valued at $2,287,722, represented a 40.5 per cent increase in amount 
and 148 per cent increase in value compared with 1916. 

Fluor spar is mined by the usual underground methods. On account 
of the comparatively low value of the product, extensive or costly 
treatment is not possible, and only those deposits which furnish suf- 
ficiently pure material with a minimum of preparation can be worked 
advantageously. 

Imports, until 1916, were from 100 to 300 tons of ground for 
spar from Germany. In recent years nearly all has been the medium- 
grade gravel spar, coming chiefly from England. The supply was 
derived largely from old mine ‘dumps, purchased at the docks in 
Liverpool for about $2 a ton, and brought over as ballast. The lowest 
average vaiuation of the material at the port of entry was $2.46 in 
1911 (calendar year) and the highest, not including duty or freight, 
was $13.47 in 1918. : 

Imports in 1910 were 42,488 short tons, valued at $135,152; in 1914, 
10,206 short tons, at $38,943; and in 1918, 12,572 short tons, at 
$169,364. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. ‘ 


The provision for clays in this paragraph has been construed as not 
intended to apply to articles manufactured from clay, but only to clay 
manufactured or unmanufactured. (G. A. 7820, T. D. 35915, of 1915.) 
Clay of a grayish tinge used in making pots for melting glass, and as 
blue as any used for that purpose, when packed in bags, comes within 
this provision as unwrought clay. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 333, of 1918.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 143 


Volcanic earth, dried and ground and used for external application 
to the human body, is not a medicinal preparation nor a plaster, heal-~ 
ing or curative; but is dutiable as an earth, wrought or manufactured, 


under this paragraph. 


(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15 and 284, of 1913.) 


The duty on china clay is based on actual weight including ordinary 


moisture. 


(160 Fed., 272, of 1908. ) 


(See pars. 450 and 534.) 


PARAGRAPH 77. 


ACT OF 19809. 


91. Mica, unmanufactured, or rough 
trimmed only, 5 cents per pound and 
20 per centum ad valorem; mica cut 
or trimmed, mica plates or buiit-up 
mica, and all manutactures of mica 
or of which mica is the component 
material of chief value, 10 cents per 


ACT OF 1913. 


77. Mica, unmanufactured, valued at 
not above 15 cents per pound, 4 cents 
per pound; valued above 15 cents per 
pound, 25 per centum ad valorem; cut 
mica, mica splittings, built-up mica, 
and all manufactures of mica, or of 
which mica is the component material 


pound and 20 per centum ad valorem. | of chief value, 80 per centum ad 
valorem; ground mica, 15 per centum 
ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Mica is a mineral marketed in the form of 
cut or uncut sheets, splittings, and ground mica. Sheet mica, nonin- 
flammable and insulating, is essential in the manufacture of elec- 
trical machinery. Other uses, including windows for stoves, goggles, 
and lanterns, are dependent upon its transparency and resistance to 
heat and shock. It is used in phonograph diaphragms. Built-up mica, 
or mica board, an insulating material having various trade names, 
utilizes the splittings. Ground mica is used in patent roofing, in 
annealing steel, in lubrication, and in decoration. 

Production.—Although widely distributed, workable deposits are 
small, and high-quality mica is rare. Methods of mining and prep- 
aration are crude, and few mechanical devices have been success- 
fully applied, hence unfavorable labor conditions affect production 
adversely. Production for 1917 amounted to 1,276,533 pounds of 
sheet, valued at $753,874, and 3,429 short tons of scrap, valued at 
$52,908. This came from eight States—70 per cent from North Caro- 
lina and 23 per cent from New Hampshire. The 1917 production of 
sheet mica, the largest for four years, did not exceed the prewar 
average, and was about 51 per cent of the quantity output for 1919. 

India, the United States, and Canada supply about 98 per cent of 
the total estimated production of sheet mica. Domestic production, 
1906-1910, averaged 57 per cent of the total mica and 24 per cent 
of the sheet mica of the world; 1911-1915, 68 per cent of ali mica and 
19 per cent of the sheet mica. Domestic consumption averaged 72 
per cent of all mica for both periods, most of the ground mica used 
being domestic. The ratio of domestic production to consumption of 
sheet mica averaged about 44 per cent for both periods. 

Imports of unmanufactured mica in 1913 were 2,339,587 pounds, 
valued at $819,902, an increase over previous years; but imports 
declined during the war’ period to about $500,000 annually. Cut 
‘mica, mica splittings, and manufactures increased from $398,580 in 
1914 to $1,002,821 in 1917. In 1917 wnmanufactured mica, except the 
ground variety, was valued at $453,978. Very little ground mica is 
imported. Imports of all kinds of mica are from India (directly and 
through England), Canada, Germany, and South America, 


144 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports of unmanufactured mica declined from $25,962 in 1914 
to about $4,000 in 1917, while exports of manufactures increased 
over 100 per cent to $84,755 in 1917. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Out mica includes mica not cut exactly true in geometrical form 
and not in standard sizes commonly quoted in trade journals. (4 


Ct. Cust. Appls., 416, of 1918.) 


Mica split into layers from 0.0025 


to 0.003 inch in thickness, and, after refinishing, graded in accordance 
with its size and clearness, was held to be mica splittings within this 


paragraph. 


257, of 1911.) 


(Abstract 42046, of 1918.) 
in the act of 1909 implied a finished product. 


The term “ cut or trimmed ” 
(1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


PARAGRAPH 78. 


ACT OF 1909. 


92. Common yellow, brown, or gray 
earthenware, plain, embossed, or salt- 
glazed common stoneware, and earth- 
enware or stoneware crucibles, all 
the foregoing not decorated in any 
manner, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
yellow earthenware, plain or embossed, 
coated with white or transparant 
vitreous glaze but not otherwise orna- 
mented or decorated, and Rockingham 
earthenware, 40 per centum= ad 
valorem, 


ACT OF 1915. 


78. Common yellow, brown, or gray 
earthenware made of natural un- 
washed and unmixed clay; plain or 
embossed, common salt-glazed stone- 
ware; stoneware and earthenware 
crucibles; all the foregoing, not orna- 
mented, incised, or decorated in any 
manner, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
if ornamented, incised, or decorated 
in any manner and manufactures 
wholly or in chief value of such ware, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 


tion, 20 per centum ad valorem; Rock- 
ingham earthenware, 30 per centum 
ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
COMMON YELLOW, BROWN, OR GRAY EARTHENWARE, 


Description and uses.—Common earthenware, yellow, brown, or 
gray, includes kitchen and culinary utensils; convmon stoneware, 
crocks, butter jars, churns, fruit jars, water filters, etc.; red earthen- 
ware, flower pots, jardiniéres, vases, fern pots, window boxes, ete. 
Common stoneware is an opaque, highly fired, vitrified pottery, com- 
posed of plastic clay, the body being gray, buff, brown, or other color, 
due to iron and other impurities present, with the natural color of 
the crude clay after being burned in the kiln. Red earthenware, 
usually porous, is made from red-burning clays; yellow, brown, or 
gray earthenware is colored by the glaze applied, which may be 
either a dip or a salt glaze.. 

Production value in 1914 (including Rockingham ware) was 
$4,409,205, and in 1917, $4,931,010. In 1917 stoneware was made in 
20 States, Ohio producing nearly one-half the output; red earthen- 
ware, in 81 States, Ohio the largest producer. 

Imports.—From 1908 to 1913 the average value of imports was 
$67,000, but decreased to $27,173 in 1918. 


ROCKINGHAM EARTHENWARE, 


Description and uses.—Rockingham ware imported from England 
is of cheap brown, yellow, or reddish clay, often elaborately decorated ; 
the domestic make is of yellow or buff clays. It is covered with a 
rich brown glaze which gives its distinctive name, manganese being 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 145 


the chief célor ingredient. Except for its glaze, it is the same as other 
common ware made of domestic clays. It is used largely for teapots. 

Production.—The statistics of production include stoneware and 
yellow ware with Rockingham earthenware. Their joint value in 
1913 was $3,683,567, of which Rockingham ware was much less than 
one-third. 

Import value in 1908-9 was $20,000; in 1911, $89,692; in 1913, 
$75,006 ; and in 1918, $50,049, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase, “ earthenware or stoneware crucibles,” in paragraph 92 
of the act of 1909, was confined to such crucibles as are made of 
earthenware or stoneware, leaving all other crucibles to be classified 
under some appropriate provision of the law. Porcelain crucibles were 
held dutiable under paragraph 94 as porcelain. (G. A. 7204, T. D. 
31493, of 1911.) 

Certain decorated teapots were held dutiable as decorated earthen- 
ware and not as Rockingham earthenware. The importers failed to 
prove commercial designation of the ware as Rockingham. (3 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 420, of 1912.) Decorated Rockingham earthenware, how- 
eyer, was held dutiable as Rockingham earthenware under the 
unqualified provision therefor. (G. A. 6968, T. D. 30290, of 1910.) 

There is nothing in the body materials used in the manufacture of 
Rockingham ware that distinguishes it from the common yellow, 
brown, or gray earthenware made of natural unwashed and unmixed 
clay, Or common stoneware salt glazed which is dutiable at one-half 
the rate on Rockingham ware. 


PARAGRAPH 79. re 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


94.) *% 5)". *). Earthen, ..stone .and 79. Earthenware and crockery ware 
crockery ware, plain white, plain | composed of a nonvitrified absorbent 
brown, including clock cases with or | body, including white granite and 
without movements, pill tiles, plaques, | semiporcelain earthenware, and cream- 
ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, | colored ware, and stoneware, includ- 
statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and | ing clock cases with or without movye- 
lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in | ments, pill tiles, plaques, ornaments, 
chief value of such ware, not painted, | toys, charms, vases, statues, statuettes, 
colored, tinted, stained, enameled, | mugs, cups, steins, lamps, and all other 
gilded, printed, or ornamented or) articles composed wholly or in chief 
decorated in any manner; and manu-| value of such ware; if plain white, 
factures in chief value of such ware | plain yellow, plain brown, plain red, 
not specially provided for in this sec- | or plain black, not painted, colored, 
tion, 55 per centum ad valorem, tinted, stained, enameled, _ gilded, 
printed, ornamented or decorated in 
any manner, and manufactures in 
chief value of such ware not specially 


O3ey sa ws earthen, stone. and 
erockery ware, including clock cases 
with or without movements, pill tiles, provided for in this section, 35 per 
plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, centum ad valorem; if painted, 
vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, CUDS, | colored, tinted, stained, enameled, 
steins, and lamps, all the foregoing gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
wholly or in chief value of such ware; | gecorated in any manner, and manu- 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, | factures in chief value of such ware 
enameled, gilded, printed, or orna-| not specially provided for in this sec- 
mented or decorated in any Manner ; tion, 40 per centum ad valorem. 
and manufactures in chief value of 
such ware not specially provided for 
in this section, 60 per centum ad 
yalorem. 


184911°—20 10 





146 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, ; 


GENERAL INFORMATION, * 


Description.—Harthenware pottery, as described in this paragraph, 
includes toilet ware and other useful and ornamental articles when 
made of clays resulting in a nonvitrified white-ware body, or ware 
other than white (when made of mixed, washed, or prepared clays), 
such as cream-colored ware, fine yellow ware, red white-lined cooking 
ware, and jet-ware teapots. Fine stoneware, covered by this para- 
graph, differs from common stoneware only in the use of prepared 
clays. The raw materials are clay, quartz, and feldspar. 

Production.—In 1917-18 there were 55 potteries with a capacity 
of 473 kilns. Of the output, 65 per cent was made in Ohio, 26 per 
cent in West Virginia, and 15 per cent in seven other States. The 
annual value, 1911-1913, averaged $14,754,164; in 1917, the value was 
$20,920,469. 

Plates, cups, and saucers constitute 62 per cent of the total pottery 
output. Before the war, 56 per cent of the china clays and 77 per 
cent of the ball clays used were imported from England. A use of 
only 50 per cent English ball clay in 1917-18 resulted in deterioration 
of the ware. The flint and feldspar used are almost entirely domestic. 

Costs of production.—In 1913 an investigation of the cost of 
producing white earthenware, comparing six typical American potteries 
with six similar English potteries, showed the cost to be 38.43 per cent 
higher in the United States. The American cost was 53.65 per cent 
higher than the German for earthenware potteries, 30.25 per cent 
higher than the Austrian for china, and 69.15 per cent higher than the 
German for china. These foreign casts were increased by 53 per cent 
for earthenware and 68 to 75 per cent for Austrian and German china 
when the expenses of importation were taken into consideration. 

The American potteries showed labor costs, per unit of production, 
81.8 per cent higher than for English earthenware, 75.9 per cent 
higher than for German earthenware, 62.9 per cent higher than for 
Austrian china, and 139 per cent higher than for German china. 
This investigation developed the fact, however, that American work- 
men were much more efficient in production, the American jigger- 
man making 2,700 seven-inch plates in a nine-hour day, while the Eng- 
lish jiggerman produced but 1,200 such plates. In the making of 
handled cups, the productive ability of the American workman was 
from 122 to 188 per cent greater than that of the English. The cost 
of white-ware material (body and glaze) was 122 per cent higher in 
American potteries than in the German earthenware potteries, 181 per 
cent higher than in the German china potteries, and 122 per cent 
higher than in the Austrian china potteries. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $2,433,945. Prior to the act of 1913, 
import statistics of china and earthenware were combined. For the 
five years, 1909-1913, imports from Germany averaged $3,942,057; 
from Japan, $1,200,114; from Austria-Hungary, $735,625. These values 
are largely for cheap chinaware competitive with American earthen- 
ware. During the same period imports from England averaged 
$2,192,495, chiefly for earthenware. Shipments from Japan and from 
England haye increased since the elimination of German and Austrian — 
competition. 

In 1914 indications were that foreign ware brought higher prices 
than domestic ware, and that the difference between the cost to the 
domestic retailer and his selling price was 66 per cent on American 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 147 


earthenware, 65 per cent on Austrian china, 7S per cent on German 
china, 89 per cent on French china, and 67 per cent on English earthen- 


ware. 
‘INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Hotel ware.—The Treasury Department has held that earthenware, 
to be dutiable under the provision in paragraph 80 for “china and 
porcelain wares composed of a vitrified nonabsorbent body which 
when broken shows a vitrified or vitreous, or semivitrified or semi- 
vitreous fracture,” must not only be composed of a vitrified non- 
absorbent body, but be commercially known as china or porcelain. 
As the samples of hotel ware then before the department were found 
to be in a greater or less degree absorbent and were not commercially 
known as china or porcelain, customs officers were directed to assess 
duty thereon under paragraph 79. (T. D. 34332 of 1914.) 

Carmelite ware, described as a brown earthenware having a trans- 
parent glaze or enamel on the outside and a white glaze or enamel on 
the inside, was held to be “ enameled ” within paragraph 93 of the act 
of 1909. The words “ plain white, plain brown” in paragraph 94 were 
interpreted to mean that the ware must be all plain white or all plain 
brown, and all wares enumerated in paragraph 93 as painted, colored, 
tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, or printed were declared to be within 
the provision therefor whether or not the painting, tinting, etc., 
amounted to ornamentation or decoration. (G. A. 7009, T. D. 30543, 
of 1910.) In a later ease upon carmelite ware having a thin layer of 
white material covering the interior surface and laid upon the brown 
clay before going into the kiln, the clay forming the larger bulk of 
the article, the white layer being thin and comprising not more than 
one-tenth of the material of the vessel, and the entire surface, both 
inside and out, being also covered with a smooth, transparent, vitre- 
ous glaze, was likewise held to come within that paragraph of the act 
of 1909. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 85, of 1911.) But so-called ice tanks 
made of china or earthen ware, having a white glaze on the inside 
and a brown glaze on the outside, were held dutiable under paragraph 
92 as “ yellow earthenware coated with white or transparent vitreous 
glaze.” (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 76, of 1914.) No claim was made in the 
prior cases for classification under paragraph 92. In a case shortly 
after the decision upon ice tanks, satsuma ware, composed of plain 
earthenware glazed, was held by the Board of General Appraisers 
properly classified as enameled earthenware under paragraph 93 and 
not dutiable as plain white or plain brown earthenware under para- 
graph 94. (Abstract 36240, T. D. 34677, of 1914.) In this decision 
as reported paragraph 92 is not mentioned, and G. A. 7009, T. D. 30548, 
and 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 85 (supra), were followed without citing 5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 76. 

Decorated teapots were held dutiable as decorated and not as Rock- 
ingham ware. The importers failed to prove commercial designation 
of such ware as Rockingham. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 420, of 1912.) 

Earthenware molded in imitation of cameos was held dutiable 
under paragraph 79 of the act of 1913 as “earthenware * * #* 
ornamented or decorated in any manner, and manufactures in chief 
value of such ware not specially provided for,” and not under para- 
graph 357 as*imitation precious stones. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 434, of 
1917.) 


148 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Earthenware vases and plaques painted in mineral colors and 
fired, the original work of an artist, and having no utilitarian pur- 
pose, were held exempt from duty under paragraph 652 of the act 
of 1913 as paintings in mineral colors rather than under paragraph 
79 as plaques and vases painted. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 125, of 1917.) 

The dutiable classification of toys involves paragraph 79 of the act 
of 1913. In a decision of the Supreme Court under the act of 1883, 
plates and mugs decorated with pictures and with the letters of the 
alphabet, intended for children and known in trade as “A B C” 
plates and mugs, were held dutiable as decorated earthenware and 
not as toys. (152 U. S., 368, of 1894.) In cases under the acts of 1897 
and of 1909 china dolls and dolls’ heads were held dutiable under the 
provision for dolls and doll heads. (180 Fed., 1005, of 1910; T. D. 
30091 of 1909 and Abstract 25662, T. D. 31624; Abstract 25796, T. D. 
31675; Abstract 26065, T. D. 81757; and Abstract 26407, T. D. 31842, 
of 1911.) 

Harthenware siphon closets printed with the name and address of 
the importer or consignee, and also the badge “ Veribest,” are dutiable 
as printed earthenware under this paragraph. (Abstract 39624 of 
41916.) Diminutive earthenware figures of birds, plants, houses, and 
people, designed to be exposed for amusement or ornament and not 
intended or suitable for any utilitarian purpose, are dutiable as 
earthenware ornaments or toys under this paragraph, and are not 
to be classified as earthenware articles under paragraph 78. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., , T. D. 87947, of 1919.) Vases of various shapes 
found to be composed of common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, 
but not shown to be made of natural unwashed and unmixed clay, 
were held dutiable under this paragraph rather than paragraph 78. 
(Abstract 89625 of 1916.) Casseroles, plates, and dishes composed | 
of earthenware, colored and enameled, are dutiable as enameled 
earthenware under this paragraph (79) rather than as common earth- 
enware, decorated, under paragraph 78, or as earthenware not enam- 
eled or decorated in any manner, under paragraph 79. (Abstract 40367. 
of 1916.) 

The words vitrified, semivitrified, and semivitreous, as used in 
paragraphs 79 and 80, should not be construed to have a rigid or 
too literal meaning. ‘“ Semivitrified ” or “ semivitreous,” as thus used, 
does not mean chinaware or porcelain ware that is exactly one-half 
vitrified, but any ware of that character that is partially vitrified 
to an appreciable degree, whether more or less than half. (G. A. 
8256, T. D. 88012, of 1919) ; affirmed by the Court of Customs Appeals 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38225, of 1919.) White earthenware 
saucers and plates embossed in the mold with small raised figures 
or designs, and cups with depressions in the handles, also made in 
the mold, assessed with duty as decorated under this paragraph, were 
held to be dutiable under the provision of the same paragraph for 
plain white, ete., not decorated. Whether or not an article is orna- 
mented or decorated within this provision is a question of fact to be 
determined with reference to the particular article. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —; T. D. 388202, of 1919.) (See pars. 78, 80, and 81.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


149 


PARAGRAPH 80. 


ACT OF 1909. 


94. China, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
* * #¥* ware, plain white, plain 
brown, including clock cases with or 
without movements, pill tiles, plaques, 
ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, 
statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and 
lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in 
chief value of such ware, not painted, 
colored, tinted, stained, enameled, 
gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
decorated in any manner; and manu- 
factures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 55 per centum ad valorem. 
: 93, China, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
* *° * ware, including clock cases 
with or without movements, pill tiles, 
plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, 
vases, Statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, 
steins, and lamps, all the foregoing 
wholly or in chief value of such ware; 


ACT OF 1918. 


80. China and porcelain wares com- 
posed of a yitrified nonabsorbent body 
which when broken shows a vitrified 
or vitreous, or semivitrified or semi- 
vitreous fracture, and all bisque and 
parian wares, including clock cases 
with or without movements, plaques, 
ornaments, toys, charms, vases, statues, 
statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, 
and all other articles composed wholly 


-or in chief value of such ware, if 


plain white, or plain brown, not 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
decorated in any manner; and manu- 
factures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 50 per centum ad valorem; if 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented 
or decorated in any manner and man- 
ufactures in chief value of such ware 


painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented 
or decorated in any manner; and man- 
ufactures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 60 per centum ad valorem, 


not specially provided for in this gsec- 
tion, 55 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—China or porcelain is a fine, translucent ware hav- 
ing a white body. Domestic vitreous china, however, includes heavy, 
opaque hotel and club china of superior quality, besides a general 
line of translucent tableware rivaling the high-grade products of 
Europe in durability and beauty. High-grade bone china tableware 
is made in one domestic pottery and equals in beauty, texture, and 
artistic decoration the china of famous English potteries. China and 
porcelain wares include dinner sets, kitchen, toilet, and art wares, and 
electrical porcelain. Parian and bisque are unglazed porcelain. 

Production value of vitreous and bone chinaware in 1914 was 
$2,384,686, and in 1917, $4,805,906. There are in the United States 
eight vitreous china potteries having 74 kilns and one bone-china pot- 
tery. Vitreous china or porcelain is made from the same materials 
as earthenware by increasing the feldspar and decreasing the clay 
content; by firing to a higher temperature, the transition from white 
earthenware to vitreous china is made. Bone china contains from 
40 to 50 per cent bone ash, 20 to 30 per cent Cornish stone, and 25 to 
30 per cent clay, and is a typical English product. 

An investigation in 1913 showed that, per unit of product, the 
domestic cost of vitreous china, not decorated, was 129 per cent 
higher than in Austria and 197 per cent higher than in Germany; that 
‘costs of foreign products imported were increased from 68 to 75 
per cent, including duty, transportation, and other expenses. While 
the American labor cost per unit of production was 182 per cent 
higher than in Austrian potteries, the American wage rate was 275 


150 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


per cent higher, showing a greater productive efficiency of American 
labor. : 

Import value in 1918 from the five principal countries was about 
$7,525,000—49 per cent from Germany, 22 per cent from France, 14 
per cent from Japan, 8 per cent from Austria, and 7 per cent from 
England. Since the war the Japanese imports have more than 
doubled. : 

Exports of chinaware were valued at $166,685 in 1914 and at 
$345,838 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Hnameled,” as used in paragraph 94 of the act of 1909, was de- 
clared to have the limited meaning given it in ceramics, viz, an opaque 
or colored semivitrified coating applied to the surface of pottery either 
as a decoration or for a utilitarian purpose. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 193, 
of 1912.) Porcelain or china sparkplugs with the word “ Rajah” 
printed thereon are, however, dutiable as printed. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
198, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 359, of 1913.) 

Porcelain and “ Marquardt-Masse” pyrometer tubes were held on 
the records to come within this provision in the act of 1909. (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 266, of 1913; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 393, of 1914.) 

White china plates having the trade-mark “ Cenco” so placed and 
printed as to be attractive in color and design, are printed or orna- 
mented or decorated within this paragraph. (4 Ct, Cust. Appls., 403, 
of 1913.) 

The phrase “ earthenware or stoneware crucibles,” in paragraph 92 
of the act of 1909, was confined to such crucibles as are made of earth- 
enware or stoneware, leaving all other crucibles to be classified under 
some appropriate provision of the law. Poreelain crucibles were held 
dutiable under paragraph 94 as poreelain. (G. A. 7204, T. D. 31493, 
of 1911.) 

Porcelain and earthenware are distinguished in a case under the act 
of 1909. Porcelain was defined as a highly finished, translucent pot- 
tery, usually glazed, while earthenware is a cruder and inferior prod- 
uct. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 462, of 1913.) 

China elock cases, whether imported separately or containing clock 
movements, were held dutiable as clock cases under paragraph 93 of 
the act of 1909, and the metal movements or works as parts of clocks 
under paragraph 192. (G. A. 7126, T. D. 31086, of 1910.) 

Chinaware with a white body, having a superimposed brown color- 
ing on the outside, is dutiable as chinaware, colored or tinted, under 
this paragraph. (T. D. 35569, of 1915.) Small, plain white china 
knobs used by worsted and cotton yarn concerns are dutiable as man- 
ufactures of china under this paragraph, rather than as buttons under 
paragraph 339. (Abstract 39602, of 1916.) Decorated china cups and 
plain white china saucers are dutiable as entireties at 55 per cent 
under this paragraph (Abstract 38143, of 1915), but wooden stands 
imported with earthenware vases are dutiable separately (Abstract 
37049, of 1914). Bath babies were held dutiable under paragraph 342 
(providing for dolls) rather than under this paragraph. (Abstract 
42518, of 1918.) (See par. 79.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


151 


PARAGRAPH 81. 


ACT OF 1909. 


95. Articles and wares composed 
wholly or in chief value of earthy or 
mineral substances, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, whether 
susceptible of decoration or not, if 
not decorated in any manner, 85 per 
centum ad valorem; if decorated, 45 
per centum ad valorem; carbon, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem; electrodes, 
brushes, plates, and disks, all the fore- 
going composed wholly or in chief 
value of carbon, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 


ACT OF 19138. 


81. Earthy or mineral substances 
wholly or partially manufactured and 
articles and wares composed wholly or 
in chief value of earthy or mineral 
substances, not specially provided for 
in this section, whether susceptible of 
decoration or not, if not decorated in 
any manner, 20 per centum ad yalo- 
rem; if decorated, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; unmanufactured carbon, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem; electrodes 
for electric furnaces, electrolytic and 
battery purposes, brushes, plates, and 
disks, all the foregoing composed 
wholly or in chief value of carbon, 
25 per centum ad valorem; manufac- 
tures of carbon not specially provided 
for in this section, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


EARTHY OR MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND MANUFACTURES. 


Imports of plain articles and wares were valued at $90,326 and 


of decorated articles and wares, at $22,089, in 1914. 


Imports in- 


creased in value during the war, amounting to $199,088 for earthy 
substances, $206,068 for plain ware, and $23,458 for decorated ware 


in 1918. 


* 


UNMANUFACTURED CARBON. 


Description and uses.—The principal substances included under 
this head are coal-gas retort carbon and petroleum coke, used in 
making electrodes and other manufactures of carbon. 

Production of retort carbon in 1917 was 29,512 tons, with sales of 


23,311 tons, valued at $219,336. 


Imports have decreased since 1914, when they were valued at 
$8,916, to $1,134 in 1916 and $603 in 1918. 


ELECTRODES, BRUSHES, PLATES, DISKS. 


Description and uses.—The materials used in the manufacture 
of these articles are anthracite coal, coal-gas coke or petroleum coke, 
hard and soft pitch, coal tar, and petroleum. In some cases a part 
of the coke may be replaced by lampblack or graphite. For electrode 
purposes, copper powder is sometimes mixed with the carbon to in- 
crease the conductivity. The coke is ground, the ingredients mixed, 
pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure, and then baked 
to drive off volatile products. 

Production figures are not given separately. The value of the 
production of-all carbons, including furnace and battery electrodes, 
brushes, electric light, and miscellaneous carbons in 1914, was 
$3,602,741. ; 

Imports of brushes, electrodes, disks, and plates in 1914 were 
valued at $147,771. The value was slightly lower in 1915, but has 
since increased steadily to $307,609 in 1918. 


152 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Export of carbons in 1918 (first year shown) amounted to 
$1,525,128, about 50 per cent going to Canada. 


ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF CARBON. 


Imports.—In 1918 Germany contributed nearly 50 per cent of the 
total imports ($38,863) and in 1915, 87 per cent of the total ($57,830). 
Since 1915 the imports have been mostly from France, Japan, and 
Canada. The value in 1917 was $135,424, and in 1918, $152,602. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “ earthy or mineral substances wholly or partially 
manufactured and articles and wares composed wholly or in chief 
value of earthy or mineral substances n. s. p. f.”’ includes conduits, 
consisting of pipes or tubes and angles made of fire clay and car- 
borundum and used in the construction of ovens for baking chinaware 
(T. D. 36498, of 1916) ; brick rubble, ordinary clay burnt, ground, and 
passed through a screen, used for tennis courts (G. A. 7820, T. D. 
35915, of 1915) ; carbosolite, a composition chiefly. of silicon and car- 
bon, with some alumina and a trace of iron (T. D. 34885, of 1914); 
granito, marble waste crushed and screened (6 ‘Ct. Cust. Appls., 512, 
of 1916) ; crushed limestone, stone crushed and screened (G. A. T779, 
T. D. 357238, of 1915, G. A. 7970, T. D. 36719, of 1916, Abstract 43180, 
of 1919, appeal pending in Court of Customs Appeals) ; Tam O’Shanter 
polishing stones (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1912; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
188, of 1914); Hnglish blue and water of Ayr whetstones (Abstract 
36338, T. D. 34742, of 1914, following 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1913) ; 
so-called roojsing felt coated (T. D. 36883, of 1916) ; transparent glass- 
like tubes, made from the product resulting from fusing or melting 
quartz rock by intense heat, whereby its crystalline property is de- 
stroyed (G. A. 7988, T. D. 86818, of 1916) ; ferroid-enamel composition 
and tenax cement composition, used principally upon iron girders and 
beams of the framework of steamships as a preliminary covering 
before the final coating of paint (T. D. 37674, of 1918) ; sapphire bear: 
ings for meters, the rule of ejusdem generis not excluding them (4 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1918) ; sapphire points for cutting tools (Ab- 
stract 39341, of 1916; Abstract 41188, of 1917) ; scouring bricks, com- 
posed of clay and flint, ground and baked in a kiln, or composed of . 
silica, iron oxide, alumina, lime, and magnesium (Abstract 37653, of 
1915; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 63, of 1914); and refuse sawn stone (T. DS 
37932, of 1919.) Dressed lava stone, not a monumental or building 
stone, has also been held dutiable under this provision. (4 Ct. Cust. : 
Appls., 110, of 1918; Abstract 36890, of 1914.) 

Merchandise described as “ filieres diamant” was held dutiable as ’ 
bort under paragraph 357, rather than under this paragraph (Abstract 
42946, of 1919). Modeling clay, a substance declared to be neither - ; 
earthy nor mineral, but saponifiable matter in percentage 31.12, was 
held dutiable as an unenumerated manufactured article under para- | 
graph 885 (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1915; see, also, 3 Ct. Cust.‘ 
Appls., 220, of 1912) ; and molybdenite, a mineral substance imported 
in its natural state freed from rock or gangue, was held exempt from 
duty under paragraph 549 as a mineral not advanced in value. or 
condition, rather than dutiable as an earthy or mineral substance 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1915). Stone or quartz, which upon chemi-. 


153 


cal analysis shows a content of 98 to 99 per cent of silicic acid and 
which has been put through a process of crushing to reduce it in 
size to pieces from one-half inch to 10 inches in diameter, is not 
within this paragraph, but is free of duty as silicic acid under para- 
graph 387. (G. A. 8104, T. D. 373896, of 1917.) Polishing sand and 
ground geyserite were also excluded and were held free of duty as 
sand under paragraph 614. (Abstracts 43278 of 1919 and 36371 of 
1914.) Rotten-stone bricks are also free under paragraph 614, rather 
than dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 42319 of 1918.) 

Nikols, or nicol prisms, manufactured from carbonate of calcium, 
come Within this paragraph and not within paragraph 98 as articles 
of rock crystal. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 416, of 1914.) 

Carbon blocks in rectangular pieccs, devoted by further processing 
to the manufacture of brushes and plates for electrical machinery, are 
classable as manufactures of carbon n. s. p. f., and not as brushes or 
plates of carbon. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37948, of 1919.) 

The word “substances” in this paragraph includes the singular 
as well as the plural. ‘“ Compesed of” applies to one substance as 
well as to more than one. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 425, of 1912.) 

(See pars. 75 and 82.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 82. 


ACT OF 1909. 


96. Gas retorts, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; lava tips for burners, 10 
cents per gross and 15 per centum ad 
valorem; carbons for electric lighting, 
wholly or partly finished, made en- 
tirely from petroleum coke, 85 cents 
per hundred feet; if composed 
chiefly of lampblack or retort carbon, 
65 cents per hundred feet; filter 
tubes, 85 per centum ad valorem; 
porous carbon pots for electric bat- 
teries, without metallic connections, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 19158. 


82. Gas retorts, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; lava tips for burners, 15 
per centum ad valorem; carbons for 
electric lighting, wholly or partly fin- 
ished, made entirely from petroleum 
coke, 15 cents per hundred feet; if 
composed chiefly of lampblack or re- 
tort carbon, 40 cents per hundred 
feet; carbons for flaming are lamps, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, and filter tubes, 30 per centum 
ad valorem; porous carbon pots for 
electric batteries, 15 per centum ad 
valorem. ‘ 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


GAS RETORTS. 


Description and use.—Gas retorts for use in the manufacture of 
coal gas are made usually of fire clay or silica. 
Production figures are not available, but most of the retorts used 


are of domestic manufacture. 


Imports have been small—in 1914, 455 retorts, valued at $17,627; 


in 1915, 152 retorts. 


LAVA TIPS FOR BURNERS. 


Description and uses.—Lava tips for burners are not made of 


lava, but of tale. 


Imports before the war were almost entirely from 
amounting in 1913 to 17,148 gross, valued at $9,759. 
gross were imported, and in 1915, 1,680 gross. 


separately since 1915. 


Germany, 
In 1914, 2,955 
Imports are not shown 


154 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ELECTRIC-LIGHT CARBONS, 


Description and uses.—An ordinary open-arc carbon, made of 
petroleum coke, is used for old-type locomotive headlights and in 
open-are lamps. A high-grade lampblack carbon, with homogeneous 
flaming-are ingredients, is used in inclosed flaming-are lamps. .Lamp- 
black shell with a fiaming core, the core of carbon, is used in the 
photographic arts. Cored inclosed are carbon, core and shell both 
lampblack, is used in connection with flaming-are carbons and in the 
photographic arts. 

Imports have been principally of carbon composed chiefly of lamp- 
black or retort carbon. These amounted in 19138 to 17,600,380 feet; in 
1914, to 15,690,763 feet; in 1918, to 6,000 feet. Imports of carbons 
made entirely from petroleum coke amounted in 1913 to 642 feet; in 
1914, to 51,950 feet. No imports are shown for 1918. Imports before 
the war were mostly from Germany. Imports of porous carbon pots 
for batteries were valued at less than $100 a year since 1914. 


FILTER TUBES. 


Description and uses.—Filter tubes are usually made of porous 
earthenware and are used for filtering drinking water and solutions 
in chemical works. 

Imports have varied in value from $7,482 in 1914, to $2,769 in 
1916, and $3,185 in 1918. 


INTERPZETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The words “carbons for flaming-are lamps, not specially provided 
for,’ do not cover all carbons for flaming-arec lamps, but only 
those not made chiefly of lampblack or retort carbon or entirely of 
petroleum coke. Flaming-are lamp carbons in chief value of lamp- 
black or retort carbon, with or without a core impregnated with 
chemical salts, are dutiable under this paragraph at 40 cents per 100 
feet, and not as carbons for flaming-are lamps at 80 per cent ad 
valorem. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 40, of 1916.) . 

Flaming-are carbons in chief value of materials mentioned in the 
provision for carbons for electric lighting, some of which are diffi- 
cult to distinguish without analysis from flaming-are carbons not 
chiefly of such materials, are subjected by the words “not specially 
provided for” to specific rather than ad valorem duties. 


PARAGRAPH 83. 


ACT OF 1909. 


97. Plain green or colored, molded 
or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead 
glass bottles, vials, jars, and covered 
or uncovered demijohns, and carboys, 
any of the foregoing, filled or unfilled, 
not otherwise specially provided for 
in this section, and whether their con- 
tents be dutiable or free (except such 
as contain merchandise subject to an 
ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate 
of duty based in whole or in part 
upon the value thereof which shall 
be dutiable at the rate applicable to 
their contents), shall pay duty as 


ACT OF 1913. 


83. Plain green or colored, molded 
or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead 
glass bottles, vials, jars, and covered 
and uncovered demijohns, and carboys, 
any of the foregoing, filled or un- 
filled, not otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in this section, and whether 
their contents be dutiable or free 
(except such as contain merchandise 
subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, 
or to a rate of duty based in whole 
or in part upon the value thereof 
which shall be dutiable at the rate 
applicable to their contents), 80 per 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


follows: If holding more than one 
pint, 1 cent per pound ; if holding not 
more than one pint and not less than 
one-fourth of a pint, 13 cents per 
pound ; if holding less than one-fourth 
of a pint, 50 cents per gross: Pro- 
vided, That none of the above articles 
shall pay a less rate of duty than 40 
per centum ad valorem: Provided 
further, That the terms bottles, vials, 


155 


ACT OF 1913—Continued, 


eentum ad valorem: Provided, Fhat 
the terms bottles, vials, jars, demi- 
johns, and carboys, as used herein, 
shall be restricted to such articles 
when suitable for use as and of the 
character ordinarily employed as con- 
tainers for the holding or transporta- 
tion of merchandise, and not as appli- 
ances or implements in chemical or 
other operations, 


jars, demijohns, and earboys, as used 
herein, shall be restricted to such ar- 
ticles when suitable for use as and 
of the character ordinarily employed 
as containers for the holding or 
transportation of merchandise, and 
not. as appliances or implements in 
chemical or other operations. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Molded, pressed, or other glass containers, 
which may be plain green or colored, include fruit jars, milk bottles, 
medicine bottles, and bottles for liquors, preserves, and other food- 
stuffs. Lime glass is used for ordinary large bottles; small vials are 
usually made of lead glass. The principal materials used are sand, 
soda ash, ground limestone, salt cake, lead oxide, and small amounts 
of arsenic, all of domestic origin. 

Production value in 1914 was $51,958,728. In 1918 there were 116 
manufacturing companies with 142 factories in 19 States; 45 per 
cent of the output came from automatic machines, 35 per cent from 
semiautomatic machines, and about 20 per cent from hand _ labor. 
In 1914 the output was 4,893,416 gross druggist’s bottles, ete; 
4,573,610 gross beer, soda, and mineral-water bottles; 2,689,022 gross 
liquor bottles and flasks; 1,198,952 gross fruit jars; 1,188,891 gross 
milk bottles; 1,384,689 gross patent-medicine bottles; 3,271,174 gross 
food-preserving and packer’s containers; 79,211 gross battery jars and 
‘ electric goods; and 160,796 dozen demijohns and earboys. The value 
of. production increased 54.5 per cent for 1904-1914, this form of 
glass constituting 42 per cent in value of the total production. 

Imports, including filed and empty bottles, were valued at 
$1,185,015 in 1914 and at $302,052 in 1918. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $711,353; in 1918, at $2,671,892. 
The wares went to Canada, Cuba, England, Argentina and other 
South American countries. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Plain green or colored flint, lime, or lead-glass bottles, suitable for 
use and of the character ordinarily employed as containers for the 
holding or transportation of merchandise, come within this para- 
graph rather than under paragraph 84. (T. D. 32728 of 1912.) Such 
bottles containing merchandise subject to an ad valorem rate of duty 
or to a duty based in whole or in part upon the value thereof are 
dutiable at the rate applicable to their contents, but in case of com- 
pound rates at the ad valorem rate only. (G. A. 4812, T. D. 22621, 
of 1900.) 


156 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
Nonrefillable bottles—The value of the nonrefillable device is 
included in determining the value of nonrefillable bottles. But the 
wooden tops, outer foil, insert corks, and labels used for the proper 
packing and protection of the bottles during transportation, and not 
needed for the proper use of the bottles as containers, were held 
to be parts of ncoither the bottles nor the nonrefillable device. (T. D. 
35839, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, of 1918.) (See par. 84.) 


PARAGRAPH 84. 


ACT OF 1909. 


98. Glass bottles, decanters, and all 
articles of every description composed 
wholly or in chief value of glass, 
ornamented or decorated in any man- 
ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- 
rated, ornamented, colored, stained, 
silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, 
frosted, or printed in any manner, or 
ground (except such grinding as is 
necessary for fitting stoppers or for 
purposes other than ornamentation), 
and all articles of every description, 
including bottles and bottle glassware, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
glass blown either in a mold or other- 
wise; all of the foregoing, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
filled or unfilled, and whether their 
contents be dutiable or free, 60 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
for the purposes of this Act, bottles 
with cut glass stoppers shall, with the 
stoppers, be deemed entireties. 


ACT OF 1915. 


84. Glass bottles, decanters, and all 
articles of every description composed 
wholly or in chief value of glass, orna- 
mented or decorated in any manner, or 
cut, engraved, painted, decorated, or- 
namented, colored, stained, silvered, 
gilded, etched, sand blasted, frosted, 
or printed in any manner, or ground 
(except such grinding as is necessary 
for fitting stoppers or for purposes 
other than ornamentation), and all 
articles of every description, including 
bottles and bottle glassware, composed 
wholly or in chief value of glass 
blown either in a mold or otherwise; 
all of the foregoing, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, filled or un- 
filled, and whether their contents be 
dutiable or free, 45 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That for the pur- 
poses of this Act, bottles with cut- 
glass stoppers shall, with the stoppers, 
be deemed entireties. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description.—The principal groups of blown and pressed glassware 
are pressed table and lighting glassware, blown tumblers, stem ware 
and bar goods, lamps and lamp chimneys, cut glass and decorated 
ware, pressed jellies, tumblers, and goblets. 

Production was valued at $30,279,290 in 1914, increasing in quan-_ 
tity 16 per cent and in value 87 per cent in 1917, with 113 companies 
operating 129 factories in 11 States and employing 8,282 skilled work- 
men. The raw materials used are sand, soda ash, lime, lead oxide 
(all of domestic origin), and carbonate of potash, nitrate of soda, 
manganese, antimony compounds, arsenic, and powdered blue (partly 
or wholly of foreign origin). Red lead, saltpeter, and barium ecar- 
bonate also are used in crystal and cut glassware. Lime glass is 
used for the cheapest pressed ware, but the better grades are made 
of lead glass. aad 

Imports were valued at $2,223,387 in 1914. Little pressed table- 
ware has been imported, while other pressed ware consisted largely of 
door knobs. Imports of fine grades of blown ware and decorated 
blown ware were considerable. Cut or ornamented glassware, valued 
at $1,151,875, was imported in 1914, 34.5 per cent from Austria, 28 per 
cent from Germany, 14 per cent from Belguim, 10 per cent from 
France, 9.6 per cent from England, and about 4 per cent from other, 
countries. The value of blown and pressed glass imported in 1918 was 
$649,346. Competition has been particularly felt in the fine grades of 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 157 


blown ware and decorated blown ware, 34 per cent of these imports 
coming from Austria and 28 per cent from Germany. . 

_ Exports were valued at $2,671,164 in 1914 and at $5,411,995 in 
1917. The increase, due to cessation of European production, was: to 
Canada, 41 per cent; to Cuba, 228 per cent; to South America, 372 per 
cent; to Asia, 556 per cent; and to Australia and other countries, 80 
per cent. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Stemmed glassware.—Plain stemmed glassware with blown bowl 
and molded stem and foot has been held dutiable under the acts of 
1909 and 1913 as a manufacture of glass upon proof that the part 
composed of blown glass was not of chief value. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
298, of 1914; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 185, of 1916.) 

Decorated glassware.—tTrays, the rims of which are of stained 
bamboo and the bottoms of two panes of common flat window glass, 
between which are natural butterflies with paper bodies, leaves, and 
silk threads so arranged as to give the effect of a decoration on glass, 
the decorations not being attached to either pane of glass, but held 
in position by the fastening of the glass to the rims of the trays, were 
held not classifiable under paragraph 84 of the act of 1913, as articles 
in chief value of glass “ornamented or decorated” or processed in 
any of the ways specified therein, but dutiable as manufactures in 
chief value of glass, not specially provided for, under paragraph 
95. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37996, of 1919.) Thin glass bottles 
having figures of sprays of leaves and fruits molded into the glass 
in the manufacture of the bottles were held dutiable as glass bottles 
ornamented or decorated under paragraph 84, and not as plain green 
or colored, molded or pressed glass bottles under paragraph 83. (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 256, of 1918.) Similar bottles with ornamentations 
in the form of roses or vines were likewise classified. (Abstracts 
39494 and 40224, of 1916.) 

Certain glass bottles containing perfumery, classified as plain glass 
bottles subject to the same rate of duty as their contents at 60 per 
cent under paragraphs 48 and 83, were held dutiable as decorated 
bottles at 45 per cent under paragraph 84. (Abstracts 41682 and 
41692, of 1918.) Ornamental glass bottles having a glass stopper 
elongated in a rod reaching nearly to the bottom of the bottle, used 
for holding perfumery, the purpose of the stopper being. to use a drop 
of the perfumery at a time, were likewise classified under para- 
graph 84. (Abstract 41520, of 1917.) 

Hat pins with blue steel shanks and heads of glass or paste, pear 
or globular shaped, classified as jewelry under paragraph 356, were 
found to be in chief value of cut glass, dutiable under this para- 
graph. As this claim was not made, the protest was overruled. (Ab- 
stract 39371, of 1916.) Bracelets of decorated glass are also dutiable 
under this paragraph as articles composed of decorated glass. (Ab- 
stract 42366, of 1918.) Chandeliers, electroliers, ceiling lights, and 
brackets, composed of metal and cut or blown glass, the latter chief 
value, the parts packed separately, sold in condition as imported, 
were held to be dutiable as entireties under the provision in this para- 
graph for articles in chief value of blown glass. (Abstract 40508, of 
1916.) Glass signs made of cylinder glass, sand blasted and colored, 
_their edges ground, bearing the word “ Exit” stenciled by sand blast- 


158 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ing or etched with acid and ready for use, are dutiable under this 
paragraph as glass articles, colored and sand blasted. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 445, of 1917.) Thermos bottles of blown glass were held 
dutiable under paragraph 98 of the act of 1909, being in a class by 
themselves (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 26, of 1913); so were so-called jars 
used by photographers as a bath for sensitized plates (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 389, of 1915). So-called glass rosettes for insulation purposes 
were held dutiable as articles of glass, colored (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
411, of 1912). Colored glass funnels, blown in a mold and ground, 
were likewise so classified (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 56, of 1914); as also, 
were prismoidal glass, colored or gilded (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15, of 
1915). (See pars. 88, 93, 89, and 90.) 

The words “or paste” might be added after the words “in chief 
value of glass,” as there is no clear-cut distinction between glass and 
paste and the two are treated alike in the provision of paragraph 95 
for manufactures of glass and paste. 


PARAGRAPH 85. 


ACT OF 1909. 


99. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, and 
common window glass, not exceeding 
one hundred and fifty square inches, 
valued at not more than 1% cents per 
pound, 134 cents per pound; valued at 
more than 13 cents per pound, 13 
cents per pound; above that, and not 
exceeding three hundred and eighty- 
four square inches, valued at not more 
than 12 cents per pound, 13 cents per 
pound; valued at more than 1% cents 
per pound, 1Z cents per pound; above 
that, and not exceeding seven hundred 
and twenty square inches, valued at 
not more than 23 cents per pound, 24 
cents per pound; valued at more than 
24 cents per pound, 22 cents per 
pound; above that, and not exceeding 
eight hundred and sixty-four square 
inches, 22 cents per pound; above 
that, and not exceeding one thousand 
two hundred square inches, 34 cents 
per pound; above that and not ex- 
ceeding two thousand four hundred 
Square inches, 33 cents per pound; 
above that, 43 cents per pound: Pro- 
vided, That unpolished’ cylinder, 
crown, and common window glass, 
imported in boxes, shall contain fifty 
square feet, aS nearly as sizes will 
permit, and the duty shall be com- 
puted thereon according to the actual 
weight of glass, 


ACT OF 19158. 


85. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, 
and common window glass, not ex- 
ceeding one hundred and fifty square 
inches, Zz of 1 cent per pound; above 
that, and not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, 1 cent 
per pound; above that, and not ex- 
ceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square. inches, 13 cents per pound; 
above that, and not exceeding one 
thousand two hundred square inches, 
+ cents per pound; above that, and 
not exceeding two thousand four hun- 
dred square inches, 12 cents per 
pound ; above that, 2 cents per pound: 
Provided, That unpolished, cylinder, 
crown, and common window glass, im- 
ported in boxes, shall contain fifty 
square feet, as nearly as sizes will 
permit, and the duty shall be com- 
puted thereon according to the actual 
weight of glass, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Common window glass is usually blown into cylin- 
der form, by hand or machine, and afterwards flattened into sheets, 
annealed, and cut to desired commercial sizes. A method of drawing 
the glass in a continuous flat sheet is still in an experimental stage 
in the United States, but is said to be successfully employed in Bel- _ 
gium. The materials used—silica sand, crushed limestone, carbonate 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 159 


of soda or soda ash, ground carbon, sulphate of soda or salt cake, 
are all of domestic origin. Manganese dioxide or pyrolusite and 
white arsenie are used in relatively small amounts. The use of crown 
glass for glazing is practically obsolete, but there is still a limited 
production for special purposes. It is made by blowing a hollow ball, 
which is opened and then flattened to a disk by centrifugal force. 

Production.—Sixty per cent of the total of about 9,000,000 fifty- 
foot boxes of window glass of the blast of 1916-17 was made in 27 
factories by the machine method, and the remaining 40 per cent was 
made in 55 factories by the hand method. The present machine fac- 
tories might readily produce all the window glass needed and elimi- 
nate the hand-blowing factories, but fear of a price war deters. Win- 
dow-glass production was 400,998,893 square feet, valued at $17,495,956 
in 1914, an~inecrease over 1899 of 84.7 per cent in quantity and 60.8 
per cent in value. During the war production greatly increased on 
account of reduced importation. 

Imports were a little over 34,073,429 pounds, valued at $1,259,497 
in 1906, but decreased almost constantly until 1918, when they were 
only 20,458,970 pounds, valued at $804,731. They increased to 31,197,- 
530 pounds, valued at $1,212,536, in 1914; since then they have been 
almost negligible. Of the imports each year, 1906-1914, from 80 to 95 
per cent was of the small sizes, 8 by 16 to 16 by 24 inches, and mostly 
from Belgium. 

Exports, which in 1914 amounted to $311,339, increased notably 
during the war, production in Belgium and northern Franee having 
ceased and supplies from central Europe having failed. In 1915 
the export trade was over $1,000,000 and in 1918, $3,401,120. Increases 
<o noncombatant countries and to Canada and Australia were notable. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Window glass as a material should be distinguished from completed 
articles made from such material. Glass signs made of cylinder 
glass, sand blasted and colored, their edges ground, bearing the word 
“ Exit ” stenciled by sand blasting or etched with acid, ready for use, 
were therefore held to be too far advanced or processed, to be dutiable 
as glass under paragraphs 85 and 90, and were dutiable as glass arti- 
cles, colored and sand blasted, under paragraph 84. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 445, of 1917.) Goggle glasses are also not classable as window 
glass. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 218, of 1915.) Glass microscope slides 
have been held to be dutiable under the provision for glass (Ab- 
stracts 37238 and 37370, of 1915), but articles composed of cylinder, 
crown, or window glass of various sizes, concaved, beveled or plain, 
and ready for separate uses, such as microscope slides, watch cover 
glasses, cover glasses, clock glasses, ete., are now classified as manu- 
factures of glass under paragraph 95, rather than as glass, following 
the above court decisions (T. D. 37316, of 1917), as are microscope 
cover glasses (G. A. 8301, T. D. 38182, of 1919). (See par. 91.) 

Glass claimed to be free of duty under the provision in paragraph 
577 of the act of 1909 for glass plates or disks, rough cut or un- 
wrought, for use in the manufacture of optical instruments, spectacles, 
and eyeglasses, and suitable only for such use (paragraph 494, act of 
1913), was shown to be used for other purposes, viz, occasionally in 
art-glass work, for moving-picture slides, and set in a frame in front 


160 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


of a furnace, was held properly classified as cylinder glass, colored, 


under paragraphs 99 and 104. 


(Abstract 36798, T. D. 34871, of 1914.) 


Boxes containing more than 50 square feet.—Glass dutiable under 
this paragraph may be packed in boxes containing multiples of 50 


-square feet. 


(T. D. 34388, of 1914; 


opinion of Attorney General.) 


The comma after “ unpolished ” might be omitted. 


PARAGRAPH 86. 


ACT OF 1909. 


100. Cylinder and crown glass, pol- 
ished, not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, 4 cents 
per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 6 cents per square foot; 
above that, and not exceeding one 
thousand four hundred and_ (forty 
Square inches, 12 cents per square 
foot; above that 15 cents per square 


ACT OF 1915. 


86. Cylinder and crown glass, pol- 
ished, not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, 3 cents 
per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 4 cents per square foot ; 
above that, and not exceeding one 
thousand four hundred and _ forty 
square inches, 7 cents per square foot; 
above that, 10 cents per square foot. 


foot. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Cylinder and crown glass, blown in thick 
sheets which are subsequently ground down and polished in the same 
manner as plate glass, is superior to ordinary cylinder glass because 
free from the wavy irregularities caused by flattening. A much thin- 
ner plate glass can be made at less expense by this process than by 
casting, as little material is wasted in the grinding and polishing. 
Polished cylinder glass is used where exceptionally clear but thin 
sheets are required—automobile wind shields, ete. . 

Imports prior to the war averaged about 600,000 square feet an- 
nually, amounting to 615,337 square feet, valued at $121,814, in 1914. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchandise consisting of two polished cylinder glass sheets glued 
together, with a rim of adhesive substance to keep the dampness 
from between the sheets, and designed for use as material for auto- 
mobile windshields, is too far advanced or processed for classifica- 
tion as polished cylinder glass under this paragraph or paragraph 90, 
and falls within paragraph 95 as “all glass or manufactures of 
glass, which provision applies to polished cylinder glass sheets whether 
or not they have been so far advanced as to constitute manufactures.’ ” 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 451, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 87. 


101. Fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough 
plate glass, or the same containing a 
wire netting within itself, not includ- 
ing crown, cylinder, or common win- 
dow glass, not exceeding three hun- 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 2 
of 1 cent per square foot; above that, 
and not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, 14 cents per 
square foot; all above that, 12 cents 
per square foot; and all fluted, rolled, 
ribbed, or rough plate glass, weighing 


87. Fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough 
plate glass, or the same containing a 
wire netting within itself, not includ- 
ing crown, cylinder, or common win- 
dow glass, not exceeding three hun- 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 3 
cent per square foot; all above that, 
1 cent per quare foot; and all fluted, 
rolled, ribbed, or rough plate glass, 
weighing over one hundred pounds 
per one hundred square feet, shall pay 
an additional duty on the excess at 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


over one hundred pounds per one hun- 
dred square feet, shall pay an addi- 
tional duty on the excess at the same 
rates herein imposed: Provided, That 


161 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


the same rates herein imposed: Pro- 
vided, That all of the above plate 
glass, when ground, smoothed, or other- 
wise obscured, shall be subject to the 


all of the above plate glass, when 
ground, smoothed, or otherwise ob- 
scured, shall be subject to the same 
rate of duty as cast polished plate 
glass unsilvered. 


same rate of duty as cast polished 
plate glass unsilvered. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Rough or rolled plate glass is one of the 
cheapest forms of glazing where heavy glass is required. Fluted, 
ribbed, or other figured unpolished plate glass is that which has had 
a pattern impressed upon one surface during the rolling. Wire netting 
embedded in plate glass renders it much less susceptible to shattering 
from vibration or fire. Glass made translucent or opaque after the 
rolling is known as “obscured” glass. This is frequently used for 
windows in office partitions, ete. 

Production.—The batch materials for rolled plate are sand, lime- 
stone, and salt cake, with other materials varying according to the 
quality of glass desired. The processes are almost entirely mechan- 
ical. The molten glass is poured upon an iron table and flattened by 
an iron roller; large sheets can thus be made as easily as small ones. 
Production in 1914: Obscured glass, 43,040,079 square feet, valued at 
$2,417,253; rough wire glass, 13,980,996 square feet, valued at $1,056,- 
612; and rough plate, 131,492 square feet, valued at $25,859. 

Imports averaged about 1 per cent of the quantity and about 4 
per cent of the value of obscured glass produced, amounting to 614,012 
square feet, valued at $126,917 in 1914. Only 3,996 square feet were 
imported in 1918. Rough and figured rolled plate glass, including wire 
glass, amounted to 436,586 square feet, valued at $15,207 in 1914, and 
17,675 square feet, valued at $2,239 in 1918. 

Exports are not separately stated. (See par. 88.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Glass cast upon a plate or table without the application of further 
processes of manufacture is plate glass. Such glass, when rendered 
translucent or opaque by the addition of pigments to the composition 
prior to being cast, is not obscured plate glass within the proviso to 
this paragraph, the term “ obscured plate glass” being interpreted to 
mean such as is rendered translucent or opaque by processes applied 
after the cast leaves the plate and similar to the processes of grinding 
or smoothing glass, the words “ otherwise obscured ” being limited to 
processes similar to those enumerated in the provision. (G. A. 5007, 
T. D. 233820, of 1901.) Rolled plate glass, colored by the introduction 
of some pigment or metallic substance in the molten material prior to 
easting upon the table or plate, was held to be neither ‘ obscured ” 
glass under paragraph 102 of the act of 1909 nor unpolished cylinder, 
crown, or common window glass under paragraphs 98 and 104, but 
because of the restriction of the importer’s claim to paragraphs 99 
and 104 the collector’s decision was undisturbed. (G. A. 7858, T. D. 
82486, of 1912.) 

184911°—20——11 


‘62 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 88. 


ACT OF 19069, 


102, Cast polished plate glass, fin- 
ished or unfinished and unsilvered, 
not exceeding three hundred and 
eighty-four square inches, 10 cents per 
square foot; above that, and not ex- 
ceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 124 cents per square 
foot; all above that, 224 cents per 
square foot. 


ACT OF 1913. — , 


88. Cast polished plate glass, fin- 
ished or unfinished and unsilvered, or 
the same containing a wire netting 
within itself, not exceeding three hun- . 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 6 
cents per square foot; above that, and 
not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, 8 cents per 
Square foot; all above that, 12 cents 


per square foot. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The essential properties of polished plate 
giass are transparency, homogeneity, and strength. For some years 
it has been in general use for glazing in first-class buildings. It is 
practically the only glass used for mirrors. it is also used for tables, 
desks, and other furniture, for wind shields, ship lights, and many 
other purposes. | 

Production.—In i917 there were nine companies operating 15 
plate-glass factories and producing approximately 75,000,000 square 
feet of polished plate glass. ‘The production in 1914 was 60,383,516 
square feet (11.6 per cent of ail building glass), valued at $14,773,787. 
Since its development the plate-glass industry has made inroads upon 
other branches of building glass manufacture. Besides the batch ma- 
terials, its production requires finishing and other essential materials, 
such as carbon, copperas, grinding sand, reuge, felt, emery, gypsum, 
and pot clay. Turkish emery and German pot clay were prewar im- _. 


ports, 
Imports are mainly of the finer and more expensive grades used 


for mirrors; 75 per cent of this glass is imported. In 1914 imports 
were valued at $631,618, which was 4.27 per cent of the domestic pro- 
duction. In 1914, 73.68 per cent of the polished plate glass imported 
was of sizes not exceeding 726 square inches. Imports since 1914 
have been unimportant. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $35,767; 
$2,223,329. 


in 1917 they increased to 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Plate glass, ground concave for use in the manufacture of magni- 
fying mirrors, which was classified as ground and polished glass 
under paragraph 98, act of 1909, was held dutiable as plate glass 
under paragraphs 102 and 104. (Abstract 27543, T. D. 32149, of 
1912. ) 

Polished plate glass with holes ground in each end was held to be 
plate glass rather than ground glass articles. (Abstract 27811, T. D. 
S2201, OL 1OLe.7 

PARAGRAPH 89. 


103. Cast polished plate glass, sil- 89. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, 
vered, cylinder and crown glass, sil- | cylinder and crewn glass, silvered, and 
vered, and leoking-glass plates, ex- | looking-glass plates exceeding in size 


one hundred and forty-four square — 
inches, shall be subject to a duty of 1 
cent per square foot in addition to the 
rates otherwise chargeable on such 
glass unsilvered: Provided, That no 


eeeding in size one hundred and forty- 
four square inches and not exceeding 
three hundred and eighty-four square 
inches, 11 cents per square foot; above 
that, and not exceeding seven hundred 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


and twenty square inches, 13 cents per 
square foot; all above that, 25. cents 
per square foot: Provided, That no 
looking-glass plates or plate glass, sil- 


vered, when framed, shall pay a less ° 
rate of duty than that imposed upon | 


similar glass of like description not 


20863 
ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


looking-glass plates or glass silvered, 


-when framed, shall pay a less rate of 


duty than that imposed upon similar 
glass of like description not framed, 
but shall pay in addition thereto upon 
such frames the rate of duty appli- 
cable thereto when imported separate. 


framed, but shall pay in addition 
thereto upon such frames the rate of 
duty applicable thereto when imported | 
separate, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Ordinary grades of silvered glass are made 
of cylinder glass, but for high-grade mirrors plate glass (imported 
before the war) is used. The glass is seidom manufactured by the 
Silvering concerns. Formerly a compound of mercury and tin was 
used for the backing of mirrors, now superseded by silver, applied by 
chemical means, increasing reflectivity from 20 to 25 per cent. Orna- 
mental mirrors and looking-glasses comprise the larger part of this 
product, but silvered glass has many industrial and scientific uses. 
(See par. 90.) 

Production in 1914, by 182 establishments capitalized at $6,517,000, 
was valued at $10,711,831, which included silvered glass under para- 
graphs 90 and 95. There is little foreign competition in silvered glass, 
due to the additional tariff and liability to damage in transit. 

Imports of silvered cylinder glass amounted to $24,398 in 1914 
and to $21,618 in 1915—unprecedented records, as imports in former 
years averaged about $800. Silvered piate giass imported in 1914 
amounted to $4,861, above the average. (See par. 90.) 

Exports have been slight during the war, and to markets formerly 
supplied by Germany, France, and England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Reflector glasses in the form of glass sheets not fashioned into 
reflectors were held dutiable under paragraph 103 of the act of 1909 as 
cylinder glass, silvered. (T. D. 31342, 31387, of 1911.) Parabolic 
mirrors, cast, polished plate giass, silvered and bent, with concave 
refiecting surface for searchlights, were held dutiable under para- 
graphs 103 and 104 of that act (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 528, of 1915; 
7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 157, of 1916) and metal frames for them as metal 
articles or wares under paragraph 199 (Abstract 35081, T. D. 34279, 
of 1914, and Abstract 38196, of 1915, affirmed in 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
157, of 1916). 

PARAGRAPH 90. 
104. Cast polished plate glass, sil- 


vered or wunsilvered, and cylinder, 
erown, or common window glass, sil- 


99. Cast polished plate glass, sil- 
vered or wunsilvered, and cylinder, 
crowh, or commen window glass, sil- 


vered or unsilvered, polished or un- | vered or unsilvered, polished or un- 
polished, when bent, ground, ob- | pelished, when bent, ground, ob- 
scured, frosted, sanded, enameled, bev- | scured, frosted, sanded, enameled, bev- 
eled, etched, embossed, engraved, | eled, etched, embossed, engraved, 


flashed, stained, colored, painted, or- 
namented, or decorated, shall be sub- 
ject to a duty of 5 per centum ad 
valorem in addition to the rates 
otherwise chargeable thereon, 


flashed, stained, colored, painted, or- 
namented, or decorated, shail be sub- 
ject to a duty of 4 per centum. ad 
valorem jin addition to the rates 
otherwise chargeable thereon, 


164! SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The processes enumerated in this para- 
graph are applied principally to ornamental glass. Certain industrial 
uses, however, depend on these processes, e. g., colored glass for 
signal lights, concave reflectors for headlights and searchlights, and 
magnifying and reducing mirror lenses in instruments. Enamel is 
usually applied to glass in designs, portions of the surface remaining 
uncovered. Patterns may be made in the glass by etching with hydro- 
fluorie acid, by engraving with copper disks, or by sand blasting. In 
the process of blowing, a thin layer of colored glass is sometimes ap- 
plied; this is known as “ flashing.” To obtain colored glass, coloring 
materials (usually metal oxides) are introduced into the molten mass. 
Beveled glass, used for heavy plate-glass mirrors and doors, has the 
edges ground at an angle of from 45 to 60 degrees. (For obscured 
glass, see par. 87.) 

Production.—See paragraphs 85 and 88. 

Imports of “ unpolished, unsilvered cylinder, crown, and common 
window glass, bent, ground, etc.” were usually the largest of the 
group, amounting, in 1914, to 1,703,186 square feet, valued at $149,203 ; 
while ‘ polished, unsilvered cylinder, etc.” were 147,482 square feet, 
valued at $36,116; ‘ polished, silvered cylinder, ete.,” 138,158 square 
feet, valued at $83,034; ‘“ polished, unsilvered plate, etc.,” 140,805 
square feet, valued at $62,228; and ‘ polished, silvered plate, ete.,” 
19,659 square feet, valued at $5,854. Imports were valued at only $108 
in 1918. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Congress did not draw a distinction between glass colored and 
colored glass, nor between glass articles colored and articles of colored 
glass. The question enacted into law was whether or not cylinder 
glass was colored, ete.; if so, it was subject to the additional duty pro- 
vided for in paragraph 104 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 37549, of 
1915.) Certain glass cqlored in the pot was also held subject to the 
additional duty provided in paragraph 90 of the act of 1913. (Abstract 
40734, of 1917.) Merchandise consisting of two polished cylinder 
glass sheets glued together, with a rim of adhesive substance to keep 
the dampness from between the sheets, and designed for use as mate- 
rial for automobile wind shields, is too far advanced for classification 
as polished cylinder glass, and falls within paragraph 95 as “all glass 
or manufactures of glass.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 451, of 1917.) 

(See pars. 84, 85, and 89.) 


PARAGRAPH 91. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


105. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and gog- 91. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and gog- 
gles, and frames for the same, or | gles, and frames for the same, or 
parts thereof, finished or unfinished, | parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 
valued at not over 40 cents per dozen, | 35 per centum ad valorem. 
20 cents per dozen and 15 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at over 40 cents 
per dozen and not over $1.50 per 
dozen, 45 cents per dozen and 20 per 
centum ad ‘valorem; valued at over 
$1:50 per dozen, 50 per centum ad 
valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 163 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Spectacles are flat or toric glasses, prisms, 
and spherical or cylindrical lenses, mechanically adjusted to the eye 
to correct defects of vision. They are usually made of crown glass or 
rock crystal, the latter being somewhat lighter and cooler to wear. 
Spectacles and eyeglasses are usually mounted in rigid steel wire, 
shell or horn (real or imitation), or metal frames. Goggles have 
projecting eye tubes with plain glasses to protect against dust, ete, 
or colored ones to soften the light. 

Production.—LExact figures are not available. The estimated out- 
put for 1912 was valued at about $8,500,000, produced by between 25 
and 80 manufacturers, capitalized at $7,500,000, and located mainly 
in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to $68,870, mostly from France, Ger- 
many, and England. They decreased to $10,916 in 1916 and rose to 
$26,765 in 1918. 

Exports before the war consisted of styles and qualities superior 
to foreign goods, comprising less than 10 per cent of the production. 
The export figures are consolidated with those for optical instruments. 
(See par. 93.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Goggles for automobilists are within the provision (G. A. 6823, T. D. 
29327, of 1908), but goggle disks and similar parts of goggles are not 
so classable, the words “or parts thereof” being interpreted not to 
refer to spectacles, eyeglasses, or goggles, but to ‘‘frames for the 
same.” (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 9, of 1911; G. A. 7252, T. D. 31787, of 
1911; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 218, of 1915.) Coquille glasses with ground. 
edges were held dutiable under paragraphs 99 and 104 of the act of 
1909, while oval-shaped glasses, finished or unfinished, parts of gog- 
gles, were held dutiable, when not colored, under paragraph 109 of 
the act of 1909 as manufactures of glass, and when colored, apparently 
under the provision in paragraph 98 for “all articles of every deserip- 
tion composed wholly or in chief value of glasses, * * * colored,” 
but as no claim was made under paragraph 98 by the importer, the 
collector’s classification under paragraph 105 was allowed to stand. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 218, of 1915.) In a later case glass disks made 
from crown or cylinder glass, bent, known as mi-coquille glasses, and 
used in the manufacture of automobile goggles, assessed under para- 
graphs 99 and 104 of the act of 1909, were held not to be exempt from 
duty under paragraph 557. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 507, of 1916.) 6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 218, is now followed. 


3 PARAGRAPH 92. 


ACT OF 1909. 


106. Lenses of glass or pebble, 
molded or pressed, or ground and 
polished to a’ spherical, cylindrical, or 
prismatic form, and ground and pol- 
ished plano or coquill glasses, wholly 
or partly manufactured, with the edges 
unground, 45 per centum ad valorem; 
if with their edges ground or beveled, 
10 cents per dozen pairs and 45 per 
centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1915. 


92. Lenses of glass or _ pebble, 
molded or pressed, or ground and 
polished to a spherical, cylindrical, or 
prismatic form, and ground and pol- 
ished plano or coquill glasses, wholly 
or partly manufactured, strips of glass, 
not more than three inches’ wide, 
ground or polished on one or both 
sides to a cylindrical or prismatic 
form, including those used in the 


~~ 3166 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continwed. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


construction of gauges, and glass 
slides for magic lanterns, 25 per 
centum ad valorem, 


107. Strips of glass, not more than > 
three inches wide, ground or polished | 
on one or both sides to a cylindrical 
or prismatic form, including those 
used in the construction of gauges, | 
and glass slides for magic lanterns, | 
45 per centum ad valorem, 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Lenses of glass are fashioned from rough 
optical glass and used chiefly in the manufacture of scientific, pro- 
fessional, and optical instruments and goods. 

A pebble lens is a spectacle lens made of rock crystal, which is 
harder than glass. A plano lens is a flat plane of glass, while a 
coquille lens is a piece of glass of uniform thickness with concentric 
spherical surfaces. 

Production figures for the particular items of paragraphs 91, 92, 
938, and 94 are not available, because part or parts of each are re- 
ported under “Instruments, professional and scientific, not including 
medical and surgical instruments,” and “ Optical goods,” In 1914 
there were 197 establishments, capitalized at $12,977,000, with an 
output of $12,828.000 for the former; and 314, capitalized at $17,- 
011,000, with output valued at $18,188,000 for the latter. (See “ In- 
terpretation and comments,” pars. 91, 92, 93, 94.) 

Imports totaled $169,951 in 1914, $120,297 in 1915, $54,483 in 1916, 
$40,971 in 1917, and $50,428 in 1918. The decrease followed the war, 
with a conseauent stimulation of domestic production. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Lenses to condense the light of a projection lens (Abstract 36926, 
T. D. 34938, of 1914), and Fresnel lenses or panels for buoy lamps 
composed of metal and glass, glass chief value, have been held to 
come within this provision (Abstract 38946, of 1915). The fact that 
plano-conver lenses contained bubbles was held not to exclude them 
from this provision. (Abstract 37672, of 1915.) (See par. 94.) 


PARAGRAPH 98. 


108. Opera and field glasses, * * * 93. Opera and field glasses, optical 
and optical instruments, and frames | instruments and frames and mount- 
or mountings for the same; all the] ings for the same; all the foregoing 
foregoing not specially provided for in | not specially provided for in this sec- 
this section, 45 per centum ad valorem, | tion, 35 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Both opera and field glasses are binocu- 
lars designed to bring distant objects clearly within range of vision. 
Wield glasses have been brought to a high state of perfection and are 
indispensable in modern warfare. 

Production.—See notes on paragraph 92. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $338,922, not including opera and 
field glasses and optical instruments, entered July 1 to October 3, 1913; 
in 1915, $186,592; in 1916, $118,720; in 1917, $101,116; in 1918, $72,045. 

Exports of optical instrwments in 1914 were valued at $865,074, of 
which England took 54 per cent, Canada 13 per cent, and South 
America 10 per cent. The 1915 figures show a value of $1,018,016; 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 00167 


1916, $2,593,500; and 1917, $2,945,920. Of the 1918 total, $1,073,339, 
28 per cent went to England, 14 per cent to Ganada, 17 per cent toe 
South America, and 15 per cent to Russia. Export figures for the 
greater part of the articles covered by paragraphs 91 and 94 are in- 
cluded above, no separate figures being available. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mountings for opera glasses are within this paragraph, (9 Ct. 
Cust Appis., —; T. D. 37994, of 1919.) <A polariscope, being an instru- 
- ment to enable the observer to view the phenomena of polarized light, 
and particularly to examine objects under polarized light, is dutiable 
as an optical instrument, and polariscope tubes are dutiable as mount- 
ings for optical instruments under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —; T. D. 37995, of 1919.) An instrument is or is net an 
“optical instrument” within the meaning of this paragraph, accord- 
ing to whether or not it is designed directly or indirectly as an aid 
to vision, or to produce for optical inspection the picture of some ob- 
ject. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 483, of 1915; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 
37995, of 1919.) In 6 Court Customs Appeals, 433, the court declared 
the definition of optical instruments in Ganoit’s Hlementary Treatise 
on Physics, “ any combination of lenses, or of lenses and mirrors” and 
divisions thereof, to be “in a great many respects at least,” in accord 
with the common meaning of the term. The division therein is as fol- 
lows: “1. Microscopes, which are designed to obtain a magnified 
image of any object whose real dimensions are too small to admit of 
its being seen distinctly by the naked eye. 2. Telescopes, by which 
very distant objects, whether celestial or terrestrial, may be observed, 
3. Instruments designed to project on a screen a magnified or dimin- 
ished image of any object which can thereby be either depicted or 
rendered visible to a crowd of spectators, such as the camera lucida, 
the camera obscura, photographic apparatus, the magic lantern, the 
solar microscope, the photo-electric microscope, etc. The two former 
classes yield virtual images; the last, with the exception of the camera 
lucida, yield reai images.” 

The following articles have been held to be optical instruments: 
Stereoscopes, composed of wood and glass (G. A. 2953; T. D. 15853, 
of 1895); microscopes, abbe condensers, and iris glasses (G. A. 
2894, T. D. 15713, of 1895); immersion odject giasses (G. A. 8361, 
T. D. 16842, of 1896); photographic objective tenses (G. A. 33880, 
T D. 16952, of 1896); graphoscopes, composed of triple folding 
frames of wood, in one section of which were set three glass lenses, 
two together and the other above them, the center section having a 
movable rack upon which photographs were placed and then viewed 
through the lenses (G. A. 3403, T. D. 16975, of 1896); field glasses 
with aluminum frames (G. A. 35385, T. D. 17278, of 1896); magic 
lanterns (G. A. 3754, T. D. 17820, of 1897); a film of mica mounted 
between two adherent sheets of glass, the whole forming a ray screen 
thé sole use of which is to modify rays of light (Abstract 20751 ; 
T. D. 29618, of 1909) ; and lorgnettes (Abstract 41853, of 1918). ’ 

The following have been held not to be optical instruments: Articles 
composed of pieces of transparent rock salé mounted in cork frames, 
two sides of which were covered with thin glass plates, with beveled 
edges over which molten sealing wax had been applied (Abstract 
20751, T. D. 29618, of 1909) ; hemometers (G, A, 3862, T. D, 18018, of 


168 23! SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, - 


1897) ; articles in the form of compasses, opera glasses, and reading 
glasses which were held to be toys (Abstract 24799, T. D. 31800, of 
1911) ; cystoscopes (G. A. 81380, T. D. 37509, of 1918); and azimuth 
mirrors, sextants, and octants (6 Cust. Appls., 433, of 1915). 

The same rate of duty on the articles provided for in this paragraph 
and on those enumerated in paragraph 94 would tend to prevent liti- 
gation. (See par. 94.) 


PARAGRAPH 94. ¥ 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
TOS. 1% oe LeLOSCODGS = THICEO- 94. Surveying instruments,  tele- 


scopes, photographic and projection | Scopes, microscopes, photographie and 
lenses * * * and frames or mount- | projection lenses, and frames and 
ings for the same; all the foregoing | mountings for the same, 25 per centum 
not specially provided for in this see- | ad valorem. 

tion, 45 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production figures are shown with those for paragraph 92, 

Imports were valued at $307,849 in 1914, but these figures include 
opera and field glasses and optical instruments admitted from July 1 
to October 3, 19138. The 1915 imports were valued at $120,574, de- 
clining to $32,049 in 1918. 

Exports.—See notes on optical instruments, paragraph 93. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sextants, instruments for measuring angular distances, are dutiable 
as surveying instruments under this paragraph (T. D. 87718 of 1918), 
as are also surveyor’s compasses (Abstract 39581, of 1916). 

Telescopes, found to have a utilitarian value, were held dutiable 
under the provision for telescopes in this paragraph rather than as 
toys. (Abstract 38601, of 1915.) 

Microscopes are not dutiable under paragraph 93 as optical instru- 
ments because provided for eo nomine in paragraph 94. “Coddington 
loupes”” as microscopes are so dutiable. (Abstract 38900, of 1915.) 
Nose glasses and stages, accessories to microscopes, are dutiable under 
this provision as mountings for microscopes. (T. D. 35277, of 1915.) 
Pocket magnifying glasses (G. A. 7859, T. D. 86174 of 1916), hand 
reading glasses (Abstract 40317, of 1916), jewelers magnifying 
glasses, similar to Coddington loupes (G. A. 8097, T. D. 87857, of. 
1917), linen testers, thread counters, tripod magnifiers, ete. (Abstracts 
40146 and 40175, of 1916), are dutiable as microscopes under this 
paragraph. Cystoscopes, instruments used by surgeons, are not 
within this paragraph as microscopes, nor within paragraph 93, but 
are dutiable according to component material of chief value. (G. A. 
8130, T. D. 37509, of 1918.) 

Parts of moving-picture machines, known as ‘“ pathescopes,” classi- 
fied as frames and mountings for optical instruments under para- 
graph 98, were held dutiable under this paragraph as frames and 
mountings for projection lenses, a specific provision for such articles. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 169, of 1916.) Complete pathescopes (Abstract 
41449, of 1917) and muvescopes, consisting of frame and mounting 
for projection lenses, with the lens (Abstract 40618, of 1917), are also 
dutiable under this paragraph as projection lenses and frames and 
mountings for the same, (See par. 93.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 95. 


ACT OF 1909. 


109. Stained or painted glass win- 
dows, or parts thereof, and all mirrors, 


not exceeding in size one hundred and 


forty-four square inches, with or with- 
out frames or cases, and all glass or 
manufactures of glass or paste or 
of which glass or paste is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
45 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 19138. 


95. Stained or painted glass win- 
dows, or parts thereof, and all mirrors, 
not exceeding in size one hundred and 
forty-four square inches, with or with- 
out frames or cases; incandescent 
electric-light bulbs and lamps, with or 
without filaments; and all glass or 
manufactures of glass or paste or of 
which glass or paste is the component 
material of chief value, not specially 


169 4: 


~carbon lamps, valued at $6,157,066, made in 1909. 


provided for in this section, 380 per 
centum ad valorem, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
STAINED OR PAINTED GLASS WINDOWS AND SMALL MIRRORS. 


Description and uses.—In a strict sense, stained glass includes 
all colored glass, but the term here refers to glass colored for artistic 
purposes. The color may be produced (1) by metal oxides in the 
melting, (2) by flashing (par. 90), (3) by applying, under fire, a solu- 
tion of silver, and (4) by painting the surface with enamels afterwards 
fused. Stained-glass windows are usually made of small pieces of 
glass held together by strips of lead and colored in any of the above 
ways. Sometimes pictorial effects are obtained by painting on single 
pieces of glass. (See par. 655.) 

Production.—Estimates of gross production in 1912 are about 
$7,000,000, which would include articles other than stained-glass win- 
dows. Competition is principally from Germeny and Austria. (For 
mirrors, see par. 89.) 

Imports of stained glass, or parts, and small mirrors amounted 
to $418,425, the maximum, in 1914, and to $34,645 in 1918. 


INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS. 


Description and uses.—An incandescent electric lamp is a vacuum 
(or gas filled) glass bulb containing filaments of some material 
with high melting point which an electrie current will heat to incan- 
desecence. According to the nature of the filaments, the lamps are 
called carbon, metallized carbon, tantalum, and tungsten. The tung- 
sten filament can be operated at a temperature which gives the maxi- 
mum amount of light in proportion to the electrical energy used. 

Production.—Manufacturers of incandescent lamps do not always 
make the glass bulbs. In 1916 the bulbs were made by five plants, 
with an estimated production of 20,000,000 per month. The bulbs are 
blown into iron molds coated with carbonaceous paste. -A high polish 
is effected by rotating the blank in the mold during the blowing. 
Mechanical processes simulating the hand method of blowing have 
been applied, but from two-thirds to three-fourths of the bulbs pro- 
duced are hand blown. Many operations are required to complete 
the lamp, which, besides the bulb, consists of the base, the filament, 
the inside stem upon which the filament is mounted, and the ieading- 
in wires. A number of companies make the finished lamps. There 
were 11,738,619 tungsten lamps, valued at $6,241,133, and 55,038,378 
In 1914, 74,484,059 


170 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tungsten lamps, valued at $11,886,354, and» 14,092,055 carbon lamps, 
valued at $1,397,572, were produced. The production of “Gem, 
vacuum, and vapor, nitrogen, glower, and tantalum” was valued at 
$2,363,730 in 1914, decreasing about 12 per cent from 1909. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,374,697 carbon lamps, valued at $78,409, 
and 6,809,535 metal filament lamps, valued at $552,663, about 10 per 
cent of the number of carbon lamps and 9 per cent of the tungsten 
lamps produced in the United States. Only 641,385 carbon lamps and 
1,772,815 metal filament lamps were imported in 1918, but imports of 
metal filament lamps were fairly constant during the war, amounting 
to 5,154,579 in 1917, though the vaiuation, $198,025, was smali. AW 
other, which includes bulbs, amounted to $88,686 in 1914 and $14,807 
in 1918. 

Exports of carbon lamps amounted to 1,285,858, valued at $172,064 
in 1914, about 25 per cent of the production; of metal filaments, 
849,261, valued at $219,439. Exports of carbon lamps have remained 
rather constant, amounting to 932,678, valued at $144,761, in 1918; but 
exports of metal filament lamps have greatly and steadily increased, 
amounting to 14,855,849, valued at $3,182,516, in 1918. : 


MANUFACTURES OF GLASS OR PASTE N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—Paste is specially prepared glass, known 
also as “strass,” from which imitation gems are manufactured. 
The requisite qualities of purity, transparency, and high refractivity 
are comprised in the highest degree in flint glass of unusual density 
because of the large percentage of lead it contains. 

Imports represent the combined figures for manufactures ef glass 
and of paste n. s. p. f., amounting to $427,391 in 1914 and $129,254 
in'1918,. °° . 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Glassware with. blown bowl and moided stem and foot has been 
held dutiable under this paragraph or paragraph 109 of the act of 
1909 upon proof that the part composed of blown glass was not of 
chief value and hence ‘not within paragraphs 84 or 98. When an 
article is made of blown glass and molded glass, the one of chief 
value is the one which had the greatest value ait the time it became 
blown glass or molded glass. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 135, of 1916; 5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 298, of 1914.) Penholder racks or stands in chief value 
of glass with gold or silver piated metal rims (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 43, 
of 1916) ; polished cylinder glass sheets for automobile wind shields, 
so far advanced as to lose the character of polished cylinder glass 
under paragraph 86 and having concurrently lost the right of classifi- 
cation under that paragraph and paragraph 90 (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 451, 
of 1917) ; and’ brooches, pendants, bracelets, combs, hatpins, and hoair- 
' pins of metal and black glass paste, paste chief value (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 314, of 1918) have been held dutiable under the provision of this 
paragraph for “all glass or manufactures of glass or paste.” Certain 
articles composed of cylinder, crown, or window glass of various sizes, 
concaved, beveled, or plain and ready for separate uses, such as micro- 
scope slides, watch-cover glasses, cover glasses, cleck glasses, ete. (T. 
D. 87316, of 1917), and negatives produced from dry plates (Abstract 
40365, of 1916), are dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures 
of glass. Yrays, the rims of which are of stained bamboo, the bottom 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, jlil 


made of two pieces of glass between which are natural. butterflies 
with paper bodies, leaves, and silk threads so arranged as to give the 
effect of a decoration on glass, were held not to be articles of glass 
decorated, but are dutiable as manufactures of glass under this para- 
graph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37996, of 1919.) Paste cards 
about 18 inches in diameter and one-fourth inch thick, perforated 
lengthwise so that when strung they hang with flat faces in a vertical 
position, are within the provision of the paragraph for manufactures 
of paste. (T. D. 36846, of 1916.) Grotesque rings and scarf pins com- 
posed of brass set with enormous but crude representations of dia- 
monds were held dutiable under this paragraph rather than as jewelry 
(Abstract 41631, of 1917); also, lace pins composed of steel stems, 
gold plated, with paste-glass tops of imitation pearls, rather than as 
articles plated with gold (Abstract 41836, of 1918). Pins with glass 
heads and steel-wire stems, found to be in chief value of-steel wire, 
were held dutiable under paragraph 114 (Abstract 40983, of 1917) ; 
also hat pins.composed of steel-wire stems and paste-glass tops, stems 
chief value (G. A. 8046, T. D. 37090, of 1917). 

Trimmings ornamented with embroidery and composed in chief 
value of glass beads, or ornamented with glass beads, and also em- 
broidered, beads chief value, were held dutiable under this paragraph 
(Abstracts 41699 and 41744, of 1918) ; also, “roses montees,’” consist- 
ing of smali imitation diamonds, rubies, and other imitation stones set 
in metal claws, used chiefly for dress trimmings (Abstract 413899, of 
1917, and 420386, of 1918). 

Smal mirrors, suitable for use in fitting out vanity cases, are 
dutiable under this paragraph as mirrors rather than under para- 
graph 356 as parts of vanity cases (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 208, of 1916), 
and small mirror puzzles were held, upon evidence insufficient to re- 
verse the collector, dutiable as toys (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 376, of 1915), 
but small, round mirrors in cheap tin cases and so-called triplicate 
_mirrors were held dutiable as mirrors rather than as toys (Abstract 
40168, of 1916). (See pars. 84, 91, 357, and 655. ) 


PARAGRAPH 96. 
ACT OF 1909, ACT OF 1913. 


/110. Fusible enamel. 25 per centum 96. Fusible and glass enamel, not 
ad vaiorem; opal or cylinder glass | specially provided for in this section, 
tiles or tiling, 60 per centum ad va- | 20 per centum ad valorem; opal or 
* Jorem. cylinder glass tiles or tiling, 380 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ENAMEL, 


Description and uses.—Enamel is glass applied by fusion as a 
coating to any substance which will bear the necessary heat, especially 
to metals and to pottery. Commercial fusible enamel comes in the 
form of cakes, plates, lumps, or powder and is of various colors 
according to the amounts of various metallic oxides used in its com- 
position. Its use may be decorative or to reduce porosity or to protect 
the surface from oxidation or other chemical action. The art of 
enameling pottery, glass, gold, silver, and copper is very old, but 
industrial applications to iron and steel are comparatively recent. 


Lez SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. 
The process, however, has rapidly developed, especially in making 
kitchen and hospital utensils, bathtubs, and stationary washstands. 

Production.—Enamels are generally borosilicates of lead, potash, 
and soda, mixed with metal oxides to give the required color. Lead 
increases the fusibility, and is employed in large proportions, except 
in culinary ware. 

Imports amounted to $18,028 in 1914 and to $8,052 in 1918. The 
largest amount in the period 1908-1918 was $21,431 in 1909. 


GLASS TILES. 


Description and uses.—Glass tiles are used for walls and for floors, 
especially where the transmission of light is desired. Opal tiles have 
a white opacity, imparted usually by cryolite, feldspar, or aluminium 
compounds. ‘ ’ 

Production.—There are several domestic manufacturers of glass 
tiles and opal glass, but no statistics are available. 

Imports have not exceeded $400 in any one year. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Enamel having the appearance of glass or a crystalline aspect, 
imported in thin, flattened, pressed, variously colored cakes, which 
in its use is finely powdered, mixed with water to a paste, applied to 
the metal article to be enameled, and then fired by intense heat, 
thereby fixing it to the surface of the metal, is dutiable under this 
paragraph as fusible enamel, and not under the provision for “all 
ceramie and glass fluxes, glazes, enamels, and colors, * * #* 
n. s. p. f.” in paragraph 68. (G. A. 7873, T. D. 36228, of 1916.) So- 
called ‘ enantel for jewelry’ or ceramic color which, while shown to 
be one of the ingredients of an enamel, can also be used by itself as 
an enamel in enameling jewelry, is likewise dutiable under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 40875, of 1917.) (See par. 63.) 


PARAGRAPH 97, 


ACT OF 1909. 


111. Marble and onyx, in block, 
rough or squared only, 65 cents per 
eubie foot; marble and onyx, sawed or 
dressed, over two inches in thickness, 
$1 per cubic foot; slabs or paving tiles 
of marble or onyx, containing not less 
than four superficial inches, if not 
more than one inch in thickness, 8 
cents per superficial foot; if more 
than one inch and not more than one 
and one-half inches in thickness, 10 
cents per superficial feot; if more than 
one and one-half inches and not more 
than two inches in thickness, 12% 
cents per superficial foot; if rubbed in 
whole or in part, 2 cents per super- 
ficial foot in addition; mosaic cubes 
of marble or onyx, not exceeding two 
cubic inches in size, if loose, 3 of 1 
cent per pound and 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; if attached to paper or other 
material, 5 cents per superficial foot 
and 35 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


97. Marble, breccia, and onyx, in 
block, rough or squared only, 50 cents 
per cubic foot; marble, breccia, and 
onyx, Sawed or dressed, over two 
inches in thickness, 75 cents per cubic 
foot; slabs or paving tiles of marble 
or onyx, containing not less than four 
superficial inches, if not more than 
one inch in thickness, 6 cents per 
superficial foot; if more than one ineh 
and not more than one and one-half 
inches in thickness, 8 cents per super- 
ficial foot; if more than one and one- 
half inches and not more than two 
inches in thickness, 10 cents per super- 
ficial foot; if rubbed in whole or in 
part, 2 cents per superficial foot in 
addition; mosaic cubes of marble o1 
onyx, not exceeding two cubic inches 
in size, if loose, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; if attached to paper or other 
material, 35 per centum ad valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1E3 i 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers marble, breccia, and 
onyx used for monumental and structural work. Marble is a erystal- 
line limestone; ony#, used in building, is a marble having the appear- 
ance of real onyx. Breccia consists of fragments cemented together 
by natural processes. It usually is (but may not be) marble in 
chemical composition, but it is included in the group because of simi- 
larity of use. Marble slabs of superior quality are used for orna- 
mental purposes, but inferior grades are also largely used for interior 
finishing, as sanitary or fireproof material. Breccia and onyx are 
used almost entirely for decorative purposes. Mosaics and paving 
tiles are flooring materials competitive with ceramic mosaics and 
other flooring tiles (par. 72). 

Production of building and monumental marble in 1914 was valued 
at $7,871,978 and in 1917 at $6,100,280. Competition is chiefly on the 
stone used for interior work, which was valued at $3,420,224 in 1914 
and at $2,616,195 in 1917. The quantity in 1917 was 942,300 cubic 
feet, 64 per cent of all building marble. Separate statistics are not 
given for mosaic marble, which is included in “all other.” Breccia 
is not reported separately in domestic production; onyx marble in 
1915 amounted to 4,574 cubic feet, valued at $19,270, and came from 
Utah, Kentucky, and New Mexico. 

The marble industry is represented by quarrymen who sell their 
product in all stages from the rough block to the article ready for 
use, and by the manufacturers who buy either domestic or foreign 
raw material. It is between these two classes that competition .is 
most severe, as very little manufactured marble is imported. The 
Italian marble finds a ready market here, and although the American 
quarryman has more modern equipment, Italy has natural advan- 
tages—the stone is more uniformly of good quality, is nearer the sur- 
face, and at no great distance from ports. 

Imports of marble, breccia, and onyx, rough, dressed, and in 
slabs, were valued at $1,068,132 in 1914 and at $860,723 in 1918. 
Shipping restrictions and export embargoes reduced this foreign trade 
to a minimum. 

Rough blocks were valued at $997,734 in 1914 and uwnrubbed slabs 
at $47,841. Dressed marble and rubbed slabs are imported in com- 
paratively small amounts. 

The imports in 1914 equaled 18 per cent of the domestic production 
of building and monumental marble and 82 per cent of that used for 
interior work. From 1910 to 1914 there was a slight annual de- 
crease in imports. Italy furnishes about 80 per cent of the marble 
imported. Imports of loose mosaic cubes were valued at $42,945 in 
1914 and those attached to some material at $976. 

Exports of wnmanufactured stone, marble not separately stated, 
amounted to $676,723 in 1914 and to $594,126 in 1918. About 90 per 
cent goes to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Marble tiles, rubbed, were held dutiable under this paragraph as 
marble tiles “ rubbed in whole or in part.” The law does not contem- 
plate a polished or even a perfectly smooth surface as the result of 
being rubbed. Rubbing may be only one step beyond the sawing 
toward the finished state. (Abstract 40168, of 1916.) 


- 


“174 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 98. 


ACT OF 1909. 


112, Marble, breccia, onyx, alabas- 
ter, and jet, wholly or partly manu- 
factured into monuments, benches, 
vases, and other articles, or of which 


these substances or either of them is | 


the component material of chief value, 
and all articles composed wholly or in 
chief value of agate, rock crystal, or 
other semiprecious stones, except such 
as are cut into shapes and forms fit- 
ting them expressly for use in the 
construction of jewelry, not specially 
provided for in this section, 50 per 
centum ad valorem, . 


ACT OF 1918. 


98. Marble, breccia, onyx, alabaster, 
and jet. wholly or partly manufac- 
tured into monumenis, benches, vases, 
and other articles, or of which these 
substances or either of them is the 
component material of chief value, 
and all articles composed wholly or in 
chief value of agate, rock crystal, or 
other semiprecious stones, except such 
as are cut into shapes and forms fit- 
ting them expressly for use in the 
construction of jewelry, not specially 


‘provided for in this section, 45 per 


centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ARTICLES OF 


MARBLE AND BRECCIA. 


Description and uses.—Large articles, such as monuments, benches, 


and mantelpieces, are frequentiy made of marble and breccia. 
376 and 652 
available statistics 


par. 97. For sculptures, see pars. 
Production.—The only 


(See 


are for marble monu- 


ments and tombstones, which in 1914 were valued at $40,977,000. 
Imports were valued at $224,742 in 1914 and at $62,783 in 1918. 


ARTICLES OF ON¥X. 


Description and uses. 


marble” as from marble and 


—Similar 
breccia, 


articles are made from “ onyx 


but the use of real onyx 


(banded chaicedony) is confined to smaller crnaments. 


Production figures are not available. 


this paragraph.) 


(See “Articies of agate,” 


Imports were valued at $1,902 in 1914 and at $232 in 1918. 


ARTICLES OF 


ALABASTER. 


Description and uses.—Vases, lamps, and other interior ornaments 


are made of alabaster, a translucent gypsum. 


terior decoration. 


Production.—There is no domestic alabaster. 


it is too sott for ex- 


Values of articles 


nade from imported material are not availabie. 
Imports averaged about $15,000, but were $51,065 in 1914 and 


$9,748 in 1918. 


ARTICLES OF JET. 


Description and uses.—See paragraph 520. 
Imports in 1914 were valued at $15,790 (more than double any 


year since 1908) and in 1918 at $2,160. 


sent the largest values. 


Imports from France repre- 


ARTICLES OF AGATE. 


Description and uses.—Besides ornaments, many indusirial articles 
are made of agate (a variegated chalcedony), such as scale bearings, 
mechanical bearings and supports, mortars, and balls for water 


meters. (See pars. 339 and 390.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ‘T1775 


Production of agate and other varieties of chalcedony averages 
about $9,000 annually. In 1915, however, the value increased to 
$23,262, but was only $7,580 in 1918. ‘These figures represent the 
value of chalcedony, not of the manufactured articles. It is esti- 
mated that most of the domestic agate is used for jewelry. 

Imports of articles (other than jewelry) made of agate were 
valued at $20,165 in 1914 and at $13,560 in 1918. The greatest im- 
ports were $46,791 in 1909. Germany formerly supplied about 80 
per cent. 

ARTICLES OF ROCK CRYSTAL. 


Description and uses.—Rock crystal is a clear and colorless quartz. 
Wedges and prisms in some optical instruments, ornamental jars, 
boxes, and vases are frequently made from it. Because of its purity, 
it is used in the manufacture of special glasses where cost is not con- 
sidered. 

Production was $4,046 in 1914 and $2,022 in 1918. No statistics 
of the manufactured articles are available. 

Imports of articles made of rock crystal averaged about $4,000 
until 1913, when they increased to $19,982, falling to $1,846 in 1914 
and to $1,520 in 1918. France and Germany usually supplied the 
greater part, but in 1913 over $11,000 worth came from England. 


OTHER SEMIPRECIOUS STONES. 


Description and uses.—There is no scientific differentiation be- 
tween precious and semiprecious stones. -Specimens of the same 
mineral species vary so that one may be “precious” and another 
“semiprecious.” Corundum, of which the ruby and sapphire are 
varieties, represents over 50 per cent of the value of all gems pro- 
duced in the United States. A large proportion ef the corundum 
minerals finds industrial use as abrasive material and for mechanical 
bearings and pivot supports, especially in watches. 

Production statistics can not be given, as there is no definite classi- 
fication. 

Imports of “other semiprecious stones” were valued at $985 in 
1909, $18,528 in 1913, $3,405 in 1914, and $8,186 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Transparent glasslike cylindrical tubes about 2 inches in diameter, 
made from the product of fusing or melting quartz rock, whereby its 
crystalline property is destroyed or eliminated and the product thereby 
rendered proof against sudden and extreme changes of temperature, 
which is not the ease with rock crystal in its natural state, do not 
come within this provision, but are dutiable as articles of earthy or 
mineral substances under paragraph 81 (G. A. 7988, T. D. 386818, of 
1916) ; but rock crystal, advanced from the original state by cutting 
and grinding into shape, is dutiable under this paragraph (Abstract 
39884, of 1916). Marbles of specific shapes and sizes with beveled 
edges, and having a definite use aS a whole and not separately, are 
dutiable as manufactures of marble, and not under paragraph 97 as 
slabs or paving tiles. (Abstract 36904, T. D. 34933, of 1914.) Diminu- 
tive trees and flowers of semiprecious stones were held dutiable under 
this paragraph, rather than as artificial and ornamental leaves or 
flowers under paragraph 347, (G. A. 8221, T, D. 37866, and Abstract 


176 


43269, of 1919.) Agate bearings designed but not ready for use as 
jewels for water meters are within this paragraph (Abstract 38949, 
of 1915), but sapphire tool points were held excluded and dutiable as 
articles of earthy or mineral substances under paragraph 81 (Ab- 
stract 411838, of 1917). “Blue idalite strips” and “violet garnet 
strips,” commercially known as jewels for watches, are also excluded 
from this paragraph and dutiable under paragraph 161 as “ jewels 
for use in the manufacture of watches.” (G. A. 8103, T. D. 37395, 
of 1917.) 

(See pars. 3876 and 652, for discussion of sculptures and works of 
art, and for distinction between products of artisans and of artists; 
also, par. 81.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF *INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 99. 


ACT OF 1909. | ACT OF 1913. 


99. Freestone, granite, sandstone, 
limestone, lava, and all other stone 
suitable for use as monumental or 


114. Freestone, granite, sandstone, 
limestone, and all other monumental 
or building stone, except marble, brec- 


cia, and onyx, not specially provided 
for in this section, hewn, dressed, or 
polished, or otherwise manufactured, 
50 per centum ad valorem; unmanu- 
factured, or not dressed, hewn, or pol- 
ished, 10 cents per cubic foot. 


building stone, except marble, breccia, 
and onyx, not specially provided for in 
this section, hewn, dressed, or pol- 
ished, or otherwise manufactured, 25 
per centum ad valorem; unmanufac- 
tured, or not dressed, hewn, or pol- 


ished, 8 cents per cubic foot. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
” GRANITE. 


Description and uses.—Granite, though hard to quarry, is an im- 
portant building and monumental stone because of its susceptibility to 
polish, its attractive appearance, and its durability. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $11,225,179, about 58 per cent 
of which was for building and 42 per cent for monumental work. In 
1917, 6,977,898 cubic feet, valued at $8,866,070, were produced, building 
stone representing about 50 per cent of the quantity and only about 
36 per cent of the value. Large decreases, 1914-1917, were due to the 
curtailment of high-class building. Thirty States reported produc- 
tion, Vermont, Massachusetts, and North Carolina leading. The num- 
ber of operators decreased from 598 in, 1916 to 483 in 1917, small pro- 
ducers ceasing operations because of competition from the large, well- 
equipped concerns. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $157,211, nearly all hewn granite 
for monumental work, chiefly from Scotland. 

Exports ure not separately stated. (See par 97. 
for other purposes,” see par. 614.) 


For “ Granite 


FREESTONE, SANDSTONE, LIMESTONE, LAVA. 


Description and uses.—These are building rather than monu- 
mental stones. Freestone is readily worked sandstone; the term is 
also applied to limestone. All rock of volcanic origin is lava, of 
which there are many varieties. (See par. 75.) 

Production of sandstone was valued at $1,825,179 in 1914 and 
was 2,579,750 cubic feet, valued at $1,048,226 in 1917; of lava (basalt 
‘and related rocks), $45,184 in 1914 and 912,447 cubie feet, valued at 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 77 


$39,200, in 1917; of limestone, $3,896,854 in 1914 and 8,481,510 cubic 
feet, valued at $4,115,366 in 1917. 

Imports of these stones suitable for building were valued at 
$72,207 in 1914 and $39,850 in 1918. 

Exports.—See paragraph 97. 

(For ‘“ Freestone, sandstone, and limestone, unmanufactured and 
not suitable for building,” see par. 614.) 

(For “ Unmanufactured lava,’ see par. 529.) 3 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Waste granite, consisting of pieces of irregular shapes and various 
sizes, but suitable for use in foundations and cellar walls of buildings, 
is dutiable at 3 cents per cubic foot under this paragraph. (T. D. 
34146, of 1914.) Sawn stone slabs and building stone cut to size by 
Sawing are dutiable at 25 per cent under the first part of this para- 
graph. (Abstract 48211, T. D. 379382, of 1919.) Not all lava stone is 
building stone (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 72, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 110, 
of 1913), but hewn lava stone cut into special shapes adapted for use 
and used as linings for towers or chimneys of factories was held to 
be building stone under the act of 1909 (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 486, of 
1913) ; so also was lava stone made into towers. (G. A. 75438, T. D. 
34278, of 1914). 

PARAGRAPH 100. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
115. Grindstones, finished or unfin- 100. Grindstones, finished or unfin- 
ished, $1.75 per ton. ished, $1.50 per ton. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term “ grindstone” usually refers to 
the natural quarried stone. Pulpstones are heavy grindstones used 
for grinding wood in making pulp and paper, and weigh from 2 to 4 
tons. 

Production value of grindstones and pulpstones increased from 
$766,140 in 1916, to $1,147,784 in 1917. Ohio has always produced 85 © 
to 90 per cent of the total. Grindstones have a serious competitor 
in grinding wheels made from artificial abrasive. (See par. 479.) 

Imports have decreased from $139,386 in 1913 to $55,283 in 1918 
(calendar years). 

Exports have varied from $105,729 in 1915 to $175,688 in 1918; 
about 50 per cent went to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


This provision embraces grindstones irrespective of use. (Abstract 
39860, of 1916.) Stones for crushing colors were excluded as not 
being grindstones. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 67, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 101, 


116. Slates, slate chimney pieces, 101. Slates, slate chimney pieces, 
mantels, slabs for tables, roofing | mantels, slabs for tables, roofing 
slates, and all other manufactures of | slates, and all other manufactures of 
slate, not specially provided for in| slate, not specially provided for in 
this section, 20 per centum ad valorem, | this section, 10 per centum ad valorem. 


184911°—20 12 





178 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Slate is a fine, compact rock with easy 
parallel cleavage, much used where smooth slabs are required. About 
three-fifths of the slate quarried in 1917 was used for roofing. Mill 
stock, slates 1 to 8 inches thick used for structural and sanitary 
purposes, is second in importance. Other uses are for electrical 
switchboards, blackboards, and billiard-table tops. Grownd slate is 
made of slate-cutting waste. The granules are used as a coating for 
composition tar shingles, and the flour goes into linoleum, paint, and 
wall finishes. 

Production.—Over 50 per cent comes from Pennsylvania quarries. 
The total production has decreased since 1908, while the average 
price has increased materially. Roofing slate sold in 1908 was 1,333,- 
171 squares (number of pieces required to cover 100 square feet with 
38-inch lap), valued at $5,186,167, as compared with 703,667 squares 
valued at $3,411,740, in 1917. 

Imports were greatest in 1912, $11,042; in 1918 only $575. 

Exports of roojing slate were valued at $188,057 in 1914, and at 
$35,756 in 1918. Exports of slate, other than roofing, for the calendar 
year 1917 were valued at $204,590, over 80 per cent being for school 
slates and pencils. 


SCHEDULE C. METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH i102. 


ACT OF i999. 


184. Chrome or chromium metal, 
ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- 
molybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferro- 
titanium, ferrotungsten, ferrovana- 
dium, molybdenum, titanium, tanta- 
lum, tungstén, or wolfram metal, val- 
ued at $200 per ton or less, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $200 per ton, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; ferrosilicon containing not 
more than 15 per centum of silicon, 
$5 per ton; ferrosilicon containing 
more than 15 per centum of silicon, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 19158. 


102. Chrome or chromium metal, 
ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- 
molybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferro- 
titanium, ferrotungsten, ferrovana- 
dium, molybdenum, titanium, tanta- 
lum, tungsten or wolfram metal, and 
ferrosilicon, and other alloys used in 
the manufacture of steel, not specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per — 
centum ad valorem. t 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


These elements or alloys are used to purify steel and to increase 


certain essential or desirable qualities. 


These functions are generally 


performed by the use of ferro-alloys. 


CHROME AND FERROCHROME. 


Description.—Chrome or chromium oecurs chiefly as an oxide in 


combination with iron or other elements. 
steel-gray in color, and not readily oxidized. 


The pure metal is hard, 
It alloys with iron in 


all proportions and is used principally in the form of ferrochrome, 
which is sold on a basis of the chromium and carbon contained, the 
price increasing with the chromium and decreasing with the carbon 
eontent. 

Uses.—I"errochrome is used extensively in the manufacture of 
armor-plate steel, armor-piercing projectiles, bullet-proof steel, high- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 179 


speed steel and alloys, high-grade castings, stamp-mill shoes and dies, 
safe steel, wire, tires, springs, razors, file and cutlery steel, and for 
other minor purposes. The principal characteristic of steels contain- 
ing chromium is a hard and tough quality. 

Production.—An incomplete outline by the Geological Survey of the 
sales of ferro-alloys in the United States gives 3,524 gross tons of ferro- 
chrome, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, and ferrovanadium in 1916, 
and 8,218 gross tons of ferrocerium, ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, 
ferrocarbon-titanian,, ferrouranium, and ferrovanadium in 1917. 
These figures, however, include only a fraction of the production, as 
an incomplete survey made by the Tariff Commission showed an out- 
put in excess of 19,000 short tons in 1917. 

Price.—Ferrochrome containing 6 to 8 per cent carbon was quoted 
in August, 1919, at 32 to 40 cents per pound of chromium content, and 
ferrochrome containing 2 to 4 per cent carbon, at 70 cents per pound 
of contained chromium. 

Imports of ferrochrome were 208 long tons in 1914 and 10 tons in 


1917 and in 1918. 
Exports.—Some ferrochrome is exported, but the figures are not 


available. ° 
MOLYBDENUM AND FERROMOLYBDENUM. 


Description.—Molybdenum is a heavy, white, malleable, tenacious 
metal, softer than steel, and with an exceptionally high melting point. 
Ferromolybdenum is an alloy of iron and molybdenum and is used 
in making molybdenum steel. Very little pure metal is used. Prac- 
tically all the molybdenum added to steel is first reduced to the form 
of ferro-alloy. 

Uses.—Ferromolybdenum is added in definite proportions to steel in 
open-hearth, crucible, and electric furnaces in the production of 
molybdenum steel. It raises the elasticity and tensile strength of 
steel and gives it toughness. The addition of 0.25 per cent increases 
the elongation of steel from 4 per cent to 45 per cent. Molybdenum, 
either alone or in conjunction with tungsten, was once thought to 
give high-speed cutting qualities to steel, but many manufacturers 
have found this use unsatisfactory. Considerable molybdenum steel. 
is now (1918-19) used for rear-axle and crank-shaft material in 
automobiles. 

Production.—We are probably the world’s greatest producer of 
ferromolybdenum, but no adequate statistics are available. The oui- 
put, however, amounts to several hundred tons a year. 

Price.—Yerromolybdenum was quoted (August, 1919) at $1.85 to 
$2 per pound of molybdenum content. 

Imports.—The imports of molybdenum and ferromolybdenum are 
small, compared with the domestic production, and were valued at $203 
in 1916. One ton was imported in 1918. There were imports of molyb- 
denum ore in 1918 (70 tons) and in the first quarter.of 1919 (46 tons). 

Exports.—Some molybdenum is exported, the greater part in the 
form of molybdenite concentrate, 


FERROPHOSPHORDS. 


Description and uses.—Ierrophosphorus is a chemical combination 
of iron and phosphorus with smaller amounts of other ingredients. 
its principal use is in making basic open-hearth pipe, screw stock, 


180 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


and sheet bars. Ferrophosphorus restores the phosphorus content in 
open-hearth steel to the point desired and increases the tensile 
strength and welding quality of pipe steel. In the case of screw 
steel, more uniform and cleaner-cut threads are made by the addition 
of phosphorus. About 75 or 80 per cent of the ferrophosphorus now 
used goes into sheet bars, tin plate, and sheets, manufacturers find- 
ing that the stripping or tearing apart of the plates or sheets can 
be accomplished with the minimum loss when ferrophosphorus is 
used. 

Production.—No reliable figures are published concerning the pro- 
duction of ferrophosphorus in this or other countries. Sales in 1916 
aggregated 12,966 gross tons, as reported by the Geological Survey, 
but this amount is less than the Tariff Commission figures, which 
exceeded 17,000 short tons. ; 

Imports.—Ten tons of ferrophosphorus were imported for consump- 
tion in 1918. 

TITANIUM AND FERROTITANIUM. 


Description.—Titanium is abundant in nature, but pure metallic 
titanium has found no domestic applications of commercial impor- 
tance. It is used principally as ferrotitanium, an alloy of iron and 
titanium. The two most prominent varieties of this alloy, and the 
only ones of domestic manufacture, are ferrocarbon-titanium, contain- 
ing from 15 to 18 per cent titanium, and carbon-free ferrotitanium, 
containing about 25 per cent titanium and some 5 to 6 per cent 
aluminum, 

Uses.—Titanium has been employed in the treatment of steel rails 
made by the Bessemer process, but since the increased use of open- 
hearth steel in heavy rails the demand for titanium for rail use has 
decreased. A much larger use, however, has been found in the making 
of sheet steel, as steel treated with titanium is better suited for 
galvanizing. The estimated tonnage of steel treated with titanium 
was 2,200,000 in 1917. 

Production.—The United States is the chief producer of ferro- 
titanium and titanium. No statistics, however, are available. 

Before the war ferrotitanium was made by 15 manufacturers in 
Germany, 3 in Great Britain, and 2 in France. Switzerland and 
Sweden also manufactured some of this ferro-alloy, and pure titanium 
was made in Norway. 

Imports and exports.—There are practically no exports of metallic 
titanium or ferrotitanium. The imports have been small and sporadic. 
The maximum importation was 48 tons, valued at $21,656 in 1912, 
Importation since the war has been insignificant. 


TUNGSTEN AND FERROTUNGSTEN. 


Description.—Pure tungsten is almost white, but as commercially 
used it is generally an alloy with iron (ferrotungsten), with a 
tungsten content of about 70 per cent or over. The value of the 
ferro-alloy rises as the tungsten content increases and the carbon 
content diminishes. In August, 1919, the quotations on ferrotungsten, 
70 to 80 per cent grade, increased from $1.40 to $1.60 per pound of 
tungsten content. 

Uses.—The principal use of ferrotungsten is its addition to tool 
steel, especially for ‘“ high-speed” tools. When employed in small 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 181 


amounts (2 to 5 per cent), the steel becomes self-hardening; used in 
larger amounts (10 to 25 per cent), the steel remains hard even after 
becoming red-hot. ' 

Production.—We are now the largest producer of this important 
tool-steel alloy. Complete statistics are not available, but six com- 
panies report their production for 1917 as 1,270 gross tons. It is 
manufactured in France, England, and Germany. Prior to the war, 
the bulk of the world’s output was made in Germany. 

Price.—Ferrotungsten is a high-priced alloy, the standard grades 
selling (1917-1919) at over $2 per pound, a large part of which repre- 
sents the price of the tungsten ore concentrate. In 1917 the average 
price (f. 0. b. Pittsburgh) of ferrotungtsen containing 75 to 85 per 
cent tungsten was $2.37 per pound, the tungsten ore concentrate alone 
costing $1.60. On December 1, 1919, the price of ferrotungsten was 
$1.10 to $1.15 per pound of contained tungsten. The cost of the raw 
material—tungsten-bearing ores—is thus an important factor in the 
American competitive position. 

Imports.—The imports of tungsten metal and ferrotungsten have 
varied greatly during the period 1907-1918. The imports were 654 
Jong tons in 1913, 31 long tons in 1915, and only 1 ton in 1918, 

Exports have greatly -increased since 1915. In 1916 they were 
128,718 pounds, valued at $184,876, and in 1918 over 2,000,000 pounds, 
valued at over $4,000,000. 


FERROVANADIUM. 


Description.—Ferrovanadium is an alloy of iron and vanadium. 
American manufacturers report a product containing from 380 to 40 
per cent vanadium. 

Uses.—The vanadium in this ferro-alloy acts as a cleanser and 
deoxidizer of a steel bath. It is employed after ferromanganese and 
ferrosilicon have been added and carries deoxidization beyond the 
point obtained by these alloys. Ferrovanadium is also used to add 
vanadium to the steel; in proportions up to 0.8 per cent the vanadium 
toughens and adds to the tensile strength of the steel. Steels so 
treated are unusually resistant to shock and alternate stresses, and 
hence are very useful for axles, cranks, piston rods, and similar steels. 
The automobile is a much stronger machine because of vanadium. 

Production.—Schedules returned to the United States Tariff Com- 
mission by manufacturers showed a yearly output of over 2,700 short 
tons in 1916 and 1917, production having increased between 700 and 
800 per cent since 1910, More ferrovanadium is produced here than 
abroad, but some is manufactured in Germany and England. The 
world’s output is practically under American control. Vanadium ores 
are found in Peru and in Colorado and Utah. These deposits are 
controlled by American companies. 

Price.—Ferrovanadium containing 30 to 40 per cent vanadium was 
quoted (August, 1919) at $5.50 to $7 per pound of vanadium contained. 

Imports.—There are practically no imports. 

Exports amounted to over 1,300 short tons in 1917, and over 1,000 
tons in 1918. 

TANTALUM. 


Description.—Tantalum is a metallic element associated with colum- 
bium in the minerals tantalite, yttrotantalite, columbite, and other 


182 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


heavy rare minerals. It is obtained chiefly from tantalite. Tantalum 
is black in color, assuming an iron-gray luster under a burnisher, 
Uses.—Wrought tantalum is exceedingly hard and tough and has 
been used in the manufacture of pen nibs. It resists all ordinary 
acids, even aqua regia, hence its great usefulness for chemical pur- 
poses. It was formerly employed for electric-light filaments. 
Production.—There are no published statistics, but the output is 


known to be very limited. The separation of tantalum from colum- ( 
bium, on account ef their close similarity, is a long and complicated 
process. 


Imports.—Very little is imported; in 1917 they were valued at 
$2,000. 
Exports.—There are no statistics; probably negligible. 


FERROSILICON, 


Description.—Ferrosilicon is an alloy of iron and silicon used in the 
manufacture of steel. The silicon acts as a deoxidizing agent, re- 
ducing blowholes and purifying the steel. The silicon content varies 
from 10 te 90 per cent and determines the grade. Ferrosilicon con- 
taining 10 to 15 per cent silicon is largely manufactured in blast fur- 
naces, but is also produced in the electric furnace ; the ibe si grades 
are produced only in electric furnaces. 

Production.—Hstimated production in 1916 was 166, 308 gross tons, 
and was probably larger in 1917 and 1918, owing to war demands. 
The estimate in May, 1918, for ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon 
content was from 100,000 to 110,000 tons per annum. Ferrosilicon is 
made in Canada, and much is exported to this country. It is also 
produced in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Norway, and 
Sweden. 

Price.—Ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon content was quoted 
(August, 1919) at $85 to $115 per gross ton. 

Imports in 1917 were 8,715 long tons; in 1918, 5,419 long tons, the 
bulk coming from Canada. 

Exports are unusual, but were 8,500 gross tons in 1918. 


OTEER ALLOYS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL, 


Description and uses.—Such alloys include spiegeleisen and ferro- 
manganese, the most important, and other ferro-alloys produced in 
limited quantities. Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese were provided 
for in paragraph 518 of the act of 1913 and paragraph 118 of the act 
of 1909, which do not specifically mention the alloys ferrouranium, 
ferroboron, ferroealuminum, ferrozirconium, and ferrocerium. 

Ferrouranium.—Uranium is a heavy and extremely active element. 
It is added to steel in the form of ferrouranium. The influence of 
uranium on steel is not completely known, but it is claimed to give 
a decided strengthening power and resistance to shock. The high ¢ 
price of uranium has deterred experimentation, uranium oxide hav- 
ing brought $3.25 to $3.60 per pound in 1918, and ferrouranium $7 to 
$7.50 per ane 1d of coatained metal. a 

Ferroboron.—The qualities of ferroboron are not fully determined. 
Boron occurs in the form of borax. Borax is very difficult to reduce 
to the elementai state, and only small quantities of ferroboron have 
been manufactured. Experiments in France showed that remarkably 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 183 


strong steels are made by using 9.5 to 2 per cent of boron. Its action 
is much like that of vanadium. 

Ferroaluninum.—tThis ferro-alloy (10 to 20 per cent aluminum), 
formerly largely used in steel manufacture, is displaced by the 
cheaper pure aluminum. A revival of its use is indicated. Aluminum 
is about 7 times as powerful as silicon and 28 times as strong as 
manganese in acting upon oxygen dissolved in steel. Its use gives 
the finishing touch to the deoxidation of steel. 

Ferrozirconium.—This alloy carries 30 to 40 per cent zirconium 
metal and sells for $4 to $4.50 per pound of metal contained. Zir- 
conium-bearing steel is reported to be adapted for bullet-proof sheets, 
armor plate, and armor-piercing projectiles. Investigations of its 
steel-hardening qualities, its fitness for light armor plate on tanks, 
aeroplanes, ete., are still under way in the trade. 

Ferrocerium.—This alloy, 30 per cent iron and 70 per cent cerium, 
is employed as tinder in pocket cigar lighters, gas lighters, and as 
igniters for mine lamps. Lately it has been used in hand grenades 
and projectiles. Its domestic production probably runs from 1,000 
to 2,000 pounds per month—prior to 1917 under Austrian patents, 
now under licenses granted American manufacturers by the Alien 
Property Custodian. The manufacture of ferrocerium is part of the 
pyrophoric-alloy industry, of which the incandescent gas mantle is a 
widely known product. 

Production and trade statistics.—No reliable figures are published 
as to the production and commercial status of these minor ferro- 
alloys. Some of them are still in an experimental! stage. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tant in the form of pigs and known by the proprietary name “ tant 
iron,” having a silicon content greater than that of ordinary pig iron 
and much less than that of ordinary ferrosilicon, and manganese and 
sulphur content greater than that of ferrosilicon, and used for casting 
and machining into bowls for acids, was held to be a special kind of 
pig iron, and therefore exempt from duty as “iron in pigs” under 
paragraph 518 rather than dutiable as ferrosilicon under this para- 
graph or as metal unwrought under paragraph 154. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 426, of 1917.) Iron slag, composed of about 80 per cent iron 
and varying percentages of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, titanium, 
and aluminum, used chiefly for making window-sash weights, was 
held free of duty as scrap iron under paragraph 518 rather than 
dutiable under the provision of this paragraph for ferrosilicon and 
other alloys used in the manufacture of steel n.s.p. f (G. A. 8204, 
T. D. 87804, of 1918.) Instructions were issued to collectors, however, 
by the Treasury Department to continue the assessment of duty on 
such merchandise under this paragraph, aS a new case would be 
made up on further evidence. (T. D. 37856, of 1918.) T. D. 37804 
was followed by the Board of General Appraisers in a case upon simi- 
lar mechandise. (G. A. 8306, T. D. 38190, of 1919.) 

The phrase “ other alloys used in the manufacture of steel not spe- 
cially provided for in this section,’ new in the act of 1913, tends 
to reduce litigation such as that under the act of 1897, when ferro- 
alloys not enumerated were held dutiable by similitude as ferroman- 
ganese. (175 Fed., 964, of 1909; certiorari denied, 216 U.°S., 618, of 
1910.) (See par. 518.) 


184 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Ferrouranium is of sufficient importance to be enumerated; it is 
regularly quoted, and the grades are to some extent standardized. 


PARAGRAPH 103. 


ACT OF 1909. 


119. Bar iron, muck bars, square 
iron, rolled or hammered, comprising 
flats not less than one inch wide nor 
less than three-eighths of one inch 
thick, round iron not less than seven- 
Sixteenths of one inch in diameter, 


ACT OF 1918. 


103. Muck bars, bar iron, square 
iron, rolled or hammered, round iron, 
in coils or rods, bars or shapes of 
rolled or hammered iron, not specially 
provided for in this section, 5 per 
centum ad yalorem. 


3 of 1 cent per pound. 


. 120. Round iron, in coils or rods, 
less than seven-sixteenths of one inch 
in diameter, and bars or shapes of 
rolled or hammered iron, not specially 
provided for in this section, of 1 
cent per pound: * * * Provided 
further, That all iron bars, * * * 
in the manufacture of which charcoal 
is used as fuel, shall be subject to a 
duty of $8 per ton. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description.—Bar iron is wrought iron in the form of bars. The 
rough-iron bloom coming from the puddling furnace is first rolled into 
a flat bar, known as a muck bar or puddle bar. It is then cut into short 
lengths and the pieces piled together to be reheated. After reheating 
and rerolling the material is known as refined iron, refined bars, or, 
more commonly, merchant bars. A second and third reheating and 
rerolling may take place, improving the grade. In the process of 
rolling iron is reduced to simple forms such as squares, rounds, and 
flats. These forms resemble the cross sections of the material from 
which they are made—blooms, billets, or slabs—and their final section 
determines their nomenclature. 

Production of merchant iron bars in 1917 amounted to 983,926 gross 
tons. Wrought-iron-bars in recent years have maintained an unequal 
competition with soft steel, which is occasionally used for wrought 
iron. The labor cost of iron bars is greater than that involved in the 
production of steel bars. 

Imports of bar iron in 1917, including all forms covered by this 
paragraph, aggregated about 4,100 tons. Over one-third came in the 
form of muck bars. In 1918 the imports were about 1,700 tons. 

Exports are much larger, aggregating about 65,000 tons in 1917 and 
over 50,000 tons in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Round bar iron in 10-foot lengths and one-fourth, three-eighths, and 
one-half inch in diameter, recognized in commerce as bar iron and 
not aS wire rods, is dutiable under this paragraph rather than under 
paragraph 113. (Abstract 39871, of 1916; followed in Abstracts 40239 
and 40372, of 1916, which, however, do not specify dimensions.) But 
yound iron rods in coils sold as iron-wire rods were held dutiable 
under paragraph 118 as iron-wire rods, and not under this paragraph 
as round iron in coils. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 225, of 1915.) 

Iron-wire rods can not be distinguished from chain rods or other 
iron rods. (See par, 1138.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


185 


PARAGRAPH 104. 


ACT OF 1909. 


121, Beams, girders, joists, angles, 
channels, car-truck channels, TT, col- 
umns and posts or parts: or sections 
of columns and posts, deck and bulb 
beams, and building forms, together 
with all other structural shapes of 
iron or steel, not assembled, or man- 
ufactured, or advanced beyond ham- 
mering, rolling, or casting, valued at 
7 of 1 cent per pound or less, of 


ACT OF 1913. 


104. Beams, girders, joists, angles, 
channels, car-truck channels, TT, eol- 
umns and posts or parts or sections 
of columns and posts, deck and bulb 
beams, sashes, frames, and building 
forms, together with all other struc- 
tural shapes of iron or steel, whether 
plain, punched, or fitted for use, or 
whether assembled or manufactured, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 


1 cent per pound; valued above % 
of 1 cent per pound, ¥ of 1 cent per 
pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Structural shapes are iron or steel rolled 
for structural purposes. They are classified into heavy and light— 
the latter being those with the leg or web less than 3 inches—and are 
given commercial names, e. g., I-beams, channels, joists, girders, angles, 
tees, and zees, names largely descriptive of their cross-section appear- 
ance. Nearly 90 per cent of the country’s production are heavy 
structural shapes. They are used in buildings, bridges, ships, cars, 
ete. Light shapes are used in the manufacture of agricultural imple- 
ments, bedsteads, fences, safes, automobiles, and other articles re- 
quiring light sections. 

Production.—The annual output of structural shapes in 1916 and 
1917 amounted to over 3,000,000 gross tons, and in 1918 to 2,849,969 
gross tons. Germany, England, and France are important producers, 
Germany producing over 1,000,000 tons of girders in 1914. The out- 
put of Canada increased rapidly during the war, amounting to 189,687 
gross tons in 1917. 

The prices of light structural shapes are generally higher per unit 
of weight than those of heavy shapes, and under a system of specific 
duties the rate should ordinarily be higher to give the same ad 
valorem duty. Cost of transportation is a more important element 
in the prices of heavy than of light shapes. In remote markets the 
cost of shipping structural material may be an important factor in 
determining the relative competitive strength of American and foreign 
producers. Before the war ocean freight rates from western Europe 
to the Pacific coast of the United States were less than the rail rates 
from the steel-manufacturing States of the East to the same destina- 
tion, thus favoring the European producers in Pacific coast markets. 
During the war ocean freight rates increased enormously, altering 
this situation to the advantage of the home industry. 

Imports amounted to only 772 gross tons in 1917, but increased to 
7,300 gross tons in 1918. 

Exports are far in excess of imports, aggregating 339,486 gross tons 
in 1917, and 240,384 gross tons in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “ structural shapes” was interpreted to refer to many 
other kinds of structures than buildings, ships, and similar erections 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 273, of 1918) and to include wrought-iron bars 


186 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


for roofs and skylights (G. A. 1484, T. D. 12933, of 1892) ; steel bulb 
bars for deck beams (G. A. 1936, T. D. 18698, of 1893) ; ornamental 
ironwork representing leaves and other decorations (G. A. 4119, 
T. D. 19198, of 1898); and steel bars or grates for use in the con- 
struction of a brewery mash filter (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 278, of 1918) ; 
but not structural shapes of nickel-alloyed steel (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
212, of 1916) ; nor “cores” composed of cast iron, steel plates, and a 
ring, intended exclusively for use in the manufacture of automobile 
tires (G. A. 8253, T. D. 87989, of 1919); and old iron floor plates, 
ladder work, girders, and other parts of railroad bridges, dismantled 
or torn down (Abstract 41340 and G. A. 8118, T. D. 37464, of 1917). 
Steel sashes and frames for windows, notwithstanding they have gun-. 
metal hinges and stay pins and brass bushings (G. A. 7591, T. D. 
34675, of 1914), and steel channels for use in the construction of a 
brewery mash box filter (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 278, of 1918), were held 
dutiable under eo nomine provisions therefor in this paragraph. 

Steel window sashes provided for eo nomine in this paragraph were 
held in 1910 not within the phrase ‘* building forms, together with 
all other structural shapes of iron or steel, whether plain or punched, 
or fitted for use.” (178 Fed. 1003, of 1910.) 

Sashes and frames are completed articles provided for with inter- 
mediate materials. 


PARAGRAPH 105. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


122, Boiler or other plate iron or 105. Boiler or other plate iron or 





steel, except crucible plate steel and 
saw plates hereinafter provided for in 
this section, not thinner than number 
ten wire gauge, cut or sheared to shape 
or otherwise, or unsheared, and skelp 
iron or steel sheared or rolled in 
grooves, valued at # of 1 cent per 
pound or less, 7% of 1 cent per pound; 
valued above # of 1 cent and not 
above 1 cent per pound, 7 of 1 cent 
per pound; valued above i cent and 
not above 2 cents per pound, 7 of 1 
cent per pound; valued above 2 cents 
and not above 3 cents per pound, 7 
of 1 cent per pound; valued at over 
3 cents per pound, 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all sheets or 
plates of iron or steel thinner than 
number ten wire gauge shall pay duty 
as iron or steel sheets. 


127. Sheets of iron or steel, com- 
mon or black, of whatever dimensions, 
and skelp iron or steel, valued at 3 
cents per pound or less, thinner than 
number ten and not thinner than num- 
mer twenty wire gauge, + of 1 cent 


per pound; thinner than number 
twenty wire gauge and not thinner 


than number twenty-five wire gauge, 
f of 1 cent per pound; thinner than 
number twenty-five wire gauge and not 
thinner than number thirty-two wire 
gauge, * of 1 cent per pound; thinner 


plates, 


steel, and strips of iron or steel, not 
specially provided for in this section; 
sheets of-iron or steel, common or 
black, of whatever dimensions, 
whether plain, corrugated or crimped, 
including crucible plate steel and saw 
cut or sheared to shape or 
otherwise, or unsheared, and skelp 
iron or steel, whether sheared or 
rolled in grooves, or otherwise, 12 per 
centum ad valorem, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 187 


ACT OF 1906 





Continued. ACT GF 1913. 


than number thirty-two wire gauge, 
of 1 cent per pound; corrugated or 
crimped, 3 of 1 cent per pound; all 
the foregoing valued at more than 38 
cents per pound, 80 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all sheets or 
plates of common or black iron or 
steel not thinner than number ten 
Wire gauge shall pay duty as plate 
iron or plate steel. 


137. * * *; and on steel circular 
saw plates there shall be paid 4 of 
1 cent per pound in addition to the 
rates provided in this section for steel 
plates. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Plates are pieces of iron or steel, princi- 
pally steel, ranging in thickness from No. 10 wire gauge (approxi- 
mately ¢ inch) to 23 inches, and in width over 7 inches, and cut to 
various lengths. No. 10 wire gauge is generally used as a line of 
division between pilates and sheets, the latter being the thinner. 
Yhese divisions, however, are not in all cases sharply drawn. The 
principal uses of plates are for boilers, tanks, steel cars, buildings, 
bridges, etc. Boiler plates may be subdivided into flange, fire-box, 
and extra-soft steel. 

The term strips of tron and steei is applied to long pieces of iron 
or steel three-sixteenths of an inch thick or less and 7 inches wide 
or jess. Wire and flat wires and steel, in strips not thicker than No. 
15 wire gauge and not exceeding 5 inches in width, are provided for 
in paragraph 114. 

Sheets are wide, thin pieces of steel (rarely iron) used for roofing, 
stovepipes, cans and other receptacles, ete. The ordinary thicknesses 
range from No. 10 wire gauge (¢ inch) to No. 30 (4; inch). The 
term black sheets is used to differentiate uncoated sheets from sheets 
coated with zinc, tin, ete. 

Skelp iron or steel constitutes the material used for the manufacture 
of tubes and pipes. Crucible plate is plate manufactured out of steel 
made by the crucible process. (See par. 110.) Saw plate is designed 
for the manufacture of saws. 

Plates and sheets, before special preparation for their several uses, 
represent a relatively low stage of steel manufacture. Additional. 
rolling, cutting, smoothing, polishing, galvanizing, ete, carry further 
the process of production. 

Production.—Statisties concerning plates and sheets included in this 
paragraph are not in all cases available. The production of plates 
and sheets, divided almost equally, exceeded 8,000,000 gross tons in 
i917. The larger part of this production is outside of the material 
embraced within this paragraph. The domestic output of iron and 
steel skelp in 1917 amounted to 2,674,231 gross tons. 

Imports of plates and sheets under paragraph 105 are insignificant 
compared with the domestic productior. Im 1917 they aggregated 
less than 80 long tons and in 1918 about 110 long tons, 

Exports in general far exceed imports. The export figures, however, 
do not divide plates and sheets according to use or degree of finish, 


188 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


except in the cases of galvanized and tinned sheets and plates. (For 
exports of sheets and plates in general, see par. 110.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchancise invoiced as saw plates, found to be band-saw plates, 
were held dutiable under this paragraph rather than under para- 
graph 110 (Abstract 39008, of 1915), but crucible band-saw steel in 
long lengths were held dutiable as steel n. s. p. f. under paragraph 
110 rather than under this paragraph (Abstract 35998, T. D. 34604, 
of 1914). Steel strips more than 5 inches in width were held dutiable 
under the provision of this paragraph for strips of iron or steel n. s. 
p. f. rather than under paragraph 110. (Abstract 40203, of 1916, fol- 
lowing G. A. 7861, T. D. 36176, of 1916.) 

Lines of demarcation between bars, bands or strips, sheets, and 
plates of steel have been defined by the Treasury Department. (T. D. 
34694, of 1914.) 

Crucible plate steel and saw plates are also covered by the pro- 
vision in paragraph 110 for steel plates and plates made by the 
crucible process. Furthermore, both sheets and plates are enumerated 
in paragraph 110, while saw plates are treated in this paragraph as 
sheets. 

PARAGRAPH 106. 





ACT OF 1909. 


123. Iron or steel anchors or parts 
thereof, 1 cent per pound; forgings 
of iron or steel, or of combined iron 
and steel, but not machined, tooled, or 
otherwise advanced in condition by 
any process or operation subsequent 
to the forging process, not specially 
provided for in this section, 380 per 
centum ad valorem; antifriction balls, 
ball bearings, and roller bearings, of 
iron or steel or other metal, finished 
or unfinished, 45 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


106. Iron or steel anchors or parts 
thereof; forgings of iron or steel, or 
of combined iron and steel, but not 
machined, tooled, or otherwise ad- 
vanced in condition by any process or 
operation subsequent to the forging 
process, not specially provided for in 
this section, 12 per centum ad vya- 
lorem ; antifriction balls, ball bearings, 
and roller bearings, of iron or steel 
or other metal, finished or unfinished, 
and parts thereof, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ANCHORS, 


Description.—The making of anchors, once a formidable piece of 
smith work, is a simple operation with the use of the steam hammer, 
The shank of a large anchor is built up by welding together bars of 


iron. 


Imports for consumption are small, amounting in 1917 to about 
48,1383 pounds (about 21.5 gross tons), valued at $2,611, and in 1918 
to 37,857 pounds (16.7 gross tons), valued at $1,878. 


FORGINGS. 


Description and uses.—Forgings are metals which have undergone 





the process of hammering or pressing into special shapes while hot. 
Originally forging was solely a hammering process, but with large 
masses to be treated, pressing has come into use, especially for mak- 
ing heavy forgings of steel. 

Many small articles of common use, such as balls, screws, rivet 
blanks, nuts, nails, etc., are forged by machinery. Many articles of 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 189 


intricate patterns are drop-forged, i. e., a heated piece of metal is 
put on a lower die placed on the anvil of a drop hammer which, fall- 
ing from a height, carries the upper die and this stamps the plastic 
metal into shape. Such drop forgings are largely used in motor 
vehicles for levers, treadles, connecting rods, and the like. 

The “finishing process” consists in annealing or tempering the 
forged material and then machining it. These advanced stages are 
provided for in several other paragraphs of the tariff of 1913 dealing 
with the finished articles. 

Imports of ordinary forged iron and steel, i. e., not finished or ad- 
vanced beyond the forging process, are not large. In 1917 they 
amounted to only $87,802. In 1918 they were much larger, aggregat- 
ing in value $232,480. 

Exports in 1918 were valued at $37,476,769. 


ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS OF IRON, STEEL, OR OTHER METAL. 


Description and uses.—Antifriction bearings consist of metal balls 
or rollers fitted between two metal cases in such a way that a shaft 
may be inserted into the inner case, and the outer case into the bearing 
frame, the contact between the two cases being through balls or rollers. 
This arrangement substitutes a rolling contact for the sliding contact 
of the ordinary bearing and thus reduces friction. 

The automobile industry is the largest consumer of ball and roller 
bearings; the bicycle affords examples of the use of ball bearings. 
Some antifriction bearings are used in screw jacks, many machine 
tools, elevators, etc. 

Production.—The domestic industry has gone extensively into both 
types of bearing—roller and ball. The European industry has given 
attention chiefly to the ball bearing. 

Imports of antifriction bearings in 1917 amounted in value to over 
$1,500,000, of which over $1,488,000 consisted of ball bearings, as dis- 
tinct from balls, parts, and roller bearings. In 1918 the importation 
was less, amounting to $973,098, of which $907,870 consisted of ball 
bearings. The duties collected on antifriction bearings during the 
latter year aggregated $340,584. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A forging is advanced in condition when the burr on the edge of the 
rough-forged article is removed by passing it over a grindstone; a hoe 
rough forged, but so manipulated, is dutiable as a manufacture of 
metal, rather than under this paragraph. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 350, of 
1911.) Black and unpolished shovel blades made by the forging proc- 
ess are dutiable at 12 per cent under this paragraph, as “ forgings of 
iron or steel * * * not * * * advanced in condition by any 
process or operation subsequent to the forging process,” rather than 
free of duty under paragraph 391 as agricultural implements. (G. A. 
8159, T. D. 37605, of 1918.) Steel balls not further advanced than 
the forging process, used for crushing cement or ores, were held duti- 
able under this paragraph as forgings of steel, not as ball bearings. 
(Abstract 38032, of 1915.) The words “ finished or unfinished, and 
parts thereof” in this paragraph apply to finished or unfinished ball 
bearings, and also to parts of finished or unfinished hall bearings, and 
include raceways so far finished as to indicate per se their ultimate 


190 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


use and whose shape and condition unfit them commercially for any 
other use. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1915.) 

Articles of different classes and of greatly different duties are com- 
bined in this paragraph. Moreover, forgings pay 12 per cent under 
this paragraph while the steel from which they are made pays 8 or 
15 per cent under paragraph 110, according to the process of manu- 
facture. (See par. 119.) 


PARAGRAPH 107. 


ACT OF 19909. 


124. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel, not otherwise provided for in 
this section, valued at 38 cents per 
pound or less, eight inches or less in 
width, and less than three-eighths of 


ACT OF 1913. 


107. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel not otherwise provided for in 
this section, and barrel hoops of iren 
or steel. wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, 10 per centum ad valorem. 


one inch thick, and not thinner than 
number ten wire gauge, 7 of 1 cent 
per pound; thinner than number ten 
wire gauge and not thinner than num- 
ber twenty wire gauge, #4 of 1 cent 
per pound; thinner than number 
twenty wire gauge, 7 of 1 cent per 
pound: Provided, That barrel hoops 
of iron or steel, and hoop or band 
iron or hoop or band steel flared, 
splayed, or punched, with or without 
buckles or fastenings, shall pay 7 of 1 | 
eent per pound more duty than that 
imposed on the hoop or band iron or 
steel from which they are made; _ 
bands and strips of steel, exceeding 
twelve feet in length, not specially 
provided for in this section, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Hoops and bands are of great length compared with 
width and thickness, the width being not more than 8 inches and the 
thickness less than three-eighths of an inch. The term ‘“ hoop” is 
applied to flats having a thickness varying from No. 13 B. W. G. 
(#: inch) to No. 23 B. W. G. (3? inch) and a width from three- 
eighths inch to 8 inches. Owing to their great length, they are coiled 
like wire rods. Subsequently they are annealed, cut to length, and 
shipped in bundles. If bent backward on itself like a flattened letter S 
the material is called a scroll or scroll bundle. 


Hoop or band iron or steel, cut to length, wholly or partly manu- 
factured into hoops or ties used for baling cotton or any other com- 
modity, comes under paragraph 509. Paragraph 107 applies to barrel 
hoops of iron or steel and such hoops or bands as are not otherwise 
provided for. When galvanized or coated with zinc, speiter, or other 
metal, iron or steel hoops and bands come under paragraph 109. 

Production figures of hoops and bands described in paragraph 107 
are not available. In 1917 the entire output of hoops amounted to 
347,186 gross tons; of bands and cotton ties, to 490,893 gross tons. 

Imports of hoop, band, and scroll iron and steel are small, the 
imports to which this paragraph applied being only 3,767 pounds, 
valued at $227 in 1918. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 191 

Exports are much larger. The figures available do not distinguish 
between the uses or between coated and uncoated varieties. In 1918 
the exports of hoop, band, and scroll iron and steel of. all kinds 
amounted to 151,671,558 pounds, valued at $8,634,217. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The hoops and bands covered by this paragraph and paragraph 509 
represent articles of the same general character and in the same gen- 
eral stages of production. The essential difference is in the uses to 
which they are put. 

PARAGRAPH 108. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
126. * * * Railway fish-plates or | 108, Railway fishplates or splice 
splice-bars, made of iron or steel, #5 | bars made of iron or steel, 10 per 





of 1 cent per pound. 1 centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Splice bars, jishplates, tie plates, ete., are 
used for connecting endwise and holding in place rails on a roadbed. 
They embrace the general group of rail joints and fastenings, but not 
spikes, bolts, nuts, and similar material. 

Production in 1917 amounted to 528,403 gross tons. 

Imports of railway fishplates and splice bars amounted to 350 
gross tons, valued at $18,116 in 1917, and to 738 gross tons, valued at 

Exports are much larger. In 1917 the exports of railway track ma- 
terial, excluding rails and spikes, amounted to $9,108,617, and in 19158, 
to $6,286,369. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The articles dutiable under this paragraph and the articles exempted 
from duty in paragraph 587 are of the same class. Both light rails 
and splice bars are made of old heavy rails as raw material. 


PARAGRAPH 109. 


128, All iron or steel sheets or 


plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll , 


iron or steel, excepting what are known 
commercially as tin plates, terne 
plates, and taggers tin, and herein- 


after provided for, when galvanized or | 
or other , 


coated with zinc, spelter, 
metals, or any alloy of those metals, 
shall pay #; of 1 cent per-pound more 
duty than if the same was not so gal- 
vanized or coated; sheets or plates 
composed of iron, steel, copper, nickel, 


or other metal with layers of other | 


metal or metals imposed thereon by 
forging, hammering, rolling, or weid- 
ing, 40 per centum ad valorem. 


129. Sheets of iron or steel, po!- 
ished, planished, or glanced, by what- 
ever name designated, 14 cents per 
pound: Provided, That plates or sheets 
of iron er steel, by whatever name 
designated, other than the polished, 





109. All iron or steel sheets, plates, 
or strips, and all hoop, band, or seroll 
iron or steel, when galvanized or 
coated with zinc, spelter, or other 


| metals, or any alloy of those metals; 


sheets or plates composed of iron, 
steel, copper, nickel, or other metal 
with layers of other metal or metals 
imposed thereon by forging, hammer- 
ing, rolling, or welding; sheets of iron 
or steel, polished, planished, or glanced, 
by whatever name designated, includ- 
ing such as have been pickled or 
cleaned by acid, or by any other ma- 
terial or process, or which are cold 
rolied, smoothed only, not polished, 
and such as are cold hammered, blued, 
brightened, tempered, or polished by 
any process to such perfected surface 
finish or polish better than .the grade 
of cold rolled, smoothed only; and 
sheets or plates of iron or Steel, or 
taggers iron or steel, coated with tin 


192 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ° 


planished, or glanced herein provided 
for, which have been pickled or 
cleaned by acid, or by any other ma- 
terial or process, or which are cold- 
rolled, smoothed only, not polished, 
shall pay 7 of 1 cent per pound more 
duty than the corresponding gauges of 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


or lead, or with a mixture of which 
these metals, or either of them is a 
component part, by the dipping or any 
other process, and commercially known 
as tin plates, ‘terne plates, and taggers 
tin, and tin plates coated with metal, 
and metal sheets decorated in colors 


or coated with nickel or other metals 
by dipping, printing, stenciling, or 
other process, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


common or black sheet iron or steel. 


130. Sheets or plates of iron or 
steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated 
with tin or lead, or with a mixture of 
which these metals, or either of them, 
is a component.part, by the dipping or 
any other process, and commercially 
known as tin plates, terne plates, and 
taggers tin, 1.2 cents per pound. 


137. * * * On all strips, plates, 
or sheets of iron or steel of whatever 
shape, other than the polished, plan- 
ished, or glanced sheet-iron or sheet- 
steel hereinbefore provided for, which 
are cold hammered, blued, brightened, 
tempered, or polished by any process 
to such perfected surface finish or pol- 
ish better than the grade of cold 
rolled, smoothed only, hereinbefore 
provided for, there shall be paid #5 of 
1 cent per pound in addition to the 
rates provided in this section upon 
plates, strips, or sheets of iron or 
steel of common or black finish of 
corresponding gauge or value; * * * 


194, Zine * * * in sheets coated 
or plated with nickel or other metal, 


or solutions, 1% cents per pound 
* * * 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The greater part of the iron and _ steel 
rolled into sheets, plates, etc., goes through further stages preparatory 
to ultimate use. Sheets to be galvanized are annealed and pickled 
before being passed through the galvanizing pot. ‘Tin plate passes 
through the processes of black pickling or first pickling, black an- 
nealing or first annealing, cold rolling, white annealing and white 
pickling or second annealing and pickling, before being coated with 
tin. Almost no sheets are marketed as they come from the hot rolls, 
but are annealed and sold as black plate or subjected to further treat- 
ment before being put on the market. 

In the process of annealing the material is heated to soften the 
steel and make it more ductile, to remove any strain set up by too 
rapid cooling, and to refine the grain. Pickling is a‘treatment with 
dilute acids to obtain a clean surface by removing the scale (oxide). 
Cold rolling and cold hammering are forms of cold working by strain- 
ing the cold metal slightly beyond its elastic limit. It may consist in 
(1) slightly reducing the cross sectional area by rolling, hammering, 
or drawing; (2) distorting the material by bending or twisting; and 
(3) punching or shearing. After cold rolling, the metal is sometimes 
again annealed to restore the original softness and ductility reduced 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 193 
by cold rolling. Blueing refers to the tempering of metal, that is, its 
‘heating to a blue-temper color. Polishing and planishing consist of 
applying various abrasives (such as emery, rouge, etc.) of successive 
‘degrees of fineness, 

~ Galvanized plates and sheets are those coated with zine (spelter) 
by passing through a bath of molten zine. Layers of metal are also 
imposed upon sheets and plates by forging, hammering, welding, ete. 

Tin plate consists of black plate coated with tin; terne plate, of 
black plate coated with a mixture of tin and lead—generally in pro- 
portion of one to two. Taggers tin, or “ taggers,” are tin plates which 
are undersized, i. e., below the gauge of the box. 

Production.—The country’s output of iron and steel galvanized 
sheets in 1917 amounted to 620,086 long tons; tin and terne plates 
aggregated 1,512,145 long tons, less than 5 per cent consisting of terne 
plate. With’regard to plates and sheets in general, see notes on 
paragraphs 105 and 110. The United States now leads the world in 
the production of tin and terne plate. England is the next greatest 
producer, and formerly supplied the bulk of the world output. 

Imports.—In 1918 the imports for consumption of plates, sheets, 
strips, etc., coming under this paragraph amounted to 1,360,000 pounds, 
valued at $522,165. Of this amount, over 943,200 pounds consisted of 
galvanized strips, sheets, ete. The importation of tin and terie plate, 
because of war conditions, aggregated only 71,403 pounds, valued at 
$5,964. In 1913, the importation of plates, sheets, etc., covered by 
this paragraph, amounted to 28,345,141 pounds, valued at $973,005; 
and in 1914, to 49,640,860 pounds, valued at $1,508,843. 

Exports are far in excess of imports. Exports of galvanized iron 
and steel sheets in 1918 amounted to 178,393,464 pounds, valued at 
$14,637,825; and of tin and terne plate and taggers tin, to 560,068,432 
pounds, valued at $57,899,696. 


PARAGRAPH 110. 


ACT OF 1909. 


131. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms, and slabs, by whatever process 
made; die blocks or blanks; billets 
and bars and tapered or beveled bars ; 
mill shafting; pressed, sheared, or 
stamped shapes, not advanced in value 
or condition by any process or opera- 
tion subsequent to the process of 
stamping; hammer molds or swaged 
steel; gun-barrel molds not in bars; 
alloys used as substitutes for steel in 
the manufacture of tools; all descrip- 
tions and shapes of dry sand, loam, 
or iron-molded steel castings; sheets 
and plates and stcel not specifically 
provided for in this section, all of the 
above valued at { of 1 cent per pound 
or less, 2 of 1 cent per pound; 
valued above 3 of-1 cent and not 
above 1.38 cents per pound, * of 1 
eent per pound; valued above 1.3 
cents and not above 1.8 cents per 
pound, 3 of 1 cent per pound; val- 
ued above 1.8 cents and not above 


184911°—20 13 





ACT OF 1918. 


110. Steel bars, and tapered or bev- 
eled bars; mill shafting; pressed, 
sheared, or stamped shapes, not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by any 
process or operation subsequent to the 
process of stamping; hammet molds 
or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not 
in bars; all descriptions and shapes 
of dry sand, loam, or iron molded 
steel castings, sheets, and plates; all the 
foregoing, if made by the Bessemer, 
Siemens-Martin, open-hearth, or similar 
processes, not containing alloys, such 
as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, 
tungsten or wolfram, molybdenum, ti- 
tanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, 
boron, and similar alloys, 8 per centum 
ad valorem; steel ingots, cogged in- 
gots, blooms and slabs, die blocks 
or blanks; billets and bars and tapered 
or beveled bars; pressed, sheared, or 
stamped shapes not advanced in value 
or condition by any process or opera- 
tion subsequent to the process of 


194 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 
2.2 cents per pound, ~ of 1 eent per | stamping; hammer molds or swaged 
pound;. valued above 2.2 cents. and | steel; gun-barrel moids not in bars; 
not above 3 cents per pound, ¢ of 1 | alloys used as substitutes for steel in 
cent per pound; valued above 3 cents | the manufacture of tools; ali de- 
per pound and not above 4 cents: per | scriptions. and shapes. ef dry sand, 
pound, 1.1 cents per pound;, vained | lonm, or iron, molded: castings, sheets, 


od 


above 4 cents and. not above 7 cents | and pilates; rolled wire rods in coils 
per pound, 1.2 cents per pound; valued | or bars not smaller than twenty one- f 
above 7 cents and not above 10 cents | hundredths of one inch in diameter, 

per pound, 1.9 cenis per pound’; val- | and’ steel net specially provided. for in 

ued abeve 10° cents and not above 43 | this: seetion, all’ the foregoing when 

cents per pound, 2.3 cents. per pound ;. | made by the crucible, electric, or cem- 

valued abeve 13. cents and not. above | entation process, either with or 

16 cents per pound, 2.7 cents per | without alloys, and finished by rolling, 

pound; valued above 16 cents and | hammering, or otherwise, and all 

not above 24 cents per pound, 4.6 | steels by whatever process made, eon- 

cents. per pound; valued: above 24 | taining alloys such as nickel, cebalt, 

cents and not above 382 cents. per | vanadium, chromium, tungsten, woif- 

pound, 6 cents per pound; valued | ram, molybdenum, titanium, iridium, 

above 82 cents and not above 40 cents: | uranium, tantalum, boron, and similar 

per pound, 7 cents per pound; valued | alloys; 15: per centum ad valorem.. 

above 40 cents per pound, 20. per 

centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These products divide into three general 
elasses: (1) Bessemer and open-hearth steel in: the forms of steel bars, 
mill shafting, hammer and gun-barrel molds, all kinds of castings, and . 
sheets and plates; (2) erucible,. electric, or cementation steel in. the 
same forms, and. in. those of ingots,. blooms,. siabs, die blocks, billets ; 
and (3). steel, however made, containing alloys. ef nickel, cobalt, vana- 
dium, chromium, tungsten,.ete. The first class. is dutiable at 8 per 
cent.ad valorem; the second and third elasses at 15 per cent. J 

Bessemer steelThe Bessemer process of steel production consists 
in blowing air through molten pig iron eontained in a suitable vessel, 
whereby its impurities are oxidized and removed.. Depending upon 
the nature of the lining of the vessel, there are two modifications of 
this process—acid and basic. 

Open-hearth steel.—This.is a process. for the production of steel by 
the oxidation. and removal of the impurities. contained in a bath of 
metallic iron lying on a hearth ef a regenerative furnace, the: product 
being tapped in a fluid condition. As in the Bessemer process, there 
are the acid and basie modifications. 

Crucible steel.—The crucible: process. produces. a steel particularly 
free from imperfections by melting in air-tight erucibles various 
grades of iron or steel with or without the addition of carbon, ore; or 
other metals.. . 

The cementation process. consists in. impregnating bars of wrought — i) 
iron or soft steel with carbon,. at a temperature below its melting 
point, and’ is used (chiefly in England) for the production of high- 
earbon bars for the manufacture of crucible steel or shear steel. 

Hiectric steel processes are distinguished by the use of electricity 
as: the source of heat for the various reactions. wd 

Bessemer steel and open-hearth steel are relatively cheap: and ate. 
dant, and are used in the manufacture of rails, railway material, 

‘structural shapes, and: the bulk of the plates, sheets,.and wire goods. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 195 


Crucible steel and electric steel are more expensive, and go into cut- 
lery, scientific instruments, surgieal implements, ete. 

Ingots, billets, blooms, and slabs.—The ingot is the first solid. form 
which pig iron takes when converted into steel. When made by the 
Bessemer. or open-hearth process, it is usually a block about 6 feet 
long, 14 feet wide, and 13 feet thick. Blooms, billets, and slabs are 
early modifications of the ingot, the first twe being rectangular in 
cross. section and square, or nearly so, and the third reetangular 
with a width at ieast twice the thickness. Slabs are pieces designed 
for the manufacture of plates. When made out of crucible or elec- 
tric furnace steel, these forms are dutiable at 15 per cent ad. valorem. 
When made out of Bessemer or open-hearth steel and not containing 
any alloy, such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, and the like, 
they are governed by paragraph 613. 

Die block and blank is a mass of metal attached to a hammer which 
falls or is driven violently against a piece to be worked, or is the 
anvil block on which the piece is placed. When the die is manufac- 
tured out of Bessemer or open-hearth steel, it is free under para- 
graph 618. 

Mill shafting, pressed and stamped shapes, and hammer and gun- 
barrel molds represent forms of finished iron and steel which have 
received little or no treatment beyond rolling, pressing, hammering, 
and stamping. Hammer molds or swaged steel is steel shaped by a 
hammer and swage. 

Steel castings are steel forms shaped by molds into which the 
molten metal is poured and allowed to solidify. They may be an- 
nealed or machined, or both, but do not receive any rolling or forging. 

Alloyed steel.—Certain elements or metals have the quality of puri- 
fying steel, and, when alloyed with steel, of giving it certain desirable 
qualities. These metals are generally rare and add materially to the 
value of the steel. (See notes on par. 102.) 

Sheets- and plates—Plates are pieces of iron and steel generally 6 
to 200 inches in width, cut to various lengths, and of a thickness 
ef from No. 10 wire gauge (approximately ;% inch) to 2 inches. 
Sheets are similar but thinner pieces of iron and steel. (See notes on 
par. 105.) Paragraph 110 contemplates ordinary plates and sheets 
which have not reached the stages of cold rolling, pickling, polishing, 
etc., or the special preparation for the particular uses ultimately 
designed. 

Production figures which fit all the articles of the paragraph are 
not available. The domestic output of merchant bars (steel) amounted 
in 1917 to 5,226,031 gross tons, not including horseshoe bars, bolt and 
nut bars, spike and chain rods, and concrete bars, which amounted 
to 469,687 gross tons. Steel castings. of all kinds aggregated 1,441,407 
gross tons. Steel ingots made by the crucible and electric processes 
amounted to 362,514 gross tons—less than 1 per cent of domestic con- 
sumption. The production of sheets and plates ineluded in this para- 
graph was. over 8,000,000 gross tons, almost equally divided. 

’ Imports in 1918 of articles under this paragraph were a little over 
11,000 gross tons, valued at about $2,700,000. Over one-half were 
~ Bessemer-and open-hearth steel, with a value less than one-third the 
total. Fhe imports of crucible, electric, and cementation steel aggre- 
gated over 6,000,000 pounds, valued approximately at $1,272,000. 


196 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Sheets and plates were over 3,900,000 pounds, of which 3,345,681 
pounds were Bessemer and open-hearth steels. 

Exports in 1918 of bars and rods of-steel (excluding wire rods, 
par. 113), were approximately 613,000 gross tons, valued at nearly, 
$69,000,000 ; of sheets and plates aggregated 658,245 gross tons, valued 
at $96,087,700. The total exports of steel in the forms of ingots, bil- 
lets, and blooms in 1918 were over 1,970,000 gross tons valued at 
nearly $165,000,000; but this immense exportation consisted almost 
entirely of the Bessemer and open-hearth products. Export figures 
of crucible and electric-furnace steel in the form of ingots, blooms, 
billets, bars, etc., are wanting, but these were doubtless small. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In the absence of definite distinctions, arbitrary lines of demarca- 
tion were established by the Treasury Department between bars, 
bands, or strips, and plates. (T. D. 34694, of 1914.) (See par. 127.) 

Sheet steel made by the open-hearth process, containing 0.55 per 
cent manganese and*0.2 per cent silicon, added in the course of manu- 
facture, is dutiable at the 8 per cent rate. Being essential to the 
production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel, manganese and silicon 
can not be considered alloys without rendering ineffective the entire 
provision for such steel. (G. A. 7708, T. D. 35297, of 1915.) 

Structural shapes of nickel-alloyed steel are dutiable as pressed 
shapes composed of steel and containing nickel as an alloy under this 
paragraph and not as structural shapes of steel under paragraph 104. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 212, of 1916.) 

A duty of 8 per cent is imposed upon certain products of the 
Bessemer and open-hearth processes. The same products made by 
the crucible, electric, or cementation process are dutiable at 15 per 
cent. There are difficulties in distinguishing open-hearth from 
crucible steel. This paragraph further provides for crucible steel 
in bars or billets at 15 per cent ad valorem. Strips made from 
crucible steel not thicker than No. 15 wire gauge and not exceeding 
5 inches in width are dutiable at 15 per cent under paragraph 114, 
Strips more than 5 inches wide are dutiable at 12 per cent under 
paragraph 105. Paragraph 110 also subjects sheets of crucible steel, 
used in making circular saws, to a duty of 15 per cent, while saw 
plates cut or sheared to shape, or otherwise, are dutiable at 12 per 
cent under paragraph 105. 

This paragraph reads “tungsten or wolfram” in one place and 
“tungsten, wolfram” in another. As the two terms stand for the 
same metal, ‘ or” might be substituted for the comma. 


PARAGRAPH 111. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
182. Steel wool or steel shavings, 111. Steel wool or steel shavings, 
40 per centum ad valorem. . 20 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Steel wool consists of long steel fibers of . 
triangular cross section, resembling curled hair, and graded according 
to the fineness of the fiber, from coarse shavings to fine wool. It is 
used as an abrasive, and is a substitute for sandpaper and emery 


e 





197 


cloth or pumice stone, being regarded as superior to them for certain 
purposes. 

Production.—No accurate figures of production are available. In 
1917 the yearly consumption was estimated at between 1,000,000 and 
1,500,000 pounds, which (imports being cut off) virtually represented 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


domestic production. 
of steel wool. 


Germany and Switzerland are also producers 


Imports.—During the war very little steel wool was imported. In 
1913 imports were 41,486 pounds, valued at $5,177, and in 1914, 


27,113 pounds, valued at $3,698. 


PARAGRAPH 112. 


ACT OF 1909. 


133. Grit, shot, and sand made of 
iron or steel, that can be used only as 
abrasives, 1 cent per pound. 


ACT OF 19138. 


112. Grit, shot, and sand made of 
iron or steel, that can be used as 
abrasives, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Grit, shot, and iron sand are chilled iron 
shot made by heating scrap or pig iron to a fluid state and spraying 


it with steam as it runs into a large vat of water. 


The grit is used 


in grinding down rough surfaces of granite, marble, and other stones. 


Production figures are not available. 
sumption was estimated at 3,200 tons. 


ducer of these abrasives. 


Before the war domestic con- 
England is an important pro- 


Imports since the war have greatly declined—from 2,200,000 pounds 


in 1914 to 228,454 pounds in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 113. 


134. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, 
and other iron or steel wire rods, 
whether round, oval, flat, or square, or 
in any other shape, and nail rods, all 
the foregoing in coils or otherwise, 
valued at 4 cents or less per pound, 
7 Of 1 cent per pound; valued over 
4 cents per pound, 3% of 1 cent per 
pound: Provided, That all round iron 
ot steel rods smaller than number six 
wire gauge shall be classed and duti- 
able as wire: Provided further, That 
all iron or steel wire rods which have 
been tempered or treated in any man- 
ner or partly manufactured. shall pay 
an additional duty of 4 of 1 cent per 
pound. 


137. On all iron or steel bars or 
rods of whatever shape or section 
which are cold rolled, cold drawn, 
cold hammered, or polished in any 
way in addition to the ordinary proc- 
ess of hot rolling or hammering, there 
shall be paid 4 of 1 cent per pound in 
addition to the rates provided in this 
section on bars or rods of whatever 
section or shape which are hot 
rele SF. 8; 


113. Rivet, screw, fence, nail, and 
other iron or steel wire rods, whether 
round, oval, or Square, or in any 
other shape, and flat rods up to six 
inches in width ready to be drawn or 
rolled into wire or strips, all the fore- 
going in coils or otherwise, including 
wire rods and iron or steel bars, cold 
rolled, cold drawn, cold hammered, or 
polished in any way in addition to the 
ordinary process of hot rolling or 
hammering, not specially provided for 
in this section, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem: Provided, That all round iron 
or steel rods smaller than twenty one- 
hundredths of one inch in diameter 
shall be classed and dutiable as wire. 


198 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Iron and steel wire rods are produced by rolling, and: 
are generally used as a raw material, chiefly for the drawing of wire, 
also for rivets, horseshoe nails, and other articles. 

Production in 1918 of iron and steel wire rods: was. 2,562,390: long 
tons: Wire reds are but one among the numerous. semifinished forms: 
produced by the rolling mills, located in the iron regions centering 
around Pittsburgh; the industry is one ef large-scale ownership. 
Germany, Great Britain, and France are the principal Eurepean pro- 
ducers. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to 6,781 long tons, less than one-half 
those in 1914. Under the act of 1913, up to June 380, 1917, 80 per cent 
of the imports. of wire rods entered under paragraph: 113, 43 per cent 
under paragraph 110, aud 154 per eent under paragraph 554. (See 
the respective paragraphs. ) 

‘Imports come almost wholly from Sweden and the United Kingdom, 
and are of special quality, put to: special uses—making wire rope, wire, - 
or horseshoe nails—which require metal in a high degree free from 
phosphorus and sulphur, a characteristic of Swedish rods. We are 
now producing rods of equal purity. 

Exports in 1918 amounted to 186,588 long tons (over three times 
those of 1914), to a great. extent going to Europe. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS... 


Bundles or coils of Swedish round iron rods, each rod 60 to 100 feet 
long, and each coil weighing 150 to 250° pounds, sold as iron wire rods, 
were held dutiable as such rods under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 225, of 1915.) 

The distinction between rods of steel made by the crucible, electric, 
or cementation process, and those made by other processes, encounters 
the difficulty arising in the ease of steel in ether forms. (See. ‘ In- 
terpretation and comments,” par. 110:) 

This paragraph requires determination of the fact whether or not 
the rods are to be drawn. This is administratively difficult. The 
act of 1909 avoided this by the imposition of specific duties. On the 
ether hand, the provision. in that act coneerning fuel involved diffi- 
eulties of determination, ; 


PARAGRAPH 114. 


ACT OF £999. 


135. Round. iron or steel wire; not 


smaller than number thirteen wire 
gauge, 1 cent per pound; smaller than 
number thirteen and not smaller than 
number sixteen wire gauge, 13% cents 
per pound; smaller than number six- 
teen wire gauge, 12 cents per pound: 
Provided, That all the foregoing shall 
pay duty at not less than 35 per 
centum ad valorem; all wire composed 
of iron, steel, or other metal except 
gold or silver, covered with cotton, 
silk, or other material, corset clasps, 
corset steels, dress steels, and all flat 
wires, and steel in strips, not thicker 
than number fifteen wire gauge and 


ACT OF LOS. 


114. Round iren or steel wire; wire 
composed of iron, steel, or other metal, 
except gold or silver, covered with cot- 
ton, silk, or other material; corset 
clasps, corset steels, dress steels, and 
all flat wires and steel in strips: not 
thicker than number fifteen wire 
gauge and net exceeding five inches in 
width, whether in long or short 
lengths, in coils or otherwise, and 
whether rolled or drawn through dies 
or rolls; or otherwise: produced’;' tele- 
graph, telephone, and other wires: and 
cables composed of metal and rubber, 
or of metal, rubber, and other mate- 
rials; iron and steel wire coated by 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT GCF 1909—\Continued. 


not exceeding five inches in width, 
whether in long or short lengths, in 
coils or otherwise, and whether rolled 
or drawn through dies or rolls, or 
otherwise produced, and all other wire 


199 


ACT OF 1913—Continted. 


dipping, galvanizing, or similar process 
with zine, tin, or other metal; all 
other wire not specially provided for 
in this section and articles manufac- 
tured wholly or in chief value of any 


not specially provided for in this see- 
tion, shall pay a duty of not less 
than 35 per centum ad valorem; on 
iron or steel wire coated by dipping, 
galvanizing or similar process with 
zine, tin, or other metal, there shall 
be paid 3 of 1 cent per pound in 
addition to the rate imposed on the 
wire of which it is made: Provided 
further, That articles manufactured 
wholly or in chief value of any wire 
or wires provided for in this para- 
graph shall pay the maximum rate | 
of duty imposed in this section upon 
any wire used in the manufacture of 
such articles and in addition thereto 1 
cent per pound: And provided further, 
That no article made from or com- } 
posed of wire shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 40 per centum ad valorem; 
telegraph, telephone, and other wires 
and cables composed of metal and 
rubber, or of metal, rubber, and other 
materials, 40 per centum ad valorem; 
* * * wire heddles or healds, 25 
cents per thousand, and in addition 
thereto, 40 per centum ad valorem, 


wire or wires provided for in this sec- 
tion; all the foregoing 15 per centum 
ad valorem; wire heddles and healds, 
25 per centum ad valorem: wire rope, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ROUND IRON AND STEEL WIRE, PLAIN AND COATED. 


Description and uses.—A large portion of the round iron and steel 
wire produced is converted to some other form, as wire nails, barbed 
wire, wire rope, ete. 

Production was relatively small in 1914, being 834,387 short tons 
of iron and steel wire, 45 per cent of it eoated. This wire is only one 
among a number of the products of the industry. Approximately one- 
half of the product was made by establishments purchasing their raw 
material (wire rods) ; the other by the wire-drawing departments of 
rolling mills and other concerns. The location of the wire industry 
corresponds to that of the iron and steel industry, with Pennsylvania, 
Illinois, and Ohio leading. Germany and Great Britain are the chief 
foreign producers. 

Imports amounted to 7,725 short tons in 1914, and to only 27 tons 
in 1918. They are composed of wire of special quality for certain 
uses—as the making of needles, wire rope, and in musical instru- 
ments—which require wire of great purity (freedom from phosphorus 
and sulphur). Since the decrease of imports following the war, Ameri- 
‘ecan-made wire has been successfully put to these uses. 

Under the act of 1913, up to June 30, 1917, 98.7 per cent of the 
_, plain and coated iron and steel wire entered under paragraph 114, 
1.3 per cent under paragraph 645, which admits certain wire for 
fencing and for baling hay or other commodities free. Coated wire 
‘formed 3.3 per cent of the imports. . 


200 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports.—Statistics for plain and coated wire are not available. 
A more extended classification of wire products indicates that such 
exports are of importance. 


COVERED WIRE -~((EXCEPT WITH RUBBER). 


Description and uses.—Wire is covered with cotton, silk, paper, and 
other materials for use in the manufacture of millinery, novelties, toys, 
artificial flowers, clothing, and in electrical manufactures, 

Production.—New York City isa producing center for this industry. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $1,582; for the nine months ended 
June 30, 1914, they were $20,881. 


CORSET CLASPS, CORSET STEELS, DRESS STEELS, FLAT WIRE, STEEL STRIPS. 


Description and uses.—F lat wire and strip steel are produced by 
cold rolling or cold drawing hot-rolled flat rods or wire, and some- 
times by hot rolling. The commercial sizes vary from 0.010 to 0.375 
inch in thickness and from 0.5 inch to 24 inches in width. ‘These strips 
may be used in this form or further drawn or stamped,into various 
shapes. They are used for making springs and hands of watches and 
clocks, corset and dress steels, in the manufacture of pens, and for 
many other purposes. 

Production.—Approximately 30 establishments manufacture these 
products. The large industrial centers of New York, Pennsylvania, 
Connecticut, and Massachusetts are the important producers. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $17,238, and over four and one-half 
times that amount in 1914. 


TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE, AND OTHER WIRES AND CABLES. 


Description and uses.—This item includes all insulated wire and 
cables—submarine, underground, and other—in which rubber insula- 


~ tion is used. 


Production of insulated wire and eables was valued at $69,500,000 
in 1914. Over 60 per cent was made in New York, New Jersey, and 
Illinois. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut also contrib- 
uted substantially. Great Britain and Germany are important for- 
eign producers. | 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $23,025; in 1914, at $31,062. 


ALL OTHER WIRE. 


Description and uses.—Copper is the most important of the non- 
ferrous metals used in wire drawing; bronze and brass, its alloys, also 
find extended use. Aluminum wire has to some extent been used as a 
substitute for copper for electrical purposes. As examples of other 
wires and their uses—too numerous to be set down with complete- 
ness—may be mentioned wire of alloys containing nickel, used for elec- 
trical resistances and for purposes in which resistance to corrosion is 
of importance; tungsten wire, used for the incandescent filament of 
electric bulbs; and a wire of an alloy of platinum and rhodium, used 
in pyrometers. A large proportion of wire of nonferrous metals is used, 
in the manufacture of wire cloth. Wire of a cross section other that. 
round is drawn for special purposes. Triangular and lozenge-shaped 
wire is used in wire rope to some extent; pinion wire in the manu- 
facture of small pinions for clocks and watches. 





_- 
< 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 201 


Production.—Wire of nonferrous metal to the value of over 
$60,000,000 was produced in the United States in 1914. Copper, brass, 
and bronze wires, valued at $58,791,000 in 1914, were made largely by 
the same manufacturers; lead and aluminum wire, by companies pro- 
ducing other forms of these metals; wire of the precious metals, by 
many different kinds of establishments. Shapéd wire is produced both 
in establishments making iron and steel wire and in those making 
wire of other metals. Wire of the nonferrous metals is better suited 
to the continuous process of wire drawing than wire of iron and 
steel. Producers are located in the industrial sections, particularly 
in Connecticut. Germany is the principal foreign producer. 

Cost of manufacture.—The cost of raw materials of all wires save 
iron and steel is a large part of the total for the finished product. For 
copper, brass, and aluminum wire the bar metal is over 90 per cent of 
the total cost. With iron and steel wire, on the other hand, bar metal 
is only 60 per cent of the cost of the finished product. For instance, 
brass bars costing 25 cents per pound are drawn into wire, the product 
selling as low as 27 cents, and seldom over 30 cents per pound. Iron 
or steel bars costing 8 cents, when drawn into wire sell for 5 cents 
per pound. 

Imports for 1911-1914 averaged the same as for 1915-1918, $144,000. 
In 1918 imports were valued at $100,425. Aluminum wire formed 0.5 
per cent of this total; bronze wire, 1 per cent; brass wire, 3 per cent; 
copper wire, 14 per cent; wire of metal compositons, 20 per cent; all 
other wire, 61.5 per cent. The last group includes wire of the metals 
not enumerated, shaped wire other than fiat, and coated wire other 
than iron and steel. Among metals not already enumerated may be 
mentioned bismuth, wire of which was imported prior to the war. 

Exports of copper and brass wire in 1918 were valued at $6,920,073, 
going largely to Europe. 


MANUFACTURES OF WIRE. 


Description and uses.—Manufactures of wire, not enumerated in 
this paragraph or elsewhere, are included. Among these articles 
may be mentioned wire cloth, poultry netting, and an endless list of 
fabricated products, as bird cages, rat traps, strainers, carpet beaters, 
ete. Fourdrinier wires (wire cloth) are used in paper machinery. 

Production of this classification was $34,000,000 in 1914. Over 60 
per cent of this output was made by establishments which did not 
draw their own wire. About one-half of the remainder came from 
the wire departments of rolling mills and other concerns. The in- 
dustry, except as confined to industrial centers, shows no marked 
geographical concentration. Germany (wire cloth, bird cages) and 
Great Britain are the principal foreign producers. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $190,000, approximately 60 per cent 
of the value of the imports in 1914. Manufactures of aluminum wire 
were small; those of bronze wire formed 1 per cent of the whole; 
brass wire, 2 per cent; copper wire, T per cent; wire of metal com- 
positions, 30 per cent; and all other wire (including iron and steel), 
60 per cent. Imports of manufactures of wire, both of copper and of 
metal compositions, show marked increases since 1914. 

Exports of the manufactures of iron and steel wire alone—not in- 
cluding barbed wire and woven wire fencing (par. 645) or wire rope 
and cables (par. 114)—were valued at $4,500,000 in 1918. 


~« 


202 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


WIRE HEDDLES. 


Description and use.—Heddles are a part of the “harness” of a 
loom, the mechanism by which some of the threads of the warp are 
raised, others lowered, upon each passage of the shuttle. The heddles 
themselves are formed of wire or string, attached at each end to the 
shafts of the harness, and having a loop in the center through which 
the warp threads are passed. It is estimated that about one-third of 
the harness in use in the United States is equipped with wire heddles. 

Imports in 1914 numbered 65,702,000, valued at $52,723; in 1918 
they numbered 16,214,000, valued at $20,683. Imports have come from 
Germany, France, and Switzerland. 


WIRE ROPE. 


Uses.—Wire rope is used as guy rope in construction and engineer- 
ing works and on shipboard; also as running rope in hoisting and 
hauling and in the transmission of power. Construction works, min- 
ing, and logging are industries consuming large quantities, though 
nearly every industry uses it to some extent. 

American engineering practice has tended to throw the burden on 
the rope to a much greater extent than the more conservative Euro- 
pean practice, and the American manufacturer has developed the 
quality of his rope accordingly. 

Production of wire rope was valued at about $13,500,000 in 1974. 
Since that date production has probably doubled to meet demands 
arising in connection with naval and military operations. iy 

Approximately 40 per cent of the 1914 production was made by “mills 
pur chasing their own wire. During the war manufacturers have more 
and more undertaken the drawing of the wire, and in some cases have 
earried their production back to the making of the steel. Of 13 man- 
ufacturers in 1919, all but 4 were drawing the wire used. 

Both wire and wire rods have been imported for the manufacture 
of the better grades of wire rope. During the war domestic material 
has been substituted without apparent detriment. Great Britain and 
Germany are the principal foreign producers. 4 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $146,000, 1.1 per cent of domestic 
production, decreasing to $13,000 in 1918. Imports have come from 
Great Britain, largely for marine uses. 

Export figures include cables as well as ropes; in 1918 a value of 
$3,750,000 was reported. France, Russia, Canada, Cuba, and Chile 
were the principal importers. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS... 


The American wire gauge (Brown & Sharpe) may be used where 
applicable in determining diameters under this paragraph. (T. D. 
34701, of 1914.) Wire 80 per cent platinum and 20 per cent iridium 
is the article “platimim wire” and not the material “ platinum in 
avire,” and therefore is dutiable under the provision in this paragraph 
for “all other wire n. s. p. f.” and not exempt from duty under para- 
graph 578. (7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 50, of 1916.) Wire containing 90 per 
eent platinum and 10 per cent rhodium was also held dutiable under 
this provision. (Abstract 39865, of 1916.) Grooved wire, used in mak- 
ing pile on velvet carpets, was held dutiable as wire or articles made 
of wire within this paragraph. (Abstract 37599, of 1915.) Wire is “a 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 203 


slender rod, strand, or thread of ductile metal,’ and wire subjected 
to a coiling proeess, giving it a use aS a spring and also a new char- 
acter and name, is an article manufactured of wire rather than 
“wire.” (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 43, of 1913.) Wire forms of heavy wire 
about 24 inches long, first bent in the form of a U and then bent in 
the middle, half way between the ends and the loop, to a right 
angled shape, aud not designed for use as staples (that is, as fasten- 
ers), but advanced beyond. the condition of a staple, are dutiable under . 
this provision, and not exempt from duty under paragraph 554 as 
wire staples. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 200, of 1915.) 

Pins with glass or paste heads and unplated steel-wire stems, steel 
wire chief yalue, come within this paragraph. (G. A. 8046, T. D. 37090, 
of 1917; Abstracts: 40876, 41126, 41137, 41209, 41220, 41228, 41814, and 
41490, of 1917.) The only metal-coated wires provided for in this 
paragraph are those composed of iron and steel. Other metal-coated 
wires: and articies in chief value thereof are relegated to paragraph 167, 
as manufactures of metal n. s. p. f. This includes articles. of silver- 
plated wire, the basic metal of which is not shown to consist of iron or 
steel, which are dutiable at 50 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 
167 as articles plated with gold or silver. (G. A. 8179, T. D. 37699,. of 
1918.) Split-steel rings suitable for use in the manufacture of fishing 
tackle but requiring copper plating and burnishing before being ready 
for such use, were held to come within this paragraph as manufactures 
~ef wire rather than under paragraph 136: as parts of fishing tackle. 
(G.. A. 7980, TFT. D. 386768, of 1916; Abstract 41064, of 1917.) Pencil 
holders or clips, key rings, and similar articles valued at not over 
20 cents per dozen pieces, composed wholly or in chief value of wire, 
eovered by this paragraph, are properly dutiable thereunder ;. if valued 
at over 20 cents per dozen. pieces; such articles fali within paragraph 
356. (G. A. 8101, T. D: 37388, of 1917.) Tea strainers composed of 
wood, wire netting and tim were also held dutiable under this para- 
graph as manufactures of wire. (Abstract 38166, of 1915.) Cadle 
composed of individual copper wires also comes within this provision 
as articles composed wholly or in chief value of wire rather than as 
wire rope (G. A. $242, 'T. D. 37955, of 1919), but rope consisting of a 
hemp: core: about whieh are twisted five strands, each made ef a num- 
ber of wires wound and bound together with hemp or marlin, wire 
being the component of chief value, was held dutiable under this para- 
graph as wire rope. (G. A. 8136, T. D. 37516, of 1918.). 

Card ciothing manufactured from untempered round steel wire is 
dutiable at 10 per cent under paragraph 124, whereas the steel wire 
from which it is manufactured is dutiable at 15 per cent under this 
paragraph. 

The provision for “telegraph, telephone, and other wires and cables 
composed of metal and rubber or of metal, rubber, and other mate- 
rials,” does not include such wires and. cables. containing gutta-percha 
and no rubber. ) 

Wire and articles manufactured from wire pay 15 per cent under 
this paragraph, while wire heddles pay 25: per cent and wire rope pays 

30 per cent under the same paragraph. 
 @orset clasps and steels, dress steels, wire heddles and healds, wire 
rope, and manufactures of wire, provided for in this paragraph, are 
a different class of merchandise from the basic material wire. 


204 


Wire cloth might be separately classified. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Wire strand, which is 


used aS guys and in making wire rope, might be restored to the .pro- 


vision for wire rope. 


If the provision “ articles manufactured wholly or in chief value of 
any wire or wires provided for in this section” were omitted, manu- 
factures of wire n. s. p. f. would fall within the general provision in 


paragraph 167 for manufactures of metal. 


(See par. 158.) 


PARAGRAPHS 115 AND 116. 


ACT OF 1909. 


136. No 
vided for 


article not specially pro- 
in this section, which is 
wholly or partly manufactured from 
tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, 
plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel 
herein provided for or of which such 
tin plate, terne plate, sheet, plate, 
hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall 
be the material of chief value, shall 
pay a lower rate of duty than that im- 
posed on the tin plate, terne plate, or 
sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron 
or steel from which it is made or of 
which it shall be the component 
thereof of chief value. 


138. No allowance or reduction of 
duties for partial loss or damage in 
consequence of rust or of discoloration 
shall be made upon any description of 
iron or steel, or upon any article 
wholly or partly manufactured of iron 
or steel, or upon any manufacture of 
iron or steel, 


ACT OF 1913. 


115. No 
vided for 
wholly or 


article not specially pro- 
in this section, which is 
partly manufactured from 
tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, 
plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel herein provided for, or of which 
such tin plate, terne plate, sheet, plate, 
hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall 
be the material of chief value, shall 
pay a lower rate of duty than- that 
imposed on the tin plate, terne plate, 
or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll 
iron or steel from which it is made; or 
of which it shall be the component 
thereof of chief value. 


116. No allowance or reduction of 
duties for partial loss or damage in 


‘consequence of rust or of discoloration 


shall be made upon any description of 
iron or steel, or upon any article 
wholly or partly manufactured of iren 
or steel, or upon eny manufacture of 
iron or steel, 


PARAGRAPH 117. 


139. All metal produced from iron 
or its ores, which is cast and malle- 
able, of whatever description or form, 
without regard to the percentage of 
carbon contained therein, whether 
produced by cementation, or converted, 
east, or made from iron or its ores, 
by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp- 
Griffith, pneumatic, Thomas-Gilchrist, 
basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth 
process, or by the equivalent of either, 
or by a combination of two or more of 
the processes, or their equivalents, or 
by any fusion or other process which 
produces from iron or its ores a metal 
either granular or fibrous in struc- 
ture, which is cast and malleable, ex- 
cepting what is known as malleable- 
iron castings, shall be classed and de- 
nominated as steel. 


117. All metal produced from iron 
or its ores, which is’ cast and malle- 
able, of whatever description or form, 
without regard to the percentage of 
carbon contained therein, whether 
produced by cementation, or converted, 
east, or made from iron or its ores, 
by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp- 
Griffith, pneumatic, Thomas-Gilchrist, 
basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth 
process, or by the equivalent of either, 
or by a combination of two or more 
of the processes, or their equivalents, 
or by any fusion or other process 
which produces from iron or its ores 
a metal either granular or fibrous in 
structure, which is cast and malleable, 
excepting what is known as malleable- 
iron castings, shall be classed and de- 
nominated as Steel, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—This paragraph is descriptive only, and its definition 
of steel is rather more inclusive than the usual trade acceptance. 
Commercially defined, steel is a form of iron, containing less than 2.2 


and, as a rule, less than 1.5 per cent of carbon. 


It is characterized 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 205 


py relative toughness and, when tempered, by hardness and elasticity. 
It differs from cast iron in having less than 2.2 per cent carbon, and 
from wrought iron by its freedom from slag. Steel has less silicon 
than pig iron. 

Production.—Steel is produced by the crucible, the Bessemer, the 
open-hearth, and the electric-furnace processes. It is also obtained 
by carbonizing wrought iron (more rarely low-carbon steel) by the 
cementation process, the product being generally known as cement 
steel. (For these processes, see notes on par. 110.) The Bessemer 
and open-hearth processes provide most of the steel produced in the 
world to-day. Each process may assume one of two forms—the acid 
or the basic. In the acid process, the silicon, manganese, and carbon 
contained in the pig iron are acted upon, but not the phosphorus and 
sulphur. In the basic process, phosphorus is largely, and the sulphur 
to a considerable extent, eliminated, as well as the silicon, manganese, 
and carbon. The basic-Bessemer process is seldom employed in 
this country, owing to the low phosphorus content of American pig 
iron. For the acid-Bessemer process, the phosphorus content of the 
pig iron should not be greater than 0.1 per cent, whereas a typical 
analysis of pig iron adapted to the basic-Bessemer process would show 
about 2.5 per cent. Most of the non-Bessemer domestic pig iron is 
thus manufactured into steel by the basic open-hearth process, which 
does not require such a high phosphorus content. On account of the 
greater uniformity and reliability of the steel produced by the open- 
hearth process, much of the pig iron suitable for the Bessemer process 
is now converted by the acid-open-hearth method. 

The electric-furnace method of steel manufacture is of growing im- 
portance. The Clapp-Griflith process is one form of the Bessemer, 
wherein the Clapp-Griffith converter is employed. ‘‘ Pneumatic proc- 
ess’ is an obsolete term for Bessemer; it is also applied to a special 
form of the Bessemer process for the making of wrought iron (the 
Champion pneumatic process). The names * Thomas,” “ Thomas-Gil- 
christ,” and “ basic” are used in Europe synonymously with the basic- 
Bessemer process, although the term “basic” is also used more 
broadly to include the basic-open-hearth. The Siemens-Martin proc- 
ess, as this term is ordinarily used, signifies open-hearth. 

Imporiance of steel—Most of the pig-iron output of the world is 
converted into steel, the domestic proportion being between 80 and 90 


per cent. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Billets of metal produced from iron or its ores, containing 20 per 
cent of carbon and smaller percentages of silicon, manganese, phos- 
phorus, and sulphur, granular in structure, malleable, and at any stage 
of production, cast, is “steel” within this paragraph. (65 Fed., 497, 
‘of 1895.) 

No mention is made in this paragraph of the electric process, as in 
paragraph 110. ( 

PARAGRAPH 118, 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


140. Anvils of iron or steel, or of 118. Anvils of iron or steel, or of 
iron and steel combined, by whatever | iron and steel combined, by whatever 
process made, or in whatever stage | process made, or in whatever stage 
of manufacture, 1§ cents per pound. of manufacture, 15 per centum ad 

valorem 


206 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Anvils may be either cast or wrought (forged). 
They are of several types, the ordinary blacksmith’s anvil, the small 
anvils used by jewelers, and heavy blocks for power hammers. 

Production of wrought anvils in 1911 was estimated at 2,600,000 
pounds. An increase in domestic production has followed the declin- 
ing imports since the beginning of the war and the demand ereated 
by military operations. A large portion of our anvils is made at 
Columbus, Ohio. England, Germany, and Sweden are the principal 
foreign producers. 

Imports of anvils were 727,502 pounds in 1914 and 9,687 pounds 
in 1918. A considerable portion of the imports is a Swedish cast 
anvil. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Blacksmith’s sledges are dutiable at 10 per cent under paragraph 

122, against 15 per cent on anvils. 


PARAGRAPH 119. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


141. Automobiles, * * * and 119. Automobiles, valued at $2,000 
finished parts of any of the foregoing, | or more, and automobile bodies, 45 
not including tires, 45 per centum ad | per centum ad valorem; automobiles 
valorem, valued at less than $2,000, 30 per 

centum ad valorem; automobile chas- 
sis, and finished parts of automobiles, 
not including tires, 30 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and use.—Unoflicial reports give registered motor ve- 
hicles in the United States (Dec. 1, 1918) as 6,146,617, of which 
593,092 were trucks or commercial cars, the remainder being passenger 
cars. These constitute 87 per cent of the automobiles of the world. 
The license fees paid amounted to $51,477,416. The domestic gasoline 
production for 11 months of 1918 is officially given as 3,278,568,498 
gallons. ) ; 

Production.—The Census reports for 1914 give 1,271 automobile 
manufacturers with an invested capital of $407,730,000; persons en- 
gaged in manufacture, 145,951; value of products, $632,831,000; paid 
for materials employed, $356,208,000; and wages and salaries, $139,- 
453,000. The National Automobile Chamber of Commerce reports the 
following data for the year ending June 30, 1917: Commercial vehicle 
manufacturers, 372; passenger vehicle manufacturers, 238; States in 
whieh factories are located, 32; capital invested, $736,000,000; em- 
ployees, 280,000; passenger cars produced, 1,718,778 ; commercial cars 
or trucks, 160,100 (in 1918, both kinds of cars, 1,153,637, valued at 
$1,236,106,917) ; wholesale value of vehicles, $1,249,390,618; paid for 
materials, $480,000,000. ‘The association reports 1,080 body, parts, and 
accessory makers, with a capital invested of $336,000,000, and 320,000 
employees. 

Import value in 1918 of automobiles (valued at $2,000 or over) and 
bodies of automebiles, was $33,412. The largest importation was in 
1917, valued at $189,106. Imports of automobiles (valued at less than 
$2,000) in 1918 were $43,675, the smallest in four years, the largest 
being $217,196 in 1915. 





-—~ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . 207 


Imports of automobiles, chassis, and finished parts, in 1918, were 
valued at $86,792, and in 1915 at $789,779, the largest in four years, 
Total importations of all automobiles and parts thereof show a. steady 
decrease since 1912. 

Export value in 1918 was $77,205,825, and number of awtomobiles 
64,512. In 1917 the value was $90,956,134, and the number exported 
80,785. The number exported in 1908 was. 2,477. Recently the ex- 
ports are divided about equally between eemmercial and passenger 
vehicles. Parts of automobiles, other than engines and tires, exported 
in 1918 show a value of $32,983,006, as compared with $605,179 in 
1909. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph imposes 30 per cent on finished parts of automobiles 
other than tires; paragraph 120, 25 per cent on finished parts of 
bieycles other than tires; paragraph 121, 10 per cent on axles and 
parts thereof; paragraph 125, 10 per cent on castings of maileable 
iron; paragraph 126, 25 per cent on sprocket chains; and paragraph 
142, 20 per cent on wheels for railway purposes. These provisions 
relate to materials of the Same general class or use and the duties 
lack symmetry. Some materials have been classified under eo nomine 
provisions and others elsewhere; for instance, sprocket chains are 
elassified as such (Abstract 36332, T. D. 34742, and Abstract 36781, 
T. D. 34871, of 1914), and malleable-iron castings as parts of agri- 
eultural implements (G. A. 7702, T. D. 35246, of 1915). 

Horns and magneto windings and condensers, not being limited in 
their use to automobiles, are not within this provision. © (Abstract 
24259, T. D. 31070, of 1910;.G. A. 7219, T. D. 31567, of 1911; Abstract 
37984, of 1915.) 

Oilers, used on automobiles to eover the oil holes leading to the 
bearings, and intended to keep the holes free from dirt, dust, ete., are 
dutiable as parts of automobiles under this paragraph. (Absiract 
40076, of 1916.) 

The words “ not ineluding tires’’ qualify the provision for “ finished 
parts of automobiles’? and no other, and the tires contemplated are 
those which are imported as separate entities, not those which accom- 
pany automobiles of which they are essential and integral parts. 
(G. A. 8123, 'T. D. 37491, of 1918.) 

Repairs on a reimported automobile under paragraph 404 are du- 


. tiable at the same rate that would have been levied on such automo- 


biles. under this paragraph if the automobile itself had been subject 
to duty. (G. A. 7789, T. D. 35795, of 1915.) 
PARAGRAPH 120. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


141. * * * Bicycles, and motor- 120. Bicycles, motor cycles, and fin- 
cycles, and finished parts of any of | ished parts thereof, not inciuding 
the foregoing, not including tires, 45 | tires, 25. per centum ad valorem. 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of bieyeles in 1914 was 398,899 machines, valued at 


$5,361,230. The output in the year ended August 31, 1918, was esti- 


mated by the War Industries Board as. 507,207. The production of 
motorcycles for the same period was estimated as 53,700. In the 


208 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


calendar year 1914 the output was 62,793 machines, valued at 
$12,306,447. 

Imports of bicycles and finished parts in 1918 were valued at 
$12,593, decreasing from $205,062 in 1914. Motor cycles and finished 
parts imported in 1918 were valued at $3,860, decreasing from $55,869 
in 1914. 

Exports of bicycles, tricycles, etc., in 1918 amounted to $1,366,747, 
-and in 1914 to $608,931, which was 10 per cent of domestic production. 
Motor cycles exported in 1918 numbered 10,599, valued at $2,364,785, 
having increased from 6,410, valued at $1,234,194, in 1914. The exports 


in 1914 equaled 10 per cent of the domestic production. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Pedals and saddles, but not lamps, pumps, push bells, tool bags, oil 
eans, and horns, are within this provision as finished parts of bicycles. 
(G. A. 7700, T. D. 35228, of 1915; Abstract 38014 of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 121. 


ACT OF 1909. 


142. Axles, or parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks, or forgings for 
axles, whether of iron or steel, with- 
out reference to the stage or state of 
manufacture, not otherwise provided 
for in this section, valued at not 
more than 6 cents per pound, 3 of 1 
cent per pound: Provided, That when 
iron or steel axles are imported fitted 
in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron 
or steel, they shall be dutiable at the 
same rate as the wheels in which they 
are fitted, 


ACT OF 1918. 


121. Axles, or parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks, or forgings for 
axles, whether of iron or steel, with- 
out reference to the stage or state of 
manufacture, not otherwise provided 
for in this section, 10 per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That when iron or 
steel axles are imported fitted in 
wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or 
steel, they shall be dutiable at the 
same rate as the wheels in which they 
are fitted. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—IJron and steel axles for every purpose are 


included. 


Axles inserted in wheels come under paragraph 142 or 
other paragraphs covering wheels. 


Production of 89,436 long tons, valued at $3,407,271, reported in 


1914, is confined to rolling mills, 


of axles other than car and locomotive. 


per cent of the total. 


Of this amount, 1,160 tons were 
Pennsylvania produced 68 


Railway axles are rolling-mill products. A 


small per cent of automobile axles was thus made in 1914. These 
axles, bicycle axles, and wagon and carriage axles of iron and steel 
are made chiefly in factories manufacturing the vehicles. 

Imports of iron and steel awles in 1914 were 136 long tons, valued 


at $17,083. 
entirely in 1918. 


Export figures for axles are combined with railway wheels. 


They have decreased steadily since 1911 and ceased 


In 


1918 these exports amounted to $5,220,704. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


All varieties of iron and steel axles are admitted under this para- 
graph, not merely those for railway purposes, as is the case with 


wheels under paragraph 142, 


(See par. 119.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 209 


PARAGRAPH 122. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


143. Blacksmith’s hammers’ and 122. Blacksmiths’ hammers, tongs, 
sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- | and sledges, track tools, wedges, and 
bars, whether of iron or steel, 18 cents | crowbars, whether of iron or steel, 10 
per pound. per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Production.—No data are available as to the domestic output of 
blacksmith’s hammers, tongs and Ssledges, track tools, wedges and 
crowbars, but these manufactures are known to have been large. 

Imports are small, in 1918 aggregating 5,337 pounds, valued at 
$511; and in 1914, 23,340 pounds, valued at $1,661. 

Exports of hammers and hatchets are large, compared with imports, 
and were valued at $579,788 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 123. 


Boe oo nuts, - and..washers, 123. Nuts or nut blanks, and wash- 
* * *, of wrought iron or steel, ? | ers, 5 per centum ad valorem; bolts 
of 1 cent per pound. of iron or steel, with or without 


threads or nuts, or bolt blanks, fin- 

144, Bolts, with or without threads | ished hinges or hinge blanks, 10 per 

or nuts, or bolt blanks, and finished | centum ad valorem; spiral nut locks 

hinges or hinge blanks, whether of | and lock washers, whether of iron or 
iron or steel, 14 cents per pound. steel, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—These articles—iuts, bolts, hinges, spiral 
nut locks, ete.—and their uses are for the most part well known. 
The word “blank” used in connection with nuts, bolts, and hinges, 
signifies a piece of metal that has been prepared for manufacture 
into these various forms. 'The term “washer” denotes a ring of 
metal or perforated plate used to distribute pressure to prevent 
motion or play. Spiral nut locks are special devices for locking a 
nut, as on a bolt, so that it may not be loosened by jarring. 

Production.—In 1914 the output of bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 
was valued at $23,403,000, and of hinges and other builder’s hardware 
at $24,280,000. 

Imports are insignificant compared with exports. In 1918 they 
amounted to 256,337 pounds, valued at $21,604, of which 209,489 
pounds, with a value of $13,086, consisted of bolts, bolt blanks, finished 
hinges, and hinge blanks. In prewar times imports were larger, 
amounting in 1914 to 622,748 pounds, valued at $36,927, of which 
about two-thirds consisted of bolts, bolt blanks, hinge blanks, and 
finished hinges. 

Exports of bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers aggregated 67,551,383 
pounds, valued at $5,544,920, in 1918, and 44,413,047 pounds, valued at 
$1,635,707, in 1914. In addition, exports of bwilder’s hinges and other 
builder’s hardware aggregated $2,278,284 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Hinges of copper (G. A. 7733, T. D. 35497, of 1915) and steel hinges, 
gold plated (Abstract 39831, of 1916) come within the provision for 
“finished hinges or hinge blanks.” 

184911°—20——14 x 


210 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Nuts or nut blanks dutiable at 5 per cent under this paragraph are 
made from bars of steel subject to a duty of 8 per cent under para- 
graph 110. Nuts or nut blanks or washers, spiral nut locks, or lock 
washers of any material are covered by this provision. 


PARAGRAPH 124. 


ACT OF 19909. 


145. Card clothing not actually and 
permanently fitted to and attached 
to carding machines or to parts thereof 
at the time of importation, when man- 
ufactured with round iron or untem- 
pered round steel wire, 20 cents per 
square foot; when manufactured with 
tempered round steel wire, 45 cents 
per square foot; when manufactured 
with plated wire or other than round 
iron or steel wire, or with felt face, 
wool face, or rubber face cloth con- 
taining wool, 55 cents per square foot. 


ACY OF 1913. 


124. Card clothing not actually and 
permanently fitted to and attached 
to carding machines or to parts thereof 
at the time of importation, when man- 
ufactured with round iron or untem- 
pered round steel wire, 10 per centum 
ad valorem; when manufactured with 
tempered round. steel wire, or with 
plated wire or other than round iron 
or steel wire, or with felt face, or 
wool face, or rubber face cloth con- 
taining wool, 35 per centum ad yva- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Card clothing is a wire-toothed cloth or 
leather used for covering the cylinders, rollers, doffers, etc., of a card- 
ing machine. Carding is the process of cleaning and disentangling 
the fibers of cotton or wool by action of wire-toothed cylinders, and is 
the first important mechanical operation in the treatment of fibers 
preparatory to yarn making. The cloth is measured by the square 
foot in the trade. 

Production.—The bulk of the carding machines (including card 
clothing) used in cotton-spinning mills is of domestic production, but 
no statistics are available. Much of the carding machinery for 
woolen yarn is imported from England, although more than one-half 
of that used by domestic manufacturers is produced at home. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to 200,035 square feet, valued at $307,343. 
England and the United States are the main producing countries, the 
former the only important source of imports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sivips of card clothing with metal end pilates and metal clips perma- 
nently attached thereto were held properly classified as manufac- 
tures of metal under paragraph 167, rather than card clothing under 
this paragraph. (G. A. 7993, T. D. 36888, of 1916.) 

Card clothing manufactured from untempered round-steel- wire is 
dutiable at 10 per cent under this paragraph, while the steel wire 
from which it is manufactured is dutiable at 15 per cent under para- 
graph 114. 

PARAGRAPH 125. 





146. Cast-iron pipe of every descrip- 
tion, 4 of 1 cent per pound. 


147. Cast-iron andirons, plates, 
stove plates, sadirons, tailor’s irons, 
hatter’s irons, and castings and ves- 
sels wholly of cast iron, § of 1 cent 
per pound. All castings of iron or 
cast-iron plates which have’ been 


125. Cast iron pipe of every de- 
seription, cast-iron andirons, plates, 
stove plates, sadirons, tailor’s irons, 
hatter’s irons, and castings and ves- 
sels wholly of cast iron, including all 
castings of iron or cast-iron plates 
which have been chiseled, drilled, ma- 
chined, or otherwise advanced in con- 
dition by processes or operations 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF i1909—Continued. 


chiseled, drilled, machined, or other- 
wise advanced in condition by proc- 
esses or operations subsequent to the 
casting process but not made up into 
articles, shall pay ¥; of 1 cent per 
pound more than the rate imposed 
upon the castings of iron and cast- 


211 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


subsequent to the casting process but 
not made up into articles or finished 
machine parts; castings of malleable 
iron not specially provided for in this 
section; cast hollow ware, coated, 
glazed, or tinned, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 


iron plates hereinbefore provided for. 


148. Castings of malleable iron not 
specially provided for in this section, 
gy of 1 cent per pound. 


149. Cast hollow ware, coated, 
glazed, or tinned, 14 cents per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These articles include a variety of familiar 
commodities made of cast tron, castings of malleable iron, and cast 
hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned. Malleable cast iron is a crude 
form of wrought iron obtained by decarbonization. The castings are 
made in the ordinary way from low silicon iron with little phosphorus 
and sulphur; they are embedded in oxide of iron or peroxide of man- 
ganese and heated to a red heat until most of the carbon is removed 
from the surface. 

Production.—Available statistics cover only cast-iron pipe, includ- 
ing fittings, with an output in 1916 of 1,214,333 tons, and in 1917 of 
999,101 tons. 

Imports for consumption amounted in 1918 to 3,324,002 pounds, or 
1,662 short tons, valued at $181,258. More than one-half consisted of 
the group comprising cast-iron plates, stove plates and irons, sadirons, 
tailor’s irons, hatter’s irons, and castings and vessels wholly of cast 
iron. A little over 10 per cent consisted of cast-iron pipe and about 
25 per cent of malleable-iron castings n. s. p. f. 

Exports.—No statistics of exports confined to the commodities em- 
braced in this paragraph are available. Exports are probably much 
larger than imports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “not made up into articles” has been interpreted to 
mean castings finished and ready for ultimate use, and not castings 
which are mere materials finished and ready for manufacturing pur- 
poses, and the phrase “finished machine parts” refers to castings 
destined to become parts of machines. A brewery-mash filter was 
held not to be a machine for the purposes of this paragraph. Cast- 
iron frames, plates, center pieces, heads or ends and posts for the 
Same use, were held to be castings of iron “ not made up into articles 
or finished machine parts.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 278, of 1918; see also 
4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 304, of 19138.) So were cast-iron parts of boilers 
(G. A. 8094, T. D. 37854, of 1917.) And finished castings, molded, 
drilled, and machined, and requiring, to make the machine complete, 
rubber gaskets, filter cloths, bronze and copper work, were held to be 
“not made up into articles.” (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 362, of 1914.) Fireplace 
and mantel sets (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 475, of 1912); date nails of cast 
iron, malleable, and galvanized or plated with zine (G. A. 7363, T. D. 
32506, of 1912); so-called cores of cast iron, steel plates and a ring 


212 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

for the manufacture of automobile tires (G. A. 8253, T. D. 37989, of 
1919); and a finished propeller (Abstract 42248, of 1918) were held 
dutiable as manufactures of metal. Cast-iron bowls and cylindrical 
cast-iron kettles with flanges and rims, classified as hollow ware of 
iron, have been held dutiable as cast hollow ware glazed. (4-Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 281, of 1913.) 

The omission of the provision in this paragraph and that ir. para- 
graph 134 for hollow ware would bring within paragraph 134 all 
flat ware of the description therein provided for and relegate to 
paragraph 167 all other hollow ware wholly or in chief value of 


metal. 
PARAGRAPH 126. 


ACT OF 1909. 


150. Chain or chains of all kinds, 
made of iron or steel, not less than 
three-fourths of one inch in diameter, 
z of 1 cent per pound; less than three- 
fourths of one inch and not less than 
three-eighths of one inch in diameter, 


ACT OF 1913. 


126, Chain or chains of all kinds, 
made of iron or steel, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; sprocket and ma- 
chine chains, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


14 cents per pound; less than three- 
eighths of one inch in diameter and 
not less than five-sixteenths of one 
inch in diameter, 1* cents per pound; 
less than five-sixteenths of one inch in 
diameter, 3 cents per pound; but no 
chain or chains of any description 
shall pay a lower rate of duty than 45 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Structurally, chains made of iron or steel 
may be divided into those (1) whose separate links are of a single 
piece of metal and those (2) with links of several pieces of metal. 
The first are used generally for fastening objects together or support- 
ing or lifting weights. Such chains, if small, are chiefly made by 
machinery, but larger sizes are usually handmade. Chains for cranes, 
ships’ cables, dredges, ete., have each link welded by hand, often both 
formed and welded from the rolled bar iron. Those ef the second 
class are known as sprocket or machine chains and are used for trans- 
mitting power. In certain of these each link is made of several 
pieces of metal connected by rivets, bolts, or steel screws, and so 
formed as to engage with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. The bicycle 
chain is a familiar example. 

Production.—-The United States is a large producer of chains made 
of iron or steel, but statistics are not available. 

Imports of iron or steel chains are small compared with exports, 
in 1918 aggregating 154,719 pounds, valued at $15,823. 

Exports in 1918 were valued at $1,988,729. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sprocket chains, classified as parts of automobiles under paragraph 
119, were held dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 36332, T. D. 
34742, and Abstract 36781, T. D. 34871, of 1914.) They are so dutiable 
whether assembled or unassembled, but repair or extra parts are 
dutiable under paragraph 167. (Abstracts 39815 and 39447, of 1916.) 





1 


} 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


213 


PARAGRAPH 127, 


ACT OF 1909. 


151. Lap-welded, butt-welded, 
seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays, not thinner than 


- number sixteen wire gauge, if not less 


i 


than three-eighths of an inch in diam- 
eter, 1 cent per pound; if less than 
three-eighths of an inch and not less 
than one-fourth of an inch in diame- 
ter, 13 cents per pound; if less than 
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, 2 
cents per pound: Provided, That no 
tubes, pipes, flues, or stays, made of 
charcoal iron, shall pay a less rate 
of duty than 13 cents per pound; 
cylindrical or tubular tanks or vessels, 
for holding gas, liquids, or other ma- 


ACT OF 1913. 


127. Lap-welded, _ butt-welded, 
seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays; cylindrical or 
tubular tanks or vessels, for holding 
gas, liquids, or other material, whether 
full or empty; flexible metal tubing or 
hose, not specially provided for in this 
section, whether covered with wire or 
other material, or otherwise, including 
any appliances or attachments affixed 
thereto; welded cylindrical furnaces, 
tubes or flues made from plate metal, 
and corrugated, ribbed, or otherwise 
reenforced against collapsing pressure, 
and all other iron or steel tubes, fin- 
ished, not specially provided for in 


terial, whether full or empty, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; flexible metal 
tubing or hose, not specially provided 
for in this section, whether covered 
with wire or other material, or other- 
wise, including any appliances or at- 
tachments affixed thereto, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; welded cylin- 
drical furnaces, tubes or flues made 
from plate metal, and corrugated, 
ribbed, or otherwise reinforced against 
collapsing pressure, 2 cents per pound; 
all other iron or steel tubes, finished, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description.—This paragraph covers pipes, tubes, cylinders, tanks, 
etc., made of iron and steel, excepting cast-iron pipes provided for in 
paragraph 125. While cast-iron pipes are cast in molds and the center 
is cored out, welded and riveted pipes are made from plates of steel 
or wrought iron called skelp, which are rolled longitudinally into 
shape and the edges welded or riveted together. When the edges 
simply come together, the welding is called butt-welding, and when 
they overlap, lap-welding. 

Production.—The domestic output of wrought iron and steel pipe 
and boiler tubes in 1916 amounted to 2,651,058 gross tons and in 1917 
to 2,486,977 gross tons. In 1914 there were 36 establishments en- 
gaged in the manufacture of wrought-iron pipe alone, with an aggre® 
gate capital of $39,407,625, employing 8,745 wage earners whose out- 
put was valued at $37,655,229. Other great iron and steel producing 
countries, like Great Britain and Germany, also have large outputs. 

Imports are insignificant as compared with production and exports. 
In 1918 the imports of iron and steel pipes and tubes (excluding cast- 
iron pipes) amounted to $300,420. 

Exports of pipes and fittings in 1918 (excluding cast pipe) aggre- 
gated 228,772,177 pounds, valued at $16,227,288. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Seamless tubes of chromium steel designed to be used not as tubes 
but as materials for the manufacture of other articles, such as ball 
races for ball bearings, are within the provision in this paragraph 
for “all other iron or steel tubes, finished, not specially provided for,” 


‘ 


this section, 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


214 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

and not dutiable under the provision in paragraph 110 for “ all steels, 
by whatever process made, containing alloys such as * * * chro- 
mium.” Whether or not an article is a tube depends upon its form 
and not upon use or method of manufacture. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 148, 
of 1917.) A barrel-shaped drum is a cylindrical vessel, and strong 
sheet-iron drums, of such shape or tubular, containing binoxide of 
barium, both containers available for further use as receptacles, come 
within this provision. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 523, of 1916.) Cylindrical 
iron drums for dioxide barium, capable of further use, also come 
within this provision and are not exempt from duty as usual con- 
tainers. (Abstract 38662, of 1915.) The provision for cylindrical or 
tubular tanks or vessels is not limited to vessels composed of iron or 
steel exclusively, but includes those made of copper or other metal. 
(T. D. 80229, of 1909.) The duty is laid upon the containers and not 
upon their contents, regardless of whether the contents bear duty or 
are free of duty. The containers must be made, in part at least, of 
metal and of such strong and permanent construction that upon being 
emptied of their contents may be properly devoted to further similar 
use and possess appreciable value for such use. Strong iron drums, 
containing sulphide of sodium which may be removed without destroy- 
ing the drums as containers, fall within this provision, but drums 
which are destroyed in removing the contents and small tin cans con- 
taining tomatoes or tomato sauce, are not within this provision. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 520, of 1916; £ Ct. Cust. Appls., 152, of 1911; 
2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 30, 57, of 1911; 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 94, 254, of 1912.) 
Round tins about the size of an ordinary barrel and packed in wooden 
drums fortified with iron, or in barrels or casks, the usual containers 
of hydrosulphite of soda, were held dutiable under this paragraph 
or at the same rate as their contents under paragraph R, Section III, 
according to whether usable again or destroyed in the removal of 
their contents. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 38206, of 1919.) 

The word “ pipe” generally implies an article tubular in form and 
rigid, while “tubing” implies a flexible article. The provision for 
flexible metal tubing or hose is more specific than that for copper 
pipes. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 221, of 1911.) 

Unused butt-welded iron and steel pipe which eomes from the mill 
defective for high-pressure purposes, cut into lengths and used as 
guard rails, fence posts, rollers, building columns or supports, fences, 
flag poles, etc., is dutiable as butt-welded iren or steel pipe under this 
paragraph; but, if fit only for remanufacture, is free of duty as scrap 
steel under paragraph 518. (Abstract 39168, of 1915; Abstract 
39752, of 1916.) 

“All other iron or steel tubes,’ whether finished or unfinished, 
pay 20 per cent, but under different paragraphs—the finished are 
under this paragraph, the unfinished are under paragraph 167. 


PARAGRAPH 128. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 





152. Penknives, pocketknives, clasp 
knives, pruning knives, budding 
knives, erasers, manicure knives, and 
all knives by whatever name known, 
including such as are denominatively 
mentioned in this section, which have 
folding or other than fixed blades or 
attachments, valued at not more than 


128. Penknives, pocketknives, clasp 
knives, pruning knives, budding 
knives, erasers, manicure knives, and 
all knives by whatever name known, 
inciuding such as are denominatively 
mentioned in this section, which have 
folding or other than fixed blades or 
attachments, and razors, all the fore- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


40 cents per dozen, 40 per centum 
ad valorem; valucd at more than 40 
cents per dozen and not exceeding 50 
cents per dozen, 1 cent per piece and 
40 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than 50 cents per’dozen and 
not exceeding $1.25 per dozen, 5 cents 
per piece and 40 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than $1.25 
per dozen and not exceeding $3 per 
dozen, 10 cents per piece and 40 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
‘than $3 per dozen, 20 cents per piece 
and 40 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That any of the foregoing 
knives or erasers, if imported in the 
condition of assembled, but not fully 
finished shall be dutiable at not less 
than the rate of duty herein imposed 
upon fully finished knives and erasers 
of the same material and quality, but 
not less in any case than 190 cents 
each and 40 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided further, That blades, handles, 
or other parts of any of the forego- 
ing knives or erasers shall be dutiable 
at not less than the rate herein im- 
posed upon knives and erasers valued 
at mere than 50 cents per dozen and 
not exceeding $1.25 per dozen; razors, 
finished, valued at less than $1 per 
dozen, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at $1 and less than $1.50 per 
dozen, 6 cents each and 35 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at $1.50 and less 
than $2 per dozen, 10 cents each and 
35 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
$2 and less than $3 per dozen, 12 
cents each and 35 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at $3 or more per 
flozen, 15 cents each and 85 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
blades (except for safety razors), 
handles, and unfinished razors shall 
pay no less duty than that imposed on 
finished razors valued at $2 per dozen: 
Provided further, That on and after 
October first, nineteen hundred and 
nine, all the articles specified in this 
paragraph shall when imported have 
the name of the maker or purchaser 
and beneath the same the name of the 
country of origin die-sunk conspicu- 
ously and indelibly on the shank or 
tang of at least one or, if practicable, 
each and every blade thereof. Scissors 
and shears, and blades for the same, 
finished or unfinished, valued at not 
more than 50 cents per dozen, 15 
eents per dozen and 15 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than 50 
cents and not more than $1.75 per 
dozen, 50 cents per dezen and 15 per 
eentum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $1.75 per dozen, 75 cents per 


dozen and 25 per centum ad valorem. 


215 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


going, whether assembled but not fully 
finished or finished; valued at not 
more than $1 per dozen, 35 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than $t 
per dozen, 55 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That blades, handles, or 
other parts of any of the foregoing 
knives, razors, or erasers shall be 
dutiable at not less than the rate 
herein imposed upon the _ knives, 
razors, and erasers, of which they are 
parts. Scissors and shears, and blades 
for the same, finished or unfinished, 
30 per centum ad valorem: Provided 
further, That all articles specified in 
this paragraph shall, when imported, 
have the name of the maker er pur- 
chaser and beneath the same the name 
of the country of erigin die-sunk con- 
spicuously and indelibly on the blade, 
shank, or tang of at least one or, if 
practicable, each and every blade 
thereof, 


216 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, ETC. 


Description and uses.—The distinctive feature of the pocketknife 
is that the blade folds into the handle. All such knives, as well as 
other knives named, are included under paragraph 128. 

Production of penknives and pocketknives was valued at $4,177,000 
in 1914. Domestic manufacturers ordinarily specialize in a par- 
ticular article, and generally all the steps in manufacturing are per- 
formed in the same establishment, though there is some trade in 
parts. Factories in Germany and Great Britain, on the other hand, 
specialize in the parts, and the final manufacturer is often simply an 
assembler of parts. The structure of these knives is complicated, and 
they are demanded in almost endless variety by users. In addition, 
the industry is one requiring highly skilled hand labor which com- 
mands higher wages than are paid in Europe. The nature of the 
product, which largely resists the use of machine processes, renders 
inapplicable our characteristic advantages in production. 

New York, Connecticut, Ohio, and Pennsylvania lead in the domestic 
manufacture of penknives and pocketknives. Germany, Great Brit- 
ain, and France, each sending some output to our market, are the 
principal foreign producers. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at over $1,800,000 (31 per cent of the 
domestic production), and at $57,000 in 1918. Preceding the war 
Germany furnished 80 per cent and Great Britain 16 per cent of 
these imports. Very cheap knives, retailing from 5 to 10 cents, form 
the bulk of the imports. Importation of the best grades, penknives 
particularly, is also important. 


RAZORS. 


Production of razors (safety and straight) was valued at over 
$5,000,000 in 1914, New York leading among manufacturing States. 
Germany and Great Britain are the chief foreign producers. 

The best German and English straight razors have a reputation for 
superiority, resting on the great technical proficiency of Solingen and 
Sheffield. Since the war, however, American manufacturers have pro- 
duced a razor of comparable quality. But the safety razor, by methods 
of quantity production not fully applicable to the straight razor, has 
offset any disadvantage America has suffered in producing the latter. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $473,000, and in 1918 at $46,000. 
The bulk of these, in quantity, was of the cheapest grades, not manu- 
factured here; in point of value, the imports of the highest grades 
were of more importance. Both the cheap and the better grades come 
from Germany, but only the better grades from Great Britain. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $472,000; in 1918, at $2,355,000, 
largely safety razors. There are exports of straight razors, although 
production here does not satisfy the domestic demand. 


SCISSORS AND SHEARS. 


Description and nse.—Shears are distinguished from scissors only 
by their greater length. 

Production of scissors and shears, including clippers, was valued at 
$2,500,000 in 1914. Manufacturers are located in Connecticut, New 
Jersey, New York, and other States. The domestic producers of shears 
supply the domestic market and export as well. The making of “ laid ’”’ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 217 


-shears—the welding of steel cutting edge to backs and handles of 
malleable iron—is an American process, not successfully applied 
abroad. In scissors, except cheap cast scissors, domestic manufactur- 
ers supply only a small portion of the market. Germany was the 
most important producer of scissors prior to the war. 

Imports were valued at $775,000 (31 per cent of domestic produc- 
tion) in 1914, and at but $97,000 in 1918. Before the war Germany 
averaged 96.5 per cent of the imports, while 83 per cent of the 1918 
imports, largely scissors, came from Japan. 

Exports.—American-made shears are exported to all parts of the 
world. No figures are available. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Budding and pruning knives come within this provision, rather than 
under paragraph 391 as agricultural implements, as they have uses 
other than agricultural, and chief use as agricultural instruments was 
not established. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 444, of 1915.) Razor blades de- 
signed to become parts of razors and separately imported come within 
this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 181, of 1916.) Not the per dozen 
value of the separate parts, but the per dozen value of the razors into 
which the parts will ultimately be incorporated, determines the duty. 
(G. A. 8111, T. D. 37430, of 1917.) 

Under these decisions it is at times impossible to determine defi- 

nitely the rate of duty because the value of the razors into which the 
parts will be incorporated is unknown. This might be remedied by 
inserting the words “and blades, handles, or other parts” before the 
words “all the foregoing,” and omitting the proviso, or by substitut- 
ing a fixed value per dozen for the words “ of which they are parts” 
in the proviso. 
’ Sheep shears (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 360, 364, of 1916) and onion shears, 
lopping shears, and grape pickers (Abstract 41032, of 1917) are ex- 
empt from duty under paragraph 391 as agricultural implements, but 
not hedge or pruning shears, unless chiefly used for agricultural pur- 
poses (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 248, of 1915). Pruning shears used chiefly 
for agricultural purposes, and nuts and bolts for such articles, are 
exempt from duty. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 353, of 1916.) 

Camping knives with folding blades and spoon-and-fork attachments 
are within the provisions of this paragraph for “ all knives by what- 
ever name known * * * which have folding or other than fixed 
blades or attachments” (G. A. 7968, T. D. 36702, of 1916) ; as are also 
bistouries and scalpels with folding blades. (G. A. 7908, T. D. 36385, 
of 1916.) Scissors with silk tassels are within the provision for scis- 
sors. (Abstract 43231, of 1919.) Small knives with odd-shaped han- 
dles which could not be effectively used for most of the ordinary pur- 
poses of a pocketknife, but which were not in fact used as playthings, 
and not commercially known as toys, were held dutiable as penknives 
rather than as toys. (167 Fed., 998, of 1909.) 


PARAGRAPH 129. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


153. Sword blades, and swords and 129. Sword blades, and swords and 
side arms irrespective of quality or | side arms, irrespective of quality or 
use, in part of metal, 50 per centum | use, in part of metal, 30 per centum 
ad valorem, ad valorem, 


218 SUMMARY OF TARIFF ENFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term swords, sword blades, and side 
arms ineludes foils and foil blades for fencing, bayonets, daggers, 
and other small arms, but not revolvers and parts thereof, which are 
specifically enumerated in the provision in paragraph 133 for “ pis- 
tols, whether automatic, magazine, or revolving, or parts thereof and 
fittings therefor.” 

Imports have been continuous, but small—in 1914 valued at $15,213, 
in 1918 at $1,318. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bayonets are side arms within this provision. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
812, of 1911; Abstract 22335, T. D. 30208, of 1909.) So are pearl- 
handled daggers (Abstract 38169 of 1915) and horse pistols of antique 
pattern, although unfit for use as pistols (G. A. 5404, T. D. 24621, of 
1903), and sword canes are also within this provision (Abstract 29413, 
T. D. 32751, of 1912}. The words “irrespective of quality and use” 
and “in part of metal” bring within the provision all swords or side 
arms made in part of metal, whatever the quality or use, and therefore 
include swords with bone handles and secabbards and steel blades. 
(G. A. 7394, T. D. 32841, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 130. 


-ACYT OF 1909. 


154. Table, butchers’, carving, cooks’, 
hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, vege- 
table, fruit, cheese, carpenters’ bench, 
curriers’, drawing, farriers’, fleshing, 
hay, tanners’,’ plumbers’, painters’, 
palette, artists’, and shoe knives, forks 
and steels, finished or unfinished; if 
imported with handles of mother-of- 
pearl, shell, ivory, silver, nickeled sil- 
ver, or other metal than iron or steel, 
14 cents each; with handles of deer- 
horn, 10 cents each; with handles of 
hard rubber, solid bone, celluloid, or 
any pyroxyline material, 4 cents each ; 
with handles of any other material 
than those above mentioned, 1 cent 
each, and in addition, on all the above 
articles, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
any of the knives, forks or steels, 
enumerated in this paragraph, if im- 
ported without handles, 40 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That none of 
the above-named articles shall pay a 
less rate of duty than 40 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That all the 
articles specified in this paragraph 
when imported on and after October 
first, nineteen hundred and nine, shall 
have the name of the maker or pur- 
chaser and beneath the same the name 
of the eountry of origin indelibly 
stamped or brauded thereon in a place 
that shall not be covered thereafter. 


4 


ACT OF 19138. 


130. Table, butchers’, carving, cooks’, 
hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, vege- 
table, fruit, cheese, carpenters’ bench, 
eurriers’, drawing, farriers’, fleshing, 
hay, tanners’, plumbers’, painters’, 
palette, artists’, and shoe knives, forks 
and steels, finished or unfinished, with- 
out handies, 25 per centum ad va- 


'lorem; with handles, 30 per centum 


ad valorem: Provided, That all the 
articles. specified in this paragraph, 
when imported, shall have the name 
of the maker or purchaser, and be 
neath the same the name of the coun- 
try of origin indelibly stamped or 
branded thereon in a place that skall 
not be covered thereafter. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 219 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The Census recorded the production of “ table” and 
“other” cutlery at $8,863,000 in 1914. New York, Connecticut, and 
Massachusetts are important producing States. 

Steel cutlery is largely superseded by plated ware, for which the 
American factory methods are more applicable than to steel table 
eutlery. Domestic production of the latter does not supply the entire 
market. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $333,576, in 1918 at $116,867. 
Table cutlery formed the bulk of these imports. Prior to the war 
Germany and Great Britain (about equally) furnished 80 per cent and 
France almost all the rest of the imports. 

Exports of table cutlery only were valued at $168,623 in 1914 and 
at $728,232 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “ knives, forks, and steels, finished or unfinished,” 
with handles, is not limited to such finished articles as have handles 
added thereto, but includes as well a fork in which the handle and 
tines are made of one piece (G. A. 7002, T. D. 30488, of 1910); also 
one-piece table knives as well as forks (Abstract 88611, of 1915). The 
article commonly and commercially known as a bdutcher’s cleaver is 
not a knife, and is therefore not within the provision for “ butchers’ 
knives,” but dutiable as a manufacture of metal. (G. A. 8225, T. D. 
37879, of 1919.) Hay knife plates have been properly classified under 
the provision of this paragraph for hay knives, finished or unfinished, 
without handles, rather than as agricultural implements under para- 
graph 391 or manufactures of metal under paragraph 167. (Abstract 
40371, of 1916.) Finished shoe knives without handles, requiring an 
improvised handle, known in ecommerce as shoe knives without handles, 
are so dutiable, and not as shoe knives with handles. (Abstract 
40268, of 1916.) _ Cleaver-shaped knives constructed and designed for 
use by Chinese cooks in cutting boneless meat into strips and cubes 
are “ cooks’ knives” within this paragraph. (G. A. 8264, T. D. 38054, 
of 1919.) Carving knives, forks, and steels imported in sets must be 
individually marked. (T. D. 34884, of 1914.) 

The word “ Nippon” is sufficient marking to indicate the country of. 
origin when the name of the maker or purchaser also appears on 
the article. (T. D. 37828 of 1918.) 

The classification covers table cutlery and certain other specified 
kinds of knives, forks, and steels. No provision is made for “all 
other knives” or “all other cutlery,” and knives not specified would 
thus fall under manufactures of metal (par. 167). 

Table, tea, and other spoons, silverware usually packed with knives 
and forks, are dutiable at 50 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 
167, as against 25 or 30 per cent on knives and forks of silver or 
silver plate; and such articles as sioyd, linoleum, and fish Knives are 
also dutiable under paragraph 167, but at 20 per cent, which is less 
than the rates imposed on other knives in paragraph 130. The fol- 
lowing changes might be made in this:paragraph: Strike out the word 
“and” after the word “ artists’;” insert the words “and similar” 
between the words ‘ shoe” and “ knives;” substitute a semicolon for 
the comma after the word “ knives” and after the words “ forks and 


920 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


steels;” insert the words “all the foregoing” followed by a comma 
after the words ‘“ forks and steels” and insert the words “and not 
specially provided for in this section” followed by a semicolon after 
the word “unfinished.” This would make the provision read after 
the word ‘“artists’”’: “shoe and similar knives; forks and steels; all 
the foregoing, finished or unfinished, and not specially provided for 
in this section; without handles, [rate]; with handles, [rate].” The 
proviso also might be changed by omitting the words “ when im- 
ported,” because rendered unnecessary by the omission of the words 
“on and after October first, nineteen hundred and nine,” in the act 
of 1909, and tending to forbid the right to mark the name of the 
maker or purchaser, etc., on the goods while in customs custody after 
importation. 
PARAGRAPH 131. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


155. Files, file-blanks, rasps and 131. Files, file blanks, rasps, and 

floats, of all cuts and kinds, two and } floats, of all cuts and kinds, 25 per 
one-half inches in length and under, | centum ad valorem. 
25 cents per dozen; over two and 
one-half inches in length and not over 
four and one-half inches, 473 cents 
per dozen; over four and one-half 
inches in length and under seven 
inches, 624 cents per dozen; seven 
inches in length and over, 774 cents 
per dozen, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Files are made in varying sizes. Those 
with raised points, instead of lines, are technically known as rasps, 
and are used by carpenters, horseshoers, and shoemakers. 

Files grade according to fineness. The first or coarsest are called 
rough; the next, bastard cut; the third, second cut; the fourth, 
smooth; the finest, dead smooth. 

Production of files and rasps was valued at $5,608,000 in 1914. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to $59,903. 

Exports in 1918 amounted to $3,681,457. 


gs INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In measuring the length of files, the distance from the heel (the 
part where the tang begins) to the point (the opposite end) of the file 
should be included; the tang is the only portion of the file to be ex- 
cluded. (G. A. 5410, T. D. 24688, of 1903.) Wiffle files are dutiable 
according to their full length and not their cutting surface only. 
(G. A. 5672, T. D. 25268, of 1904.) Nail files are not within this pro- 
vision (G. A. 7787, T. D. 85798, of 1915), nor are fraises—the abrad- 
ing parts of machines which sharpen knives of beet-cutting machines— 
“files” within this provision (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 494, of 1916). 


PARAGRAPH 132. 


156. Muskets, muzzle-loading shot- 132. Muskets,’ air-rifles, muzzle- 
guns, rifles, and parts thereof, 25 per | loading shotguns and rifles, and parts 
centum ad valorem. thereof, 15 per centum ad yalorem. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 221 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The musket, muzzle-loading shotgun, and 
rifle are old forms of firearms whose domestic manufacture has been 
practically discontinued. The air rifle is a self-loading rifle which 
impels its missile by compressed air. The firearms covered by this 
and the succeeding paragraph might be embraced in one paragraph. 
(See par. 133.) 

Imports in 1918 amounted to $1,058. 


PARAGRAPH 133, 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


157. Double-barreled, sporting, 133. Breech-loading shotguns and 
breech-loading shotguns, combination | rifles, combination shotguns and rifles, 
shotguns and rifles, valued at not | and parts thereof and fittings there- 
more than $5, $1.50 each and-in ad- | for, including barrels further ad- 
dition thereto 15 per centum ad va-} vanced than rough bored only; pis- 
lorem; valued at more than $5 and | tols, whether automatic, magazine, or 
not more than $10, $4 each and in | revolving, or parts thereof and fittings 
addition thereto 15 per centum ad | therefor, 35 per centum ad valorem. 
valorem each; valued at. more than 
$10, $6 each; double barrels for sport- 
ing breech-loading shotguns and rifles, 
further advanced in manufacture than 
rough bored only, $3 each; stocks for 
double-barreled sporting breech-load- 
ing shotguns and rifles wholly or par- 
tially manufactured, $3 each; and in 
addition thereto on all such guns and 
rifles, valued at more than $10 each, 
and on such stocks and barrels, 35 
per centum ad valorem; on all other 
parts of such guns or rifles, and fit- 
tings for such stocks or barrels, fin- 
ished or unfinished, 50 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That ail double- 
barreled sporting breech-loading shot- 
guns and rifles imported without a 
lock or locks or other fittings shall be 
subject to a duty of $6 each and 35 
per centum ad valorem ; single-barreled 
breech-loading shotguns, or _ parts 
thereof, except as otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, $1 each 
and 35 per centum ad valorem; pis- 
tols, automatic, magazine, or revoly- 
ing, or parts thereof, 75 cents each 
and 25 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of shotguns, rifles, pistols, and parts thereof, in 1914 
amounted to $10,544,000, and is known to have increased enormously 
during the war. Exports alone in 1918 were valued at nearly five 
times the entire domestic output in 1914. 

Imports of breech-loading shotguns, rifles, and pistols and parts 
thereof in 1918 amounted to $138,071, divided as follows: Pistols, 
$415; double-barreled and combination shotguns and rifles, $2,875; 
single-barreled rifles and shotguns, $126,098; and parts of shotguns 
and rifles, $4. Imports of all other parts of guns and fittings for 
stocks were valued at $8,679. 


292 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports of revolvers and pistols in 1918 amounted to $407,908; of 
rifles and shotguns, to $37,299,450. Exports of all other firearms were 
valued at $11,451,913. (See par. 182.) 


PARAGRAPH 134. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


158. Table, kitchen, and hospital 134, Table, kitchen, and hospital 
utensils, or other similar hollow ware, | utensils or other simHar hollow ware 
of iron or steel, enameled or glazed | composed of iron or steel, enameled or 
with vitreous glasses, but not orna- | glazed with vitreous glasses; table, 
mented or decorated with lithographic | kitchen, and hospital utensils or other 
or other printing, 40 per. centum ad | similar hollow ware composed wholly 
valorem. or in chief value of aluminum; all 

the foregoing not especially provided 
for in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORSDIATION. 


Imports.—Tabic, kitchen, and hospital utensils of iron and steel 
were imported in 1918 to the value of $60,740, the smallest importa- 
tion since 1910. Irom 1910 to 1913 the imports declined, but after 
the passage of the act of 1913 increased nearly 25 per cent—from 
$667,831 in 1918 to $833,251 in 1914. After 1914 imports again de- 
creased, due probably to the blockade of Germany and Austria-Hun- 
gary, whence came three-fourths of the imports in previous years. 

Imports of the above articles made of aluminum in the last nine 
months of 1914 were $507,349, decreasing rapidly until 1918, when 
they amounted to only $163. The war demand by European countries 
for aluminum metal is largely responsible for the decreased impor- 
tation. Imports have come from Germany, Great Britain, France, 
and Switzerland,—mostly from Germany. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Articles not known to the trade as hollow ware were held excluded 
from this paragraph. Spoons, ladles, graters, and various other arti- 
cles of aluminum were declared to be flat ware, and dutiable at 20 
per cent under paragraph 167 as manufactures of metal. (T. D. 
348387, of 1914; G. A. 7662, T. D. 35049, of 1915.) Under this construc- 
tion such articles as funnels and tea strainers are classified at dif- 
ferent rates of duty. (Abstract 38768 of 1915.) 

Incandescent lamp refiectors or shades composed of steel enameled 
with vitreous glasses, having a hollow interior which gives them a 
bell-shaped effect, are within this paragraph. (G. A. 7717, T. D. 
35334, of 1915.) 

“ Specially ” rather than “ especially ” is the word usually used in 
exeluding goods more specifically provided for. 


PARAGRAPH 135. 


164. Needles for knitting or sewing 135. Needles for knitting or sewing 
machines, $1 per thousand and 25 per | machines, latch needles, crochet nee- 
centum ad valorem; latch needles, | dles, and tape needles, knitting and 
$1.15 per thousand and 35 per} all other needles not specially pro- 
centum ad valorem; crochet needles | vided for in this section, bodkins of 
and tape needies, knitting and all} metal, and needle cases or needle 
other needles, not specially provided | books furnished with. assortments of 
for in this section, and bodkins of | needles or combinations of needles 
metal, 25 per centum ad valorem; but | and other articles, 20 per centum ad 





~ no articles other than 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


the needles 
which are specifically named in this 
section shall be dutiable as needles 
unless having an eye, and fitted and 
used for carrying a thread. Needle 
eases or needle books furnished with 


223 
ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


valorem; but no articles other than 
the needles which are _ specifically 
named in this section shall be duti- 
able as needies unless having an eye 
and fitted and used for carrying a 
thread. 


assortments of needles or combina- 
tions of needles and other articles, 
shall pay duty as entireties according 
to the component material of chief 
value therein. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The dutiable needles used in the largest 
quantities are knitting-machine needles, sewing-machine needles, 
hand-crochet and hand-knitting needles, and tape needles or podkins. 

The latch and the spring beard are the two important kinds of 
knitting-machine needles. The latch needle has no eye, but the thread 
is carried by a tiny hook over which the latch, a proportionately small 
piece of metal held in place by a rivet, alternately opens and closes 
to form each stitch or loop in the operation of knitting. The spring- 
beard needle is made of one piece of wire, one end of which is drawn 
out extremely fine and bent back along the shank, forming a hook 
much longer and more delicate than the hook on a latch needle. 

Sewing-machine needles are sufficiently familiar. 

Crochet: needles have at one end a small hook with which the 
thread is pulled through successive loops. Hand-knitting needles have 
neither eye nor hook. These needles are frequently made of other 
material than steel. 

Tape needies, made with an elongated eye through which the tape 
may be easily threaded, have a blunt end designed merely to carry 
the tape in and out of holes already provided. The term bodkin is 
also applied to tape needles, but may mean a small puncher or stiletto 
without an eye, used simply to puncture the material. 

Hand-sewing, darning, and shoe-machine needles, extensively used in 
this country, are exempt from duty under paragraph 555. 

Production.—The two principal classes of knitting-machine needles 
involve so many differences in construction—chiefly in labor, and 
factory equipment—that they are distinct industries. In 1914 the 
domestic production of latch needles amounted to 46,165,000, valued 
at $492,387, while spring-beard needles amounted to 47,934,000, valued 
at $129,397. Germany is the largest producer of knitting-machine 
needles. 

The Census includes sewing-machine needles in “all other needles,” 
and gave the production for 1914 as 74,635,000, valued at $656,660. 
According to figures submitted by manufacturers, this is less than one- 
half the actual production. Returns made by three of these com- 
panies, not included in the Census reports, added to those figures, 
give a total of 173,214,000 needles. This represents closely the entire 
domestic output of sewing-machine needles in 1914. The United 
States, Germany, and England produce practically the world supply. 
Some crochet hooks are manufactured here. PEngland and Germany 
are the leading manufacturers of hand crochet and knitting needles. 

Imports.—The largest annual importation since 1910 was in 1915 
(26,751,000 needles), and in 1917 imports were less than 1,000,009 


224 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

needles. Prewar imports averaged about 50 per cent of the domestic 
output and were increasing. Spring-beard needles have been imported 
less extensively. Most knitting needles imported come from Germany. 

Imports of sewing-machine needles are smali, estimated in 1914 as 
about 5 per cent of domestic production. 

Hand-crochet needles, hand-knitting needles, and tape needles or 
bodkins are grouped together with “all other ”’ in statistics of imports, 
which in 1918 were valued at $139,455. The largest annual importa: 
tion since 1908 was in 1917 ($171,988), and the smallest in 1908 
($50,044). 

Exports.—It is estimated that somewhat less than one-half of the 
domestic sewing-machine needles are exported; other classes of needles 
exported are insignificant. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “ sewing machine” covers the various styles of machines 
used to make a stitch which fastens together fabrics or materials for 
manufacturing purposes and is not to be limited to such as are con- 
structed only for family or domestic purposes. (G. A. 7225, T. D. 
31623, of 1911.) ; 

A needlecase is a case of metal or other material to contain 
needles, and the statute has enlarged the meaning to include other 
articles required in the use of the needle itself. A box containing 
a combination of needles with pins, thread, and thimble is within 
the provision (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 289, of 1915) ; but needles in paper 
folders of such a flimsy nature that unless carefully handled their 
use can not be long continued without crumpling or breaking are 
exempt from duty under paragraph 555 rather than dutiable under 
paragraph 135. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1916.) ‘‘ Needlecases ” 
within paragraph 185 must be primarily such in the common accepta- 
tion of the term. The provision accordingly does not include baskets, 
boxes, and cases, in chief value of leather, of such a size and so 
fitted with scissors, thimbles, stilettos, thread, knives, pins, buttons, 
tape, and hooks and eyes as to indicate that they are primarily 
sewing sets and not needlecases. Such articles are dutiable as bas- 
kets, boxes, and cases in chief values of leather under paragraph 360. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1917.) 

Randall sewing-machine needles are properly classified as needles 
for sewing machines under this paragraph, it being found that they 
are specially constructed and designed for harness making, and that 
their use in connection with shoemaking is merely incidental and 
exceptional. (Abstract 39441, T. D. 362738, of 1916.) 

(See pars. 360 and 555.) 


PARAGRAPH 136. 


ACT OF 1909. 


165. Fish hooks, fishing rods and 
reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, 


ACT OF 1913. 


136. Fishhooks, fishing rods and 
reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, 





snelled hooks and all other fishing 
tackle or parts thereof, not specially 
provided for in this section, except 
fishing lines, fishing nets, and seines, 
45 per centum ad valorem, 


snelled hooks, and all other fishing 
tackle or parts thereof, not specially 
provided for in this section, except 
fishing lines, fishing nets and seines, 
30 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That any prohibition of the importa- 
tion of feathers in this section shall 
not be construed as applying to arti- 
ficial flies used for fishing, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 225 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This includes the equipment of the man who 
fishes for diversion or on a limited scale. Fishing nets and seines 
used for more extensive operations are provided for in paragraph 271. 

Production.—The United States, like Canada, England, and some 
other countries of a considerable fishing industry, is a large producer 
of fishhooks, fishing rods and reels, and similar equipment. Statistics 
are not available. 

Imports of jishhooks, fishing rods and reels, etc. amounted to 
$238,975 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Containers specially constructed for artificial flies and leaders are 
not within this paragraph as fishing tackle, but dutiable as manufac- 
tures of metal under paragraph 167. (G. A. 7783, T. D. 35749, of 
1915.) Pieces of agate in the form of rings which, when mounted in 
holders, are suitable for use as guides for lines on rods are not parts 
of fishing tackle, but dutiable as manufactures of agate under para- 
graph 112. (G. A. 7385, T. D. 82766, of 1912.) Finished but not un- 
jinished floats are within this provision. (Abstract 25786, T, D. 31654, 
of 1911; 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 529, of 1911.) Unfinished steel rings are 
also excluded. (G. A. 7980, T. D. 36768, of 1916.) Worm gut and 
catgut made into leaders and snells are fishing tackle or parts thereof 
(G. A. 7142, T. D. 31161, of 1910; Abstract 39228, of 1916), but round 
pieces of rough bark to be attached to seine nets to prevent their sink- 
ing are not fishing tackle or parts thereof. (Abstract 33689, T. D. 
33763, of 1913.) Bamboo fish poles, painted, are dutiable under this 
paragraph. (T. D. 37855, of 1918.) (See pars. 366 and 443.) 

Silk leaders are dutiable at 30 per cent ad valorem as fishing tackle 
or parts thereof under paragraph 136, while silk fishing lines are 
dutiable as manufactures of silk at 45 per cent under paragraph 318. 
Catgut leaders are likewise dutiable at 80 per cent under paragraph 
136, while catgut strings for musical instruments carry 20 per cent 
under paragraph 866 as manufactures of catgut. | 


PARAGRAPH 137. 


ACT OF 1918. 


ACT OF 1909. 
137. Steel plates engraved, stereo- 


type plates, electrotype plates, half- 
tone plates, photogravure plates, photo- 


166. Steel plates engraved, stereo- 
type plates, electrotype plates, and 


plates of other materials, engraved for 
printing, 20 per centum ad valorem ; 
plates of iron or steel engraved or 
fashioned for use in the production 
of designs, patterns, or impressions 
on glass in the process of manufactur- 
ing plate or other glass, 25 per centum 
ad valorem; lithographic plates of 
stone or other material, engraved, 
drawn, or prepared, and wet trans- 
fer paper or paper prepared wholly 
with glycerin, or glycerin combined 
with other materials, containing the 
imprints taken from _ lithographic 
plates, 50 per centum ad valorem, 


184911°—20 15 





engraved plates, and plates of other 
materials, engraved for printing, plates 
of iron or steel engraved or fashioned 
for use in the production of designs, 
patterns, or impressions on glass in 
the process of manufacturing plate 
or other glass, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; lithographic plates of stone 
or other material engraved, drawn, or 
prepared, and wet transfer paper or 
paper prepared wholly with glycerin, 
or glycerin combined with other ma- 
terials, containing the imprints taken 
from lithographic. plates, 25 _ per 
centum ad valorem. 


226 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—These articles include plates engraved or 
prepared for printing or used for making impressions on glass in 
process of manufacture. They may be divided into three classes: (1) 
Steel plates engraved for printing and plates of iron and steel en- 
graved or fashioned for use in the production of plate or other glass; 
(2) plates, electrotyped, stereotyped, photoengraved, ete., and plates 
of other material than steel engraved for printing; and (38) litho- 
graphic plates, drawn or prepared, and wet transfer paper prepared 
wholly or partly with glycerin containing imprints taken from litho- 
graphic plates. 

Production.—The latest available figures cover only part of these 
materials. In 1914 the country’s output of engraved steel and copper 
plate, including plate printing, amounted to $18,786,000; photoen- 
graved plates not dene in printing establishments, to $15,359,000; and 
stereotype and electrotype plates, to $8,154,000. The figures for the 
output of lithographic plates include so much other material as to be 
valueless in this connection. England and Germany are large pro- 
ducers of the several articles embraced in this paragraph. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $29,046. Considerably over one- half 
consisted of plates embraced in class 2. In 1914 imports approximated 
$50,000. 

Exports in 1918 amounted to $225,422; in 1914, to $72,752 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision in paragraph 612 exempting from duty “ engraved 


steel plates * * * suitable for use in engraving or printing 
* * * stock certificates’? and not that in paragraph 137 for “ steel 
plates * * * engraved for printing,” was held to goyern the classi- 


fication of plates on which. entire certificates were not engraved. 
(G. A. 8011, T. D. 86926, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 138. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


167. Rivets, studs, and steel points, 138. Rivets, studs, and steel points, 
lathed, machined, or brightened, and | lathed, machined, or brightened, and 
rivets or studs for nonskidding auto- | rivets or studs for nonskidding auto- 
mobile tires, 45 per centum ad] mobile. tires, and rivets of iron or 
valorem; rivets of iron or steel, not | steel, not specially provided for in this 
specially provided for in this section, | section, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

14 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description.—A rivet is a headed pin or bolt of metal used to unite 
two or more pieces by passing it through them and heading the plain 
end. Ordinary bolts of iron or steel are provided for in paragraph 
123. A stud is a small pin or rod for holding members together or 
fitting parts to one another. The term steel points is nontechnical 
and self-explanatory. 

Production.—Statisties of rivets, studs, etc., are not stated sepa- 
rately from the general class of bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $8,600. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


227 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Ordinary rivets and higher-grade articles are combined in this para- 


graph at the same rate of duty. 


PARAGRAPH 139. 


ACT OF 1909. 


168, Crosscut saws, 5 cents per 
linear foot; mill saws, 8 cents per 
linear foot; pit and drag saws, 6 cents 
per linear foot; circular saws, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; steel band saws, 
finished or further advanced than tem- 


_ 


ACT OF 19158. 


189. Crosscut saws, mill saws, pit 
and drag saws, circular saws, steel 
band saws, finished or further ad- 


vanced than tempered and polished, 
hand, back, and all other saws, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
12 per centum ad valorem, 


pered and polished, 5 cents per pound 
and 20 per centum ad valorem; hand, 
back, and all other saws, not specially 
provided for in this section, 25 per 

centum ad valorem. 


GHNERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—OCrosscut saws of the hand-manipulated 
type vary greatly in character. They are used in logging and in saw- 
ing wood for fuel. Drag-saws are similar to crosscut saws, but are 
operated by machinery, and are usually used in mills for cutting de- 
fective logs or for cutting logs into shorter lengths. Pit saws are 
handsaws used for sawing boards directly from the log. Mill saws 
are upright saws eperated by machinery and used for rift sawing. 
The circular saw of disk shape is commonly used in sawmills and for 
sawing wood for fuel. Band saws are continuous bands run over 
pulleys and used in sawmills; they require the highest grade of steel 
and the greatest care in manufacture of any of the saws mentioned. 
Backsaws are used by woodworkers. Handsaws are used by ecarpen- 
ters and farmers for familiar building and household purposes. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 100 establishments manufacturing 
saws in the United States. Wage earners numbered 4,560; capital was 
$15,860,000; wages paid, $3,019,000; cost of materials, $4,714,000; and 
value of product, $12,517,000. In 1904 wage earners numbered 4,650 
and value of the product was $9,820,000. The States leading in pro- 
duction in 1914 were Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 

Imports of saws embraced in this paragraph were valued at $63,570 
in 1914 and at $24,846 in 1918. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,474,077, more than half of which 
went to Canada, Australia, England, and Germany, the rest heing 
widely distributed. In 1918 exports were valued at $4,569,053, of 
which nearly one-half went to England and France, and about one- 
third to Italy, Canada, Japan, Argentina, Cuba, and Australia. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Hack-saw frames without blades are not dutiable under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 32878, T. D. 33591, of 1913.) 

Saws are dutiable at 12 per cent under this paragraph; the steel 
from which they are made is dutiable at 15 per cent ad valorem under 
paragraph 110. 


228 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 140. 


ACT OF 1909. 


169, Serews, commonly called wood 
screws, made of iron or steel, more 
than two inches in length, 3 cents per 
pound; over one inch and not more 
than two inches in length, 5 cents per 
pound; over one-half inch and not 
more than one inch in length, 8 cents 
per pound; one-half inch and less in 
length, 10 cents per pound. 


ACT OF 19138. 


140. Screws, commonly called wood 
screws, made of iron or steel, 25 per 
centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Screws known in the trade as “ wood 
screws,” because intended for use in wood, are of mild steel or iron, 
or of brass, copper, and zinc when protection from rust is desirable. 

Production.—In 1914 wood screws, including those made of brass 
and bronze, were valued at $6,217,000, the output of 12 establishments, 


Imports of wood screws are small compared with production, being 
but 9,373 pounds, valued at $1,800 in 1918. 
Exports amounted to $1,870,146 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 141. 


170. Umbrella and parasol ribs and 
stretchers, composed in chief value of 
iron, steel, or other metal, in frames 
or otherwise, and tubes for umbrellas, 
wholly or. partially finished, 50 per 
centum ad valorem, 


141. Umbrella and parasol ribs and 
stretchers, composed in chief value of 
iron, steel, or other metal, in frames 
or otherwise, and tubes for umbrellas, 
wholly or partially finished, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The United States is a large producer of umbrella and 


parasol ribs and tubes. 


Although figures regarding the extent of this 


output of parts are not available, the production of umbrellas, para- 
sols, and canes in 1914 was valued at $13,813,353. These completed 
articles are provided for in paragraph 383. 

Imports.—In 1918 the imports of metallic ribs, stretchers, and tubes 
for umbrellas and parasols amounted to $1,010; the duties aggregated 


$353.50. 


PARAGRAPH 142. 


171. Wheels for railway purposes, 
or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, 
and steel-tired wheels for railway 
purposes, whether wholly or partly 
finished, and iron or steel locomotive, 
ear, or other railway tires or parts 
thereof, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, 14 cents per pound; ingots, 
cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks for 
the same, without regard to the degree 
of manufacture, 1 cent per pound: 
Provided, That when wheels for rail- 
way purposes, or parts thereof, of 
iron or steel, are imported with iron 
or steel axles fitted in them, the 
wheels and axles together shall be duti- 
able at the same rate as is provided 
for the wheels when imported sepa- 
rately. 


142, Wheels for railway purposes, 
or parts thereof, made of iron or 
steel, and steel-tired wheels for rail- 
way purposes, whether wholly or 
partly finished, and iron or steel loco- 
motive, car, or other railway tires or 
parts thereof, wholly or partly manu- 
factured, 20 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That when wheels for rail- 
way purposes, or parts thereof, of iron 
or steel, are imported with iron or 
steel axles fitted in them, the wheels 
and axles together shall be dutiable 
at the same rate as is provided for the 
wheels when imported separately. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 229 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description.—The car wheels in general domestic use are either of 
chilled cast iron, cast steel, or rolled steel. A car wheel made with 
a cast or forged center piece, about which a steel tire is shrunk, is 
used to some extent. Locomotive drive wheels are of this type. 

Production.—It has been estimated that 3,000,000 chilled cast-iron 
wheels, valued at $40,000,000, were produced in 1917. 

Pennsylvania has a larger number of producers than any other 
State; Michigan, New York, and Ohio follow. European manufactur- 
ers have not developed the chilled cast-iron or rolled-steel wheels 
which are the predominant types here. The bulk of foreign produc- 
tion has been the steel-tired wheel. Such wheels are likewise made 
here, and (according to report) before the war could be produced as 
‘cheaply as in Europe. 

Imports of wheels for railway purposes in 1918 were valued at 
$194,316, over five times the value of the imports in 1914. These 
figures include wheels, tires, and axles inserted in wheels. 

Exports of car wheels in 1917 were valued at $2,385,973; in 1916 
at $741,542; in 1918 at $5,220,704. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Cast-iron car wheels ready for use as imported, save that the diam- 
eter of the hole in the center requires to be increased from one-fourth 
to three-eighths of an inch in order that the wheel may properly fit 
the axle, are dutiable as wheels for railway purposes under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 48183, of 1919.) Awles, not inserted in wheels, are 
dutiable under paragraph 121. (See par. 119.) 

PARAGRAPH 143. 


ACT OF 1909. 


172. Aluminum, aluminum § scrap, 
and alloys of any kind in which alumi- 
num is the component material of 
chief value, in crude form, 7 cents 
per pound; in plates, sheets, bars, and 
rods, 11 cents per pound; barium, 
calcium, magnesium, sodium, and po- 
tassium, and alloys of which said 
metals are the component material of 
chief value, 3 cents per pound and 25 
per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


143, Aluminum, aluminum scrap, 
and alloys of any kind in which 
aluminum is the component material 
of chief value, in crude form, 2 cents 
per pound ; aluminum in plates, sheets, 
bars, strips, and rods, 8% cents per 
pound; barium, calcium, magnesium, 
sodium, and potassium, and alloys of 
which said metals are the component 
material of chief value, 25 per centum 
ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
ALUMINUM. 


_ Description and uses.—Aluminum is the lightest of the common 
metals. It is white, strong, very malleable, slightly softer than silver, 
and can be drawn, punched, rolled, extruded, or spun into almost any 
form. Highly noncorrodible, it is but slightly affected by the atmos- 
phere or by vegetable acids. One of the important uses of aluminum 
is aS a deoxidizer in steel manufacture; another is in the form of 
wire for transmission lines and other electrical purposes. Large 
quantities are consumed in automobile manufacture, partly as sheet 
and partly in the form of castings. Aluminum vessels and utensils 
are used in the household and in breweries, sugar refineries, and 
chemical works. There is a considerable consumption in the making 
of novelties. Aluminum foil is used to some extent as a substitute 
for tin. The metal is used in important alloys, notably, with mag- 
nesium, tin, copper, zine, and nickel. 


230 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—Ali the aluminum now manufactured is made from 
purified bauxite in electric furnaces. The production is a matter of 
companies rather than of nations. The North American output comes 
from one American aluminum company, which developed its process of 
manufacture, introduced the metal on the market, and has built up 
an enormous business. Three large financial groups, involving French, 
British, and German capital, control some 14 producing companies in” 
Europe. There is also a small independent company in italy and an- 
other in Norway. Prior to the war the European producers were well 
organized and controlled production and prices on the Continent. 

The successful production of aluminum involves heavy expenditure 
for plant and requires dependable supplies of raw materials (espe- 
cially bauxite), adequate transportation facilities, and cheap electric 
power. The American company has all these essentials, but is at 
some disadvantage compared with the foreign companies in the cost 
of assembling its bauxite and coal at Hast St. Louis for purification 
and the subsequent transportation of the purified material to the vari- 
ous eastern reduction works, where it is made into metal. In addition 
to its large holdings of bauxite deposits in Arkansas, the Aluminum 
Co. of America owns extensive deposits in Guiana. Utilization of 
these South American ores, which will be refined at Baltimore, should 
reduce the disadvantage of the domestic producer as regards the sup- 
ply of raw material. Hxtensive deposits of high-grade bauxite in 
southern France afford cheap raw material for most of the European 
plants, whose operating cost in many works is probably a little less 
than in the United States. 

The war demand for aluminum resulted in an expansion of capacity 
here, which now exceeds normal demands. Prior to the war the 
domestic consumption exceeded production. Continental countries, 
notably France and Great Britain, are equipped to produce in excess 
of Kuropean requirements. 

There is a large quantity of secondary or scrap metal, amounting in 
1917 to about 25 per cent of the total consumption. 

Plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods can be grouped together as 
semifinished shapes obtained either by rolling er extrusion. 

Imports are largely from Canada and represent merely interplant 
relations of one American large-scale producer. ‘This metal is ulti- 
mately exported, almost wholly with benefit of drawback. Competitive 
importations previous to 1914 came from Europe, especially from Ger- 
many, Great Britain, and France. The maximum importation was 
in 1913, amounting to 26,642,112 pounds, valued at $4,247,580. The 
war cut off imports from Europe, but a little scrap aluminum came 
from near-by countries, mostly exported with benefit of drawback. 
Imports of plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods, chiefly from Ger- 
many and England, reached a maximum of 2,775,804 pounds, valued 
at $654,765 in 1914, and at $510,455 in 1918. 

Exports.—Aluminum in crude or semifinished form was not ex- 
ported in any considerable quantity prior to 1914. In that year the 
exports of all kinds of aluminum metal and manufactures were valued 
at $1,101,920. The enormous demand and high prices abroad resulted 
in a large increase in exports during the war. In 1918, 21,207,628 
pounds of aluminum “ingot, metal, and awoys,” valued at $8,611,447, 
were exported. The exports of plates and sheets amounted to 1,633,854 
pounds, with a value of $783,836, and of all other manufactures of 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 231 


aluminum, $1,804,682. Practically all the ingot metal was sold to 
the Allied Governments. 


ALKALINE EARTH AND ALKALI METALS. 


Description, uses, and production.—Barium is a soft, yellowish 
white metal, prepared (generally in an impure state) by reducing the 
oxide with magnesium. It has been suggested instead of calcium as a 
lead-hardening constituent in alloys of the Ulco metal type, and for 
other purposes, but there is no known commercial consumption. 
Barium compounds are important commercial products prepared from 
barytes; they bear no industrial relation to the metal, which is more 
or less a laboratory curiosity. 

Calciwm is a lustrous, silver-white, brittle metal which is a little 
harder than lead, but can be cut with a knife. Its only important 
use is as a reducing agent. It is a powerful deoxidizer and has been 
used abroad as a substitute for ferromanganese in the manufacture of 
steel. In this country it is used to some extent in the manufacture 
of certain chemicals and dyes, replacing sodium. Ulco metal, an 
alloy of lead of important industrial application, containing a very 
small percentage of calcium, was developed during the war period as a 
substitute for bearing metals containing tin. Metallic calcium is 
produced by the electrolysis of the fused chloride, which is a by- 
product of several industries. If there were an extensive demand, it 
could be produced very cheaply on a large scale. A promising field 
for its future use is as a scavenger in melting and casting brass and 
other metals. 

Magnesium is the lightest of the known metals that withstand 
atmospheric corrosion. It is silver-white, tough, malleable, and, when 
heated, ductile. There are three forms on the market: (1) A silvery 
powder or gray granular substance, (2) narrow ribbon, and (8) round 
or square sticks. Flashlight powder used in photography comes in 
the first class, and powdered magnesium, on account of the intense 
white light, rich in chemical rays, is much used in various pyro- 
technical mixtures and in explosives. Ribbon is used chiefly in 
chemical laboratories and for the ignition of thermite. Magnesium in 
stick form is used in alloys, both as a constituent and as a deoxidizer 
or scavenger (especially for nickel-copper alloys), as a dehydrating 
agent for oils and coal-tar derivatives, and in various electrolytic 
processes (as cathode). The growth in the quantity and diversity of 
the consumption has been very rapid, and is likely to eontinue with 
the lessening of production cost. The most important alloys of mag- 
nesium are those containing aluminum, widely used in airplane and 
automobile construction. 

Production of metallic magnesium is a new industry in America. 
Prior to the war the limited demand was supplied from Germany, 
the sole producer on a commercial seale. Domestic production by 
three firms began in 1915, with 87,500 pounds, valued at $440,000, 
and sold at an average price of $5 per pound. The price declined a 
little in the following year, and production decreased slightly. But 
in 1917 the quantity increased to 115,818 pounds, and in 1918 to 
284,188 pounds. The latter output included considerable magnesium 
powder, increasing the average value to $2.16 per pound, whereas 
magnesium in stick form was sold at from $1.85 to $2 per pound. 


932 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Two companies, operating three plants, contributed the total output 
in 1919. Two of the three plants utilized electric power from Niagara 
Falls, and the third, located at Rumford, Me., has hydroelectric 
power. Magnesium chloride, from which the metal is derived by 
electrolysis, is a by-product from salt works, and is obtainable cheaply 
and in great quantity in this country. This salt can also be produced 
from dolomite and magnesite. Present sources suffice for a consider- 
ably expanded demand. 

Prior to the war the entire supply of this country came from 
Germany; the elimination of that source of supply caused England, 
France, and Italy to turn to the United States and Canada (which 
has one plant). The quantity exported is not known. 

Sodium is a very soft and light metal, silver-white on a freshly 
cut surface, but so easily oxidized that it must be kept covered by a 
liquid like benzene to protect it from the action of the atmosphere. 
There is a considerable consumption in the manufacture of cyanides, 
sodium peroxide, dyes, and coal-tar derivatives. Sodium amalgam, 
obtained by adding small pieces of sodium to gently warmed mercury, 
is frequently used for chemical purposes instead of the metal (since 
its decomposition is not so violent) and occasionally in the amalga- 
mation of gold ores in order to cure the “sickening” or fouling of 
the quicksilver. Amalgams are made with varying percentages of 
sodium, but generally they contain not over 10 per cent nor less than 
2 per cent. An alloy (NaK:.) with potassium is prepared commer- 
cially by fusing sodium with caustic potash at a temperature of 
350° C. This oxidizes spontaneously on exposure to the air, yielding 
a mixture of the peroxides of the two metals, which is used for the 
regeneration of deoxygenated air in life-saving apparatus, gas hel- 
mets, ete. The metal is usually produced by electrolysis of fused 
caustic soda, although sodium chloride (common salt) is occasionally 
employed. The competitive conditions are essentially those connected 
with the production of caustic soda. 

Potassium is the lightest metal (excepting lithium), with a specific 
gravity of only 0.865. It is manufactured like sodium, by electrolysis 
of fused caustic potash. The metal is not in very great demand, as 
it is generally found that sodium, which is cheaper and, weight for 
weight, more active, will serve the same purposes. The abundance 
of potassium salts in Stassfurt gives Germany a considerable advan- 
tage in the production of the metal as well as of its compounds. 

Imports.—The alkaline earth metals, barium and calcium, and the 
alkali metals, sodium and potassium, are specifically mentioned in the 
act of 1918 along with magnesium, and are also grouped together in 
the statistics of the Department of Commerce. Magnesium and 
sodium are the only ones that are at all important industrially at the 
present time. The maximum importation of the group was in 1918, 
amounting to 36,529.38 pounds, with a value of $37,595. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Aluminum disks are not plates, sheets, bars, strips, or rods within 
this paragraph, nor are they aluminum in crude form or an alloy 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 514, of 1915); nor are aluminum blanks, square 
or circular, ‘“ sheets,’ but articles or wares composed of aluminum 
partly manufactured (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 245, of 1918). The same 
has been held concerning aluminum in coils (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 85, of 
1915), and so-called sheets cut to size, 96 by 26 inches (Abstract 
42587, of 1918). 


2338 


Aluminum foil—Aluminum in the form of sheets or strips, even 
though not cut to size, if in fact foil, is excluded from this paragraph 
and dutiable as a manufacture of aluminum under paragraph 167. 
Aluminum in the form of sheets or strips not more than 0.0015 inch 
and not less than 0.0003 inch in thickness is considered as foil. (T.D. 
85517, of 1915.) 

Aluminum scrap.—The bent, twisted, and broken aluminum frame- 
work of a destroyed Zeppelin, brought to this country for exhibitive 
purposes, was found in its imported form and condition to be scrap 
fit only for remanufacture and held dutiable as aluminum scrap 
under this paragraph. (G. A. 8203, T. D. 878038, of 1918.) 

Aluminum is grouped with articles of minor relative importance 
and with which it has no economic connection, to wit, barium, cal- 
cium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, and alloys of which said 
metals are the component material of chief value. At the present 
high prices of aluminum materials, whether crude or partly finished 
products, the specific rates imposed in this paragraph are dispropor- 
tionate to the ad valorem rates imposed in paragraphs 114 and 167. 

The words “or any of them” might be inserted after the word 
‘“* metals.” 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 144. 


ACT OF 1909. 


173. Antimony, as regulus or metal, 
13 cents per pound; * * * matte 
containing antimony, but not contain- 
ing more than 10 per centum of lead, 
1 cent per pound on the antimony 
contents therein contained: Provided, 
That on all importations of antimony- 
bearing ores and matte containing 
antimony the duties shall be estimated 
at the port of entry, and a bond given 
in double the amount of such esti- 
mated duties for the transportation of 
the ores by common carriers bonded 
for the transportation of appraised or 
unappraised merchandise to properly 
equipped sampling or smelting estab- 
lishments, whether designated as 
bonded warehouses or otherwise. On 
the arrival of the ores at such estab- 
lishment, they shall be sampled ac- 
cording to commercial methods under 
the supervision of Government officers, 
who shall be stationed at such estab- 
lishment, and who shall submit the 
samples thus obtained to a Govern- 
ment assayer, designated by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, who shall make 
a proper assay of the sample, and re- 
port the result to the proper customs 
officers, and the import entry shall be 
liquidated thereon, except in case of 
ores that shall be removed to a bonded 
warehouse to be refined for exporta- 
tion as provided by law, and the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is authorized to 
make all necessary regulations to en- 
force the provisions of this paragraph ; 
antimony, oxide of, 14 cents per pound 
and 25 per centum ad yalorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


144. Antimony, as regulus-or metal, 
and matte containing antimony but 
not containing more than 10 per 
centum of lead, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; antimony oxide, salts, and 
compounds of, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


234 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Metallic antimony unalloyed has few indus- 
trial uses, since it is very brittle; but it enters into many valuable 
alloys, especially with lead and with tin, such as type metal (par. 
160), pewter and Britannia metal (par. 572), and in bearing metals. 
Its chief importance is as a hardening agent for lead and in shrapnel 
bullets. The term regulus is a relie of alchemy, still used to describe 
refined antimony metal, and is superfluous. Crude or needle antimony 
is a product obtained by subjecting natural sulphide ore (par. 396) 
to a red heat, thereby melting (liquating) the valuable mineral 
which is drained away from the valueless constituents. Needle anti- 
mony has military uses, is a common source of the oxide and salts of 
antimony, and is used in safety matches. ) 

Antimony oxide, mainly the tetraoxide (Sb20:), goes into white 
enamel as a substitute for tin oxide. The trioxide (Sb:O3;) is used as 
a coloring agent in making glass. The antimony oxides are aiso 
used to a limited extent as pigments. Artificial sulphides of anti- 
mony are used in vulcanizing rubber and also as pigments. * Other 
compounds of antimony are extensively employed in the glass and 
paint industries, and several of the antimony salts are employed 
medicinally (tartar emetic, ete.). 

Production.—The chief sources of the domestie antimony supply are 
imports from China and Japan, but there is a considerable production 
of antimonial lead in domestic lead smelters. Needle antimony is 
also imported in varying amounts, and during the war a small anti- 
mony smelting industry developed, operating almost wholly on im- 
ported ore. The annual requirements prior to the war were, roughly, 
7,000 tons of antimony, about one-third being supplied by the silver- 
lead sinelters, the remainder from imports consisting chiefly of metal. 
During the war the consumption increased to 20,000 tons, of which 
slightly more than one-third was derived from antimonial lead and 
antimony metal smelted here. The postwar demand is estimated at 
10,000 to 12,000 tons, from 80 to 50 per cent coming from domestic 
works, operated, however, chiefly on foreign ore, 

China dominates the antimony situation by its large and cheaply 
mined deposits. The Chinese companies, together with a few Japanese 
smelters who also treat a portion of the Chinese ore, contribute 60 
per cent of the world output. 

Imports.—Prior to the war over 60 per cent of our antimony supply 
came from Great Britain, whereas in 1918-19 it came almost wholly 
from the Far East. The imports of antimony metal (including also 
a very little needle antimony) amounted to 25,178,967 pounds, valued 
at $3,113,780 in 1918, as compared with 14,678,251 pounds, valued at 
$861,761 in 1914. Antimony oxide, salis, etc., imports were 37,724 
pounds, valued at $13,744 in 1918, compared with 2,600,000 pounds, 
valued at $250,000 in 1914. The 1914 imports came almost wholly 
from Germany and England. 

Exports.—There are no appreciable exports of domestic antimony. 
Ioreign exports, however, have been an important item, especially 
during the war period, when New York became an important second- 
ary market. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 235 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The provision for “antimony oxide, salts, and compounds of,” the 
Court of Customs Appeals has held, is not to be read as if there were 
a comma after the word “antimony,” and antimony sulphide was 
declared not classable as a salt or compound of antimony oxide under 
this paragraph, but dutiable as a chemical compound or salt under 
paragraph 5. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls. 8, of 1916.) The legislative history 
shows that when the tariff bill of 19183 was passed by the House of 
Representatives there was a comma after the word “antimony ” 
and none after the word “ oxide;” that the comma after the word 
“antimony ”’ was stricken out in the Senate, and that a comma was 
inserted by the conference committee after the word “ oxide,” thereby 
making the law read “antimony oxide, saltS, and compounds of.” 
(G. A. 7688, T. D. 35142, of 1915.) Antimony oxide has aiso been 
held not within this paragraph (G. A. 7899, T. D. 36364, of 1916.) 
To include the oxide, sulphide, and every other salt or compound of 
antimony the concluding clause of this paragraph might be changed 
to read “antimony, salts and compounds of.” 

Liquated antimony.—tThis article is variously known as “crude 
antimony,” “crude sulphide of antimony,” “needle antimony,” and 
“liquated stibnite,”’ as well as “liquated antimony,’ and consists 
largely of antimony sulphide, with small quantities of iron sulphide 
and arsenic sulphide. It is obtained from antimony sulphide ore by 
the process known as liquation. After an extended investigation and 
consideration of divergent views of authorities, the Treasury Depart- 
ment held liquated antimony dutiable under this paragraph as a 
matte containing antimony. (T. D. 37360, of 1917.) According to 
some authorities, liquated or needle antimony is, strictly speaking, a 
roughly concentrated form of antimony ore, the concentrating agency, 
however, being fire instead of water. In a case where samples con- 
tained 65.30, 68.20, or 70.70 per cent of antimony, with no appre- 
ciable lead or zine in one sample, and no lead or zine at all in the 
other samples, it was held by the Board of General Appraisers, upon 
analyses made by the Government chemist at New York, to be exempt 
from duty under paragraph 396 as antimony ore. (Abstract 43092, 
of 1919.) A case is pending before the Board of General Appraisers 
involving the question whether liquated or needle antimony is matte 
within this paragraph. <A specific provision for liquated or needle 
antimony would settle the question. 

Schedule A is more appropriate than Schedule C for “antimony 
oxide, salts, and compounds of.” 


PARAGRAPH 145. 


ACT OF 19069. ACT OF 1918. 
174. Argentine, albata, or German 145. Argentine, albata, or German 
silver, unmanufactured, 25 per centum | silver, unmanufactured, 15 per centum 


ad valorem. ad valorem. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—German silver and nickel silver are names 
applied to an alloy of nickel, copper, and zine which is prepared largely 
as a base metal for electroplating (especially in the better class of 
silver-plated ware) and as a substitute for silver. Considerable quan- 


236- SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tities are also used in the form of sheets, wire, and rods where a 
strong, white, nonresisting metal is required. Nickel silver exists 
under a great number of names. The proportions of the constituents 
vary considerably, but nickel or copper is generally of chief value, 

Production.—The United States is the principal producer and con- 
sumer of nickel alloy; England and Germany are also important pro- 
ducers, using a large part of the product in silver-plated ware for 
export. The chief item of cost of this alloy is the raw material, but 
the price of virgin metals is not a handicap to domestic manufac- 
turers as compared with foreign producers. 

Imports of unmanufactured German silver were $5,400 in 1914. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $38,691, increasing in 1917 to a 
maximum of $410,295, of which over 75 per cent went to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


German silver in sheets from 18 to 24 inches wide, 0.023 to 0.054 
inch thick, and about 96 inches long, not polished, but with edges 
trimmed to an exact width, was held properly classified as a manu- 
facture of metal under paragraph 167 and not dutiable as German 
silver unmanufactured. (Abstract 38018, of 1915.) This paragraph 
relates to German silver in an unmanufactured state, such as pigs and 
ingots. Bars and sheets are not unmanufactured, and such articles 
of German silver are dutiable as manufactures of metal. (G. A. 5742, 
T. D. 25478, of 1904; and G. A. 7560, T. D. 34414, of 1914.) 

Argentine and albata are practically obsolete terms. The alloy is 
zinc-copper-nickel. 

PARAGRAPH 146. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


175. Bronze powder, brocades, flit- 146. Bronze powder, brocades, flit- 
ters, and metallics, 12 cents per] ters, and metallics; bronze, or Dutch- 
pound; bronze, or Dutch-metal or | metal or aluminum, in leaf, 25 per 
aluminum, in leaf, 6 cents per one | centum ad valorem, 
hundred leaves. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description, and uses.—Bronze powder is a pulverized metal vary- 
ing in color from pale yellow to dark red, depending chiefly upon pro- 
portions of the copper and zine. It is sometimes made from brass clip- 
pings, or ‘“schrote” (see par. 430), which are hammered for hours 
to reduce them to a powder. Brocades are of the same quality with 
the same uses. (G. A. 5118, T. D. 238635, of 1902.) Metallics or 
metallic flitters consist of small particles of Jame, used chiefly for 
the manufacture of wall paper. Flitters are made by reducing thin 
sheets of brass to flakes; this material is sprinkled over surfaces 
to produce a sparkling effect. They differ from bronze powder 
only in that the latter has been hammered for a much longer period 
and is, therefore, more finely divided and more expensive. Aluminum 
bronze powder is a silvery pigment made by powdering aluminum foil; 
this foil is often substituted for tin foil for wrapping food products, 
teas, Soap, chewing gum, and similar articles. The powder is used 
in the manufacture of certain explosives. The various bronze powders 
are used chiefly with a size or in oil, as a pigment in finishing brass 


e 


237 


beds, gilt frames, radiators, and other articles in imitation of gold or 
silver. Dutch metal in leaf is produced from Dutch metal, a high 
copper-brass containing about 80 per cent of copper, by rolling or 
beating into sheets of the required thinness, and is used as an imita- 
tion of gold leaf. 

Production.—These articles are produced in a variety of establish- 
ments, not more than five or six producing more than one. The value 
added by manufacture almost invariably will exceed greatly the cost 
of the constituent metal. It has been stated that between 65 and 70 
per cent of the cost of bronze powder is represented by the cost of 
producing the required schrote or thin brass clippings. 

Imports of bronze powder, etc., in 1914 were 1,403,091 pounds, 
valued at $406,849, as compared with 61,785 pounds, valued at $34,- 
153 in 1918. The reduction of imports of Dutch metal in leaf was not 
so marked, the figures for above years being 792,578 packs (100 leaves 
to the pack), valued at $110,316, and 473,835 packs, valued at $136,835. 
The 1914 figures are fairly representative of the prewar importations. 
The imports of aluminum leaf were smaller than in previous years, 
over 50,000 packs, valued at $11,636, being imported in 1918, as 
compared with $150 worth in 1914. The 1918 importation is the 
maximum record, notwithstanding a considerable increase in the do- 
mestic manufacture, and is due to the greater substitution of alumi- 
num for tin foil. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Powdered copper, though not polished, is bronze powder within 
this provision. (Abstract 389961,: of 1916.) Powdered tim is not 
dutiable as bronze powder, but aS a manufacture of metal. (G. A. 
7926, T. D. 36536, of 1916.) 

Two leaves of Dutch metal united and put up in books of 25 double 
leaves were counted according to the number of single leaves under 
the act of 1909, imposing a duty of 6 cents per 100 leaves. (5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 38, of 19138.) Oeser foil, bronze in form of leaf, used in 
stamping and bronzing, falls within this provision. (Abstract 27928, 
T. D. 32333, of 1912.) Aluminum in the form of sheets or strips, if in 
fact foil, is dutiable under paragraph 167. (T. D. 35517, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 147. 


ACT OF 1909. 


176. Copper, in rolled plates, called 
braziers’ copper, sheets, rods, pipes, 
and copper bottoms, 2% cents per 
pound; sheathing or yellow metal of 
which copper is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, and not composed 
wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized, 
2 cents per pound. 


ACT OF 19138. 


147. Copper, in rolled plates, called 
braziers’ copper, sheets, rods, strips, 
pipes, and copper bottoms, sheathing 
or yellow metal of which copper is the 
component material of chief value, and 
not composed wholly or in part of iron 
ungalvanized, 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The definitions of plates, sheets, and strips 
of copper are the same as those of similar products of steel (par. 105). 
Copper rods and copper wire have been noted (par. 114). Copper 
and yellow metal (brass) sheathing for wooden vessels was once an 
important outlet for copper, but the increased use of iron in ship- 
building has reduced this consumption to a negligible fraction of the 
total consumption of sheet copper and brass. 


238 - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—The United States is the leading producer of copper, 
and refines large quantities of foreign ore and metal. The total pro- 
duction of new refined copper in 1917 was 2,482,385,290 pounds, more 
than two-thirds from domestic ore. There are no data as to sheets 
and plates, but the quantity is doubtless 10 per cent of the total. 

Imports in 1918 were 125,031 pounds, valued at $44,410. 

Exports (1918) of copper plates and sheets were 37,427,625 pounds, 
valued at $11,401,807; of brass plates and sheets (including also bars, 
_ ete.), 93,541,147 pounds, valued at $29,440,588. The exports are 
chiefly to Europe and Canada, but both brass and copper sheet are 
exported to nearly all countries. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Copper plates, ground, polished and planished, and ready for the 
engrayer’s use, were held not within this provision. (178 Fed., 258, 
of 1910.) But copper sheets 15 by 36, 17 by 28, 12 by 36, 20 by 24, 
18 by 36, and 22 by 28 inches, 16 or 18 gauge in thickness, also classi- 
fied as manufactures of metal under paragraph 167, were held te 
come within this provision. (Abstract 38971, of 1915.) Customs 
officers, however, were instructed by the Treasury Department to 
continue assessment of the 20 per cent rate en such so-called sheets 
under paragraph 167 pending the making of a new case. (T. D. 
Silos, OL Alt.) 

No provision is made for brass except in the form of clippings and 
old brass (par. 480) other than that for manufactures of brass (par. 
167). Provisions might be made for brass in plates, sheets, bars, 
strips, and rods. 

The second clause of this paragraph, beginning with the word 
“sheathing,” is incongruous in that merchandise in chief value of 
copper could not be wholly of iron in any form; moreover, there are 
no importations. 


PARAGRAPH 148. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


177. Gold leaf, 35 cents per one 148. Gold leaf, 35 per centum ad 

hundred leaves. The foregoing rate | valorem. 

applies to leaf not exceeding in size 

the equivalent of three and _ three- 

eighths by three and _ three-eighths 

inches; additional duties in the same 

proportion shall be assessed on leaf 

exceeding in size said equivalent. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Gold ieaf is obtained by hammering thin 
sheets of gold between the leaves of a*book. ‘Ten or more colors 
are produced by melting pure gold with various alloying metals. 
The resulting bullion is cast into bars, which are rolled out into 
ribbonlike strips; these ribbons are cut into pieces of the requisite 
size (1 inch square), placed between leaves of vellum, and the whole, 
bound in leather covers, is beaten with a hammer. The thin sheets 
are then taken out, cut to a size, interleaved with goldbeater’s 
skin, bound in a goldbeater’s mold (par. 496), and again beaten. 
There are three such beatings, all by hand. The finished leaf is cut 
into sheets, 33 inches square, and 25 leaves are placed in a beok, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 239 
which measures 33 by 34 inches. Twenty of these books make a 
pack (500 leaves). The leaf is used for gilding, especially for window 
signs, decorating, bookbinding, and dental purposes. 
Production.—There were 79 establishments producing gold leaf in 
1914, about one-half in New York. Certain of these manufactured 
some silver leaf, also some composition leaf. The total value of the 
product was $2,432,000 and the cost of materials used was $1,452,000. 
Wage earners numbered 1,135, and total wages were $498,000. Manu- 
facturers claim that because of high wages they can not beat the gold 
out thin, making the cost of bullion greater than the foreign cost. 
Imports of gold leaf were $6,334 in 1918, as compared with 
$32,482 in 1914. 
PARAGRAPH i149. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


149. Silver leaf, 80 per centum ad 
valorem. 


178. Silver leaf, 10 cents per one 


hundred leaves. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Silver leaf or foil is made by beating, as in 
manufacturing gold leaf (par. 148), but is in much less common use. 
Statistics of domestic production are included in those for gold leaf, 
as the entire output is from establishments producing gold leaf. 

Imports of silver leaf in 1918 were 350 packs, valued at $352, and 
in 1914, 6,814 packs, valued at $4,353, double the quantity of 1913. 


PARAGRAPH 150. 


150. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made 
wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, 
or other metal, 6 per centum ad 
valorem; bullions and metal threads, 
made wholly or in chief value of tinsel 


179. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made 
wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, 
or other metal, 5 cents per pound; 
bullions and metal threads, made 
wholiy er in chief value of tinsel wire, 


lame or Jahn, 5 cents per pound and 
30 per ecentum ad valorem; fabrics, 
eee etippons. beltings,: *.*  * 
toys, or other articles, made wholly or 
in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or 
Jahn, bullions, or metal threads, 15 
cents per pound and 60 per centum 
ad valorem. 


wire, lame or Jahn, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; fabrics, ribbons, beltings, 
toys, or other articles, made wholly 
or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame 
or lahn, or of tinsel wire, lame, or 
lahn, and india rubber, bullions, or 
metal threads, not specially provided 
for in this section, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—See “ Interpretation and eomments.” 
Production.—There is only a small domestic production of tinsel 
avire or lame, the consumption being largely supplied by France and 


Germany. 
tory made in this country. 
the homes. 


A large proportion of the more finished products are fac- 
In Europe much of this work is done in 


Imports of tinsel wire, bullions, and metal threads and fabrics in- 
creased from $507,333 in 1914 to $996,361 in 1918S. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 
Metal thread.—In a case (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 158, 160, of 1915) 


under the act of 1909 (par. 179) the Court of Customs Appeals re- 
viewed the decisions under the act of 1897 (par. 179) and declared: 


_* * *% 
has * % * 


It seems clear that the Board of General Appraisers 
consistently held, when that question was before it, 


240 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


that the term “metal thread” employed in similar paragraphs of 
various preceding tariff acts means an article having a core of vege- 
table or animal substanee wound about with tinsel wire, lame or lahn. 
From this it would seem to follow that for an article to be made 
of metal threads, within the meaning of the paragraph now under 
consideration, threads of that character should be used in the manu- 
facture thereof. The fact that Congress has reenacted the provi- 
sion in substantially identical language would seem to constitute a 
legislative adoption of that meaning of the term “ metal thread,” 
and such would also seem to be the uniform administrative interpreta- 
tion thereof. 


This applies equally to the act of 1918, since there is no change in 
the provision for metal thread per se. vy 

Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and bullion.—In a later case (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 290, 292, 298, of 1918) the Court of Customs Appeals 
said: 


The testimony discloses the fact that both lame or lahn, and 
bullions, begin their existence in the form of tinsel wire. This is 
round wire composed principally of copper or brass, and usually 
coated with a bright metal, such as gold, silver, bronze, or foil. The 
article in this form is well known under the name of tinsel wire in 
trade and commerce and also in tariff nomenclature, and is devoted 
to various distinctive uses. 

Lame or lahn is produced by drawing the round tinsel wire through 
metal rollers, whereby it is flattened into various widths. At the same 
time it is generally subjected to an ornamental corrugating process, 
or to a coating or coloring process. When thus flattened and corru- 
gated, or coated or colored, the article no longer bears the name of 
tinsel wire in trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but is 
' known as lame or lahn. 

Bullion is produced by subjecting lame or lahn to a twisting 
process whereby it is permanently brought to a hollow spiral form. 
In this form the article no longer bears the name of lame or lahn in 
trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but passes under the 
name of bullion only. When imported into this country it is said 
to come in lengths of a yard or less. When applied to use, it is 
strengthened by means of a core of cotton or other fibrous thread run- 
ning lengthwise through its center. 


In a later decision, rendered by the Board of General Appraisers, 
the bullion in issue was made from round wire, some of which was 
wound with black silk. (Abstract 40235, of 1916.) These decisions 
show that bullion may be made from either tinsel wire, which is 
round, or from lame or lahn, which is flat. Tinsel wire is not thicker 
than No. 8 or its equivalent No. 26 Stubbs’ standard English wire 
gauge. (G. A. 3510, T. D. 17248, of 1896.) 

Paragraph 179 of the act of 1909 was declared to provide for metal 
thread as a material as distinguished from the material metal and to 
take out of the provision in paragraph 349 for “beltings of cotton, 
india-rubber, and metal not elsewhere specially provided for,” beltings 
of metal thread, cotton, and india-rubber, metal thread chief value. — 
(G. A. 7291, T. D. 31968, of 1911.) 

Trimmings composed in chief value of bullions or lame were held 
dutiable under neither this paragraph nor paragraph 358, but under 
paragraph 167 as articles composed in chief value of metal, the phrase 
“yarns, threads, or filaments” in paragraph 358 being restricted to 
materials generally known to be for knitting, weaving, or sewing. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1918.) The omission from paragraph 150 
of the provision in paragraph 179 of the act of 1909 for laces, embroid- 
eries, braids, galloons, trimmings, and ornaments was construed to 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 941 


exclude from the operation of paragraph 150 laces, embroideries, 
braids, galloons, trimmings, and ornaments made whoily or in chief 
value of tinsel wire, lame, bullions, or metal threads. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 195, of 1916.) Military ornaments known as epaulets, com- 
posed in chief value of metal threads, were held to come within 
paragraph 858 rather than under this paragraph. (6 Ct..Cust. Appls., 
458, of 1915.) So were trimmings and ornaments in chief value of 
metal threads. (Abstract 42680, of 1918.) 

Toys of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and india rubber are dutiable 
under this paragraph; also toys of such materials and another com- 
ponent material if the combined values of the tinsel wire, lame or 
lahn, and india rubber exceed the value of the other component ma- 
terial. (T. D. 34027 of 19138.) Bamboo curtains, bound and rein- 
forced by strips of cloth made of cotton and metal threads—metal 
thread chief value—were held dutiable under the provision of this 
paragraph for “ articles made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, 
lame or lahn,”’ and not under paragraph 358 as appliquéd. (Abstract 
40090, of 1916.) Beltings of metal thread, one about one-eighth inch 
wide and the other about 12 inches wide, to be used in the manufac- 
ture of belts for military or other officers, the wider widths used for 
the body of the belt and the narrower for the sling which is attached 
to the belt, and from which the scabbard containing the officer’s 
sword is suspended, were both held dutiable as metal-thread belting 
under this paragraph rather than as galloons, under paragraph 358. 
(Abstract 40562 of 1917, following 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 195, of 1916.) 

Under the construction in 8 Court Customs Appeals, 290 (supra), 
trimmings in chief value of bullions, not plated with gold or silver, 
pay 20 per cent under paragraph 167, and the metal from which the 
trimmings were made pay 25 per cent under this paragraph. Under 
Abstract 42680 (supra) trimmings in chief value of metal threads 
pay 60 per cent. 

PARAGRAPH 151. 


ACT OF 1909. 


425. Trousers buckles and waistcoat 
buckles, made wholly or partly of iron 
or steel, or parts thereof, valued at 
not more than 15 cents per hundred, 
5 cents per hundred; valued at more 
than 15 cents per hundred and not 
more than 50 cents per hundred, 10 
cents per hundred; valued at more 
than 50 cents per hundred, 15 cents 
per hundred; and in addition thereto 
on each and all of the above buckles 
or parts of buckles 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


180. Hooks and eyes, metallic, 
whether loose, carded, or otherwise, 
including weight of cards, cartons, 
and immediate wrappings and labels, 
44 cents per pound and 15 per centum 
ad valorem, 


427. * * * metal trousers but- 
tons (except steel), and nickel bar 
buttons, ~; of 1 cent per line per 
gross; * * *  gteel trousers but- 


~ 184911°—20——-16 


ACT OF 1918. 


151. Belt buckles, trousers buckles, 


.waistcoat buckles, snap fasteners and 


clasps by whatever name known, any 
of the foregoing made wholly or in 
chief value of iron or steel; hooks and 
eyes, metallic; steel trousers buttons, 
and metal buttons; all the foregoing 
and parts thereof, not otherwise 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad yalorem, 


242 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913, 


tons, 1 of 1 cent per line per gross; | 
- *) * piuttonsvef.s*c -*'* metal, 
not specifically provided for in this 
section, ? of 1 cent per line per gross, 
and in addition thereto, on all the 
foregoing articles in this paragraph, | 
15) per centum,ad valorem; * * * 
snap fasteners, or clasps, or parts 
thereof, by whatever name known, 50 
per centum ad valorem; buttons of 
metal, embossed with a design, de- 
viee, pattern, or lettering, 45 per 
centum ad valorem; * * * 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 





Description and uses.—These articles include various kinds of 
fastening devices used chiefly on men’s clothing. Other fasteners be- 
longing to this general group are provided for in paragraph 339. 

Production.—In 1914 snap fasteners and clasps, or parts of, 
amounted to 91,957 great gross, valued at $714,492; hooks and eyes, to 
1,076,177 great gross, at $1,394,745; steel trouser buttons, to 535,207 
gross, at $307,802; other metal trouser buttons, to 252,248 gross, at 
$44,150; metal buttons, not including trouser or collar or euff buttons, 
to 872,563 gross, at $455,485. No separate figures are published for 
buckles, and those for snap fasteners and clasps include some made 
of metal other than iron or steel. 

Imports in 1918 of buckles—belt, trouser, and waistcoat—made 
wholly or partly of tron or steel amounted to $316; of snap fasteners 
and clasps, to $2,403; of steel treuser butions, to $60; and of metal 
buttons not specially provided for, other than dress buttons valued 
at over 20 cents per dozen, to $3,466. No imports of hooks and eyes 
are reported for 1918, but in 1917 they amounted to 1,061 pounds, 
valued at $374, and in 1914 to 86,710 pounds, valued at $27,878. 

Exports.—In 1918 exports of buttons other than peari amounted 
to $1,503,865. These figures, of course, cover more than metal buttons. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


To constitute metal buttons under this paragraph articles do not 
have to be exclusively of metal. Combination collar and cuff butions. 
having a metal shank and levers with a base composed of metal cov- 
ered with celluloid, metal in chief value, were accordingly held duti- 
able under this paragraph and not under paragraph 339. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls. 192, of 1915.) So were combination collar and cuff buttons 
composed of a metal shank with a hinged metal top, the back or base 
of the button being faced with celluloid or bone, metal chief value. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 5, of 1917.) 

But buttons of stamped steel (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 503, of 1916, dis- 
missing appeal from Abstract 40045, of 1916) and metal buttons, 
round or oblong, used for utilitarian and ornamental purposes on 
suits or coats (G. A. 7805, T. D. 35849, of 1915), all valued at more 
than 20 cents per dozen pieces, shanks of metal consisting of a cup 
with a loop at right angles (Abstract 87711, of 1915), and button 
shanks of brass plated with silver (Abstract 40352, of 1916) were held 
not dutiable under this provision. 

“ Hooks and eyes, wholly or in chief value of metal,” might be sub- 
stituted for “ hooks and eyes, metallic,” to provide expressly for hooks 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


243 


and eyes in chief value of metal as well as hooks and eyes wholly of 


metal. 


Snap fasteners are made wholly of metal or of metal and bone, 
celluloid, vegetable ivory, shell, gallilith, horn, or other materials or 


compositions. 


None of iron or steel are imported. All snap fasten- 


ers might accordingly be put in paragraph 339 with buttons, which 
likewise are made of various materials besides metal. 

This paragraph and paragraphs 167 and 356 make the same kind 
of merchandise dutiable at 15 or 20 per cent or at 60 per cent 
according to whether the value is below or above a dividing line of 20 


eents per dozen pieces. 


PARAGRAPH 152. 


ACT OF 1509. 


181i. Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, 
134 cents per pound on the lead con- 
tained therein: Provided, That on all 
importations of lead-bearing ores the 
duties shall be estimated at the port 
of entry, and a bond given in double 
the amount of such estimated duties 
for the transportation of the ores by 
common carriers bonded for the trans- 
portation of appraised or unappraised 
merchandise to properly equipped sam- 
pling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded ware- 
houses or otherwise. On the arrival 
of the ores at such establishments 
they shall be sampled according to 
commercial methods under the super- 
vision of Government officers, who 
shall be stationed at such establish- 
ments, and who shall submit the sam- 
ples thus obtained to a Government 
assayer, designated by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, who shall make a 
proper assay of the sample and re- 
port the result to the proper customs 
officers, and the import entries shall 
be liquidated thereon, except in case of 
ores that shall be removed to a bonded 
warehouse to be refined for exporta- 
tion aS provided by law. And the 
Secretary of the Treasury is author- 
jzed to make all necessary regulations 
to enforce the provisions of this para- 
graph. 


ACT OF 1913. 


152. Lead-bearing ores of all kinds 
containing more than 3 per centum of 
lead, % cent per pound on the lead 
contained therein: Provided, That on 
all importations of lead-bearing ores 
the duties shail be estimated at the 
port of entry, and a bond given in 
double the amount of such estimated 
duties for the transportation of the 
ores by common earriers bonded for 
the transportation of appraised or un- 
appraised merchandise to properly 
equipped sampling or smelting es- 
tablishments, whether designated as 
bonded warehouses or otherwise. On 
the arrival of the ores at such estab- 
lishments they shall be sampled ac- 
cording to commercial methods under 
the supervision of Government offi- 
cers, who shail be stationed at such 
establishments, and who shall submit 
the samples thus obtained to a Gov- 
ernment assayer, designated by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, who shall 
make a proper assay of the sample 
and report the result to the proper 
eustoms officers, and the import en- 
tries shall be liquidated thereon, ex- 
cept in case of ores that shall be 
removed to a bonded warehouse to 
be refined for exportation as _ pro- 
vided by law. And the Secretary of 
the Treasury is authorized to make 
all necessary regulations to enforce 
the provisions of this paragraph. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The typical lead ore is complex. 
mines produce lead with silver, zinc, and various other metals. 


Most 
Be- 


sides supplying metallic lead, the ores are used as carriers in the 


smelting process for the recovery of gold and silver. 


Lead sulphate 


and similar lead pigments are made to an increasing extent directly 


from the ore. 


Production.—The United States is the leading producer of lead ore, 
Australia, Spain, Germany, and Mexico are next in order named. 
These five countries produce fully 80 per cent of the world output. 


244 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The United States is also the largest consumer of lead .metal. Be- 
fore the war, consumption practically equaled the production. In 
addition, however, American smelting and refining works produce 
refined lead derived from foreign (chiefly Mexican) ore and base 
bullion for export, the output of this lead amounting to about 25 
per cent of the domestic business. By virtue of the provision for 
bonded smelting, this traffic although frequently carried on with 
the smelting of domestic ores, is entirely distinct, as far as the tariff 
is coneerned. 

Since 1870 production of lead has increased steadily. The output 
in tons was, in 1880, 97,825; in 1890, 143,630; in -1900, 270,824; in 
1910, 375,402; and in 1918, 539,686. The capacity of domestic furnaces 
for smelting lead ore was rated in 1918 at 5,521,000 tons. 

Imports and exports.—The lead contents of ore imported, 1910 to 
1918, inclusive, averaged nearly 438,000,000 pounds annually. Less 
than 124 per cent was imported for consumption by payment of duty 
and more than one-half for consumption was exported with benefit 
of drawback. The average net consumption, therefore, amounted 
to only slightly more than 2,500,000 pounds of lead annually. Thus in 
this eight-year period less than 6 per cent of the total lead contents 
of imported ore was actually used in the United States. The total 
net revenue in the eight-year period was only $186,766.29, and under 
the act of 1918 (1915-1918, inclusive) the average revenue was less 
than $21,000. 

Practically no lead ore of either domestic or foreign origin is ex- 
ported from the United States. The lead imported in the form of ore 
for treatment in bonded works for export does not compete with the 
product of domestic mines, except in foreign markets. Until the war, 
however, practically no lead of domestic origin was exported. The 





large exports of domestic lead during the war period were a result — 


of war conditions, the curtailment of European supplies from Aus- 
tralia and Spain, and the unprecedented demand. 

Broadly speaking, the only countries that compete with domestic 
output in the domestic ore market are Mexico, Canada, and Chile. 
Except locally, serious competition comes only from Mexico, and this 
is becoming less of a factor with the development of smelteries in 
Mexico nearer to the sources of supply. Mexican lead ore however 
is a potential factor. It is high grade, generally rich in silver, and, 
except for the duty, can be obtained cheaper than domestic ore. 
Mexican lead deposits are controlled almost entirely by American 
companies, chief among them the American Smelting & Refining Co. 
and the American Metal Co. Mexico is the only country having large 
known deposits of lead that is not producing to practically its full 
economic limit, and which can, therefore, largely increase production. 


INTHRPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Matte, composed more largely of lead than copper in quantity, and 
more largely of silver than either lead or copper in value, and not 
ready for the process of smeiting to recover the copper content, was 
held not to be copper matte and not exempt from duty as regulus 
of copper under paragraph 461 but dutiable by similitude as a lead- 
bearing ore under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls. 226, of 1917.) 
The wet (rather than the fire) assay is the method of, determining 
the lead content. An allowance of 14 units is made. (8 Ct. Cust. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 945 


Appls., 406; Abstracts 42530 and 42809, all of 1918.) Allowance is 
made for moisture in the imported ores. (Customs Regulations of 
1915, art. 787, p. 380.) (See par. 461 and subsec, 1, par. N. Sec. IV.) 

In view of litigation under the act of 1913, the words “and copper 
regulus or matte”? might be inserted after the words “ lead-bearing 


ores of all kinds.” 


PARAGRAPH 153. 


ACT OF i969. 


182. Lead dross, lead bullion or 
base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, 
lead in any form not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, old refuse 
lead rum into blocks and bars, and 
old serap lead fit only to be remanu- 
factured; all the foregoing, 24 cents 
per pound; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, 
glaziers’ lead, and lead wire, 22 cents 
per pound. 


ACT OF 1913. 


153. Lead dross, lead bullion or 
base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, 
lead in any form not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, old refuse 
lead run into blocks and bars, and 
old scrap lead fit only to be remanu- 
factured; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, 
glaziers’ lead, and lead wire; all the 
foregoing, 25 per centum ad valorem, 
on the lead contained therein. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The chief consumption of lead is in the 
form of white lead for paint. Large quantities are consumed in pipe 
and sheet, and in shot and bullets; lesser quantities in bearing metals, 
solders, and other white-metal alloys. 

The market grades are (1) desilverized, (2) “ soft,” and (3) anti- 
monial lead. Antimonial lead is an entirely different product from 
ordinary lead, and is covered in the tariff schedule under type metal 
(par. 160). Lead bullion or base bullion is metallic lead containing 


- gold and silver. It differs from ordinary market lead in that it must 


be desilverized or refined. Lead dross, made in recovering the metal 
from its ores, is valueless except as a source of lead and the minor 
amounts of other metals contained. Lead in blocks, pigs, and bars 
is lead bullion and soft lead cast in bars about 3 feet long, weighing 
from 80 to 110 pounds. ‘This class includes merchantable forms of 
pig lead, whether virgin (produced direct from the ore) or of second- 
ary origin, and whether soft, desilverized, or base bullion. Secondary 
lead is old lead recovered in various forms. Some is merely junk 
which may or may not be remelted into bars. loys containing lead 
are also salvaged and their metal content either separated or sold in 
the form of alloyed pig. 

» Production.—The United States is the largest producer and con- 
sumer of lead. Since 1875 it has been practically independent of 
foreign supplies, with a domestic production very nearly equal to 
consumption. Although large amounts appear in the import sta- 
tistics, little foreign lead is ultimately absorbed in the United States, 
as most of the ore and base bullion imported is treated in bonded 
works without payment of duty, and the larger part of the import 
upon which duty is paid is eventually reexported, generally with ben-. 


efit of drawback. For instance, we carry on a large smelting and 


refining business in bond, treating by far the greater part of the 
Mexican output. In 1918 more than 550,000 tons of lead were ob- 
tained from domestic ore, and 109,159 tons from foreign ore, the total 
output being 659,888 tons, valued at more than $97,000,000. The 
1917 output was 635,669 tons, worth about $112,000,000. 


246 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The smelting and refining industry is centralized in a few 
strong companies, almost one-half the output of refined metal being 
controHed by one large producer. The independent producing com- 
panies are highly integrated, have ample capital, and substantial ore 
supplies. j 

Imports.—Of the various forms in which lead is imported, the most 
important is base bullion. In 1918 the maximum importation of 
pigs, bars, ete., was over 19,000,000 pounds, which compares with 
150,000,000 pounds of lead in base bullion. In 1913 and 1914 only a 


few hundred thousand pounds were imported, showing an enormous ~ 


fluctuation in the imports of both classes of the metal. This was due 
largely to political conditions in Mexico, the only important country 
of origin of both classes of imports. The imports from all other 
countries are -small and, excepting from Canada, sporadic. Mexican 
lead is refined in bond and shipped chiefly to Great Britain. 

Exports.—Yor ten years prior to 1914 there are no records of the 
export of domestic pig lead. However, domestic smelters were treat- 
ing and exporting a considerable tonnage of foreign lead. A large 
amount of domestic lead was exported during the war period. In 
1918 more than 107,000 tons of pig lead (from both foreign and domes- 
tie ore), valued at $17,400,000, were exported, the maximum of 
domestie lead being 96,500 tons in 1915. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Matte with a heavy content of lead sulphide is not dutiable under 
this paragraph. The phrase “lead in any form” n. s. p. f. is-re- 
stricted by the antecedent enumeration of lead of the same general 
character, namely, lead metal. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 226, of 1917.) 

The duties on lead in base bullion can not be assessed upon the 
foreign market value of “such merchandise,” in accordance with 
Paragraph R, Section III, of the act of 1918, since the bullion, rather 
than the lead content, is the merchandise imported. Duties are 
accordingly taken upon a value based on the American selling price 
in accordance with Paragraph L of Section IIf. Lead dross is also 
bought on a basis of the metallic content. 

As lead dross and lead bullion or base bullion are the only articles 
enumerated in this paragraph that contain other metals than lead, 
the words “on the lead contained therein” might be put after the 
words “base bullion” instead of at the end of the paragraph. A 
change from “lead dross” to “dross containing lead” would make 
the lead in any dross containing lead subject to duty and render it 
unnecessary to determine whether a dross is lead dross. 


PARAGRAPH 154. 


ACT GF 1909. 


183. Metallic mineral substances in 
nt erude state, and metais unwrought, 
whether eapable of being wrought or 
“not, not specially provided for in this 
section, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
monazite sand and thorite, 4 cents 
per pound; thorium, oxide of and 
salts of; gas mantles treated with 
chemicals or metallic oxides, and gas- 
mantie scrap consisting in chief value 
of metallic oxides, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


154. Metallic mineral substances in 
a crude state, and metals unwrought, 
whether: capable of being wrought or 
not, not specially provided for in this 
section, 10 per centum ad valorem; 
monazite sand and thorite; thorium, 
oxide of and salts of; gas, kerosene, 
or alcohol mantles treated with chemi- 
cals or metallic oxides, 25 per centum 
ad: valorem ; and gas-mantle scrap con- 


sisting in chief value of metallic 


oxides, 10 per centum ad valorem. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 947 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
METALLIC MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND METALS UNWROUGHT. 


Description and uses.—The term “ metallic mineral substances” in 
this paragraph applies to minerals containing metals in their native 
state, the only ones found in commercial quantities being precious 
metals and copper. As these are specifically provided for elsewhere, 
this paragraph has little practical effect. (Yor definition of “ metals 
unwrought,” see “ Interpretation and comments.’’) 

Production.—The commodities of this paragraph are chiefly sundry 
odds and ends on which industrial statistics are not available. 

Imports.—Although all the important metals are more specifically 
provided for in the act of 1913, there have been importations every 
year under this classification, varying from $44,469 in 1915 to $157,298 
in 1916 and to $88,812 in 1918. 


MONAZITE SAND AND THORITE. 


Description and uses.—Monazite sand is a dull-brown, crystalline 
mineral consisting chiefly of the phosphates of cerium and thorium. 
It is mined in Brazil and India and formerly to a small extent in 
North and South Carolina. This sand usually contains about 25 per 
cent of cerium and 5 to 10 per cent of thorium. It is used primarily 
as a raw:material in gas mantles. Since the mantle is made up of 
99 per cent of thoria to 1 per cent of ceria, and since there are no 
present uses for the surplus ceria, the value of monazite depends upon 
its thoria content. . 

Thorite and thorianite are less important minerals from which 
thorium may be recovered. Although they contain from 50 to 75 
per cent of thoria, they are comparatively rare, leaving monazite 
sand the chief source of thorium. 

Production.—Domestie deposits of monazite sand occur in the beds 
of streams, and are mined and concentrated as in placer gold mining. 
This is an expensive and .laborious process, usually carried on 
by farmers during spare time, and not well adapted to large opera- 
tion. About 20 years ago certain Brazilian sea beaches were found to 
contain monazite that could be cheaply exploited, and later monazite 
especially rich in thoria was discovered in India; American producers 
could not compete with either. The domestic output of monazite in 
1905 was 1,352,418 pounds, valued at $163,908. No production was 
recorded for 1913 and 1914. In 1915 and 1916 paucity of imports 
caused a slight revival, which in 1916 amounted to 76,872 pounds, 
about 5 per cent of the imports. 

Imports of monazite from 1909 to 1913 averaged about 1,300,000 
pounds, valued at $114,000. Since 1914 there has been a steady in- 
crease to a maximum of 4,975,975 pounds, valued at $329,711 in 1918— 
practically double the imports of the preceding year. 

Exports of monazite sand are not shown. They are insignificant. 


OXIDE AND SALTS OF THORIUM. 


Description and uses.—Thorium nitrate is the most important of 
the salts of thorium. The commercial product is a white crystalline 
material containing 48 to 50 per cent of the oxide of thorium. It is 
used primarily in incandescent gas mantles, which contain approxi- 
mately 99 per cent of thoria. 


948 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—Thorium nitrate is obtained from monazite sand by a 
long and tedious chemical process. The manufacture before the war 
was virtually controlled by German and Austrian interests. After 


imports ceased domestic production increased greatly, in 1918-19 


supplying American needs and permitting large exportations to France 
and England. ‘There were five manufacturers of thorium nitrate 
producing 489,304 pounds in 1917, as compared with 149,850 pounds 
in 1913. | 

Imports of thorium nitrate reached a maximum of 144,413 pounds, 
valued at $309,760, in 1914, with approximately 99.5 per cent from 
Germany. Since 1914 imports have become insignificant. Imports of 
thorium oavide in 1914 amounted to 2,448 pounds, valued at $4,095, 
and in 1918, to 4,961,385 pounds, valued at $332,383. 

Export statistics are wanting, but information from the manufac- 
turers indicates that present exports approximate prewar imports. 


GAS, KEROSENE, OR ALCOHOL MANTLES. 


Description and production.—Incandescent gas mantles are com- 
posed of 99 per cent of thoria and 1 per cent of ceria. In their manu- 
facture a fabric of cotton or ramie is knit into the proper shape and 
saturated with a solution of thorium and cerium nitrates. After dry- 


ing it is heated to a red heat to convert the nitrates into oxides, pre- 
serving the shape and structure of the knit fabric. The process re- 


quires much skilled labor, principally by women. There are 30 
domestic manufacturers, and the output is estimated at about 
$0,000,000 mantles per year. 

Imports of gas mantles averaged about $60,000 in value before 
1914 and yielded an annual revenue of approximately $24,000. In 
1915 the imports were 1,077,289 mantles, valued at $40,627; in 1918, 
3,330 mantles, valued at $323. 

Exports of gas mantles were first shown separately in 1918, valued 
at $236,219, principally to Canada, British India, and South America. 


GAS-MANTLE SCRAP. 


Description and uses.—Imperfect mantles and those damaged in 
manufacture or left over as refuse are reduced to ashes by a firing 
process and sold to thorium manufacturers for the recovery of the 
valuable oxides. Practically 90 per cent of the gas-mantle scrap is 
obtained in this way and about 10 per cent is collected from gas com- 
panies and other large consumers. 


Imports of gas-mantle scrap in 1914 amounted to 60,4385 pounds, 


valued at $8,305, and decreased to 4,175 pounds in 1915 and to 2,291 
pounds in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


There has been much litigation upon the phrase “ metallic mineral 
substances in a crude state,’ which first appeared in the act of 1890 
(par. 202). Both that wording and the provision in the act of 1883 
(par. 215), “ mineral substances in a crude state,” were restricted to 
minerals mined and valued for the metal therein contained. (T. D. 
5972, of 1883; G. A. 1732, T. D. 18352, of 1892.) As loosely used by 
miners, the term “ metallic minerals’? means minerals from which a 
metallic element can be obtained. As all the important metals found 
in commercial quantities in their native state are specifically provided 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 249 


for, the provision for metallic mineral substances has little effect, be- 
ing applied to such merchandise as aluminum foundry ashes (Abstract 
30958, T. D. 38055, of 1912) and meteoric iron (Abstract 31202, T. D. 
33145, of 1913). 

The meaning of ‘‘ metals unwrought” has also been in doubt. The 
Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit restricted the mean- 
ing to metals capable of being wrought (1387 Fed., 770, of 1905), but 
the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit extended the 
meaning to exclude ferro-alloys which, though capable of being 
wrought, were not imported to be wrought into useful articles com- 
mercially profitable. (175 Fed., 964, of 1909; certiorari denied, 216 
U. 8., 618, of 1910.) In a later case the Court of Customs Appeals 
reached a different conclusion in holding that metallic rhodium is a 
metal unwrought. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 158, of 1911.) Doubt was 
removed by adding the werds “ whether capable of being wrought or 
not” to the words ‘“ metals unwrought,” in the acts of 1909 (par. 183) 
and 1918 (par. 154). Among the articles held under the acts of 
1909 and 1913 to be metals unwrought are nickel shot, irregular pieces 
of nickel varying from the size of a pea to that of a hen’s egg (T. D. 
37907, of 1919) ; thermit, an alloy of iron and manganese (Abstract 
37468, of 1915; 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 187, of 1912); dross or skimmings 
of zine, or of zine, tin, lead, etc. (T. D. 34070, of 1914; Abstract 27925, 
T. D. 32338, of 1912); and silico-spiegel (Abstract 30219, T. D. 32884, 
of 1912). 

One of the most important of the metals wiwrought is the ferro- 
cerium alloy, Known as pyrophoric alloy, and used in the manufac- 
ture of automatic cigar and gas lighters. Pyrophoric alloy, cut into 
sizes in which it is intended for use, has been classified as a manu- 
facture of metal, under paragraph 167, at a higher rate of duty than 
that on the alloy in ingots under this paragraph. This alloy or other 
ferro-cerium alloy might be given special provision. 

“Thorium, oxide of and salts of,’ might be transferred to Schedule 
A, and “ gas, kerosene, or alcohol mantles treated with chemicals or 
metallic oxides,’ and “ gas-mantle scrap consisting in chief value of 
metallic oxides” transferred to Schedule N, as they are not of a 
class with the other commodities named in the paragraph. Menazite 
‘sand, the crude raw material (which is not mined commercially in 
this country), thorium nitrate (the refined intermediate article), and 
gas mantles (the finished product), are dutiable at the same rate. 
Gas-mantle scrap is chiefly thorium’ oxide and might logically be 
given the same tariff treatment. (See pars. 102, 518, and 549.) 


PARAGRAPH 155. 


ACT OF 1909. 


185. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of 
any kind in which nickel is a com- 
ponent material of chief value, in pigs, 
ingots, bars, rods, or plates, 6 cents 
per pound; sheets or strips, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 19158. 


155. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of 
any kind in which nickel is a com- 
ponent material of chief value, in pigs, 
ingots, bars, rods, or plates, 10 per 
centum ad vaiorem; sheets or strips, 
20 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


NICKEL. 


Description and uses.—The principal use of nickel is in alloys 
(mainly nickel steel) which take more than one-half the product. It 


250 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


is also used in cheap jewelry (particularly watches), in German silver, 
nickel plating, laboratory appliances, and cooking and table utensils. 
Wickel owvide is used in Hdison storage batteries and in the manu- 
facture of glass. The salts are largely used in electroplating; also 
in the hydrolysis of fats into solid fats suitable for soap making, ete. 
Niekel ingots, bars, rods, and plates are the raw materials from 
which wire (round, square, and flat) is made. Plates are used also 
in electroplating. 

Production.—The United States produces no nickel from dcomestie 
materials exeept as a by-product of copper refining. The production 
from this source in 1918 was 882,000 pounds, valued at $401,000. 
This country is, however, the greatest producer of refined nickel in 
the world, with an output of about 70,000,000 pounds per year by 
one easterh company which has a monopoly of the industry through 
the ownership of the largest Canadian mines and smelters and its 
large refining works in New Jersey. In 1918 the company began 
refining its foreign ores in Canada. The foreign refining of nickel 
has been by a French company in England, Germany, and Franee, 
chiefly from New Caledonian ore. 

Imports.—In 1914 nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which 
hickel is a component material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, bars, 
reds, or plates, was imported to the amount of 225,743 pounds, valued 
at $92,787; in 1918, 5,574 pounds, valued at $1,414. 

Exports in 1914 amounted to 28,895,242 pounds, valued at $9,408,- 
709; in 1918, 18,818,212 pounds, valued at $7,680,502. Prior to 1914, 
exports went chiefly to the Netherlands, Franee, and the United 
Kingdom. 

SHEETS OR STRIPS. 


Description and uses.—Sheets and strips are the relatively thin 
forms of nickel. To distinguish sheets from plates, arbitrary lines of 
demarcation have been adopted by the Treasury Department, as 
follows: Sheet, over 7 inches in width and 0.14 inch or less in thick- 
ness; strip, 7 inches and under in width and 7 inch and under in 
thickness. Thin sheets of nickel are welded on sheet iron and 
steel, and are said to wear better than electroplating. 


Imports amounted to $15,660 in 1914 and to $2,731 in 1918. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Nickel sulphate is not nickel nor an alloy of nickel nor nickel oxide 


within this paragraph, but is dutiable under paragraph 5 as a chem- - 


ical compound or salt. (Abstract 36829, T. D. 34889, of 1914.) 
PARAGRAPH 156. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


186. Pens, metallic, except gold} 156. Pens, metallic, not specially 
pens, 12 cents per gross; with nib |} provided for in this section, 8 cents 
and barrel in one piece, 15 cents per } per gross; with nib and barrel in one 
gross. | piece, 12 cents per gross. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph relates to metallic pens 
other than gold. Pens are made principally of steel, but there is a 
growing demand for gold pens, because more flexible and of greater 
durability, “fountain pens” attaining wide use in recent years, 








——E 


251 


Production.—The domestic manufacture of steel pens began in 1860, 
when a knowledge of the steel best adapted for their manufacture was 
acquired. Most of the steel used has been imported from England 
and Sweden. Five establishments, with a capital of $870,601 and 573 
wage earners, manufactured steel pens in 1914. Materials used were 
worth $117,118, wages amounted to $243,043, and the value of the 
preduct was $513,498. Steel pens valued at $160,068 were also pro- 
dueed by establishments classified under other industries. A prewar 
estimate credited domestic production with 2,500,000 gross. 

Imports of metallic pens n. 8. p. f. in 19TS were 544,767 gross, valued 
at $178,657, mostly from England; in 1914, 698,642 gross, valued at 
$174,044, 

Exports in 1918 were 492,503 gross, valued at $252,281; in 1914, 
295,525 gross, valued at $116,501. The exports in 1918 were to the 
Dutch East Indies, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Brazil, 
British India, Cuba, and Argentina; in 1914, to the United Kingdom, 
British India, Germany, and Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The pen of a combination penholder is not separately dutiable under 
this paragraph, but as an entirety with the pencil. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —, T. D. 37901, of 1919.) (See par. 157.) 


PARAGRAPH i157. 


ACT OF 1809. 


187. Penholder tips, penholders and 
parts thereof, 5 cents per gross and 
25 per centum ad valorem; gold pens, 
25 per centum ad valorem; fountain 
pens, stylographic pens, 380 per centum 
ad valorem; combination penholders, 
comprising penholder, pencil, rubber 
eraser, automatic stamp, or other at- 
tachment, 40 per centum ad valorem: 


ACT OF 19168. 


157. Penholder tips, penholders and 
parts thereef, gold pens, fountain 
pens, and stylographic pens; combina- 
tion penholders, comprising penholder, 
pencil, rubber eraser, automatic stamp, 
or other attachment, 25 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That pens and 
penholders shall be assessed for duty 
separately. 


Provided, That pens and penholders 
shall be assessed for duty separately, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Gold pens are superior to steel pens in flexi- 
bility and durability, and are essential in fountain pens, the gold 
being alloyed with silver and copper and protected by an iridium 
‘point. Stylographie pens, like fountain pens, have a reservoir to hold 
the ink, but have a tubular, pencil-shaped point with a needle playing 
in it which releases the ink when pressed on the paper, a form espe- 
cially useful for manifolding with carbon paper. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 55 manufacturers of fountain and 
stylographic pens, with 1,154 wage earners, a capital of $38,269,809, 
wages of $717,533, cost of material $1,614,145, and value of product 
$6,865,074 ; and 15 manufacturers of gold pens, with 246 wage earners, 
a capital of $408,228, wages of $174,209, cost of materials $301,893, 
and value of product $642,461. In 1909 the value of the general 
product was $4,738,693, as eompared with $7,507,535 in 1914. 

Imports in 1918 of penholder tips, penholders and paris were 2,504 
gross, valued at $2,946; imports of fountain and stylographie pens 
were valued at $5,491 and of combination penholders, $3,178. In 1914, 


252 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 

imports of penholder tips were 15,421 gross, valued at $16,616; of 
fountain and stylographic pens, $51,527; and of combination pen- 
holders, $11,355. 

Exports of penholders in 1918 were 71,885 gross, valued at $127,040¢s 
goods to the value of $52,688 went to Europe (mainly England), 
$34,532 to North America, $29,416 to South America, and $10,404 to 
all other countries. In 1914 exports of penholders were 79,648 gross, 
valued at $88,056, of which $57,446 worth went to Hurope (mainly 
England), $19,914 to North America, $7,576 to South America, and 
$3,120 to all other countries. ° 

Exports of fountain pens in 1918 were 259,153 valued at $194,618, 
more than one-half going to British India, Canada, and Australia. 
In 1914 the exports of fountain pens were 332,935, valued at $326,966, 
about two-thirds to England and most of the rest to Canada, France, 
and Brazil. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Combination penholders.—This paragraph provides a rate of 25 per 
cent on combination penholders “ comprising penholder, pencil, rubber 
eraser, automatic stamp, or other attachment,” treating such combina- 
tion penholders as distinct entireties. The provision that pens and pen- 
holders shall be assessed separately does not qualify the provision for 
combination penholders in the second clause of the paragraph, but re- 
lates to the general provision for penholders in the first clause. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 87901, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 158. 





ACT OF 19069. 


188. Pins with solid heads, without 
ornamentation, including hair, safety, 
hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of 
the foregoing composed wholly of 
brass, copper, iron, steel, or other base 
metal, not plated with gold or silver, 
and not commonly known as jewelry, 
35 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1915. 


158. Pins with solid heads, without 
ornamentation, including hair, safety, 
hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of 
the foregoing composed wholly of 
brass, copper, iron, steel, or other base 
metal, not plated with gold or silver, 
and not commonly known as jewelry, _ 
20 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of common or toilet pins in 1914 amounted to 641,121 
pounds plus 1,825,673 packs of 3,860 pins of steel wire, and 1,186,397 
pounds plus 1,688,035 packs of 8,600 pins of brass wire, with a com- 
bined value of $1,248,757. Some firms report output in pounds and 
others in packs. Production of hairpins was 9,242,012 gross, valued 
at $528,862; and of safety pins, 4,744,308 gross, valued at $936,663. 

The total value of common pins, hairpins, and safety pins produced 
in 1914 was $2,713,782. Connecticut leads in the manufacture of 
articles covered by this paragraph. The leading foreign producers 
are France, Germany, and England. 

Imports of all pins covered by paragraph ASP amounted to $105,329 
in 1918 and to $235,571 in 1914. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


All pins described in this paragraph overlaid or coated with gold 
or silver are plated. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 204, of 1912.) The fact 
that pins answering to the description of this paragraph are coated 
with lacquer does not withdraw them from the operation of the words 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. Pee 5) 


“composed wholly of” the metals named in the paragraph and make 
them dutiable as manufactures of wire under paragraph 114. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 75, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 159. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


189. Quicksilver, 7 cents per pound. 159. Quicksilver, 10 per centum ad _ 
The flasks, bottles, or other vessels in | valorem. ‘The flasks, bottles, or other 
which quicksilver is imported shall be | vessels in which quicksilver is im- 
subject to the same rate of duty as | ported shall be subject to the same 
they would be subjected to if imported | rate of duty as they would be sub- 
empty. jected to if imported empty. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Quicksilver or mercury, although a metal, 
is liquid at ordinary temperatures. Practically all the supply comes 
from sulphide ore, notably cinnabar. The ore is invariably reduced at 
the mine, therefore is not an article of commerce. In 1917 one-half 
of our mercury was used in making blasting caps for high explosives 
and for drugs and chemicals. It is also extensively used in the hat 
and fur industry, in thermometers and barometers, in gold and silver 
amalgamation, and for other purposes. 

Production before the war was decreasing, due to foreign competi- 
tion, but again expanded because of war prices. In 1905 the United 
States was the leading producer, with 30,534 flasks of 75 pounds each ; 
this fell to 16,548 flasks in 1914, and rose to 86,159 flasks in 1917. 
About 66 per cent of the production in 1917 was in California and 33 
per cent in Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and Texas. Approxi- 
mately one-third of the output is by the New Idria Quicksilver Mining 
Co. The world’s supply in 19138 was about 117,000 flasks, Spain 
producing 31.3 per cent, Italy 25.2 per cent, Austria 20.6 per cent, 
the United States 17.8 per cent, and other countries 5.6 per cent. 

The cost of domestic production before the war was greater than in 
Spain, Italy, and Austria, because of lower-grade ores and higher 
labor costs. The domestic ore averages not over 0.5 per cent quick- 
silver, while that of Spain runs 8 per cent, of Italy 0.9 per cent, and 
of Austria 0.65 per cent. 

Imports of quicksilver before 1911 were small, but in 1914 aggre- 
gated 444,373 pounds, valued at $192,609, and in 1918, 579,906 pounds, 
valued at $641,102. 

Exports in 1914 amounted to 64,190 pounds, valued at $32,241, and 
in 1918 to 502,088 pounds, valued at $679,414—249,485 pounds (valued 
at $355,466) going to Canada, 85,000 pounds to Hongkong, and 65,344 
pounds to England. 

PARAGRAPH 160. 


191.-Type metal, 1% cents per pound 160. Type metal, and types, 15 per 
on the lead contained therein; new | centum ad valorem. 
types, 25 per centum ad valorem. . 


GENERAL INKCRMATION. 
TYPE METAL. 


Description and uses.—The type metal of this paragraph includes 
the metal of the printing trade and antimonial lead, the latter a by- 
product of the refining of lead bullion, which must itself be further 


254 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


refined and admixed with one or more other metals before it is suit- 
able for manufacture into type. Ordinarily type metal consists of 
about three parts lead to one part antimony, and sometimes a little 
tin. A good grade contains 50 to 55 per cent lead, 25 to 30 per cent 
antimony, and 15 to-25 per cent tin; for many grades, however, 2 
per cent tin is sufficient, 

Production of antimonial lead amounted to 18,646 short tons, valued 
at $3,781,560, in 1917. In addition to the type metal produced as 
a. by-product of lead refining, about an equal amount of secondary 
antimonial lead comes from lead dross, babbitt metal, solder, and 
pewter. 

Imports.—Practically the entire antimonial lead or type-metal im- 
ports are produced in bonded smelting works from imported lead base 
bullion, mainly from Mexico. The type metal is withdrawn for con- 
sumption, as provided for in Section IV, paragraph N, subsection 1, 
of the tariff act of 1913. Imports have fluctuated widely—2,.120 tons 
in 1915, none in 1916, and 105 pounds, valued at $20, in 1918. 

Exports.—No appreciable quantity of type metal is exported. 


TYPES. 


Production and imports.—No production statistics are available, 
but domestic output exceeds consumption. Imports of new type 
are normally small—in 1918, 21,785 pounds, valued at $4,894. 

Exports of type amounted to 614,421 pounds, valued at $219,491, in 
1914, and to 313,464 pounds, valued at $144,573, in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A mixture of about 81 per cent of lead and 17 per cent of antimony 
and negligible quantities of other metals, such as arsenie, copper, or 
silver, was held to be type metal. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 231, of 1911. ) 

Material containing from 86.40 per cent lead and 9.50 per cent. anti-° 
mony to 86.50 per cent lead and 13.30 per cent antimony, imported in 
block or lump form, is dutiable under this paragraph as type metal 
rather than exempt from duty under paragraph 637 as type, stereo- 
type, or electrotype metal. (G. A. 8257, T. D. 38018, of 1919.) 

Type metal in the form of antimoniai lead is imported chiefiy from 
Mexico, where it has no sale, nor has it a foreign market value in 
the condition imported; accordingly it is appraised under paragraph L 
rather than paragraph K of Section III of the act of 1913. A 
specifie duty either on the gross weight or on the lead content would 
obviate this Incongruity. (See par. 637.) 


PARAGRAPH 161. 


ACT OF 1509. 


192. Watch movements, including 
time detectors, whether imported in 
eases or not, if having not more than 
seven jewels, 70 cents each; if having 
more than seven jewels and not more 
than eleven jewels, $1.85 each; if hav- 
ing more than eleven jewels and not 
more than fifteen jewels, $1.85 each; 
if having more than fifteen and not 
more than seventeen jewels, $1.25 each 


ACT GF 1918. 


161. Watch movements, whether im- 
ported in eases or not, watcheases and 
parts of watches, chronometers, box or 
ship, and parts ~thereof, lever clock 
movements having jewels in the es- 
ecapement, and clocks containing such 
movements, all other clocks and parts 


' thereof, not otherwise provided for in 
- this section, whether separately packed 


or otherwise, not composed wholly or 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1908—Continued. 


and 25 per centum ad valorem; if 
having more than seventeen jewels, $3 
each and 25 per centum ad valorem; 
watchcases and parts of watches, chro- 
nometers, box or ship, and parts there- 
of, 40 per centum ad valorem; lever 
clock movements having jewels in the 
escapement, and clocks eontaining such 
movements, $1 each and 40. per centum 
ad valorem; all other clocks and parts 
thereof, not otherwise provided for in 
this section, whether separately packed 
or otherwise, not composed wholly or 
in chief value of china, porcelain, 
parian, bisque, or earthenware, 40 per 
centum ad valorem; ali jewels for use 
in the manufacture of watches or 
cioeks,. 10: per centum ad valorem; 
enameled dials for watches or other 
instruments, 3 cents per dial and 40 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That all watch and clock dials, 
whether attached to movements or not, 
shall have indelibly painted or printed 
thereon the country of origin, and that 
all watch movements, lever clock move- 
ments with jewels in the escapement, 
and cases of foreign manufacture shall 
have the name of the manufacturer 
and country of manufacture cut, en- 
graved, or die-sunk conspicuously and 
indelibly on the plate of the move- 
ment and the inside of the case, re 
spectively, and the movements shall 
also have marked thereon by one of 
the methods indicated the number of 
jewels and adjustments, said. number 
to be expressed both in words and in 
Arabic numerals; and none of the 
aforesaid articles shall be delivered to 
the importer unless marked in exact 
eonformity to this direction. 


255 
ACT OF 14918—Continued. 


in chief value of china, porcelain, 
parian, bisque, or earthenware, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; all jewels for use 
in the manufacture of watches, clocks, 
or meters, 10 per centum ad valorem; 
time detectors, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem; enameled dials and dial plates 
for watches or other instruments, 30 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That all watch and clock dials, 
whether attached to movements or not, 
shall have indelibly painted or printed 
thereon the name of the country of 
origin, and that all watch movements, 
and plates, lever clock movements with 
jewels in the escapement, whether im- 
perted assembled or knocked down for 
reassembling, and cases of foreign 
manufacture, shail have the name of 
the manufacturer and country of man- 
ufaecture eut, engraved, or die-sunk 
conspicuously and indelibly on the 
plate of the movement and the inside 
of the case, respectively, and the move- 
ments and plates shall also have 
marked thereon by one of the methods 
indicated the number of jewels and 
adjustments, said numbers to be ex- 
pressed either in words or in Arabie 
numerals; and: if the movement is not 
adjusted the word “ unadjusted ” shalt 
be marked thereon by one of the 
methods indicated; and none of the 
aforesaid articles shall be delivered to 
the importer unless marked in exact 
conformity to. this direction, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
CLOCKS, WATCHES, AND CHRONOMETERS. 


Deseription and uses.—The chronometer, a timepiece of great ac- 
curaey, is used on ships or wherever a precise measurement of time is 
required. It differs from the watch in its escapement, which is so 
constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the 
greater part of its vibration; and also in being fitted with a com- 
pensating adjustment to prevent expansion by heat or eontraction 
Dy cold affecting the movements. Its balance spring is helicoidal; 
that of the-watch. is. spiral. . 

Modern watch and clock movements. require the use of gold, nickel, 
brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Watch cases 
are made of gold, silver, nickel, brass, and gun metal, besides various 
alloys known under the trade names of silveroid, nickel silver, and 
the. like. Clock cases are made of wood, metal, china, porcelain, 
parian, bisque, marble, earthenware, stoneware, and crockery ware. 

Production.—The principal watch-producing centers are in Massa- 
_chusetts and Illinois; most of the clocks are manufactured in Con- , 


256 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


necticut and New York. In 1914 there were 119 establishments, em- 
ploying 23,828 wage earners, manufacturing watches and clocks and 
their parts. The capital invested was $62,470,000, and the value of 
the product $34,158,000. The consumption of watches in 1914 was 
approximately $1,500,060 more in value than the domestic production, 
and the consumption of clocks exceeded production by about $1,000,000 
in value. 

Foreign watches come chiefly from Switzerland. 

Imports of watches and. parts of watches for 1911-1915 averaged 
$2,729,898 annually. The imports of clocks and parts of clocks, an 
annual average of $794,389; 73 per cent from Germany. The largest 
importation of chronometers since 1907 was in 1914, amounting to 
$11,109, and the smallest in 1907, valued at $1,738. Imports in 1918 
were valued at $4,350. 

Exports.—From 5 to 7 per cent of American-made watches is ex- 
ported, chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada. ‘These two coun- 
tries also take about one-half of the total exports of clocks, amounting. 
to from 10 to 14 per cent of domestic production. 


JEWELS. 


Description.—Jewels used in the manufacture of watches, clocks, 
and meters include various kinds of stones—agate, garnet, sapphire, 
diamond, ruby, and also the synthetic or manufactured ruby and 
sapphire. | 

Production.—Scarcely any jewels are produced in the United States, 
chiefly because of the lack of skilled workers and experience in jewel 
manufacture. The jewels used come principally from Switzerland, 
Italy, and Germany. 

Imports are from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, HPngland, and 
France. The annual value since 1907 ranged between $491,084 in 1916 
and $919,790 in 1918; the annual average for the 12- "year period was 
$707,932 

TIME DETECTORS. 


Description and use.—A time detector is a watch or clock used for 
obtaining time records of watchmen’s rounds. 

Production.—Time detectors are largely made by hand. The va- 
riety in styles and sizes, and the small number sold, preclude the use 
of automatic machinery in their manufacture. 

Imports.—During the nine months October 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914, 
imports were valued at $27,476, but steadily declined to $2,820 in 1918. 


DIALS. 


Description and use.—A dial is the plate or face on which the 
pointer or index moves for the purpose of indicating time, sad ses 
pressure, points cf the compass, ete. 

Production.—fost domestic dials are produced in Waltham, Mass. 

Imports.—Between 70 and 95 per cent of the annual imports come 
from Switzerland. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Where watches and wrist straps are imported together, but packed 
separately, a concession that the movements were properly classified 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 957 


under this paragraph, the Court of Customs Appeals declared, carries 

with it a concession that the cases were also properly held dutiable. 
eo nomine under the same paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D.? 
87982, of 1919.) Timers specially constructed and designed to time 
rates of speed are not within this paragraph as watches or watch 
movements or time detectors, nor within paragraph 356 as articles to 
be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, 
but are dutiable under paragraph 167 as metal manufactures. (G. A. 
(Oat, LT. D, 35971, and G.. A: 7730, T. D. 35460, of 1915.) So-called 
ball clocks were held properly classified as watch movements under 
the act of 1909. (Abstract 28310, T. D. 32455, of 1912.) 

Hscapements for clocks, jeweled and constructed upon the lever 
principle, classified as “lever clock movements having jewels in the 
escapement,” were held dutiable as parts of clocks. (Abstract 26234, 
T. D. 31804, of 1911.) Merchandise invoiced as “ escapements for 
watchmen’s clocics’’ were held dutiable under the provisions of this 
paragraph for “all other clocks and parts thereof” rather than as 
time detectors. (Abstract 88449, of 1915.) Reconstructed rubies 
which can be devoted to no other use than as jewels for watches are , 
more specifically provided for as ‘all jewels for use in the manu- 
facture of watches” than as “ reconstructed rubies.” (5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 336, of 1914.) Sapphires for use in electric meters are duti- 
able under this paragraph as jewels for use in the manufacture of 
meters, rather than under paragraphs 81 or 3857. (Abstract 40417, of 
1916.) The provision in paragraph 161 for “ jewels for use in the 
manufacture of watches” is more specific than that in paragraph 98 
for “ other semiprecious stones” and embraces blue idalite and violet 
garnet strips for use as jewels in the manufacture of watches. Fur- 
ther manipulation to fit these strips for the intended use was declared 
not to change the classification, since the merchandise was known in 
trade as “ watch jewels.” The Board of General Appraisers distin- 
guished its decision (Abstract 38949, of 1915) that agates imported 
as jewels for water meters were not dutiable under paragraph 161, 
inasmuch as the merchandise in the condition as imported could not 
be used as a jewel for such meters, and, moreover, are not used in 
the construction of jewelry within the exception to paragraph 98. 
(G. A. 8108, T. D. 87395, of 1917.) 

Catgut strings in lengths from 16 to 21 feet, used in making clocks 
and as belting for small lathes, are exempt from’ duty under para- 
graph 443 as catgut unmanufactured rather than dutiable under the 
provision for “ parts of clocks” in this paragraph. (G. A. 8231, T. D. 
37914, of 1919, following 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 36, of 1915.) 

So-called paillons, consisting of small ornamental pieces or shapes 
of gold, used among other purposes for ornamenting the faces of 
enameled watch dials, and jeux @heures, consisting of gold numerals 
used on such dials to denote the hours of time, were held not to be 
“parts of watches” within this paragraph, but dutiable under para- 
graph 167 as articles of gold. (G. A. 8096, T. D. 37356, of 1917.) 
Watchmen’s clocks, composed of a clock movement, a number of keys, 
and a leather pouch, are dutiable as entireties under the provision 
of this paragraph for time detectors. (Abstract 39599, of 1916.) The 
number of jewels marked on watch movements should include such 

184911°—20 17 





er 


258 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


jewels only as are actually serving.some useful purpose in the opera- 


tion of the movement. 


(T. D. 36674, of 1916.) 


Enameled dials and dial plates for time detectors are dutiable at 
30 per cent under this paragraph, while the complete detectors are 


dutiable at only 15 per cent. 


Timers, which have substantially the same mechanism as watches, 
but are not watches, and are classified as metal articles, might be 
brought within this paragraph by specific enumeration. 


PARAGRAPH 162. 


ACT OF 1309. 


193. Zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, 
including calamine, containing less 
than 10 per centum of zine, shall be 
admitted free of duty; containing 10 
per centum or more of zine and less 
than 20 per centum, 4 of 1 cent per 
pound, on the zine contained therein ; 
eontaining 20 per centum or more of 
zine and less than 25 per centum, 4 


2 


*“ of 1 cent per pound on the zine con- 


tained therein; containing 25 per 
ecentum of zine, or more, 1 cent per 
pound on the zine contained therein: 
Provided, That on all importations of 
zine-bearing ores the duties shall be 
estimated at the port of entry, and a 
bond given in double the amount of 
such estimated duties for the trans- 
portation of the ores by common car- 
riers bonded for the transportation of 
appraised or unappraised merchandise 
to properly equipped sampling or 
smelting establishments, whether des- 
ignated as bonded warehouses or other- 


wise. On the arrival of the ores at 
such establishments they shall be 
sampled according to commercial 


methods under the supervision of Gov- 
ernment officers, who shall be sta- 
tioned at such establishments, and 
who shall submit the samples thus ob- 
tained to a Government assayer, desig- 
nated by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, who shall make a proper assay 
of the sample and report the result 
to the proper customs officers, and the 
{mport entries shall be liquidated 
thereon, except in case of ores that 
shall be removed to a bonded ware- 
house to be refined for exportation as 
provided by law. And the Secretary 
vf the Treasury is authorized to make 
all necessary regulations to enforce 
the provisions of this paragraph. 


ACT OF 1918. 


162. Zine-bearing ores of all kinds, 
including calamine, 10 per centum ad 
valorem upon the zine contained 
therein: Provided, That on all impor- 
tations of zinc-bearing ores the duties 
shall be estimated at the port of en- 
try, and a bond given in double the ~ 
amount of such estimated duties for 
the transportation of the ores by com- 
mon carriers bonded for the transpor- 
tation of appraised or unappraised 
merchandise to properly equipped 
sampling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded ware- 
houses or otherwise. On the arrival 
of the ores at such establishments they 
shall be sampled according to com- 
mercial methods under the supervi- 
sion of Government officers, who shall 
be stationed at such establishments, 
and who shall submit the samples 
thus obtained to a Government as- 
Sayer, designated by the Secretary of 
the Treasury, who shall make a proper 
assay of the sample and report the 
result to the proper custom officers, 
and the import entries shail be liqui- 
dated thereon, except in case of ores 
that shall be removed to a bonded 
warehouse to be refined for exporta- 
tion as provided by law. And the 
Secretary of the Treasury is author- 
ized to make all necessary regulations 
to enforce the provisions of this para- 
graph. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Zine ores separate into the following 
classes: (1) Calamine or carbonate ore and concentrates, approxi- 
mately 40 per cent zinc with small amounts of other metallic ele- 
ments; (2) blende or sulphide ores and concentrates, approximately 
60 per cent zinc with small amounts of other metallic elements; (3) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 259 


sulphide ores and concentrates, Rocky Mountain products averaging 
between 38 and 50 per cent zine with relatively high content of iron 
and sulphur; (4) complex sulphide ores containing up to 35 per cent 
zine, but averaging about 20 to 25 per cent of zine associated with 
other metals besides iron, and including lead or copper. Unusual 
varieties of zinc minerals are found in important quantities only at 
Franklin Furnace, N. J . a deposit unique in the character of its ores 
which are used in the production of zine oxide and of zinc metal of 
exceptional purity. It is operated by one company and is not a factor 
in the generai consideration of the industry. 

Ores of the first two classes rarely have any precious-metal value; 
class 38 usually contains some precious metal; while class 4 almost 
invariably carries precious metal. The first three classes are smelted 
for the production of spelter; the fourth class is a middling product 
usually sold to concentrating plants for further chemical separation. 
More recently a market has begun to develop for such: ores in making 
electrolytic zinc and for igneous concentration. In the Missouri ore 
schedule only two classes of ore are distinguished. Blende is sold on 
the basis of a 60 per cent zine content, calamine on a basis of 40 per 
eent. The chief use of zine ores is in the manufacture of spelter (zine 
metal), but an increasingly large amount is used domestically for the 
direct manufacture of zine oxide and other pigments and zine dust. 
_A large tonnage of sulphuric acid is derived as a by-product of blende 
in the making of spelter. 

Production.—The United States is the largest producer of zine ore, 
as well as of metal, other countries producing in the following order 
in 1917: Germany, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Italy, Japan, Spain, 
Siberia, and India. The greater part of the zinc resources (as well 
as reduction works) of Germany are transferred to the new State of 
Poland. Domestic proportion of the world’s output has increased from 
about 20 per cent in the early nineties to about 60 per cent during 
the war. The output of domestic zine mines in 1917 was 710,972 short 
tons—eight times the annual output of 25 years ago, increasing by 
over 50 per cent since 1914. It is estimated at 667,000 short tons in 
1918. 

Zine mining as well as smelting has been peculiarly free from 
large combinations of capital, and, with the exception of perhaps a 
half dozen exceptionally large producers, most of the zine mines are 
eperated independently. Zine production was reported from 23 States 
in 1917. However, over 80 per cent of the total output came from 
six districts, namely, (1) Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma; (2) New 
Jersey; (3) Montana; (4) Wisconsin; (5) Colorado; and (6) Idaho. 
The first is the largest producing region in the world, in recent years 
yielding about one-seventh of the total output. 

Since the location of zinc-reduction works is determined by availa- 
bility of fuel and labor supply rather than by proximity to ore de- 
posits, zinc ore and concentrates are transported long distances. The 
ore from North American mines must be transported largely by 
rail, the ores of other countries by water; that is, Australian 
concentrates normally go to HKuropean works for treatment. Geo- 
graphical position constrains Mexico and Canada—until very recently 
the only countries shipping us ore—to market their ores in the United 
States. Except for South America, whose resources are not yet 
gauged, they alone are likely to compete actively in our zine-ore mar- 


‘ 
P”) 


260 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


kets. Few of the Canadian mines possess advantages over those 
located adjacently in the United States, labor costs and supplies being 
nearly the same. The Canadian mines are not much richer and are 
a little farther away: from smelting centers. In Mexico, however, 
there are large deposits of high-grade zine ore which eventually may 
provide enormous supplies at extremely low cost. Despite the high 
freight rates, considering the low cost of production, the ore can be 
delivered at Mississippi Valley points for less than much of the 
output from our mines, even of that section. 

Imports.—Mexico is the most important exporter of ore to the 
United States, the quantity greatly increasing until the disturbances 
in 1911. The most important factor aside from market conditions is 
the Mexican situation, which involves large potential tonnage. The 
average customs on the zine contents of all ore during 1910-1918 was 
$146,136.72, deducting the drawbacks. The average net consumption 
of foreign ore (zine content) during this nine-year period was 16,698 
short tons, the average general import being 44,742 tons. In 1918 the 
cova was 24,809 short tons of which 18,426 tons came from Mexico site 

173 tons from Canada. 

beet ae oot the domestic ore exported is high-grade willemite 
from New Jersey, used for high-grade spelter in Europe. From 1910 
to 1915 exports of zine ore ran from 15,000 to 20,000 tons; in 1915 
they declined to some 8,000 tons, and in 1917 to 71 tons, but increased _ 
in 1918 to 1,203 tons. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Zine in a quantity exceeding 10 per cent in ores containing both 
zine and lead was held dutiable as well as the lead under the act of 
1909. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 472, of 1911.) Zine not commercially re- 
coverable or a detriment in the smelting of other metals is regarded 
by the Treasury Department as of no commercial value and not duti- 
able under the act of 1918. (T. D. 34280, of 1914.) This paragraph 
was, however, construed by the Board of General Appraisers to impose 
a duty on all zine, whether or not capable of commercial recovery. 
(G. A. 7787, T. D. 35527, of 1915; Abstracts 42207 and 42245, of 1918.) 
But in a reappraisement case the Board sustained the construction 
of the Treasury Department. (Reappraisement 29290, of 1919.) 

The duties on zine in zinc-bearing ores can not be assessed on for- 
eign market value, since the ore in which the zine is contained is the 
imported merchandise, and there is no foreign market value for the 
zine content. Duties are accordingly taken on a value based on the 
American selling price in accordance with paragraph L, Section ITI, 
of the act of 1913. (T. D. 34280, of 1914; T. D. 35624, of 1915; and 
T. D. 36446, of 1916.) Sulphide ores assaying 40 per cent or less of 
zine, however, are appraised at net less than the contract or purchase 
price. (T. D. 86652, of 1916.) As the several factors necessary to 
determine the market value or purchase price of zine ores are usually 
not known at the time of shipment, and importers can not ascertain 
the value of the zine in the ore, entry by appraisement is allowed. 
(T. D. 36446 and T. D. 36534, of 1916.) 

The word cdadlamine was inserted because of litigation applying it 
both to carbonates and silicates. (167 Fed., 122, of 1909.) The 
phrase “ zine-bearing ores of ail kinds ” necessarily includes calamine. 





r/ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 261 


Owing to the difficulties involved in the entry of zine ores and the 
appraisement of the zine content, a specific rate of duty would be 
more easily administered. (See par. I, Sec. III, and par. N, See. IV.) 


PARAGRAPH 163. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


194. Zine in blocks or pigs and 163. Zine in blocks, pigs, or sheets, 
zinc dust 13 cents per pound; in| and zine dust; and old and worn-out 
sheets, 18 cents per pound; * * */ zine fit only to be remanufactured, 
old and worn-out, fit only to be re-| 15 per centum ad valorem, 
manufactured, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ZINC IN BLOCKS, PIGS, AND SHEETS. 


Description and uses.—The zine of commerce, more or less impure, 

cast from molten metal into slabs, blocks, plates, or ingots, etc., is 
called speliter. The chief uses of zine are for galvanizing, brass mak- 
ing, and sheet rolling. Sheet zine is used in large amounts for dry bat- 
veries in automobile ignition, telephones, etc., and is of growing im- 
portance as a building material. In most structural uses zine sheet 
may be replaced by the cheaper zinc-coated (galvanized) iron sheet; 
but where resistance to the atmosphere is the important feature, pure 
zine is claimed to be cheaper ultimately. An important amount of 
spelter is consumed in the desilverization (refining) of silver-lead bul- 
lion. Zine in the form of shavings (frome sheets) or as zinc dust is 
used for the precipitation of gold and silver in the cyanide process. A 
certain amount is used in the making of zinc white (French process 
oxide) and other pigments, although these are more often prepared 
direetly from the ore in this country. The salts of zine are also 
made from the metal, although generally from metallurgical by- 
products and scrap. 
- Production.—The United States is the world’s largest producer and 
consumer of zinc, its prewar output (800,000 tons) being about one- 
third of the total. The supply is derived almost exclusively from 
domestic sources, and, except during the war, exports have been small, 
although the bonded smelting privilege is extended to zine ores and 
large supplies of cheap raw materials are available in Mexico. The 
American industry is highly competitive. Over 75 per cent of the zine 
smelting is by nine companies, four of which control 48.7 per cent of 
the total. There is a large excess of smelting capacity in the United 
States, but it is not favorably situated for conducting a bonded-smelt- 
ing business on foreign ores, and because of the higher cost of do- 
mestiec ore—due in part to railroad freights—littie export business 
in the metal produced from this ore is probable. The Huropean 
smelteries, located at or near seaboard, have an advantage as regards 
cost of ore delivered at their plants, although the ore is derived in 
large part from distant regions, notably Australia. The spelter they 
produce is the main feature in the world trade. 

Domestic production of spelter reached its maximum in 1917, when 
the total was 682,411 tons. At the average price for the year this 
output approximated $122,000,000. Production decreased to 525,122 
tons in 1918. The total capacity is about 800,000 short tons per year. 
Approximately 40 per cent of the output is in the vicinity of the 
Joplin district, centering in southwest Missouri and extending into 


‘ 


262 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas. Illinois ranks next, with from 
25 to 35 per cent of the output. Large individual plants are located 
in Pennsylvania, Colorado, Montana, and other States. 

Imports of cinc have averaged less than 1 per cent of the domestic 
production since about 1900. The imports of 1912 (10,719 short tons) 
were exceptional, due to a generally prosperous state of the domestic 
zine industry, high prices, increasing consumption, and a slight lag in 
production. In 1918 imports of cine in blocks and pigs and of old 
zine were only 35 short tons. Imports before the war were chiefiy 
from Germany; Smaller amounts came from Belgium, but shipments 
from both were sporadic. 

Exports were not large prior to the war. They went to Canada, 
with occasionally large shipments to Great Britain, representing ex- 
cess production. Exports approximated 5,000 tons per year for the five 
years immediately preceding the war, the maximum being 9,730 tons 
in 1912. During the war the United States became the chief source 
of spelter for the allied nations, The maximum exportation of spelter 
produced from domestic ore was 183,656 short tons in the fiscal year 
1917, as well as 54,209 tons from foreign ore smelted in bond. 


ZINC DUST. 


Description and uses.—Zine dust consists of metallic zine in the 
form of very fine, almost impalpable, powder. The most important 
type is ordinary furnace blue powder, a by-product of the retort smelt- 
ing of zine ores. Furnace blue powder contains 80 to 90 per cent; 
“standard ” fumed dust, 92 to 94 per cent; while “ atomized” aver- 
ages 98 to 99 per cent. Both are made from spelter. 

The important use of zine dust is for sherardizing, a process of coat- 
ing other metals with zinc. Large quantities are used in the dye 
industries and in the cyanide process for the extraction of gold and 
silver from ores. Zine dust has a variety of minor uses through its 
extraordinary chemical activity as a reducing agent. 

Production began in 1910, amounting to only 69 tons. The output 
increased steadily to over 1,000 tons in 1914, In 1918 it was 6,235 
tons, of which 4,016 tons were blue powder and 2,219 tons atomized 
zine. Twelve companies make zine dust, always as a by-product. 
Most manufacturers make only blue powder. A New Jersey zine 
company makes a fumed product from spelter. There are only four 
producers of atomized zine. With the exception of one plant in 
Colorado, the whole output comes from the Eastern or Middle Western 
States. 

Most European zine spelters sell zinc dust as a by-product. Ger- 
many and Belgium were the chief producers before the war, with 
smaller amounts produced in France, England, and other zinc-smelting 
countries. Germany was the dominant exporter to the world market 
as well as to the United States. The domestic industry is fairly estab- - 
lished and its future rests on the same basis as does that of spelter. 

Imports.—Before 1909 the domestic supply was imported chiefly 
from. Germany. Even in 19138, 85 per cent of the supply was imported. 
Imports fell rapidly after the outbreak of the war and now come 
largely from Japan, better able to supply the far Western States than 
are the domestic producers, all of whom are located east of the Rocky 
Mountains. Imports (all in the form of blue powder) were 2,808 tons 
in 19138 and 182 tons in 1918, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 263 


OLD AND WORN-OUT ZINC FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUFACTURED. 


Production and uses.—Large quantities of secondary spelter are 
recovered from old metal and drosses. The output of secondary zine, 
including that recovered in the form of brass, was 116,200 tons in 
1917, equaling 17.3 per cent of the domestic output of primary spelter. 
Part of this secondary metal is recovered by smelters which mix these 
secondary materials with low-grade ore. There are two such smelters 
in New Jersey, two in New York, and one each in Pennsylvania and 
California. The largest recoveries of secondary zinc metal now are 
in the form of resmelted brass. Zine drosses and skimmings (derived 
chiefly from galvanizing works) are important articles of commerce. 
They are not all used for spelter, but large quantities are consumed 
in the production of zine chloride and other salts and lithopone. 

Imports.—Except in abnormal years, receipts of old zine fit only 
to be remanufactured and derived from various: nonproduecing coun- 
tries exceeded the imports of virgin metal. Since 1914 old zine has 
been almost the only zinc metal imported—in 1913, 133 tens; in 
1918, 121 tons. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Zine dross and zine skimmings are dutiable as metal unwrought 
under paragraph 154, rather than as old zine fit only for remanufae- 
ture under this paragraph. (T. D. 34070, of 1914.) Zine dross or 
hard spelter derived abroad from soft American spelter was held free 
of duty as American goods returned under paragraph 404. (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 399, ‘of 1918.) 


PARAGRAPH 164. 


ACT OF 19069. 


196. Bottle caps of metal, if not 
colored, waxed, lacquered, enameled, 
lithographed, or embossed in color, 4% 
of 1 cent per pound and 45 per 
centum ad valorem; if colored, waxed, 
lacquered, enameled, lithographed, or 
embossed in color, 55 per centum ad 
valorem. 


ACT OF 1913. 


164, Bottle caps of metal, collapsi- 
ble tubes, and sprinkler tops, if not 
decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, 
enameled, lithographed, electroplated, 
or embossed in color, 30 per centum ad 
valorem ; if decorated, colored, waxed, 
lacquered, enameled, lithographed, elec- 
troplated, or embossed in color, 40 per 


eentum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Boittie caps may be made of paper or metal. 
Metal bottle’ caps may be those familiar on beer and soda-water bot- 
tles or the decorative foil caps wound around the cork and tops of 
wine bottles to keep them air-tight. It is this fine foil cap, made 
largely of lead, that is referred to here. 

Collapsible tubes are the metal containers for tooth paste, photog- 
rapher’s paste, shaving cream, ete., which may be pinched together 
and rolied up at the bottom to force out the contents at the top. 

Sprinkler tops are perforated metal caps or stoppers for botties 
from which liquids, such as perfumery and toilet waters, are sprin- 
kled. 

Production.—In 1913 four domestic factories, none of them west of 
Chicago, were manufacturing bottle caps. There were about 100 fac 
tories in all Europe, with 25 each in Germany, France, and Austria. 


‘ 


264 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

Seven American factories in 1913 manufactured collapsible tubes; two, 
sprinkler tops; and two others, both collapsible tubes and sprinkler 
tops. Domestic production of collapsible tubes was estimated at about 
$500,000, and of sprinkler tops at about $300,000. Automatic machines 
are used in American bottle-cap factories, but much skilled labor is 
said to be required in coloring. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $64,586 (not decorated, $9,607; 
decorated, $54,979). In 1914 imports of botile caps under the old law 
and of. bottle caps, collapsible tubes, and sprinkler tops under the act 
of 1913 amounted to $597,850 (not decorated, $50,425; decorated, 
$547,425). 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bottle caps of metal having tops embossed with a star, bunch of 
grapes, or a crown are decorated. (G. A. 7617, T. D. 34844, of 1914.) 
Neither the time when the decoration was made nor the processes em- 
ployed to produce the effect can affect the dutiable status of a deco- 
rated article, the character. or nature of the decoration itself being the 
sole controlling factor. (G. A. 7627, T. D. 34888, of 1914.) Bottle 
caps having the name and address of a firm and its monogram em- 
bossed thereon were held not to be decorated. (Abstract 40566, of 
1917.) Bottle caps with words embossed between two marginal lines 
with a monogram in the center were also held not decorated, but caps 
which, in addition to embossed words encircling the margin at the top 
of the cap, had stamped or embossed in the center the bust of a man, 
were held to be decorated. (Abstract 39286, of 1916. ) 


PARAGRAPH 165. ~ 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


LOT) tate Jute manuwraeturineg 165. All steam engines, steam loco- 
machinery, * * * machine tools, | motives, printing presses, and ma- 
printing presses, * * * and_ all | chine tools, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 


steam engines, 45 per centum ad va- 
lorem; embroidery machines and lace- 
making machines, including machines 
for making lace curtains, nets, or net- 


embroidering machines, and lace-mak- 
ing machines, including machines for 
making lace curtains, nets, or net- 
tings, 25 per centum ad valorem; ma- 





tings, 45 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, nowever, That all embroidery 
machines and Lever or Gothrough 
lace-making machines, machines used 
only for the weaving of linen cloth 


chine tools as used in this paragraph 
shall be held to mean any machine 
operated by other than hand power 
which employs a tool for working on 
metal, 


from: flax wand flax fiberen 46 ei * 
shall, if imported prior to January 
first, nineteen hundred and eleven, be 
admitted free of duty. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—The machines enumerated in this paragraph are cer- 
tain specialized types producing widely varying commodities or utili- 
ties. The term machine tools has no very definite or fixed meaning. 
There is one class of power-driven machines designed to produce only 
one article in great numbers with a considerable degree of automatic 
action, aS screw-making machines, bolt threaders, nut tappers, gear 
cutters, and spring-making machines. They usually turn out a com- 
pleted product or one requiring little subsequent finishing. ‘These are 
styled special machines. . The other class, properly called machine 
tools, consists of power-driven forming or shaping machines which are 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 265 


not special, but are adaptable for all kinds of work within their classes 
on all shapes of metal stock or raw material. Machine tools are so 
defined in the act of 1913 as to include both these classes. 

Metal-working machinery is a term applied to power-operated 
machines for working metals in the form of bars, rods, wire, plates, 
sheets, or casting, but excluding machinery used in the production of 
the metal in the forms mentioned. Metal-working machinery, as ordi- 
narily understood, does not include machines or tools for use in the 
hand trades, like plumber’s and tinsmith’s tools and watchmaker’s 
lathes, nor rolling-mill machinery, cranes, hoists, ete. 

Embroidering and lace-making machines and machines for making 
lace curtains, nets, or net curtains are highly specialized forms of 
textile machinery. Other kinds of textile machinery are provided for 
under the general basket clause of paragraph 167. 

Production.—In 1914 steam locomotives, valued at $39,043,359, 
were manufactured in 33 establishments, and ail other steam engines, 
valued at $30,498,638, in 248 establishments. The production of 
printing presses amounted to $8,396,508, the output of 88 establish- 
ments. Manufactured metal-making machinery was valued at $48,- 
866,186, of which $31,446,660 represented machine tools. The Census 
reports a production of textile machinery valued at $30,487,689 in 
1914, but gives no separate figures for embroidering and lace-making 
machinery and machines for making lace curtains, nets, or net cur- 
tains. 

Both England and Germany are important producers of the articles 
in this paragraph. Before the war Germany had a large foreign 
trade in machine tools and exported to the United States. England 
was a great producer and exporter of textile machinery. 

Imports are small compared with exports. In 1918 the imports of 


_ steam locomotives numbered 21, valued at $170,037; other steam en- 


gines amounted to $97,933; machine tools aggregated $274,756; print- 
ing presses, $11,082; and embroidering and lace-making machines, 
$75,287. These imports for consumption total $629,095. 

Exports in 1918 of steam locomotives numbered 1,457, valued at 
$35,889,632; of all other steam engines, 5,876, valued at $7,446,387; of 
metal-working machinery, $58,327,668; and of printing presses, 
$1,349,833. Embroidering and lace-making machinery statistics are 
wanting, but those for textile machinery in general show exports. of 
$5,505,148. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A sewing machine imported for use in embroidering, and for that 
reason lacking the presser foot and feed as being unnecessary, this lack 
making no change in the stitch made by the machine, is not an em- 
broidery machine within this paragraph, but is a sewing machine 
within paragraph 441. The provision for embroidery machines is lim- 
ited to machines designed, constructed, and adapted for embroidering 
only. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 879938, of 1919.) Paper-punching 
machines, used to punch holes according to drawn patterns or designs 
in specially prepared paper rolls intended for use in automatic em- 
broidery machines, aré not embroidery machines within this para- 
graph, although they simultaneously produce a small piece of em- 
broidery on cloth, the embroidery so produced being an incidental pro- 
duction and not a commercial article. (G. A. 7951, T. D. 36612, of 


266 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
wie 

1916.) The provision for “ machines for making * * * ‘nets or 
nettings”’ is limited to such machines as produce the particular kinds 
of nets or nettings ejusdem generis with the embroideries, laces, lace 
curtains, etc., enumerated in paragraph 358, and a machine of metal 
specially constructed and designed for making fish nets falls within 
paragraph 167 as a manufacture of metal. (G. A. 7816, T. D. 35898, 
of 1915.) Beams and braces intended as reserve or duplicate parts 
to replace similar articles installed in a net-making machine and im- 
ported therewith, and lead from which parts required to replace 
broken ones are made, were also held dutiable as manufactures of 
metal; but an adjustable attachment, invoiced as “ barre piqueur,” of 
a net-making machine, which is an indispensable part of the machine 
in performing one of the regular operations for which it is designed 
for making plain or fancy veiling, was held to come within this para- 
graph. (Abstract 38738, of 1915.) A marine engine is a steam engine 
within this paragraph and not exempt from duty under subsection 5 
of paragraph J of Section IV of the act of 1913, the word “ articles ” 
in subsection 5 being interpreted to mean such articles as are ma- 
terials used in further manufacture, and a completed marine engine 
not being “materials.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 223, of 1916.) 

The provision for machine tools has been the subject of much liti- 
gation. The term first appeared in paragraph 197 of the act of 1909, 
and was not defined. In a review of decisions of the Court of Cus- 
toms Appeals under the act of 1909, the Board of General Appraisers 
limited the term ‘‘ machine tools.” to such machines as are driven by 
other than hand power and which work upon metal, employing in 
their operations cutting tools. (G. A. 7559, T. D. 34413, of 1914.) This 
definition was adopted substantially in the act of 1913, except for the 
word ‘ eutting,” but litigation continued, the following, among other 
articles, being held dutiable as machine tools: Chain-making machines, 
some consisting of a hammering machine with accessories, used in the 
manufacture of jewelry chains (Abstract 37731, of #915; Abstract 
388982, of 1915); an automatic machine for grinding boiler sections 
with the use of emery wheels (Abstract 37471, of 1915) ; a similar ma- 
chine for grinding hobs (Abstract 38446, of 1915) ; machines for grind- 
ing parts of ball bearings (Abstract 38548, of 1915), and shell grinders 
(Abstract 40565, of 1917) ; a punching machine to make holes in metal 
plates (Abstract 40986, of 1917); cold-rolling mill (G. A. 8142, T. D. 
37555, of 1918); machines for cutting threads on metal articles or 
for making metal snap fasteners (Abstract 40040, of 1916, and G. A. 
8095, T. D. 873855, of 1917); and wire drawing machines (Abstract 
39836, of 1916.) Hacksaw tooth-setting machines, there being nothing 
in the record to show that the eogged wheels were tools (Abstract 
39009, of 1915), and an automatic machine designed to paste labels on 
tin cans (Abstract 38448, of 1915) have been held not to be machine 
tools. These articles were classified under paragraph 167 as manu- 
factures of metal. Fraising machines for sharpening beet cutters in 
beet-sugar factories were adjudged to be machine tools, but exempt 
trom duty under paragraph 391 as machinery for use in the manufac- 
ture of sugar. (G. A. 8191, T. D. 37727, of 1918.) 

Neither the act of 1909 nor the act of 1913 provided specifically for 
parts of machine tools; and parts not in themselves possessing the 
character of machines, and also spare parts, were held not within 


the provision for machine tools. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 89, of 1915; 


a ee oe 





1 
| 





a 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 267 


% Ct. Cust. Appls., 228, of 1916.) Grinding spindles and extensions, 
indispensable parts of an accompanying machine tool, were held within 
the provision. (Abstract 4187, of 1918.) Hand power includes foot 
power, and a bench lathe operated by treadle is not a machine tool. 
(3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 503, of 1913. ) 


PARAGRAPH 166. 
py ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


198, Nippers and pliers of all kinds 166. Nippers and pliers of all kinds 
(except blacksmiths’ tongs, surgical | wholly or partly manufactured, 30 per 
and dental instruments or parts there- | centum ad valorem. 
of), wholly or partly manufactured, 8 
cents per pound and 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 


: GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description, and uses.—Nippers and pliers are tools ordinarily hav- 
ing two lever handles and two jaws working on a pivot, for grasping 
“or cutting small objects. Pliers have numerous forms and sizes for 
many purpeses. Two of the most important uses are in bending and 
eutting wire and in screwing or unscrewing gas burners or gas pipes. 
They are much employed by linemen, electricians, plumbers, mechan- 
ies, farmers, and in the household. Weaver’s nippers are composed 
of two narrow strips of steel welded together at one end and having 
sharp-eutting jaws on the other, and are used by weavers while the 
cloth is in the loom or to clear the cloth of loose ends after it comes 
from the loom. Nippers differ from pliers generally in having cutting 
jaws approximating semicircles in form and meeting only at the ends. 
A pineer differs but little in form from a nipper, but is commonly dis- 
tinguished from it in trade. Pincers and nippers are less extensively 
used than pliers. 

Production.—There are 32 firms manufacturing pliers and 16 firms 
making pincers, according to nonofficial report, but no figures of out- 
put are available. 

Imports of nippers and pliers of all kinds in 1914 amounted to 

- $144,818 and declined to only $8,960 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Surgical forceps are not nippers or pliers because of having two 
lever handles working on a pivot operating two cutting or pinching 
jaws or blades. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 5384, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
155, of 1917.) The exclusion by Congress of surgical instruments from 
the provision in the act of 1909 for nippers and pliers (par. 198) and 
the rejection by Congress of an amendment to the provision in the 

_ act of 1913 (par. 166) for nippers and pliers to include surgical and 
dental instruments were considered by the court in reaching its con- 

i clusion. Dental forceps (G. A. T7907, T. D. 36404, of 1916), dental 
x tweezers, riveted together at one end and not having two lever 
handles working together on a pivot (T. D. 36012, of 1915), and 

curling irons (G. A. T879, T. D. 36272, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appis., 

314, of 1918, were also excluded from this paragraph. All fall within 
paragraph 167. Pineers are within this paragraph. (G. A. 7037, T. D. 

30689, of 1910.) ‘ 

Nippers and pliers are dutiable at 30 per cent under this paragraph ; 

: surgical and jeweler’s tweezers, at 20 per cent under paragraph 167. 


268 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


There is no provision for surgical instruments as such; consequently 
they fall within the catch-all provision for articles of metal in para- 


graph 167. 


PARAGRAPH 167. 


ACT OF 19509. 


199. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, 
copper, nickel, pewter, zine, gold, 
silver, platinum, aluminum, or other 
metal, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, 45 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


167. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section; if com- 
posed wholly or in part of platinum, 
gold, or silver, and articles or wares 
plated with gold or silver, and whether 
partly or wholly manufactured, 50 per 
centum ad yalorem; if composed 
wholly or in chief value of iron, steel, 
lead, copper, brass, nickel, pewter, 
zinc, aluminum, or other metal, but 
not plated with gold or silver, and 
whether partly or wholly manufac- 
tured, 20 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


This paragraph embraces all finished and partly finished articles 
manufactured wholly or largely of metal and not specially provided 
for in the other paragraphs of Section I. 

Production.—The United States is a large producer of most of the 
articles included in this paragraph. Thus, in 1914, are products of 
boiler shops with a value of $27,140,000; shovels, spades, scoops, and — 
hoes, $4,714,000; stoves and ranges, $55,108,000; gas and. oil stoves, 
$21,449,000; steel springs, car and carriage, not made in steel works 
or rolling mills, $11,595,000; textile machinery, including, however, 
embroidering and lace-making machines falling within the scope of 
paragraph 165, $30,438,000; brass and bronze products, $123,580,000 ; 
silverware, $19,786,000; and silver-plated ware, $18,484,000. Some of 

. these figures embrace commodities not included in this paragraph, but 


they show the country’s production during the last census year. 


In 


addition, a large part of the machinery produced, besides the textile 
machinery given, comes within the scope of this paragraph, and this 
output aggregates several hundred million dollars. 

England, Germany, France, and Japan are important producers of 


iron and steel manufactures, including machinery; 


Germany and 


Japan, of bronze; and France, of articles made of gold and silver. 
Imports for 1918 were valued at over $6,000,000, the most important 
item being aeroplanes (metal chief value), $428,980; textile machin- 


ery, other 
machinery 


than embroidering and lace-making- machines, $716,729; 
and parts thereof n. s. p. f., $1,457,111; other manufactures 


of iron and steel n. s. p. f., $1,741,205; manufactures of brass n. e. 8., 
$241,298; manufactures of bronze n. s. p. f., $196,660; manufactures of 
nickel n. e@. S., $116,858; metals and metal composition n. s. p. f., 
$752,950; and manufactures of silver n. e. s., including metals plated 


with silver, $200,997. 


Most of the imported machinery came from England and Canada; 
prior to the war much came from Germany. Some of the imported 
textile machinery, most of which comes from England, is supple- 


mentary rather than competitive. 


Manufactures of bronze now come 


mainly from Japan, but just before the war from Germany. The bulk 
of the manufactures of gold and silver, other than jewelry, provided 
for in paragraph 356, is imported from France. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 269 


Exports coming within the scope of this paragraph vastly exceed 
imports. In 1918 the exports of machinery alone (including motors 
and engines) exceeded $100,000,000 and exports of textile machinery 
aggregated $5,505,148; in 1914 these amounted to $1,611,279. Brass 
manufactures exported in 1918 were more than $56,000,000; of gold 
and silver, other than jewelry, $565,406; and of platinum, $33,557. 
These figures do not correspond with tariff classifications and some 
do not wholly apply to the articles described. They are given to 
illustrate the large exportation of products included in this para- 
graph. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Separate provision at different rates of duty for articles plated with 
gold or silver and metal manufactures, wholly or in chief value of 
base metals but not so plated, has resulted in considerable litigation 
as to the scope of the word “plated.” In 1914 the Treasury Depart- 
ment, in reply to an inquiry relative to the classification of lamps, 
lanterns, brackets, and chandeliers plated in part with gold or silver, 
instructed the customs officers that where 25 per cent or more of the 
exposed surface is plated with gold or silver, the 50 per cent rate 
should be assessed. (T. D. 384182, of 1914.) Hand-bag or purse 
frames, with an overlay of gold or silver upon a substantial portion of 
their surface, were held by the Court of Customs Appeals te be plated, 
while penholder racks or stands in chief value of glass, with gold or 
Silver plated metal rims, were held dutiable as manufactures of giass. 
The court, in discussing the amount of plating required, declared it 
was enough that there is a substantial portion of the articles plated 
to bring them within the provision for plated articles. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 48, of 1916.) The Treasury Department then, for uniform 
administration, fixed a dividing line of 15 per cent. (T. D. 37126, of 
1917.) But cloisonné ware having about 10 per cent of the exposed 
surface gold or silver plated, was afterwards held by the Court of 
Customs Appeals to be dutiable at the 50 per cent rate. The court 
declared that no hard-and-fast mathematical line of distinction can be 
drawn, and that the provision embraces all such metallic articles as 
have a substantial portion of their surfaces—that is to say, more than 
an insignificant or negligible portion—covered with gold or silver. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37945, of 1919.) 

Not all articles plated or covered with gold or silver are classified 
under paragraph 167. Thus steel hinges, plated, have been held duti- 
able at 10 per cent under paragraph 123 (Abstract 39831, of 1916) ; 
wooden picture frames, gilded with gold leaf, at 15 per cent under 
paragraph 176 (G. A. 8108, T. D. 37409, of 1917) ; lace pins with paste 
tops of imitation pearls, stems gold plated, at 80 per cent under para- 
graph 195 (Abstract 41836, of 1918) ; and brass button shanks, silver 
plated, at 40 per cent under paragraph 3389 (G. A. 7807, T. D. 85877, 
of 1915 and Abstract 40352, of 1916). Chemical test is to be made to 
determine whether antimony articles are silver plated. (T. D. 34048, 
of 1914.) 

The words “articles or wares * * * if composed wholly or in 
part of platinum, gold, or silver,” as used in this paragraph include 
only such articles as are in chief value of the metals specified. This 
is because otherwise there would be no necessity for the provision 


270 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


for plated articles. (T. D. 34182, of 1914.) “Plated with gold or 
silver” signifies that the given articles are coated with gold or silver 
by any one of the several known processes which are employed to 
cover or coat such articles with a layer of gold or silver. It signifies 
a final condition rather than the process by which the condition was 
produced. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 506, of 1915.) 

Because not more specifically provided for, many articles requiring 
great skill in their manufacture are dutiable at the 20 per cent rate 
under paragraph 167. Surgical, dental, and draftsman’s instru- 
ments and electrical apparatus are of this class. This rate on 
articles in chief value of base metals is also much lower than the 
rates on materials used in their manufacture such as silk or imita- 
tion of silk, 45 or 60 per cent (pars. 316, 318, 319). Furthermore, 
many articles specially provided for carry higher rates of duty than 
similar articles not more specifically provided for than in paragraph 
167. Thus compass watch charms are dutiable at 60 per cent under 
paragraph 356 (Abstract 40233, of 1916); and compasses for use 
in the manufacture of jewelry at 50 per cent under the same para- 
graph (T. D. 34783, of 1914, and Abstract 40560, of 1917); pocket 
compasses, on the other hand, are dutiable at 20 per cent under 
paragraph 167 (G. A. 7824, T. D. 35949, of 1915). Metal frames 
for mesh bags are also dutiable at 60 per cent under paragraph 356 
(T. D. 35285, of 1915), but metal frames for leather hand bags are 
dutiable at 20 per cent or 50 per cent under paragraph 167 (Abstract 
40588, of 1917; G. A. 7793, T. D. 35798, of 1915). 

Among the many articles held dutiable as manufactures wholly or in 
chief value of metal, base and precious, under this paragraph are the 
following: Policemen’s whistles (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 172¢ of 1916) ; 
exposure meters (G. A. 8116, T. D. 37447, of 1917); magic lantern 

bodies (Abstract 41674 of 1918) ; memorial tablets of brass (Abstract 
40606, of 1917); music racks of metal (Abstract 41801, of 1918) ; 
jewelers tweezers (G. A. 8097, T. D. 37357, of 1917) ; metal fittings 
for hand bags (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 203, of 1916) ; surgical instruments 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 534, of 116; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 155, of 1917) ; 
attachment for carding machine (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 228, of 1916) ; 
desk set (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 11, of 1917); looping machines (G. A. 
8061, T. D. .87176, of 1917); automatic reed brushing or polishing 
machines (Abstract 39548, of 1916) ; warp machinery (Abstract 39487, 
of 1916); machine to converi crystalline into amorphous sugar for 
making chocolate (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1916) ; centrifugal ma- 
chines (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 309, of 1916); steel magnets (Abstract 
39003, of 1915) ; brass gongs (Abstract 40319, of 1916) ; musical steins 
(Abstract 39507, of 1916) ; watch bracelets, consisting of wristlets or 
straps, in chief value of metal, for holding wrist watches (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 370, of 1918; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 376, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust Appls., 
—, T. D. 87982, of 1919); window sashes and frames of gun metal 
(Abstract 38706, of 1915); lawn rakes (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 562, of 
1916) ; lawn mowers and turf-cutting machines (G. A. 7869, T. D. 
36217, of 1916); so-called grass hooks or sickles (T. D. 37797, of 
1918) ; metal pocket flasks (Abstract 39745, of 1916) ; insignia of office 
or rank (T. D. 37551, of 1918); bowl wheel scraper (Abstract 38712, 
of 1915); clo-clo braids (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 8, of 1916) ; castings of 








~ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 271 
bronze (Abstract 36762, of 1914); wnfinished parts of automobiles 
(Abstract 37836, of 1915); pedometers (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 126, of 
1916) ; corn mills (G. A. 8020, T. D. 36976, of 1917) ; ensilage cutters 
(G. A. 8269, T. D. 38066, of 1919), but an appeal is pending; copper 
“ sehrot” in small flakes to be converted into bronze powder (G. A. 
7937, T. D. 36576, of 1916); folding drinking cups (T. D. 34606, of 
1914; Abstract 38700, of 1915) ; camera tripods and ether accessories 
(G. A. 7650, T. D. 34998, of 1914; Abstract 38541, of 1915); bicycle 
lamps, reflectors and other accessories (G. A. T700, T. D. 35223, and 
Abstract 38457, of 1915); metal pencil halders (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
367, of 1916) ; pencils with different sizes and colors of lead and metal 
attachments used by draftsmen and architects (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
406, of 1917) ; butcher’s cleavers (G. A. 8225, T. D. 387879, of 1919); 
powdered ty (G. A. 7926, T. D. 36536, of 1916); metal flash-light 
cases (G. A. 7794, T. D. 35822, of 1915); bronze siatues cast in a 
foundry by artisans in wholesale quantities and upon which no re- 
touching has been done by the artist (Abstract 38818, of 1915; Ab- 
stract 42726, of 1918; and Abstract 42939, of 1919) ; resaries for devo- 
tional purposes, in chief value of metal, and not of beads, and not 
jewelry nor intended to be wern on apparel or carried on or about 
or attached to the person (7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 132, of 1916). The 
classification of articles made up in the form of rosaries, but which 
are designed for use as jewelry or which are intended to be worn 
en or as a part of the attire or which have other than devotional 
uses, was not involved. (For rosaries iu chief value of beads, see 

. “Interpretation and comments,” par. 333.) 

(See pars. 89, 93, 150, 166, 356, 373, and 391 and subsec. 5, par. J, 
Sec. FV.) 


SCHEDULE D. WOOD AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH 168. 


ACT OF 1909. 


202. Briar root or briar wood, ivy 
or laurel root, and similar wood uwun- 
manufactured, or not further § ad- 
vaneed than eut into blocks, suitable 
for the articles into which they are 
Intended to be converted, 15 per 
centum ad yalorem. 


. ACE OF 1938. 


168. Briar root or briar wood, ivy 
or laurel root, and similar wood un- 
manufactured, or not further = ad- 
vanced than cut into blocks suitable 
for the articles into which they are 
intended to be converted, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description, uses, and production.—Brier root or brierwood, used 
in making tobaceco-smoking pipes, is the root of the white or tree heath 
(Hrica arborea) of southern Europe. Ivy root is the American laurel 
which grows in the southern United States. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $241,493; in 1918 at $555,201. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Blocks of wood cut to size and prepared for engraver’s use for mak- 
ing wood type, classified under paragraph 215 of the act of 1909, and 
held to be dutiable under paragraph 202 of that act, come within this 
provision. (Abstract 329387, T. D. 33594, of 1913.) 


272 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 169. 


ACT OF 1909. 


208. Sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum- 
vite, lancewood, ebony, box, grana- 
dilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, 
and all other cabinet woods not fur- 
ther manufactured than sawed, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, 
-and wood unmanufactured, not spe- 
cially provided for in this settion, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1915. 


169. Cedar commercially known as 
Spanish cedar, lignum-vyite, lance- 
wood, ebony, box, granadilla, ma- 
hogany, rosewood, and satinwood; all 
the foregoing when sawed into boards, ~ 
planks, deals, or other forms, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
and all cabinet woods not further 
manufactured than sawed, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, 





15 per centum ad valorem. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description, uses, and production.—Cecdar, commercially known 
as Spanish cedar, is not, strictly, a cedar (Cedrus), but the Cedrela 
odorata, a large tree growing in Mexico, Cuba, and the West Indies. 
The trunk may attain a diameter of 5 feet. It bears panicles of 
pale yellow flowers and a fruit somewhat like pecan nuts, and sug- 
gests the walnut rather than the cedar. The wood, however, resem- 
bles cedar. It is brownish red, soft, fragrant, porous, and durable. 
The Cuban supply is rapidly vanishing, and Mexico is now the chief 
source. It is imported in logs, flitches, and bolts, and used for cigar 
boxes, boats, and to some extent for cabinetwork. Its porous struc- 
ture assists the cigar to season and its odor improves the flavor. 

Lignum-vite is wood derived from the Guaiacum officinale, a slow- 
growing tree of Jamaica, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and the West Indies. 
The heartwood is of a dark greenish brown; the sapwood, yellow. It 
is remarkable for its hardness, toughness, and heaviness. Each layer 
of fibers crosses the preceding diagonally, obscuring the annual’ rings. 
It weighs 76 pounds to the cubic foot—heavier than water (62.5)— 
and is imported in billets about 3 feet long and 1 foot in diameter, 
chiefly from Cuba, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo. It is used in making 
sheaves for pulleys, rulers, pestles, tenpin balls, ship blocks, and vari- 
ous articles of turnery, and, in the Bahamas, for door hinges. 

Lancewood is from two small, slim West Indian trees (Bocagea, 
virgata and Bocagea lancifolia) growing about 30 feet high and 1 foot 
in diameter, and from several other trees. It is remarkable for its 
strength and elasticity, and is used for carriage poles and shafts, 
fishing rods, and bows. It is imported chiefiy from Cuba, Guiana, 
and Brazil, principally in the form of poles, frequently 20 feet long 
and 6 to 8 inches in diameter. 

Ebony applies commercially to several hard, black woods. The best 
ebony is derived from the Diospyros ebenum, a large tree of India, 
Ceylon, and other tropical countries. Logs from 10 to 15 feet in 
length and with the heartwood 2 feet in diameter are common in this 
species. Bastard ebony (Jacaranda ovalifolia) comes from Brazil. 
**Ebonies ” come also from Mauritius, Egypt, Zanzibar, Madagascar, 
and Jamaica. <A fairly good quality is obtained from the American 
species (Diospyros virginiana and Diospyros texana). It is used for 
inlaid work, veneers, and the black keys of pianos. 

Box is a small tree (Burus sempervirens) growing wild in the south 
of Europe and parts of Asia, attaining a height of 20 feet. The wood 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 213 


is heavy (68? pounds per cubie foot when dry), of a pale-yellow color, 
remarkably hard and strong, and of a fine, regular, compact texture 
susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is apt to split in drying, hence is 
seasoned in dark cellars for from three to five years. Wood for 
delicate ware is soaked in clear, fresh water, boiled, wiped, and 
buried in sand or bran. It is valued by the turner and carver for 
flutes, flageolets, mathematical instruments, ete., and for wood en- 
graving. It is imported from Spain, Portugal, Circassia, Georgia, aud 
elsewhere. An inferior variety, the Minorca or Balearic box (Buzrus 
balearica), is imported in large quantities from Minorca, Sardinia, 
Corsica, and Turkey. The root is also used. 

Granadilla wood (not the vine granadilla, bearing fruit) is derived 
from a large tree, 80 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, in British 
Honduras. The name is also applied to the wood of the Jamaican 
or West Indian ebony tree (Brya ebenus) and to woods of uncertain 
origin from northern South America. It is a hard, dark-red wood 
with a beautiful fine grain, easy to work, and is used for furniture, 
house decorations, and especially for flutes. 

Mahogany is the name given to the wood of a considerable number of 
trees, the most highly esteemed being the Swietenia mahogani, a large 
tree of the family Meliaces, which attains a height of from 60 to 100 
feet and a diameter of 6 feet or more. It flourishes in Cuba, Jamaica, 
the West Indies, Central America, and sparingly in southern Florida.° 
It grows either on rich, moist soils, or on rocky land. In the former 
case the wood is coarse grained and inferior; in the latter case it is 
a rich, reddish brown, varying widely in its shades and markings, and 
susceptible of high polish. It is used extensively in cabinetmaking, 
both solid and as a veneer. The name is also applied to woods re- 
sembling “true” mahogany—e. g., African mahogany (Khaya sene- 
galensis), having a tinge of pink, in contrast with the American 
variety ; the padouk (Pterocarpus indicus) of India and Burma; the 
Cedrela Toona of India; some species of Eucalyptus in Australia; 
and the “ mountain” and “ valley’? mahogany of the western United 
States. Importations come chiefly from England (in transit), and 
from Mexico, Cuba, British Honduras, and British West Africa. 

Rosewood comes from various trees, such as the Brazilian Mimosa, 
several species of Dalbergia, and woods found in Jamaica, Africa, 
Burma, Malabar, and Australia. The principal supplies are from 
Brazil, the Canary Islands, East Indies, and Africa. Rosewood, when 
sawed or cut, yields the odor of roses, and varies in color from a 
reddish brown to purple or almost black, often beautifully marked. 
Because of its oily character it is difficult to fix with glue. It is 
second only to mahogany as an imported furniture wood, and is used 
as a veneer for pianoforte cases, table tops, and expensive furniture. 
Light, artistic drawing-room furniture and musical instruments are 
made of the solid wood. 

Satinmwood is the name given a wood of white color and fine grain, 
susceptible of a high polish. The best variety is derived from a tree 
(Parinarium guianensis) of the West Indies. It is also derived from 
the East Indian tree Chloroxrylon swietenia, and from the Zanthoxylum 
cribosum, growing in Florida, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, and the 
Bermudas, Satinwood is much used by cabinetmakers and for mar- 
quetry. 


184911°—20 18 





274 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports.—Practically all the woods mentioned in this paragraph 
are imported. The trees do not grow here except sparingly in a few 
cases, so there are no exports. 

Imports.—The different kinds of cabinet woods are not segregated 
when imported as boards, planks, or deals or other forms of sawed 
timber. The aggregate of all kinds from Ctiba, Japan, Central Amer- 
ica, and all other countries are shown in the following table: 


Boards, planks, deals, and other forms of sawed cabinet woods. 







































1914 1916 1918 

Value » , Value , | Value 

M feet. per M. M feet. per M. M feet. per M, 
Guabe wets at oe en kee ee ae ee } 1,570 | $48.20 | 5,732 | $34.20; 1,857 | $44.00 
eae ate eas ae eae eae Maa eae oe 1,423] 31.20] 10,545 | 36.20 164] 57.10 
Central America (including Mexico).. -..- 649 | 37.10] 1,529] 55.50] 2,004 79.75 
AY OEE. Skee eee ee mee | 6641 56.30— 185 |. 71.90) 140} 93.80 

Frere ee! 

Total (or. average) --. ... .- 2.2 ee-- 4,306 | 42.10] 17,991 | 37.60) 4,165 63, 30 











Observe: (1) The large proportion of the trade with Cuba, Japan, 
and Central America; (2) the great increase from 1914 to 1916 and 
the falling off in 1918; and (8) the increase in imports from Japan 
in 1916 and the falling off in 1918. 

Imports of veneers of wood declined during the war from $23,981 
in 1914 to $8,567 in 1916 and to $5,669 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The term “cabinet woods” is not limited to woods used in the 
manufacture of movable furniture. The fact that a wood is chiefly 
used for the interior trimming of rooms does not per se exclude it 
from classification under this paragraph. If considerable mechanical 
skill and artistic conception are employed and required to produce a 
highly ornamental and decorative appearance in the interior trim, 
wood so used may be properly classified as cabinet wood. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 300, of 1918.) 

The following have been declared under various tariff acts since 
1890 to be cabinet woods: Brazilwood (G. A. 1503, T. D. 12952, of 
1892) ; cedar (Cedrela odorata) (G. A. 2971, T. D. 15871, of 1895); 
Spanish cedar (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1918); ‘“‘ super cedar,” 
used for floorings, casings, furniture, ete. (Abstract 37698, of 
1915) ; cherry (G. A. 3876, T. D. 18074, of 1897; G. A. 5941, T. D. 
26088, of 1905) ; Juanacosta, chiefly used for interior trim of rooms 
and not for making movable furniture (8 Ct. Cust Appls., 300, of 
1918); Kiaki (G. A. 780, T. D. 11605, of 1891); mahogany (G. A. 
4502, T. D. 21427, of 1899) ; curly maple, for violin backs (G. A. 4416, 
T. D. 21028, of 1899); Japanese white oak (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 307, 
of 1916) ; oak described as “ white” (Abstract 40815, of 1917); old 
oak beams (Abstract 40985, of 1917); pearwood (G. A. 1509, T. D. 
12958, of 1892); red bean, used principally for making parquet and 
inlaid flooring (Abstract 37331, of 1915); rosewood (G. A. 6434, T. D. 
27589, of 1906) ; Circassian walnut (Abstract 29928, T. D. 32847, of 
1912) ; Lialian walnut (126 Fed., 888, of 1903). 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 275 


’ The following have been declared not to be cabinet woods: 
Apple wood (G. A. 6949, T. D. 30181, of 1909); ash (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appis., 449, of 1913) ; birch (G. A. 5785, T. D. 25567, of 1904); black 
butt (G. A. 6137, T. D. 26669, of 1905); cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 
(G. A. 5733, T. D. 25439, of 1904); red or canoe cedar, of the tree 
botanically known as Thuya gigantea (69 Fed., 237, of 1895) ; reck elin 
(G. A. 3227, T. D. 16438, of 1895); red gum (Abstract 24252, T.. D. 
31070, of 1910) ; spotted gun (G. A. 6137, T. D. 26669, of 1905) ; guaje- 
sope (Abstract 38397, of 1915); iron bark (G. A. 6137, T. D. 26669, 
of 1905); Lechemaria (Abstract 38397, of 1915); Lawan (Abstract 
19632, T. D. 29262, of 1908); maple (G. A. 32227, T. D. 16438, of 
1895); Hnglish oak (Abstract 33561, T. D. 33738, of 1913; Abstract 
31558, T. D. 33263, of 1913 followed) ; oak, kind not stated (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 449, ef 1913) ; reble, a kind of oak (Abstract 87330, of 1915) ; 
polo bianco (Abstract 38397, of 1915); poplar (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 449, 
of 1913). 

Deals or flitches, of cabinet wood, sawed on two or more sides, were 
held dutiable under paragraph 198 of the act of 1897 fer “all other 
cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed,” rather than free 
_ of duty under the provision of paragraph 700 for “all forms of cabinet 
woods, in the log, rough, or hewn only.” (126 Fed., 838, of 1903.) 
Veneers, consisting of thin wood estimated at from 0.001 to 0.0011 inch 
in thickness, with a paper backing to keep the material in shape and 
protect it in handling and transportation, are dutiable as veneers of 
wood within this paragraph. (142 Fed., 214, of 1904; followed in 
Abstract 26109, T. D. 31757, of 1911.) 

This paragraph reads “cedar commercially known as Spanish 
cedar,” while paragraph 648 reads “ cedar, including Spanish cedar.” 


PARAGRAPH 170. 


ACT OF 1999. ACT @F 1915. 


204, Paving posts, railroad ties, and 170. Paving posts, railroad ties, and 
telephone, trolley, electric light, and | telephone, trolley, electric-light, and 
telegraph poles of cedar or other | telegraph poles of cedar or other 
woods, 10 per centum ad valorem: woods, 10 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description, uses, and production.—The most important wood 
used for posts and poles (par. 170)—about two-thirds of the total— 
is cedar, including northern white, western red, and southern white. 
Other woods used are chestnut, eak, pine, cypress, Douglas fir, tam- 
arack, redwood, osage orange, spruce, juniper, hemlock, and locust. 
Cedar is preferred because of its resistance to decay in the ground. 
Poles are from 20 to 60 feet and upward in length. Top diameters, 
always specified, vary from 4 to 6 inches in 20 to 80 foot lengths, and 
from 6 to 10 inches in lengths of 40 feet and ever. Steel and concrete 
poles and steel towers compete to some extent. Underground con- 
duits for wires and trolley systems also serve as substitutes. 

Western red cedar grows in mixed stands with the Douglas fir in 
Montana, Idaho, and the Pacific Northwest. Northern Idaho produces 
more poles than any other region of equal extent. Northern white 
cedar is found distributed over New England and the Lake States, and 
furnishes the major portion of cedar poles. Southern white cedar is 
found along the Atlantic coast. Cypress, with high resistance to de- 


276 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


cay, is found abundantly in the Gulf States, especially Louisiana and 
Florida. Competition is active between the regions mentioned. Ship- 
ments of western red-cedar poles compete with the northern white- 
cedar poles of New England and the Lake States in the middle west- 
ern and eastern markets. In Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and Penn- 
sylvania western red cedar competes with the locally produced chest- 
nut and pine poles, even finding its way to the Southeastern States to 
compete with eastern red cedar, cypress, and pine. 

The only foreign competition of consequence is with Canada. In 
British Columbia western red cedar grows in pure stands, making the 
logging of cedar poles less dependent upon conditions in the Douglas 
fir trade. The extent of this competition is affected by the policy of 
the Provinces of Canada imposing restrictions upon the exportation of 
logs. Recently these restrictions were practically abolished in British 
Columbia, thus subjecting the logging interest to more active com- 
petition, but tending to the advantage of shingle and other manufac- 
turers using cedar logs. 4 

Production can only be inferred from sales. The annual pole pur- 
chases by telephone, telegraph, railway, light, and power companies 
are about 3,500,000, over 95 per cent of domestic manufacture. The 
labor and capital can not be segregated from the general logging in- 
dustry, but the value of the poles is estimated at from $6,000,000 to 
$8,000,000. 

Ties are either treated or untreated with preservative before being 
used. If untreated, comparatively few woods possess sufficient re- 
sistance to wear and decay, but by far the best is white oak. Other 
woods used are locust, oSage orange, cypress, chestnut, and the heart- 
wood of long-leaf pine. 

When treated by being inclosed in large steel cylinders and sub- 
jected, under heavy pressure, to solutions of zinc chloride or creosote 
until thoroughly impregnated, the list may be greatly extended and 
will include the black and red oaks, beech, birch, maple, elm, gum, ash, 
hickory, sassafras, hackberry, poplar, cottonwood, sycamore, loblolly, 
short-leaf pine, Douglas fir, tamarack, hemlock, and white cypress. 
Thus preservatives make possible the utilization of much inferior tim- 
ber, release the more valuable woods, and greatly extend the average 
life of ties. Untreated ties last on an average for 7 or 8 years; 
treated ties, from 20 to 30 years. 

Whether treated or untreated, oak still holds first place, about one- 
half the ties being of this wood. Oak, southern pine, Douglas fir, 
cedar, chestnut, and cypress compose about 85 per cent of the total. 

Railroad ties are the only wood products of first-class commercial 
importance for which there are no satisfactory substitutes. Conerete, 
steel, and leather waste have been tried, only to be abandoned. Some 
of the patent steel ties are satisfactory, but the expense is prohibitive. 
Production can be inferred from consumption. The number re- 
quired by our steam and electric railroads reached 148,231,000 in 
1910, falling to about 121,000,000 in 1915, a decrease due chiefly to 
war conditions, perhaps partly to the increasing use of treated ties, 
the proportion of which increased from about 17 per cent in 1909 to 38 
per cent in 1915. As seven ties are necessary for renewals to one in new 
construction, the economy of treated ties may become increasingly ap- 
parent in the diminishing number of ties annually required. Assum- 
ing the annual consumption to be about 125,000,000 (4,000,000,000 feet 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 277 


board measure), $15 per 1,000 gives $60,000,000 as the total value. 
The consumption figures only approximately represent production, as 
some ties are imported and some are exported, a trade almost ex- 
clusively with Canada. As the imports of ties, posts, and poles to- 
gether do not exceed $500,000, and the total exports of all logs and 
round timber to Canada have about the same value, the above approxi- 
mation should be very close. 
_ Imports of paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, elec- 
trie light, and telegraph poles (not separately enumerated) in 1914 
were valued at $409,449; in 1916, at $145,799; in 1918, at $347,910. 
Virtually all came from Canada. . 

Exports are not segregated from logs and round or hewn timber. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision in this paragraph for ‘telephone, trolley, electric 
light, and telegraph poles” includes all poles of a character adapted 
to the uses indicated. Use to some extent for piles does not exclude 
the poles from that provision, nor is it necessary that the poles be so 
far advanced in manufacture as to be devoted to some one of the par- 
ticular uses, nor have attached any cross arm, or be notched, or draw- 
shaved, creosoted, squared, or rcofed. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 
37975, of 1919; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 431, of 1913.) 

Fence posts are variable in size and in quality, while paving posts 
must be sound, cut smooth, and squared evenly at both ends. Posts 
known as “woods run” are fence posts rather than paving posts, 
(G. A. 6740, T. D. 28884, of 1908.) (See par. 647.) 


PARAGRAPH 171. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


210. Casks, barrels, and hogsheads 171. Casks, barrels, and hogsheads 
(empty), sugar-box shooks, and pack- | (empty), Sugar-box shooks, and pack- 
ing-boxes (empty), and packing box | ing boxes (empty), and packing-box 
shooks, of wood, not specially pro- | shooks, of wood, not specially provided 
vided for in this section, 80 per centum | for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
ad valorem. valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
CASKS, BARRELS, AND HOGSHEADS. 


Description and uses.—Casks, barrels, and hogsheads are classified 
as tight or slack cooperage, according as they are designed to hold liq- 
uids or solids. Semitight cooperage for butter, lard, paste, paint, 
mincemeat, etc., is also recognized. For tight cooperage, especially for 
alcoholic liquids, white oak was until recently almost the only wood 
used for staves. With the growing scarcity of white oak, coopers have 
tried other woods, as cypress, red oak, and gum. As late as 1911, how- 
ever, white oak constituted over 60 per cent of the total. For slack 
cooperage there is a much wider choice, red gum, pine, beech, elm, chest- 
nut, spruce, ash, maple, and oak being in the lead. The wood used de- 
pends much upon the purpose of the container; e. g., the wood for but- 
ter tubs must be free from odor or taste, and for flour and sugar must 
be superior to that for fruit, vegetables, or cement. For headings the 
preferred woods are bass, gum, pine, and elm; and for hoops 86 per cent 
are of elm, other woods used being birch, red oak, maple, ash and hick- 
ory. Substitutes are becoming increasingly important. Crude petroleum 


278 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


was formerly transported in wooden barrels. Use is now made of the 
pipe line, steel-tank car, tin case, steel barrels, etc. For tight cooper- 
age an annual substitution of 5,700,000 barrels is estimated. In slack 
cooperage, cotton and jute sacks replace barrels for flour and sugar. 
Carton packages are also gaining favor. The total annual substitution 
is estimated at 35,000,000 barrels. 

Production in 1914 follows: Establishments, 1,259; wage earners, 
17,128 ; capitai, $36,690,031; wages, $9,160,583 ($468 per capita) ; value 
of products, $50,017,320; value added by manufacture, $17,073,637. 
Tight cooperage appears to have increased from 1905 to 1911, the last 
data available, the output of staves rising from 240,000,000 to | 
360,000,000. Allowing 21 staves to the barrel, this gives 17,133,000 
barrels in 1911. Slack cooperage increased until 1909, and then de- 
creased, the number of staves in 1911 being 1,828,968,000, which, allow- 
ing 15 staves to the barrel, accounts for 88,597,800 barrels. In the 
manufacture of casks, barrels, and hogsheads the leading States are 
New York, Illinois, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsyivania; but for the 
manufacture of cooperage stock (staves, hoops, and heading) the 
States producing the timber lead—i. e., staves for tight cooperage, 
Arkansas, Tennessee, New Hampshire, West Virginia, Mississippi; 
staves for slack cooperage, Arkansas, Missouri, Pennsyivania, Virginia ; 
for headings, Arkansas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin; for hoops, 
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. The different parts of a barrel are assem- 
bled from widely separated regions. 





Imports. 
1914 1918 

Barrels scasksvanu nogsnedus (OMpPLy) >. eo. seer pees leew eee rout $2, 180 $41, 220 
Barrels, casks, and hogsheads (containing mineral water).........--.--- 135 4 
Barrels or boxes of foreign manufacture, containing fruit...-....--.----. 485,976 375, 222 
Barrels or boxes of growth and manufacture of United States, contain- 

inpifratt..i cco gi. ok ek A ede PGE dic Mah chile t 2 oe tae ae 2; 7764.. Ses 
iyi 27. TRA, EL tec cee eae Oh ae eee = ed eee ier Cae 50,933 106, 559 





Importations of barrels, casks, and hogsheads, as such (unused), 
are insignificant. Those imported as containers of fruit may be used 
again, and so add to the supply. It is impossible to say just how 
important this trade is, as the barrels are not segregated from the 
boxes. Imports of staves are increasing. 


Exports. 
1914 1918 
Fioponemds and turrels, Gmepty esa. Co Se tc cece ne dee ae eee eed $914,493 | $471, 280 
Coupetagemnd shoes... Vise. les Ho OO ey, 2 is A @) 3, 278, 180 
Staal tis: spt aclce eatehios cb aolon els gee eid 5, 852, 230 | 3, 724, 895 
Pia Mags bersqaie pds 42 + eb iteikn Seiede ibd Teg em SED es aoe oe EE 332, 662 440, 525 





1 Not segregated. 


Exports greatly exceed imports, indicating that in cooperage pro- 
duction the United States has a comparative advantage. The export 
trade in barrels is widely distributed, going to Argentina, Mexico, the 
Kast and West Indies, Canada, and Cuba. Exports of staves and 








‘SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 979° 


A 
headings much exceed the value of completed barrels. This trade 
also is widely distributed, going to France, the United Kingdom, West 
Indies, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Germany (before the war), and 
Canada. 


SUGAB-BOX SHOOKS, PACKING BOXES, PACKING-BOX SHCOKS. 


Description and uses.—The term “shook” applies to a bundle of 
staves ready for assembling into cooperage or of boards shaped and 
ready for nailing into boxes, the object being convenience in shipment, 
Substitutes for wooden boxes and shooks are the fiber container and 
veneer package or box. It is estimated that the fiber box in 1914 
replaced approximately 1,070,000,000 feet (board measure) of wood, 
and the veneer box replaced 750,000,000 feet suitable for box shooks. 

Production in 1914 was as follows: Hstablishments making wooden 
packing boxes, 1,174; wage earners, 38,548; capital, $66,693,856; 
wages, $18,206,067 ($482 per capita) ; value of products, $86,566,807 ; 
value added by manufacture, $33,727,160. States of most importance, 
producing about 56 per cent of the output, were Tllinois, New York, 
Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
and Virginia. 

Imports of sugar-box shooks, empty packing boxes, and packing- 
box shooks in 1914 were valued at $36,165; in 1918, at $49,145. 

Exports of box shooks in 1914 numbered 1,270,477 and in 1915 were 
2,511,223, mainly to Cuba, Mexico, United Kingdom, Canada, and 
Argentina. Records of exports of containers carrying merchandise, 
were they available, should be added to these figures. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shooks for berry crates, because neither sugar-box shooks nor pack- 
ing-box shooks, are dutiable under paragraph 176 as manufactures of 
wood, rather than dutiable under this paragraph or free ef duty under 
paragraph 647. (Abstract 40908, of 1917.) Rough-sawed spruce 
boards one-half inch thick, 8 to 17 inches long, varying in width from 14 
to 14 inches, eut from slabs and used for making circular tops and bot- 
toms of butter boxes, were, however, held free of duty as lumber 
not further manufactured than sawed, under paragraph 647, and not 
dutiable as box shooks under this paragraph. (Abstract 42558, of 
1918.) 

PARAGRAPH 172. 


ACT OF 1399. 


211. Boxes, barrels, or other articles 
containing oranges, JTemons, limes, 


grape fruit, shaddocks or pomelos, 30 | 


per centum ad yalorem: Provided, 
That the thin wood, so called, com- 
prising the sides, tops and bottoms of 
orange and lemon boxes of the growth 
and manufacture of the United States, 
exported as orange and lemon box 
shooks, may be reimported in com. 
pleted form, filled with oranges and 
lemons, by the payment of duty at 
one-half the rate imposed on similar 
boxes of entirely foreign growth and 
manufacture ; but proof of the identity 
of such 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, 


shooks shall be made under 


ACT OF 1913. 


172. Boxes, barrels, or other articles 
containing oranges, lemons, limes, 
grapefruit, shaddocks, or pomelos, 15 
per centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
the thin wood, so called, comprising 
the sides, tops and bottoms of fruit 
boxes of the growth and manufacture 
of the United States, exported as fruit 
box shooks, may be reimported in com- 
pleted form, filled with fruit, without 
the payment of duty; but proof of the 
identity of such shooks shall be made 
under regulations te be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury. 


280 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The first part of paragraph 172 merely extends the rate of duty 
imposed in paragraph 171 on certain containers, when imported empty, 
to the same containers imported filled with specified fruits. The pro- 
viso, however, is designed to encourage domestic production by ad- 
mitting fruit boxes duty free when the shooks comprising the sides, 
tops, and bottoms, previously exported, were of domestic origin. ; 

Production.—Previous to 1909 a considerable business had devel- 
oped, especially in Maine, of manufacturing wood fruit-box shooks 
(sides, tops, and bottoms) and exporting them in a knocked-down 
condition. They were assembled by foreign fruit merchants, the ends 
and the middle piece added, and then filled with fruit. Estimates of 
the manufacturers placed the business at about 3,000,000 bundles, 
which were valued at $150,000. This business has greatly declined 
in recent years. 

Imports in 1907 were valued at $109,088; in 1909, at $60,323; in 
1913, at $15,815; in 1914, at $2,778. | 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Ordinary lemon boxes containing lemons are dutiable under this 
paragraph, notwithstanding they have little or no value after having 
discharged their function as containers of lemons, and are not salable, 
except for kindling or some other inferior use. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
297, of 1918.) If either the tops, bottoms, or sides of orange or lemon 
boxes are of foreign origin, the articles are excluded from the free 
proviso.of this paragraph. (G. A. 6270, T. D. 27052, of 1906.) 

In this paragraph, applying to the thin wood only (tops, bettoms, 
and sides), the wording is “ growth and manufacture.” In paragraph 
404 of the free list, applying to shooks returned as boxes, the wording 
is “ growth, produce, or manufacture.” 


PARAGRAPH 173. 





ACT GF 1909. 


212. Chair cane or reeds wrought or 
manufactured from rattans or reeds, 
10 per centum ad valorem; osier or 
willow, including chip of and _ split 
willow, prepared for basket makers’ 
use, 25 per centum ad valorem ; manu- 
factures of osier or willow and willow 
furniture, 45 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


173. Chair cane or reeds wrought or 
manufactured from rattans or reeds, 
10 per centum ad valorem; osier or 
willow, including chip of and _ split 
willow, prepared for basket makers’ 
use, 10 per centum ad valorem ; manu- 
factures of osier or willow and willow 
furniture, 25 per centum ad valorem, 


e 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Rattan and willow may often be used for 


similar purposes, 


Rattan is the trade name for the long, slender, trailing stems of 


plants of the genus Calamus of the family Palmaces. These stems 
vary from the size of a goose quill to more than 8 inches in diameter. 
They sometimes grow to a length of over 200 feet, climbing the loftiest 
trees by means of recurved spines beneath the leaf stalks. The 
smaller sizes are called “rattans” in commerce; the larger, Malacca 
canes. The rattan flourishes in southern Asia and adjacent islands, 
some species in Australia and Africa. Its fibers are extraordinarily 
tough and strong. The surface of the stem is of a tawny yellow or 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 281 
Peace 5 PERT ER se i 

brownish color, covered with a flinty deposit of silica capable of 
resisting acid, making it valuable for covering containers of sulphuric 
acid. When split into strips, it is used for caning chairs, couches, ete. 

The inner fibrous tissue, known as “reed,” is of a dull-gray or 
reddish white color. It may be split into strips of great tensile 
strength and elasticity, when it is used in basketry and braided work. 
Rattan is gathered from the forests by natives, cut into lengths of 
12 or 16 feet, seasoned, doubled, and tied in bundles in lots of 100 
canes, the unit of commerce. It finds domestic use in the manufac- 
ture of baskets for fruit dealers, gardeners, florists, hucksters, potters, 
and grocers; also for clothes and coal baskets, cars for balloons, rustic 
chairs, lattice work, door mats, brooms, and whips. When impreg- 
nated with caoutchoue, it is a substitute for whalebone in corsets. 
The larger canes are used for walking sticks, whip and umbrella 
handles, and light furniture. 

Willow.—There are some 200 species of willow, several of which, 
suitable for making baskets and furniture, are known as “ basket wil- 
low.” It is cultivated in this country to a considerable extent, espe- 
cially near Liverpool, N. Y., whence comes about 90 per cent of the 
willow clothes baskets. The holts or withes are reaped in the autumn 
and, for basket or furniture work, may be either “sap peeled” or 
“steam. peeled.” The former, of a beautiful, pure white color, are 
preferred for fine wares, while steam-peeled withes, of a dull reddish 
color, are cheaper and involve less hand labor. As the greater part 
of the American product is steam peeled, hand-peeled willow is im- 
ported in considerable quantities, though domestic rods of as good 
quality could be produced by equal care in peeling and sorting. 

Production in 1914.—Rattan and willow furniture: Factories, 85; 
persons engaged in industry, 2,559 (2,262 laborers) ; capital, $3,371,- 
218; wages, $1,281,141 ($566 average per capita) ; value of products, 
$5,022,089; value added by manufacture, $3,008,310. Baskets and 
rattan and willow ware: Factories, 419; persons engaged in industry, 
5,302 (4,574 laborers); capital, $4,590,515; wages, $1,922,965 ($421 
average per capita); value of products, $6,578,468; value added by 
manufacture, $3,579,183. 

About one-third of the output is from New York. Other important 
States are Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, California, and Pennsylvania. 
Of the $6,578,468 given as the value of “baskets and rattan and 
willow ware,” it is estimated that approximately $3,000,000 is for 
“ splint” baskets and $1,500,000 for baskets of rattan and willow; 
the rest, for small wares. The factories are few, the manufacture of 
rattan and willow baskets being a “ household industry,” often carried 
on by “ putting out” on contract the material to be made into baskets. 
Machinery is little used; a jackknife and a scroll saw to fashion the 
wooden bottom are about all required. Because of the hand labor 
necessary and the general high wages, manufacturers find it difficult 
to compete with foreign makers. Before the war importations came 
chiefly from Germany, and in the United States the industry is 
largely carried on by families of German or other European descent. 
In the case of small fancy baskets, raffia, sweet grass, and some other 
substances may be regarded as substitutes for rattan and willow; 
at the other extreme, the cheap splint basket is a substitute. Each 
of these types, however, has its own field. As between willow and 
rattan, willow serves well when great strength is not required, as 


— 989 SUMMARY OF TARLEF INFORMATION. 


for the clothes basket. Fer coal baskets, the teugh fiber of the 
rattan is preferable. Rattan and willow furniture compete with each 
other and with furniture of other materials. 


Imports. 
1914 | 1918 

Rattans and reeds (unmanufactured)........------ EES EE aA. | $1,210, 390 \g1, 781, 239 
Chair cane or reeds wrought from rattan or reeds. ...----------------- 450,813 | 202,585 
Osier or willow: ' 

Prepared for ‘basket makers’ use. ......----..- 2-2 ee eee ee ene ee 95, 434 144, 629 

Manufactures of, except furniture... ......-------------- eee eee ee 25,821) 10,836 

Wiltow ferniitre io Ge. NOD CIS Bo BI eget weeeull 26,062 | 2, 844 


i * 


Rattans and reeds are imported unmanufactured from the Kast 
Indies and split, cut, and prepared by factories, chiefly in Massa- 
chusetts, New Jersey, and New York, for the manufacture of baskets, 
furniture, and other wares in Massachusetts, New York, Chicago, ete. 
The split and otherwise prepared cane is also imported and comes 
in competition with the product of factories splitting and preparing 
the cane in the United States. 

Exports of the items mentioned in paragraph 173 are either not 
segregated or are negligible. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “chair reeds” in this paragraph is more specific 
than the provision for “reeds unmanufactured” of paragraph 648. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 204, of 1917.) 
Reeds made from ratian, used (sometimes after being further proc- 
essed and sometimes without such further treatment) in the manu- 
facture of furniture, chairs, baby carriages, brooms, ete., were held 
dutiable under this paragraph (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142, of 1916); also 
selected and extra selected reeds (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 204, of 1917; 
and chair reeds manufactured from rattan, shown to have been used 
in the manufacture of chairs (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1915; G. A. 
8252, T. D. 37988, of 1919). Appeal is pending from this decision of 
the board. Rattan reeds or cores, 7 millimeters or over in diameter, 
are dutiable as chair reeds under this paragraph, as well as those 
under 7 millimeters in diameter. (T. D. 37681, of 1918.) 


Bundles of sticks of willow with the outer skin taken off are 


dutiable as willow for baskets within this paragraph. (Abstraet 
31001, UT. D. 33325, of 1913.) 

Botiles covered with willow, wicker chief value, the willow so 
woven and attached to the bottles that it produces an article differing 
from what is commonly understood to be a plain green, ete., glass 
bottle, are dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures of willow. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 496, of 19138.) . The term “ willow” in this para- 
graph covers only the lighter or twig forms of willow, such as are 
commonly used for basket making and other kinds of wickerwork; 
cricket bats, the handles of which are made of cane and the blades of 
willow wood, the latter chief value, are not manufactures of willow 
within this paragraph, but are dutiable as manufactures of wood. 
(G. A. 7374, T. D. 32641, of 1912.) (See pars. 175 and 648.) 


ee 











- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 283 


Willow unpeeled is now used for baskets. 
possibly be held to be not “ prepared.” 


In that form it might 


PARAGRAPH 174, 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
213. Toothpicks of wood or other. 
vegetable substance, 2 cents per one 
thousand and 15 per centum ad 
valorem ; butchers’ and packers’ skew- 
ers of wood, 40 cents per thousand. 


174. Toothpicks of wood or other 
vegetable substance, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; butchers’ and packers’ skew- 
ers of wood, 10 cents per thousand. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—Both wood toothpicks and skewers are manufactured 
in large quantities by comparatively few establishments making use 
of highly specialized machinery. The birthplace of the wood-toothpick 
industry is Dixfield, Me., and Maine is still the mest important pro- 
ducing State. There are also factories in Massachusetts, Vermont, 
New York, and some other States. The lumber annually consumed is 
estimated at 10,850,000 feet, of which 51.4 per cent is basswood, 32.9 
per cent is paper birch, 11.1 per cent sugar maple, and 4.6 per cent 
yellow poplar. The annual production is estimated at 54,000,000,000. 

The principal skewer factories are located in Maine, Massachusetts, 
New York, and Tennessee. The best woods are hickory and oak, 
though other woods are used. 

Imports of toothpicks were valued at $4,551 in 1914, and at $3,421 
in 1918; of skewers, at $20 in 1914 and $992 in 1918. Toothpicks come 
chiefly from Japan, Portugal, and Italy. Many of the imported tooth- 
picks are of orangewood, of a circular cross section, polished, and of a 
higher grade than the American product. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Pyroxylin toothpicks are not within the provision for “ toothpicks 
of wood or other vegetable substance” in this paragraph. (Abstract 
32086, T. D. 338362, of 1913.) 

Quill toothpicks come within the provision in paragraph 368 for 
manufactures of quills. (G. A. 7033, T. D. 50685, of 1910.) 


PARAGRAPH i175. 


214. Porch and window blinds, bas- 
kets, curtains, shades, or screens of 


175. Blinds, curtains, shades, or 
screens any of the foregoing in chief 


bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions | 
of wood, not specially provided for in. 
centum ad- 


this section, 35 per 
valorem; if stained, dyed, painted, 
printed, polished, grained, or creo- 
soted, 40 per centum ad valorem. 


i like 





yalue of bamboo, wood, straw, or com- 
positions ef wood, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; if stained, dyed, 
painted, printed, polished, grained, or 
creosoted, and baskets in chief value of 
material, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. . 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


BLINDS, ETC. 


Description and uses.—Blinds, curtains, shades, and screens are 


made here in large quantities and in many forms. 
includes the well-known wooden blinds with rigid slats; 


The paragraph 
Persian 


blinds with movable slats which rotate to control the light and 
view; Venetian blinds, or flexible inside window screens, that may 


‘ 


284 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


be raised or lowered, having horizontal slats, fastened on a web- 
bing, that may be turned to admit or exclude light; wooden frames 
supporting screens of muslin, paper, ete., usually movable, so that 
they may be placed before a window, a fire, or an object which it is 
desired to conceal; porch screens constructed of parallel lengths of 
bamboo hung with small spaces between them, permitting a limited 
view from the porch, but not from the street; and other forms made 
from bamboo, wood, or straw, excluding view and light. 

Production.—Figures are not available for blinds, curtains, shades, 
and screens. Of varied types, and produced in connection with 
numerous other articles, their segregation would be difficult. Observa- 
tion, however, indicates that the annual production is very large and 
an element of much importance in the woodworking industries. 

Imports of porch and window blinds, curtains, shades or screens of 
bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood in 1914 were valued 
at $548,500, and in 1918 at $29,320. 


BASKETS. 


Description and uses.—Baskets are made in many forms and for 
divers purposes, including wood baskets, coal baskets, market baskets, 
clothes baskets, and ladies’ work baskets. Various materials are 
used—willow, rattan, and ‘‘ splints” of ash, maple, oak, beech, birch, 
ete. They are classified in the trade as (1) fancy baskets, such as 
silk-lined sewing baskets, jewel cases, and baby bassinets; (2) 
“staple” baskets of willow or rattan; and (3) “splint” baskets made 
of a thin wood veneer and used as containers for fruit or as cheap 
market baskets. 

Production.—In the census for 1914, baskets and rattan and willow 
ware are united in a single classification. The total output is placed 
at $6,578,468, of which it is estimated about $3,000,000 represents 
splint baskets, $1,500,000 baskets of rattan and willow, and the re- 
mainder other articles of rattan or willow ware. 

Splint baskets are made, as a rule, by small factories, using ash, 
maple, oak, beech, birch, and gum. ‘The pieces are prepared and 
fitted and made ready to be nailed together near the wood supply, 
and, to save freight, are sent in ‘‘ knocked down” form to shops near 
the retail market. Splint baskets are a peculiarly American product, 
with little or no foreign competition. Canada is the only source from 
which they might be imported, and it is doubtful if manufacturers 
there possess any advantages over domestic makers. 

‘The making of aillow and rattan baskets is largely a handicraft 
or household industry, few establishments properly being termed 


factories. Some of the work is done by “ putting out” material on _ 


contract, or in little shops in the rear of stores where sold; very little 
machinery is used. Willows equal to those imported are grown in 
America, but are usually not so thoroughly dried or so carefully 
sorted, and are steam peeled, which gives a brown color after a 
brief time. French willows are sap peeled, a process which is labori- 
ous but causes them to remain a brilliant white. The American man- 
ufacturer is therefore compelled to import the raw material for the 
better grades of baskets. Much handwork is required in weaving, 
and it is difficult to obtain American labor at wages permitting com- 
petition with foreign production. 





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a? oe ae 


2d “hee Cee errr 


oa er gS at tte 


¢ 
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® 


a pee oe) ee 





— 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 285 


Success in the fancy-basket business depends chiefly upon style and 
novelty in design. The usual foreign fabrications fail to meet the 
taste of American consumers in these respects. Competition arises, 
however, from the ability of American importers to have baskets 
made abroad according to specifications. 

Imports of baskets of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of 
wood were valued at $853,409 in 1914 and at $479,803 in 1918. Ger- 
many was the chief manufacturing country. During the war Japan 
began to take the place of Germany. Imports come also from France, 
- Belgium, Austria, England, and China. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Difficulties in the classification of baskets composed in part of some 
form of wood did not end with the specific enumeration in the acts 
of 1909 and 19138. The Court of Customs Appeals declared that the 
purpose in enacting paragraph 214 of the act of 1909 was to consti- 
tute a new class for all baskets made of any kind of wood and to 
make all wooden baskets dutiable at the same rate. Market and other 
baskets and hampers made of willow were accordingly held to fall 
within the provision for baskets of wood, and not to be dutiable as 
manufactures of willow. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 15 and 17, of 1911.) 
Besides the foregoing material, wistaria, rattan (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
535, of 1911), chip (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 37, of 1911), cane and rafia 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 404, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., ; T. D. 37940, 
of 1919) were held to be kinds of wood. The determination of the 
component material of chief value has also given trouble. The latest 
decision laying down a rule applicable to paragraph 175 was upon 
baskets made of rafia, wood, cane, and willow and lined with silk. 
The silk was greater in value than any one of the other component 
materials, but less than the value of all. Raffia, wood, cane, and wil- 
low were all regarded as wood in determining the value, and the 
baskets were held dutiable under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
; T. D. 87940, of 1919.) Compare 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 419, of 
1912, holding baskets of straw, willow, rattan, and wood, silk lined, 
silk chief value of raw material, but apparently not of the finished 
baskets, to be dutiable as baskets. Subsequently the court declared its 
understanding that silk was not the component of chief value, (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 496, 498, of 1913.) 

Baskets of shida, a part of a species of fern, are dutiable by simili- 
tude under this paragraph. (Abstract 26782, T. D. 31912, of 1911.) 
Among others also classified under this paragraph are Haster baskets 
containing artificial rabbits, ete. (G. A. 7790, T. D. 35796, of 1915; 8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 156, of 1917) ; imitation wash baskets (T. D. 34118, 
of 1914; woven basket-work frames of stained bamboo or like material 
with tin bowls or buckets, and trays of same construction with glass 
bottoms, wood chief value (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 211, of 1917) ; and berry 
baskets (Abstract 36682, T. D. 34824, of 1914). 

Lamp shades in chief value of bamboo were held under the rule of 
ejusdem generis excluded from paragraph 175 and held dutiable under 
paragraph 176 as manufactures of wood. (G. A. 7804, T. D. 35848, 
of 1915.) 

Porch screens of natural color, but with colored threads werked in 
between the pieces of wood to give the effect of colored stripes in the 








286 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


blinds, were held not to be stained, dyed, or painted within this para- 
graph. (Abstract 27601, T. D. 32161, of 1912.) 

Screens in chief value of wood, stained or painted, were held to 
come within this paragraph and not to be dutiable as house or cabinet 
furniture under paragraph 176. (Abstract 36968, T. D. 34969, of 
1914. ) 

Wood strips, joined or sewed together with grass, with figures in 
imitation of painting stenciled thereon, used as splash mats before 
washstands were held to be curtains or screens within this paragraph. 


(3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 390, of 1912; Abstracts 40022, of 1916 and 438165, 


of 1919.) 

A wooden screen with panels polished and colored reddish brown, 
the other parts being colored or stained black, with imitation flowers, 
stems, and birds made of bone and other material affixed to each 
panel, was held dutiable under this paragraph as a screen and not as 
furniture under paragraph 176. (Abstract 42684, of 1918.) 

The meaning of the words “like material” in the phrase “ baskets 
in chief value of like material,” added in the act of 1913, is doubtful. 
The decision of the Court of Customs Appeals that raffia is “like 
material” to wood implies that the term has reference to material 
like, but not the same as, those enumerated, namely, bamboo, wood, 
straw, or compositions of wood (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 404, of 1918), but 
the effect of this decision was minimized by the ruling upon rehearing 
that raffia is wood (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37940, of 1919). 

Paragraph 175 has been construed to include baskets of wood not 
stained, dyed, painted, ete. (Abstract 48223 of 1919, following Ab- 
stracts 41829 and 41940, of 1918.) 

If the rate of duty on blinds, curtains, shades, screens, and baskets 
were made the same as in the act of 1909, the provision for baskets 
should be restored to the first clause. Litigation would furthermore 
be avoided by substituting the words ‘ wood of any kind” for the 
words “bamboo, wood.” The rate of duty being the same in the 
act of 1909 upon baskets of grass and manufactures of grass (par. 
463) as on baskets of wood (par. 214), baskets of grass might be in- 
cluded with baskets of wood by adding the word “grass” after 
“straw.” Administrative difficulties furthermore suggest the advisa- 
bility of omitting the words “if stained, dyed, painted, printed, pol- 
ished, grained, or creosoted.” 

(For “curtains in chief value of beads,” see par. 333.) 


PARAGRAPH 176. 


ACT OF 1909, 


215. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 


factures of wood or bark, or of which | 


wood or bark is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially 
providéd for in this section, 35 per 
eentum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


176. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood, or bark, or of which 
wood or bark is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem, 





f 
‘ 
E 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 287 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The furniture industry takes high rank among do- 
mestic manufactures. The following table segregates material and 
certain kinds of articles, such as metal, rattan, and willow, to show 
the relative importance of these ‘ substitutes.” Store and office 
fixtures and refrigerators are included, though not always classified 
as furniture. 

[Figures for 1914.] 





Classification. 
Ttems. Wood other} Rattan Storeand | poetic. 
than rattan and Metal. | office fix- i id Total. 
and willow.| willow. tunes.) Scevees- 
Establishments... ---- 2, 251 85 173 683 134 3,326 
Persons in industry ... 108, 143 2, 559 14, 980 19, 945 6, 481 152, 108 
Wageearners.......--- 98,417) 2, 262 12,560 16, 642 5,617 133, 498 
Amountpaidin wages_| $51,674, 815/$1, 281, 141) $7, 955, 682/910, 904, 278] $3, 572,334] $75,388, 250 
Average annual wage. $536 $567 $533 $655 $636 $565 
Geeitet = TRL! -Lo. . $196, 819, 858/$3, 371, 218/$35, 231; 002/$32, 462, 705|$14, 511, 158|$282, 395, 941 
Value of products. .. - -|$187, 926, 556, $5, 022, 089/834, 439, 037|$38, 318, 0311915, 051, 794/$280, 757, 557 
Value added........... \$102, 483, 512'$3, 008, 310|$16, 403,098\$22, 324,347 $7, 708,402)$151,927, 669 








The lumber consumed in the manufacture of furniture in 1916 was 
944,677,807 board feet, oak being 45.6 per cent of the total. Other 
woods used were, in order of importance, red gum, maple, brich, yellow 
poplar, chestnut, basswood, and beech. In all, 71 different kinds are 
employed. The most important foreign woods were mahogany (1.7 
per cent), lignum-vitz (0.06 per cent), satinwood, and rosewood (each 
representing less than 0.01 per cent of the total). Foreign woods, of 
considerable importance in the finest grades of furniture, are insig- 
nificant with respect to the industry as a whole. The producing 
States rank, with respect to value of furniture produced, New York, 
Tilinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, Massa- 
chusetts; with respect to board feet of lumber consumed, North Caro- 
lina, Illinois, New York, Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wiscon- 
sin, Ohio. 

Imports fell in value from $1,017,201 in 1914 to $333,358 in 1918. 
The chief sources are Austria-Hungary (before the war), France, 
Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, Hongkong, and Japan. Formerly 
Austria-Hungary and Germany exported largely the cheapest grades, 
France and Italy the finest grades. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $6,529,249; in 1915, at $2,923,203; 
in 1918, at $3,938,778. Exports fell off greatly during the war, reach- 
ing low ebb in 1915. The eountries of chief importance are Canada, 
Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Brazil, Chile, the United Kingdom, 
British South Africa, Australia, France, and Italy., 

Foreign trade in furniture is small compared with the domestic 
trade, because (1) furniture is bulky and, rates being charged by 
space, expensive to transport; (2) in transshipment, in shifting cargo 
in rough weather, and in passing through hot and moist areas it is 
liable to breakage and deterioration, especially the finish; (3) most 


288 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


countries have raw material and competent artisans; and (4) high- 
grade furniture is little used in other countries as compared with the 
United States. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The following articles have been held dutiable under paragraph 215 
of the act of 1909 or paragraph 176 of the act of 1913: 

Barrel heads (Abstract 37310, of 1915) ; boards, planed, dovetailed, 
and glued together (T. D. 34198, of 1914); creosoted wood paving 
blocks (T. D. 35838, of 1915); Japanese white-oak flooring (T. D. 
35238, of 1915); flooring, planed, tongued, grooved, and bored (Ab- 
stracts 37717, of 1915, and 40802, of 1916); pipe bowls, unfinished 
(G. A. 7771, T. D. 35697, of 1915, and Abstract 38991, of 1915) ; stair 
treads (Abstract 88594, of 1915); bolting boards (Abstract 34572, 
T. D. 34127, of 1914); intarsia, consisting of wooden articles inlaid 
with metal (Abstract 28522; T. D. 32529, of 1912); parts of chairs 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 68, of 1911); racing shells (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
526, of 1912); furniture, upholstered in wool tapestry, chief value of 
wood (Abstract 48319, of 1919); shooks for berry crates (Abstract 
40908, of 1917) ; handkerchief boxes (Abstract 42387, of 1918) ; work 
boxes (Abstracts 41499, of 1917, and 41671, of 1918); candy boxes in 
the shape of dwelling houses (Abstracts 41519, of 1917, and 42363, 
of 1918) ; wooden birds attached to pointed sticks (Abstract 41518, of 
1917) ; track shims (Abstract 426638, of 1918); picture frames, gilded, 
in chief value of wood (G,. A. 8108, T. D. 37409, of 1917); wooden 
staves, bottoms, and tops of tubs in knockdown condition (G. A. 8268, 
T. D. 38065, of 1919) ; small birch-bark canoes, stiffened with a species 
of dried grass and sewn together with cotton thread, and not essen- 
tially playthings for children as in Abstract 41556, of 1917 (Abstract 
40865, of 1917); bamboo lamp shades (G,. A. 7804, T. D. 35848, of 
1915; Abstracts 40341 and 40421, of 1916); lanterns and parasols, in 
chief value of wood (Abstracts 39867, 40204, and 40528, of 1916) ; sea- 
grass furniture, in chief value of wood (Abstracts 39130, 39338, and 
40104, of 1916); spool holders (Abstract 42651, of 1918); tennis 
rackets (Abstracts 40580 and 406638, of 1917); stair rails, sash rails, 
ete. (T. D. 384178, of 1914); bamboo wall pockets and whisk-broom 
holders (Abstracts 40022, of 1916, and 40898, of 1917); wooden fish, 
for producing sounds resembling the trotting of a horse on a hard 
pavement (G. A. 8177, T. D. 37680, of 1918) ; furniture with artistic 
feature recently applied (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 146, of 1912); wooden 
sticks, with one end cut into strips to resemble a feather duster (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 330, of 1913); wooden spools, on which was wound 
artificial silk and artificial horsehair and which did not enter into 
the value of the merchandise (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 349, and 5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 1, of 1918); and reilway baggage and mail car, in chief value 
of wood, used in domestic traffic only (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 
1916), but foreign-built cars brought into the United States in the 
regular course of business and used for carrying either local or 
through shipments on their return trip to the foreign country are 
not subject to duty (T. D. 36581, of 1916). 

(See pars. 167, 378, and 656.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


289 


SCHEDULE E. SUGAR, MOLASSES, AND MANUFAC- 
TURES OF. 


PARAGRAPH 177. 


ACT OF 15069. 


216. Sugars not above number six- 
teen Dutch standard in color, tank 
bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, 
eoncentrated melada, concrete and 
concentrated molasses, testing by the 
podlariscope not above seventy-five de- 
grees, > of 1 cent per pound, and 
for every additional degree shown by 
the polariseopic test, +33 of 1 cent 
per pound additional, and fractions 
of a degree in proportion; and on 
sugar above number sixteen Dutch 
standard in color, and on all sugar 
which has gone through a process of 
refining, 1.90 cents per pound; mo- 
lasses testing not above forty degrees, 
20 per centum ad valorem; testing 
above forty degrees and not above 
fifty-six degrees, 3 cents per gallon; 
testing above fifty-six degrees, 6 cents 
per gallon; sugar drainings and sugar 
sweepings shall be subject to duty as 
molasses or sugar, as the case may 
be, according to polariscopic test. 


ACT OF 19183. 


177. Sugars, tank bottoms, sirups 
of cane juice, melada, concentrated 
melada, concrete and concentrated mo- 
lasses, testing by the polariscope not 
above seventy-five degrees, 73; of 1 
cent per pound, and for every addi- 
tional degree shown by the polari- 
scopic test, 725 of 1 cent per pound 
additional, and fractions of a degree 
in proportion; molasses testing not 
above forty degrees, 15 per centum 
ad valorem; testing above forty de- 
grees and not above fifty-six degrees, 
2% cents per gallon; testing above 
fifty-six degrees, 4% cents per gal- 
lon; sugar drainings and sugar sweep- 
ings shall be subject to duty as mo- 
lasses or Sugar, as the case may be, 
according to polariscopic test: Pro- 
vided, That the duties imposed in this 
paragraph shall be effective on and 
after the first day of March, nineteen 
hundred and fourteen, until which 
date the rates of duty provided by 
paragraph two hundred and sixteen 
of the tarif€ Act approved August fifth, 
nineeen hundred and nine, shall re- 
main in force: Provided, however, 
That so much of paragraph two hun- 
dred and sixteen of an Act to provide 
revenue, equalize duties, and encour- 
age the industries of the United 
States, and for other purposes, ap- 
proved August fifth, nineteen hundred 
and nine, aS relates to the color test 
denominated as Number Sixteen Dutch 
standard in color, shall be and is 
hereby repealed: Provided further, 
That on and after the first day of 
May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, 
the articles hereinbefore enumerated 
in this paragraph shall be admitted 
free of duty. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The proviso to paragraph 177 admitting the articles therein named 
to free entry after May 1, 1916, was repealed by the act of April 27, 


1916. 


(Chap. 93, sec. 1, 39 Stat., 56.) 


SUGAR. 


Description and uses.—Pure sugar (sucrose) is a definite chemical 
compound (Cz2H»2O;) derived from the juices of several plants, espe- 
cially the cane, beet, maple, and palm. Sucrose, in varying degrees 
of purity, is the sugar of commerce and the tariff. There are, how- 


ever, more than 


100 substances known to chemical science as 


“sugars,” but differing from sucrose in composition and properties. 


184911°—20 19 





290 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Of these, the most important commercially are dextrose and levulose 
(CsHi20.), found in certain fruits and in honey. Dextrose is also 
manufactured from starch as a constituent of glucose and grape 
sugar. J'ank bottoms are the settlings of sugar and the impurities 
found in molasses tanks. Melada is another name for came sirup, and, 
like molasses, may be “ concentrated ” by boiling down to a thick, granu- 
lous mass, which hardens upon cooling. The United States consumes 
over 4,000,000 tons of sugar per year, (more than one-fifth ef the 
world’s consumption), 17 per cent of which is beet sugar. The per 
capita consumption in the United States, which has increased from 
27.5 pounds in 1865 to 81.8 pounds in 1917, is exceeded slightly only 
by the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Australia. About three- 
fourths of the American consumption is used directiy in the house- 
hold; the remainder in various forms of manufacturing, e. g., soit 
drinks, condensed milk, baker’s preducts, canned fruits, and tobacco. 

Raw and refined sugar.—Nearly all the sugar preduced by the fac- 
tories in Cuba, Porto Rico, and Hawaii and about two-thirds of the 
preduct of the factories in Louisiana is raw sugar, that is, it still 
contains molasses and other impurities adhering to the crystals. A 
comparatively small portion finds its way to the retail market in this 
form ‘and is seld as “brown” sugar. The great bulk of the sugars 
imported from Cuba consists of raw centrifugal sugar, the polariscopic 
test of which ranges approximately from 92° to 97°. "The selling 
basis is 96°, with allowances up or down from the basic price, accord- 
ing to test. By far the greater portion is purchased by the refineries, 
fittered in bag and bone-char filters, and becomes “refined” sugar. 


Refined sugars as turned out by the large cane-sugar refineries consist 


of two general classes, hard refined sugars, such as granulated, 
powdered, cube, loaf, etc., the polariscopic test of which will approxi- 
mate 100°, and soft refined sugars ranging from about 80° to 90° 
in polariscopic test. The latter sugars vary in color from a light 
yellow to brown and have some of the sirup or molasses adhering to 
the crystals. The beet factories produce hard sugars only, and many 
of the cane-sugar factories in Louisiana produce grades of sugar 
higher than raw—some hardly to be distinguished from refined. 

Production.—Before the war the world production had reached 
20,603,000 short tons, 11,169,600 tons of cane and 9,434,000 tons of 
beet sugar. The chief sources of supply were, in order, for cane 
sugar, Cuba, India, United States. (including insular possessions), 
Java, Japan, Argentina, Australia, Mauritius, Brazil, the West Indies; 
for beet sugar, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, the United 
States, {taly, and other (chiefly European) countries. War condi- 
tions caused a decrease in the production of beet sugar (9.4 to 4.8 
million tons) and an increase of cane sugar (11:2 te 13:8 million 
tons). 

The United States derives about one-half its supply from domestic 
production and one-half from importation. Average annual produc- 
tion for the three-year peried, 1915-1917, was as follows (figures 
are in thousands of tons and percentage of total consumption) : Cane 
sugar, continental United States, 232.2 (5.6 per cent); Porto Rieo, 
402.6 (9.6 per cent); Philippine Islands, 135.38 (3.2 per cent); 
Hawaiian Islands, 596.7 (14.5 per cent). Beet sugar, continental 
United States, 805.6 (19.3 per cent); total, 2,172.4 (52.2 per cent). 
Cane sugar in continental United States is produced almost exclusively 








ae oo ee eS a 


SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 991 


in Louisiana and Texas; beet sugar in Califernia, Colorade, Utah, 
Idaho, Michigan, and 13 other States. 


Sugar production in continental United Siates (census of 1914). 











Continental 
| United Beet sugar. | Cane sugar. | Refining. 
States. 

Establishments -. 2. .-.-.-..----.. 259 €0 | _ 181 18 
SS 22, 882 7,997 3,632 11, 253 
0 lg $315, 677, 669 | $142, 181,326 | $32,996,524 | $140, 499, 819 
i ha $15,990,957 | $6,606,204 | $1,561,376 | $7,823,377 
Average annual wage.............. $670 $826 $430 $696 
Value Ui products. ....-........... $373, 639,298 | $62,605,210 | $21,635,373 | $239,398,715 
Waiwe eaded...0............-..... $52, 196,361 | $21,205,849 | $5,677,155 | $25,313,357 
Tons of Sugar produced............ 4,341, 408 743,473 264, 801 3, 333,134 
Value of sugar produced...........| $363,034, 123 | . 


$58,590,466 | $18,947,683 | $285, 495,974 





Imports are of raw sugar only, over 95 per cent from Cuba. 











1914, 1918. 
Bonss © oo} Value. Tons. Value. 
LS 1, 184 $70, 829 | @) $73 
nme Ruger... 1...-.-..0-........- | 2,531,179 | 101,415,499] 2,449,139 236, 105, 886 


U 





limports were four-tenths of 1 ton. 


Exports.—None of the domestic product (unless Philippine Island 
sugar is regarded as domestic) and no raw sugars are exported. A 
portion of the imported raws are refined for export, the refiners 
using the imported sugar rather than the domestic product in order 
to obtain the benefit of the drawback. This business, only 1 per cent 
of sugar receipts in normal times, became important during the war, 
rising to 12 per cent of the total receipts in the period 1915-1917. 
Exports of refined sugar in 1914 were 25,448 tons, valued at $1,839,988 ; 
in 1916, 815,075 tons, valued at $79,309,147; in 1918, 288,241 tons, 
valued at $38,761,686. 

In normal times the countries of chief importance in the export 
trade were the United Kingdom, Panama, Mexico, and Newfoundland. 
During the war several European countries which had previously 
relied upon domestic production or importation from the Central 
Powers and Russia, became important purchasers from American 
refineries. 

MOLASSES AND SIRUP. 


Description and uses.—Molasses is a by-product of the sugar in- 
dustry. It is what remains of the juice after the principal impurities 
have been removed, the juice boiled down, and the greater part of the 
sugar content crystallized and removed by centrifugation. Sirup is 
a direct product of the cane juice, containing all the sugar, but freed 
from impurities and boiled to the desired consistency. 

An exception to the description given is to be noted in the case of 
“fancy ” and “extra fancy ” molasses produced in Barbados, which is 


292 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . 


cane juice concentrated to a thick sirup after treatment which con- 
verts a portion of the sucrose content into invert sugar, but from 
which none of the sucrose has been extracted. The introduction of 
modern methods into the manufacture-of raw sugar and consequent 
reduction in the supply of edible molasses resulted in the above-men- 
tione@ “fancy” product which is known commercially as molasses, 

This product differs from sirup of cane juice in that the latter has 
been concentrated without any process of inversion and might 
profitably be converted into sugar by continuing the process of 
evaporation, while the former, by reason of the large percentage of 
invert sugar, would yield comparatively little crystallized sucrose. 

Molasses is produced from both the beet and cane, the former being 
unsuitable for human food. The latter and low-grade cane molasses, 
blackstrap, are used in the manufacture of rum and industrial alcohol 
and as a cattle feed. ‘ 

Production.—In 1914 more than 20,000,000 gallons of cane molasses, 
2,000,000 gallons of cane sirup, and 26,000,000 gallons of beet 
molasses were produced as by-products in factories whose principal 
output was sugar. Sirup is also manufactured as a.major product 
in several of the Gulf States on farms and in small factories making 
no sugar. Including these establishments, the total output of cane 
sirup and molasses is estimated at 35,000,000 gallons. 

Imports have rapidly increased in recent years from 51,410,271 
gallons in 1914, valued at $1,774,719, to 130,730,861 gallons in 1918, 
valued at nearly $9,177,838. 

Exports.—The most important countries of destination for molasses 
are the United Kingdom, Canada, and the West Indies. The United 
Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands are the 
most important purchasers of American sirup. 


| 1914 7” 1938 
Galions. | Value. Gallons. Value. 
Ng a NA ee 
Molasses 450s Rec. Cote meadeee 1,002,441 $175,498 3,811, 341 $847, 692 
Sinan Sacra. se eee ee 11, 630, 528 1,491,639 7,689, 938 4,823, 912 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sugar.—In 19138 the polariscope was made the sole test of the duti- 
able classification of imported sugar. The administrative regulations 
respecting this test are binding upon the Government as well as upon 
the importers. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 228, of 1911.) So are regulations 
governing allowance for tare. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 69, of 1912.) “But 
actual tare must be taken when demanded by the importer, (G. A. 
8147, T. D. 87572, of 1918.) | 

Cuban sugar is entitled to admission at a reduction of 20 per cent 
from the rates provided in this paragraph. (T. D. 34214, of 1914.) 
The determination by the Secretary of the Treasury of the rate of 
duty to be collected on imported sugar can not be reviewed in a 
mandamus suit against the Secretary of the Treasury. (234 U. S., 
627, of 1914.) 

Molasses.—The quantity of molasses in. tank cars is to be deter- 
mined by volume rather than by weight, and upon 2381 cubie inches 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 293 


to the gallon. (Abstract 41508, of 1917.) The duty upon molasses 
testing above 40° is specific, but upon molasses of a lower grade it is 
ad valorem The result is that the duty imposed upon two invoices 
of essentially the same character may be quite different. For exam- 
ple, an importation of waste molasses from Cuba polarizing at 39.2°, 
and valued at 7 cents per gallon, paid a duty of 15 per cent, or 1,45 
cents per gallon, less 20 per cent, while another importation, polariz- 
ing at 41.6°, also valued at 7 cents per gallon, paid a duty of 24 cents 
per galion, less 20 per cent. On an importation of fancy molasses 
from Barbados, polarizing at 39.3°, and valued at 40 cents per gallon, 
a duty of 15 per cent, equivalent to 6 cents per gallon, was paid, while 
another importation having the same value, but polarizing at 41.1°, 
paid a duty of 24 cents per gallon. 

The polariscopic test is not the equitable basis for assessing a 
duty on molasses that it is on sugar, since a fancy molasses containing 
much invert sugar may test by the polariscope lower than a low- 
grade molasses of much less value but containing little or no invert 
sugar. The question arises whether the duties on molasses should 
not be wholly ad valorem. An objection lies in the fact that the 
manufacturers of industrial aleohol, who are the chief importers 
of low-grade molasses (blacksirap), claim that an ad valorem duty 
is a source of embarrassment. They are accustomed to purchase in 
advance at a fixed price the entire output of a Cuban plantation. 
This price may be much below the market vaiue at the time of ex- 
portation and would involve additional duties for undervaluation. 
Therefore they desire that the duty on blackstrap (if any is imposed) 
should be specific. Possibly specific duties according to percentage of 
sweetness would afford a solution. The dividing line between high- 
grade and low-grade molasses might be fixed at 55 per cent of 
sweetening matter. 

PARAGRAPH 178. 


ACT OF 1909. 


‘217. Maple sugar and maple, sirup, 
4 cents per pound; glucose or grape 
sugar, 14 cents per pound; sugar cane 
in its natural state, or unmanufac- 
tured, 20 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


178. Maple sugar and maple sirup, 
3 cents pers pound; glucose or grape 
sugar, 1% cents per pound; sugar cane 
in its natural state, or unmanufac- 
tured, 15 per cent ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That on and after the first day 
of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, 
the articles hereinbefore enumerated 
in this paragraph shall be admitted 
free of duty. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The proviso to paragraph 178, admitting the articles therein named 
to free entry after May 1, 1916, was repealed by the act of April 27, 
1916. (Chap. 93, sec. 2, 39 Stat., 57.) 


MAPLE SIRUP AND MAPLE SUGAR. 


Description and uses.—Maple sirup and maple sugar are derived 
from the sap of the maple tree and contain sucrose, identical with 
that in the juices of the cane or beet. Refined maple sugar is indis- 
tinguishable from cane sugar. It is prized, however, because of the 
impurities which give a characteristic flavor, hence is not refined. 
Besides its well-known uses as a confection and for table purposes, a 


294. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


large part is used in the manufacture of tebacco products, it being 
claimed this industry consumed half the domestic crop in 1913. 

Production.—Maple sirup and maple sugar are produced chiefly in 
New England and in the North Atlantic and Lake States, New York, 
Ohio, and Vermont leading. The total output in 1910 was 4,100,000 
gallons of sirup and 14,100,000 pounds of sugar, valued at $5,200,000 ; 
in 1918, 5,000,000 gallons of sirup and 13,000,000 pounds of sugar. 
In 1919, because of unfavorable weather conditions, there was a 
marked decline—3,900,000 gallons of sirup and 10,400,000 pounds of 
sugar. 

Imports or sirup and sugar in 1914, chiefly from Canada, were 
2,095,983 pounds, valued at $163,047; in 1918, 5,049,474 pounds, valued 
at $909,412. 

GLUCOSE AND GRAPE SUGAR. . 


Description and uses.—Glucose and grape sugar are manufactured 
from starch and therefore are usually associated in the same establish- 
ments, some factories making starch the principal product, others mak- 
ing glucose and grape sugar only. In the United States the raw ma- 
terial is usually corn, though potatoes and wheat are used to some 
extent. In the process starch is boiled with hydrochlorie acid, break- 
ing up the starch molecules into dextrose, maltose, and dextrin. If 
the hydrolysis is checked at a certain stage the product is glucose, 
if it is continued further and the subsequent evaporation also pro- 
longed, the product is grape sugar. 

Glucose is a colorless or slightly amber-colored sirup, with about 
one-half the sweetening power of sugar. Mixed with cane sirup or 
maple sirup, it is a familiar article of table use. It is also known as 
corn sirup. It is extensively used by tanners, bakers, and brewers, 
and in the manufacture of jeliies and confectionery. Grape sugar 
is used in the manufacture of vinegar and in brewing; also, as a 
reducing agent in many industries, as in indigo dyeing and in 
Silvering on glass. 

Production of glucose in 1909 was 769,700,000 pounds, valued at 
$17,900,000, and of grape sugar, 159,100,000 pounds, valued at $3,600,-- 
000. The industry flourishes chiefly in the corn belt—lIilinois, In- 
diana, Iowa, and Missouri. The most importarit factory is in Edge- 
water, N. J. Though less favorably located with respect to the 
domestie corn supply, this city is advantageously situated both with 
respect to imported Argentine corn, which is often cheaper than 
American and contains more -oil—corn oil being an important by- 
product of the industry—and also with respect to the markets atforded 
by the great eastern cities and Europe. 

This industry lends itself to the economies of large-scale produc- 
tion and has been subject to persistent attempts at monopoly. <A pool 
was arranged in 1885, which continued, with intermission, until 1890. 
Consolidations were effected in 1897, in 1902, and in 1906. The last 
consolidation, under the name of the Corn Products Refining Co., 
still remains the dominant figure in the industry. Its dissolution has 
been ordered by the courts. 

Imports.—Glucose: Imports are comparatively small, the largest 
since 1910 being 268,592 pounds, valued at $8,345, in 1911. Grape 
sugar: In only one year since 1910 have the imports exceeded 500 
pounds, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 295 


Exports.—Glucose: About one-eighth of the domestie preduct is ex- 
ported. In 1914 the exports were 162,680,378 pounds, valued at 
$3,766,289; in 1916, 148,523,098 pounds, valued at $3,772,860; in 1918, 
80,970,749 pounds, valued at $4,949,159. The exports decreased dur- 
ing the war to less than one-half, but the rise in price increased the 
value. The destination of the exports was widespread, including all 
the principal countries of Europe, several countries of South America, 
Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, and Seuth Africa. From one- 
half to four-fifths of the trade was with the United Kingdom. 
Grape sugar: Exports in 1914 were 36,850,496 pounds, valued at $799,- 
635 ; in 1916, 37,883,089 pounds, valued at $962,101; in 1818, 16,887,557 
pounds, valued at $1,045,512. Over 90 per cent of the expert trade was 
with the United Kingdom. 


SUGAR CANE. 


Production and uses.—The cane from which sugar is obtained is a 
species of grass, requiring from 18 months to 2 years to mature suffi- 
ciently to yield the best results, and hence can be best produced in 
tropical climates. in no part of continental United States, except 
southern Florida (a sugar region of potential promise), is continu- 
. ous growth of the cane through 12 months of the year possible. 
The other Gulf States, though growing cane, are somewhat at a dis- 
advantage because the season is seldom longer than nine months. 
The superiority of a mature cane for sugar extraction is shown by 
the fact that in Hawaii the average yield of sugar per ton of cane is 
245.6 pounds; in Porto Rico, 221.9 pounds; in Cuba, 229.1 pounds, 
while in Louisiana it is only 143.3 pounds. However, Louisiana and 
Texas are important sugar-producing States, furnishing 5 per cent 
of the total domestic consumption... Sugar cane is also grown in the 
other Gulf States, but mainly for making sirup, for which purpose a 
mature cane is not so necessary. 

Imports and exports.—Because of the bulk of cane in comparison 
with its value, it is unprofitable to transport it any considerable dis- 
tance for manufacture. The factories are located in the midst of the 
plantations. For this reason the foreign trade in cane is necessarily 
of small importance. Imports in 1918 are given as having a value 
of $639,392. No exports are recorded. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Glucose and grape sugar are different commodities; hence the con- 
junction “or” should be changed to “ and.” 

Dextrinous crystals are dutiable either directiy or by similitude 
as glucose under this paragraph. (T. D. 36975, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 179. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
218. Saccharine, 65 cents per pound. 179. Saccharin, 65 cents per pound. 
‘ GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Saccharin, a white, intensely sweet, odorless 
compound derived from coal tar by chemical process, is 300 to 500 
times sweeter than sugar. It is made in two grades, soluble and in- 
soluble. The soluble grade is the sodium salt of saccharin and the 


296 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


insoluble grade is pure saccharin. It is also made into tablets—a 
mixture of bicarbonate of soda and saecharin (about 3 to 1). Sace- 
charin has no food value, and it was therefore held, under the Federal 
food and drugs act (No. 142), when used as a substitute for sugar in 
sweetened foods, to constitute an adulteration, a ruling relaxed during 
the war. It is used chiefly as a flavor in chewing tobacco and as 
coating for bitter and acrid medicinal remedies. 

Production.—Saccharin is made from toluol by successive treat- 
ments with sulphuric acid, soda ash, phosphorus trichloride, am- 
monia, and potassium permanganate. It was manufactured here be- 
fore the war from German -raw materials. In 1918 six firms made 
425,600 pounds of saccharin, valued at $4,489,617. iS 

Imports from 1910 to 1917 were 3,827 pounds, valued at $138,817, 
yielding a revenue of $2,488. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Under the construction against implied repeal (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
—; T. D. 87978 and 87980, of 1919; Dec. Treas. Dept., Oct. 5 and 
Nov. 7, 1916) saecharin is dutiable under the specific provision in 
paragraph 179 rather than under the provision for coal-tar medicinals 
or flavors in the act of September 8, 1916. 

Schedule A is apparently more appropriate than Schedule E for 
saccharin. 

PARAGRAPH 180. 


ACT OF 1969. 


219. Sugar candy and all confec- 
tionery not specially provided for in 
this section, valued at 15 cents per 
pound or less, and on sugars after 
being refined, when tinctured, colored 
or in any way adulterated, 4 cents per 
pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
valued at more than 15 cents per 
pound, 50 per centum ad valorem, 
The weight and the value of the 
immediate coverings, other than the 
outer packing case or other covering, 
shall be included in the dutiable 
weight and the value of the merchan- 
dise. 


ACT OF 19138. 


180. Sugar candy and all confec- 
tionery not specially provided for in 
this section, valued at 15 cents per 


- pound or less, 2 cents per pound; 


valued at more than 15 cents per 
pound, 25 per centum ad valorem, 
The weight and the value of the 
immediate coverings, other than the 
outer packing case or other covering, 
shall be included in the _ dutiable 
weight and the value of the merchan- 
dise. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—The distinction between confectionery and certain 
food products is not always easily drawn. The figures in the next 
paragraph follow the classification of the Census Bureau, and include 
under ‘ confectionery ” candy and confections, cake ornaments, pop- 
corn balls and cake, chewing gum, salted nuts, and stuffed dates, but 
do not include the products of establishments making primarily choe- 
olate and cocoa. 

Production.—To the value of total output in 1914, $154,000,000, 
may be added $17,000,000 for the allied product, chewing gum, 

The industry is widespread, but centers in New York, Massachu- 
setts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, four States producing a little more 
than one-half the entire domestic output. ‘ 

Imports from Germany in 1912 aggregated 799,000 pounds and from 
Austria-Hungary 215,000 pounds, about 64 per cent of the whole. 





ee 





a ee oe ee ee se 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 297 


Other important sources are the United Kingdom, France, Nether- 
lands, Spain, Italy, Russia, and several Asiatic countries. The total 
annual imports for 1911-1914 decreased from an average of 1,486,000 
pounds, valued at $265,000, to 714,000 pounds, valued at $126,000, for 
1915-1918. Imports for 1914 were 1,671,806 pounds, valued at $294,019; 
for 1918, 301,796 pounds, valued at $64,588. 

Exports increased during the war from an annual average of 
$1,200,000 during the preceding four years to an annual average of 
$1,800,000. The exports for 1914 were valued at $1,329,147; for 1918, 
$1,856,751. The countries of chief importance in the export trade are 
the United Kingdom, Canada, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, Australia, 

South Africa, Panama, and Mexico. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A judicial definition of confectionery acquiesced in by the Treasury 
Department follows: “A eonfection or confectionery is either a com- 
plex substance in which other things, such as fruits, roots, or nuts, 
or combined with sugar or sirup, or * * * the result of a treat- 
ment or manipulation of sugar or molasses by which it becomes what 
is usually known as candy.” Mizuame, a product of malt, millet, 
and rice, used in the manufacture of confectionery, was held not to 
be confectionery within paragraph 212 of the act of 1897, but an 
unenumerated manufactured article (T. D. 26736; T. D. 26765; G@. A. 
6198, T.-D. 26846, all of 1905). So were sweet crackers known as 
wafers and biscuits. (154 Fed., 1005, of 1907, affirming 147 Fed., 
757.) But dragees, a small sweet article with a silver coating used 
by bakers for decorating cakes, and to some extent by confectioners, 
were held dutiable as confectionery. (166 Fed., 751, 1908.) 

Violet pastils (Abstract 26718, T. D. 31899, of 1911), spearmint 
and pepsin tablets (Abstract 36278, T. D. 34704, of 1914), cachous, 
a small lozenge used to perfume the breath (Abstract 81038, T. D. 
33088, of 1913), and ame, a sweet paste of jellylike substance cov- 
ered with a white starchy powder (Abstract 34381, T. D. 340383, of 
1913), were held dutiable as confectionery, under the act of 1909, 
but not nutto paste, a composition of about two-thirds ground peanuts 
and one-third sugar packed in tins (Abstract 87227, of 1915), nor 
chewing gum (Abstract 29578, T. D. 32780, of 1912). Nutto paste 
was also excluded from the provision for confectionery in the act of 
19138. (Abstract 37782, of 1915.) 

The provision, “the weight and the value of the immediate cover- 
ings, other than the outer packing case or other covering, shall be 
included in the dutiable weight and the value of the merchandise,” 
in paragraph 219 of the act of 1909, corresponding to paragraph 180 
of the act of 1913, comprehends both immediate and intermediate coy- 
erings such as the inside tissue paper and the wood or pasteboard 
boxes containing candy; the outside packing case only is excluded. 
(Abstract 25478, T. D. 31543, of 1911; Abstract 31054, T. D. 33106, of 
1913.) 

The provision in this paragraph concerning weight and value is an 
exception to the general rule of including outer cases in determining 
duties ad valorem. It is not seen that the provision furnishes any 
safeguard to the revenue, but on the contrary might be the means in 
some cases of evading the higher rate of duty by judicious selections 
‘in the weight and coverings. If the provision should be eliminated, 


298 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


the specific rate would need to be increased to maintain the relative 
proportion with the ad valorem rate. 

The foregoing applies as well to chocolate and cocoa, which are 
provided for in Schedule G, paragraph 231. 


SCHEDULE F. TOBACCO AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH 181. 


ACT OF 1599. 


220. Wrapper tobacco, and filler 
tobacco when mixed er packed with 
more than’15 per centum of wrapper 
tobacco and all leaf tobacco the prod- 
uct of two or more. countries or de- 
pendencies when mixed or packed to- 
gether, if unstemmed, $1.85 per pound ; 
if stemmed, $2.50 per pound; filler 
tobacco not specially provided for in 
this section, if unstemmed, 85 cents 
per pound; if stemmed, 50 cents per 
pound. 


ACT GF i923. 


181. Wrapper tobaceo, and filler 
tebacco when mixed or packed with 


more than 15 per centum of wrapper 


tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the prod- 
uct of two or more countries or de- 
pendencies when mixed or packed to- 
gether, if unstemmed, $1.85 per pound ; 
if stemmed, $2.50 per pound; filler 
tobacco not specially provided for in 
this section, if unstemmed, 385 cents 
per pound; if stemmed, 50 cents per 


| pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tobacco of commerce cansists of the dried, 
cured leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica (with or without 
the midrib or stem), commonly known as leaf tobacco, and its various 
manufactured products intended for smoking, chewing, or snuffing. 
The green leaves are subjected to curing, removing most of the water, 
and usually to fermentation or aging in preparation for manufac- 
ture into cigars, cigarettes, plug, twist, and various types of granu- 
lated, fine-cut, and cut-plug tobaccos, . 

Production.—The United States is the largest producer and ex- 


porter of tobacco, growing nearly one-third of the world’s crop, now 


estimated at 4,000,000,000 pounds; other leading countries are India, 
China, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Dutch East Indies, the Philip- 
pines, Japan, Turkey, Cuba, and Brazil. World production in 1912 
(latest complete figures) was as follows: 


{In 1,000 pounds.] 


United States (except Phil- Austria-Hungary _____--__ 188, 189 
ippiness?> 2% woe ioe 979; 355 | Germany —. 2 te 85, T41 
Braet LOUD) Cee ae 54° 468 | Russia: 2. OU eee eee 237, 406 
TAC Ox ha Bhs pe te | are 49, 884 | British India__._.._- == 450, 000 
AK Rn A Aaa IE a pe TSUN a 39, GS0.4, JADA Qo ci ee 93, 696 
fl 9 pe Nn em cts Sl PRES Fe 68, 894 | Other countries less than 
Dutch Bast Indies_________ 182, 427 40,000,000 pounds _-____ 298, 748 
Philippine Islands ________ 65, 219 oe 
Cuba (estimated )o<0 2. oo 42, 030 Total... = alte 2, 835, 740 


The production of India and China is very great, but is consumed 
locally. In international trade the tobaccos of the United States, 
Cuba, the Dutch East Indies, .Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, the Philip- 
pines, and Brazil are of most significance. Tobacco culture is highly 
specialized in this country and several distinet types (for different 
uses) are grown in well-defined areas. Different types of foreign and 
domestic tobaceos are largely noncompetitive. In 1918 a erop of 
1,340,019,000 pounds was produced on 1,549,000 acres, about 50 per 


cent in Kentucky and North Carolina, and 40 per cent in Virginia, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 299 


Ohio, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee, Es- 
tablishments engaged in the manufacture in 1914 numbered 13,951, 
employing 178,872 wage earners, receiving wages ef $77,856,000; capi- 
tal, $303,840,000 ; cost of materials, $207,134,000; and value of products, 
$490,165,060. The number of retail tobacconists in 1918 was 823,000. 
in 1917 large cigars consumed 165,360,912 pounds; small cigars, 
4,215,037 pounds; large cigarettes, 131,159 pounds; small cigarettes, 
133,374,761 pounds; plug, 179,413,107 pounds; twist, 15,174,350 pounds; 
fine cut, 11,286,561 pounds; smoking, 243,586,164 pounds; and snuff, 
33,516,802 pounds. Cigars weighing over 3 pounds to the thousand 
totaled 7,559,890,349, and weighing not more than 3 pounds to the 
thousand, 967,228,920; cigarettes weighing not more than 3 pounds to 
the thousand, 35,331,264,067, and weighing over 3 pounds to the thou- 
sand, 24,596,110. 

Imports exceeded $38,000,000 in 1918, about 70 per cent leaf tobacco, 
which normally averages about $25,000,000. Generally our imports 
are high-grade leaf tobacco used in making cigars and cigarettes, 
chiefly from Cuba (wrapper and filler), Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria 
(cigarette), the Dutch Hast Indies (wrapper), and the Philippines 
(cigars and cheroots). Manufactured imports consist:chiefly of high- 
priced cigars and cigarettes. 

Revenues from tobacco.—Manufactured tobacco is universally an 
important source of public revenue and in scme 15 countries (includ- 
ing France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and Sweden) State 
monopolies have been founded for this purpose; ihe Government of 
Uruguay is now legislating to that end. Great gains in the revenue 
are said to be thus realized without adding to the consumer’s price. 
Distribution is concentrated in a single revenue ageucy, retaining the 
profits of wholesalers and retailers and saving the expenses incident 
to competition. In France ex-soldiers are preferred and given a 
fixed commission for the work of retail distribution in lieu of (or 
supplemental to) pensions. In 1918 our internal revenue from tobacco 
aggregated more than $155,000,000—over $66,000,000 from cigareties, 
$34,000,000 from cigars, and $47,000,000 from “ manufactured tobacco,” 
To offset the heavy internal taxes, compensatory duties are levied 
upon imports plus an additional percentage for protection. In 1918 
these duties yielded $23,386,404, of which $21,019,953 was from un- 
manufactured tobacco. The ad valorem equivalents are sometimes 
over 180 per cent. 

Exports in 1918 were nearly $91,000,000, of which leaf tobacco con- 
stituted about $69,000,000 and cigarettes about $17,500,000. Leaf 
tobacco has been an important export since the settlement at James- 
town, averaging in recent years more than 400,000,000 pounds. The 
so-called “ dark fire-cured” and “bright” or “ flue-cured” types of 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas constitute the 
greater portion of leaf exports. Its average valuation price is lower 
than the imported, but the volume of exports is much larger. Exports 
have been chiefly to England, France, Italy, Germany, <Austria- 
Hungary, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. 


WRAPPER TOBACCO AND FILLER TOBACCO. 


Description and uses.—The typical cigar-wrapper leaf—thin, light 
in weight, of fine texture, elastic, and of proper color, size, and 


300 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


burning properties—is readily distinguished from typical cigar-filler 
leaf and from the American cigarette tobacco. Wrapper, especially 
the lower grades, is not so easily distinguished from binder grades, 
and in the less typical grades it may be difficult even to distinguish 
wrapper and filler. As a rule, the same locality does not produce 
cigar wrapper, binder, and filler of equal excellence. The type of 
leaf required for domestic cigarettes is quite different from cigar leaf. 

Production.—The Sumatra wrapper is conceded to be the standard ( 
of excellence, largely because of its “covering capacity,” 1 pound 
providing wrappers for,500 or more cigars. <A similar grade is 
grown in Java, and Cuba-produces a fine cigar wrapper in limited 
quantities. The well-known “broadleaf” wrapper is extensively 
grown in the Connecticut Valley; the “ Havana seed” wrapper is 
grown there also, and to a limited extent in other sections. The 
greater proportion of these types, however, are of the binder and 
filler grades. A high-grade wrapper (from Cuban seed) -is extensively 
grown under artificial shade in the Connecticut Valley and in the 
vicinity of Quincy, Fla., the total production now averaging 6,000,000 
to 8,000,000 pounds. Cigar binder and filler types are grown in 
large quantities in Cuba, the Philippines, and in Pennsylvania, Ohio 
Wisconsin, and New York. ‘Tobacco produced in Macedonia and 
in Asiatic Turkey bears a relation to the cigarette industry similar 
to that of Cuban tobacco to the cigar industry. Typical cigarette- 
leaf is grown in large quantities in Virginia, the Carolinas, and 
Georgia; burley and other types adapted to chewing and pipe smok- 
ing tobaccos and for export are grown chiefly in Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Virginia, Ohio, and Maryland. 

Imports of wrapper tobacco during 1910-1914 from Sumatra and 
Java (through Amsterdam), averaged about 6,000,000 pounds; filler 
leaf from Cuba, including some wrapper and binder grades, averaged 
25,000,000 pounds. Before the war large and rapidly increasing quan- 
tities of leaf (e. g., 20,000,000 pounds), designated “Turkish to- 
bacco,” were being imported from Macedonia and Asia Minor for 
cigarettes and fancy smoking mixtures. During the war notable 
quantities of cigarette tobacco came from Greece and China. 

Exports of cigar leaf tobacco until the war were inconsiderable. 
There has been an expanding foreign demand for the bright flue- 
cured type, other exports continuing stable. England and continental 
HKurope are the chief purchasers. It is estimated that fully 80 per 
cent of the country’s production of fire-cured leaf and Maryland 
tobacco (about 60 per cent of the flue-cured) and nearly 50 per cent 
of the dark air-cured types are exported. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Under the act of 18838 (par. 246) the bale or other package was 
the unit in determining the percentage, fineness, and weight, where 
the bale or other separate conerete quantity of leaf tobacco contained 
only leaves of such uniformity. of character as to be collectively of 
one class; and the quantity of each class was the unit where the 
tobacco consisted of two distinct classes. (155 U.S., 124, 183, of 1894; 
137 U. S., 225, of 1890; 55 Fed., 383, 388, of 1893; and 67 Fed., 323, 
of 1895; see also 179 U. S., 463, of 1900, infra.) Under the act of 
1890 (par. 242) a bale containing. any portion of tobacco suitable 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 3801 


for wrappers was the unit and duty was taken on the whole bale as 
wrapper tobacco. (72 Fed., 50, of 1896.) Under the act of 1897 
(acts of 1809 and 1913 also) the entire contents of the bale were 
dutiable as wrapper tobacco where a bale contained more than 15 
per cent of wrapper. Where there was not more than 15 per cent of 
Wrapper the contents were dutiable as wrapper or as filler according 
to the respective percentages. (179 U. S., 463, of 1900.) This. act 
(as did the acts of 1909 and 1918) required the assessment of duties 
upon the weight of tobacco at the time of entry and hot upon the 
weight at the time of withdrawal from warehouse, and, ffiirthermore, 
without allowance for moisture absorbed in the voyage of importation, 
(204 U. S., 148, of 1907.) 

Importations of tobacco are to be weighed on scales with beams 
graduated with half-pound notches. The nearest balance in each 
draft is to be taken, whether it be full pound or half pound. (T. D. 
31195, of 1911; art. 1100, Cust. Regs. of 1915.) 

There has been considerable litigation to determine whether cer- 
tain tobacco in various importations was dutiable as wrapper or as 
filler, classification being determined upon the evidence in each case. 
Decisions under the act of 1913 are Abstracts 87767, 38069, 38592, 
38621, 38654, and 88801, of 1915; 39888, 39389, 39913, and 40500, of 
1916; 45079 and 40800, of 1917; 41678 and ‘41776, of 1918; and 42921, 
of 1919. Determination of character of tobacco is matter of evidence 
and not of judicial knowledge. (Abstract 88801, of 1915.) 

Regulations have been prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury 
governing the examination of tobaceo ('T. D. 37328, of 1917; 36887, of 
1916; 21886, of 1899), the reporting by examiners of percentages of 
wrapper (T. D. 35535, of 1915), reimportation of leaf tobacco (T. D. 
36177, of 1916; see also Abstract 42115, of 1918), and the packing, 
stamping, and weighing of tobacco, cigars, and snuff (Chap. VIII and 
Griasoul. 111, 1100, 1208, Cust: Regs. of 1915;,T. D.:33783,, of 1913; 
36467, of 1916; 37228, of 1917). 

In determining an allowance for tare, weights taken upon official 
scales in compliance with official duty are to be preferred to those 
taken on scales without an official status and not shown to have been 
tested and to be correct. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 281, of 1915.) 

In determining the dutiable weight of leaf tobacco, the actual tare 
of 144 pounds in the bale found by the Government weigher was held 
to be the proper allowance rather than the schedule tare of 13 pounds 
to the bale set forth in article 1109 of Customs Regulations of 1915. 
fame, L. L..37239;, of 1917.) 

Twelve pounds actual tare found at the time of the entry of the 
merchandise in a bonded warehouse was taken as the proper tare 
rather than the tare based on the weight of the tobacco some time 
after importation. (Abstract 37198, of 1915.) 

Turkish, Grecian, and kindred tobaccos are used in the condition 
as imported (that is, without removing the stems) for making ciga- 
rettes and smoking tobacco. This tobacco pays 35 cents per pound 
duty. On the other hand, the stems (which constitute about 40 per 
cent of the total weight of the leaf) must be removed from the tobacco 
before it can be used for cigars. This stemmed tobacco pays 50 cents 
a pound. (See par. 182.) 


302 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 182. 


ACT OF 1599. 


221. The term wrapper tobacco as 
used in this section means,that quality 
of leaf tobacco which is suitabie for 
cigar wrappers, and the term filler 
tobacco means all other leaf tobacco. 


Collectors of customs shall not permit: 


entry to be made, except under regu- 
lations to be prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, of any leaf 
tobacco, unless the invoices. of the 
same shall specify in detail the char- 
acter of such tobacco, whether wrapper 
or filler, its origin and quality. In 
the examination for classification of 
any imported ieaf tobacco, at least 
one bale, box, or package in every ten, 
and at least one in every invoice, shall 
be examined by the appraiser or per- 
son authorized by law to make such 
examination, and at least ten hands 
shall be examined in each examined 
bale, box, or package. 


ACT OF 1915. 


182, The term wrapper tobacco as 
used in this section means that quality 
of leaf tobacco which has the requisite 
color, texture, and burn, and is of 
sufficient size for cigar wrappers, and 
the term filier tobacco means all other 
leaf tobacco. Collectors of customs 
shall not permit entry to be made, ex- 


| cept under regulations to be prescribed 


by the Secretary of the Treasury, of 
any leaf tobaeco, unless the inyoices 
of the same shall specify in detail the 
character of such tobacco, whether 
wrapper or filler, its origin and quality. 
In the examination for classification 
of any imported leaf tobacco, at least 
one bale, box, or package in every ten, 
and at least one in every invoice, shall 
be examined by the appraiser or per- 
son authorized by law to make such’ 
examination, and at least ten hands 
shall be examined in each examined 
bale, box, or package, 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Regulations governing the method of invoicing tobacco have been 
prescribed by the Treasury Department. (T. D. 36887, of 1916.) 

The regulation of the Secretary of the Treasury that tobacco con- 
taining a percentage of wrapper shall be invoiced as ‘‘ mixed” was 
held to be reasonable and to have all the foree of law. Tobacco in- 
voiced as “ filler” which was found to contain a substantial amount 
of wrapper was held to be entered by means of a false invoice. The 
circumstance that tobacco invoiced as filler was found to contain a 
considerable percentage of wrapper and was invoiced at less than 
its true value was held to be sufficient evidence of fraudulent intent 
to sustain a forfeiture. (T. D. 34891, of 1914.) 

Where the evidence was in hopeless conflict, the collector’s classi- 
fication was sustained without a decision upon the question whether 
eertain leaf tobacco was of sufficient size for cigar wrappers within 
the meaning of this paragraph. The standard involved was a leaf 
that could be commercially and profitably used to wrap a 5-inch per- 
fecto cigar. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 153, of 1916.) 

In changing the language defining wrapper tobacco in the tariff 
revision of 1913, it was not intended by Congress to fix a new stand- 
ard in this paragraph. Commercially the requirements in a leaf of 
tobacco to fit it for use aS a wrapper are no different under the tariff 
act of 1913 than they were under the tariff act of 1909 and prior acts. 
(G. A. 7838, 'T. D. 36047, of 1916.) (See par. 181.) 


PARAGRAPH 188. 


222, All other tobacco manufactured 
or unmanufactured, not specially pro- 
vided for in’ this section, and scrap 
tobaceo, 55 cents per pound, 


183. All ether tobacco, manufac- 
tured or unmanufactured, not specially 
provided for in this section, 55 cents 
per pound; scrap tobacco, 35 cents per 
pound, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 8038 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description and uses.—The term scr@p tobacco usually refers to 
clippings accumulating in working cigars, although cheap leaf may 
be included. “Scrap” denotes both raw and manufactured products. 
There is a marked increase of chewing tobacce made from scrap, con- 
siderable quantities of cigar leaf being used for that purpose. 

Various other types and ferms of smoking and chewing tobaccos 
come under this paragraph—granulated, fine-cut, and long-cut, types 
used for rolling cigarettes; pipe smoking and chewing, made from 
various combinations and blends of domestic and imported tobaccos. 
The flat plug, heavily sweetened western plug, and twist are also 
important forms of manufacture in which large quantities of licorice, 
sugar, honey, and flavoring materials are used. 

Production of scrap, plug, and other forms of smeking and chewing 
tobacce is very large and steadily increasing. In 1917 there were 
produced 248,586,164 pounds of smoking tobacco, 179,413,107 pounds 
of plug, 15,174,350 pounds of twist, 11,286,561 pounds of fine cut, and 
33,516,802 pounds of snuff. With the exception of scrap, nearly all of 
these are made from the flue-cured, the burley, and the dark air- 
cured types (other than cigar jeaf), together with certain quantities 
of imported tobacco. In general, this class of manufactures requires 
considerable special machinery and equipment. The demand for pipe 
and cigarette preparations “seems to be increasing at the expense of 
chewing products. 

Imports of scrap from Cuba and the Philippines are considerable. 
Limited quantities of manufactured tobacco under this paragraph are 
imported for a special class of trade, mostly from the United Kingdom, 
Italy, China, and Hongkong. Imports of scrap in 1918 aggregated 
3,829,834 pounds; the total value of “all other manufactures of” was 
about $130,000. 

Exports of tobacco manufactures included in this paragraph are 
not large, relatively, the chief items being 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 
pounds of plug, chiefly:to the United Kingdom, Australia, and New 
Zealand, and 1,500,000 pounds of smoking tobacco, largely to Australia, 
the Philippines, and Panama. 

(See par. 181.) 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Under the act of 1883 clippings from the ends of cigars and pieces 
broken from tobacco were held dutiable as unmanufactured and not 
as manufactured tobacco (153 U. 8., 32, of 1894), but under the act 
of 1890, which contained no specific provision for unmanufactured 
tobacco not in leaf, such scrap tobacco was held dutiable in one case 
as manufactured (55 Fed. 818, of 1893) and in another case as waste 
(93 Fed. 448, of 1899). Under the act of 1897 small pieces broken 
from the leaves in handling and manufacturing cigars, but still retain- 
ing the name and quality of tobacco and used for making cigarettes 
and stogies, were held dutiable as tobacco unmanufactured rather than 
as waste. (223 U.S. 501, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 184. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 


228. Snuff and snuff flour, manufac- 184. Snuff and snuif flour, manufac- 
tured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, | tured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, 
and pickled, scented, or etherwise, of | and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of 
all descriptions, 55 cents per pound. all descriptions, 55 cents per pound. 


‘ 


804 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Snujf is made chiefly from the darker 
grades of the heavy fire-cured type of tobacco admixed with stems 
and fats, pepper, sand, ete. The three principal classes are (1) rappee 
or French snuff, used for inhaling; (2) maccaboy, for inhaling and 
chewing; (8) Scotch, Swedish, Polish, Copenhagen, etc., for chewing 
or dipping. These classes are further divided. The Scotch types are | 
strong and practically free from added flavoring materials. Manu- 
facture consists essentially in fermenting, drying, and grinding under 
special conditions. 

Production of snuff is.in excess of 30,000,000 pounds, increasing 
during the past two or three decades, and reaching approximately 
37,000,000 pounds in 1918. It is made in large quantities in France 
and in other countries. 

Imports of snuff, chiefly from Italy, are fairly constant at about 
30,000 pounds, valued at $1 per pound. 


PARAGRAPH 185. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


224. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of 185. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of 
all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 per | all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 per 
centum ad valorem, and paper cigars | centum ad valorem, and paper cigars 
and cigarettes, including wrappers, | and cigarettes, including wrappers, 
shall be subject to the same duties as | shall be subject to the same duties as 
are herein imposed upon cigars. are herein imposed upon cigars. 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description and uses.—The cigar is made up of three components, 
viz, the filler or body, the binder which serves to retain the form of 
the filler, and the wrapper which covers and imparts finish to the 
cigar. Cigars are of many shapes and sizes, but average about 21 
pounds of leaf to 1,000 cigars of nrost popular size. The highest priced 
cigars are shaped and rolled by hand, while cheroots have been made 
mostly by machinery, now used to some extent for medium-priced 
cigars which, until recently, except for shaping molds, were hand- 
made. Cuban tobacco is conceded to produce the finest cigar, and the 
“clear Havana,” or all-Cuban cigar, is the standard of excellence. 
The “seed and Havana” cigar is made of Cuban filler, a domestic 
binder, and Connecticut broadleaf wrapper. The lower-priced cigars 
have for filler a mixture of Cuban and domestic leaf or domestic leaf 
alone, a domestic binder, and, chiefly, a Sumatra wrapper. The domes- 
tic shade-grown wrapper has come into extensive use for both the 
higher and the lower priced cigars. Cheroots are largely made of 
tobacco not usually classed as cigar leaf. 

The principal classes of American cigarettes are (1) those made 
entirely from domestic leaf, chiefly the bright flue-cured, and, to a 
lesser extent, burley; (2) the ‘ Turkish blend,’ made of mixtures of 
domestic and imported cigarette tobacco; (38) the “ Turkish” and 
*“ Egyptian.” No tobacco is grown in Egypt, and both Turkish and 
Egyptian cigarettes are made from the products of Macedonia and 
Asia Minor, designated collectively as “ Turkish tobacco.” The manu- 
facture of cigarettes involves elaborate and complex machinery, _ 
special and fancy brands being made by hand. Flavoring herbs, 
eascarilla bark, corn husk, etc., are sometimes used. Some cigarettes 
have mouthpieces of paper, cork, or other material. Cigarettes vary 
in weight, but the most popular size approximates 8 pounds to 1,000. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 305 


Production of large cigars amounted to about 7,000,000,000 and of 
small cigars to over 844,000,000 in 1918. The greater portion consists 
of popular-priced grades of domestic tobacco, excepting, perhaps, the 
wrapper. The “seed or Havana” cigar also has been an extensive 
branch of the industry. The manufacture of “clear Havana” cigars 
from Cuban leaf is an important industry in Tampa and Key West, 
Fla. Cigar production has not increased greatly in recent years, 
manufacturers declining in number. Domestic output of cigarettes, 
especially of the “Turkish blend” class, has increased remarkably. 
In 1908 the production was less than 7,000,000,000; in 1918, nearly 
38,000,000,000. 

Imports of cigars from Cuba average about 600,000 pounds, with in- 
creasingly large quantities from the Philippines—about 4,200,000 
pounds in 1918. Imports of cigarettes are small, averaging 75,000 
pounds before the war, mostly from Mexico, the Philippines, and 
Egypt. 

Exports of cigars and cigarettes are unimportant, except to China 
and the Straits Settlements, these countries taking nearly 6,000,000,000 
cigarettes in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cigarettes of unusual length, one end having no tobacco, but several 

thicknesses of paper constituting the mouthpiece, the outer strips ex- 
tending over the tobacco forming the wrapper, were held dutiable 
upon the entire weight. Both the tobacco and the wrapper are 
dutiable under this paragraph at the specific rate of $4.50 per pound 
and 25 per cent ad valorem, the paper or other material with which 
the cigarette is wrapped forming, for duty purposes, a part of the 
weight as well as a part of the value of the cigarettes. (Abstract 
87965, of 1915.) 
. Fifty cigars, three hundred cigarettes, or three pounds of smoking 
tobacco brought by adult passengers for their own use are exempt 
from duty and internal-revenue tax. Customs inspection stamps need 
not be affixed to each package. The foregoing articles are admitted 
free in addition to the exemption allowed returning residents under 
paragraph 642 of the act of 1918. Cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco can 
not be included within the $100 exemption accorded to returning 
residents of the United States. 

The privilege of free entry is applicable only to bona fide pas- 
sengers arriving in the United States from foreign countries and is 
not extended to persons who cross the boundary into~ contiguous 
foreign territory for the purpose of purchasing the articles nor to 
persons making frequent trips of short duration. (Art. 361, Cust. 
Regs. of 1915, as amended by T. D. 86467, of 1916.) 

The practice exempting from duty cigars and cigarettes brought 
in by passengers was upheld in 106 Fed., 672, of 1901. (See par. 642.) 


SCHEDULE G. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PRO- 


VISIONS. 
PARAGRAPH 186. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
227. Horses and mules, valued at 186, Horses and mules, 10 per 


$150 or less per head, $30 per head; | centum ad valorem. 
if valued at over $150, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 


184911°—20——-20 


306 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


HORSES. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph applies only to horses of 
common stock. Animals of recognized breed, emigrant’s teams, and 
animals imported temporarily for show purposes are free. (See pars. 
397 and 398.) The introduction of machinery has failed to reduce 
the number of horses on farms, which has increased from 17,058,000 
in 1805 to 21,555,000 in 1918, The principal substitutes for the horse— 
motor cars, trucks, and tractors—have greatly increased, the registra- 
tion of motor vehicles in 1918 being 5,148,000, of motor trucks 485,000, 
and of farm tractors approximately 200,000. 

Production.—The number increased during the war. The average 
farm value of horses shows no steady tendency, but was $110.77 in 
1913 and $98.48 in 1919. Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, 
and Texas lead in farm horses, with over 1,000,000 each. 

Imports reached the maximum (28,276) in 1914, after the reduction 
of the duty from 25 per cent to 10 per cent, principally from Mexico, 
Canada, France, and Belgium. <A total dutiable import of 28,613 
horses was valued at $924,917, producing a revenue of $107,193. 

Exports reached 357,553 in 1916. In that year France received 
52.4 per cent of the horses, the United Kingdom, 13.6 per cent, and 
Canada, 23 per cent. The exports to France and Italy were large 
during the war. 

MULES. 


Production.—Statistics show a steady increase in the number of 
mules on farms, the increase being from 2,889,000 in 1905. to 4,925,000 
in 1919. The average farm value in January, 1919, was $135.59. 
Texas, Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama lead, 
Texas having 792,000, and the others over 300,000. each. 

Imports, which are much less important than exports, were 2,180 in 
1918, with a value of $57,197, yielding a revenue of $5,719. 

Exports have increased from an average of 5,125 for the years 
1910-1914 to 136,689 in 1917. Canada, Cuba, and Mexico were the 
important destinations before the war, but in 1915. the United Kingdom 
received 61,160. 


PARAGRAPH 187. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
229. All other live animals, not 187. All live animals not specially 
specially provided for in this section, | provided for in this section, 10 per 
20 per centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers some wild animals 
which have been brought in for breeding purposes, such as red foxes 
by New England fox farmers. 

Production figures are not available. 

Imports were valued at $153,873 in 1916, $152,983 in 1917, and 
$132,244 in 1918, yielding revenues of $15,837, $15,272, and $138,224, 
respectively. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. 307 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “all other live animals” in paragraph 229 of 
~the act of 1909 was interpreted not to include escargets or edible 
snails. A decision (13 Wall. 162) that canary birds were not within 
the term “ other live animals” in the act of 1866, which was held 
limited to quadrupeds, but under the provision of the act of 1861 
“animals, live, of all kinds; birds, singing and other * * *” wag 
followed. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 134, of 1914.) (See par. 619.) 


PARAGRAPH 188. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


230. Barley, 30 cents per bushel of 188, Barley, 15 cents per bushel of 
forty-eight pounds. forty-eight pounds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The better grades of berley are required for 
malting purposes, and, to a small extent, in the manufacture of prod- 
ucts such as pearl barley; the lower grades, which constitute the 
bulk of the crop, are fed on the farms where grown. While the 
malsters have taken most of the commercial crop, the great increase 
in production is due to its use as a feedstuff on farms. 

Production.—The barley crop increased nearly threefold from 1891 
to 1918 (annual average, 1891-1895, 77,000,000 bushels; 1914-1918, 
210,000,000 bushels). The principal producing regions, which also 
yield the best brewing barley, are the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 
and the Pacific coast. 

Imports are insignificant except when the domestic crop is short or 
of poor quality. Ontario produces a superior grade of brewing barley, 
and formerly supplied us from 8,000,000 to 11,000,000 bushels ; but the 
American tariff of 15 cents per bushel being higher than the normal 
ocean freight, the Canadian surplus usually moves to England. 

Exports for 1909-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 27,000,000 bushels. 
Ordinarily over 90 per cent of these exports originated in the Pacific 
States. These States produce excellent brewing barley, but the rail 
rates prevent a large eastern movement except when prices are 
unusually high. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Barley scorched and smoked was held dutiable as barley and not 
as an unenumerated article under the act of 1913. (Abstract 88882, 
of 1915.) (See ‘Interpretation and comments,” par. 644.) Barley, 
some without its outer covering, and apparently charred, saved from 
an elevator or similar place where there had been a fire and having 
here and there a kernel of corn, an oat, and a pea, imported to feed 
sheep, was held properly classified as barley under this paragraph. 
(Abstract 42873, of 1919.) 

A commedity that was invoiced, entered, and classified as barley, 
. Shown by testimony and the certificate of the chief inspector of 
grain at Minneapolis to be speltz, a kind of cereal more like barley | 
than wheat, was held not exempt from duty as wheat. (Abstract 
42930, of 1919.) (See par. 644.) 


308 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 189. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
931. Barley, malt, 45° cents per 189. Barley malt, 25 cents per 
bushel of thirty-four pounds. bushel of thirty-four pounds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Barley malt is prepared by steeping the 
grain in water, causing it to soften and swell. It is then allowed to 
germinate or grow sprouts, the germination being arrested by drying 
and curing in kilns. During germination the enzyme diastase is de- 
veloped, the final malt being to some extent soluble. In the subse- 
quent brewing processes the crushed malt is attacked by the enzymes 
and converted into soluble compounds. From 1 bushel of barley are 
produced 1.1 bushels of malt. Malt sprouts, a by-product, are used 
as a feedstuff. 

Malt is used chiefly in the brewing of fermented liquors, and to a 
smaller extent in the manufacture of distilled liquors. Since the 
enactment of prohibition legislation it is finding a large and rapidly 
increasing outlet in the manufacture of near-beer and other non- 
alcoholic beverages. Small quantities are used in making various 
breakfast foods and malt preparations. The consumption in 1915-16 
of malt and its equivalent in barley was as follows: 


Equivalent 
Malt. in barley. 
Bushels. Bushels. 
Manufacture of fermented liquors. 24.22 a. ne see we aceon eee 57, 683, 970 52, 439, 920 
Manutfactureor distilled liquorsi. oucs- ete eee e eee ene eee 4, 480, 588 4, 073, 258 
TDOUAL ste 5 cxcnec, Sits teas Sao Cia gel des eke Cuntace choi beaks ea Nee nee 62, 164, 658 56, 513, 178 


Production.—Imports being negligible (less than $20,000), these 
62,164,558 bushels of malt may be assumed to equal the domestic 
production. However, while the greater part was made from barley, 
use was also made of corn, rye, wheat, and other cereals. In 1914 
there were 97 malting establishments, the materials costing $39,- 
000,000, and the value of products reaching $48,000,000. A consider- 
able production of malt by brewers is not reported. 

Exports of malt averaged about 210,000 bushels annually during 
1910-1914 and moved chiefly to Canada. During the war the exports 
rose over tenfold. 

PARAGRAPH 190. 


232. Barley, pearled, patent, or 190. Barley, pearled, patent, or 
hulled, 2 cents per pound. hulled, 1 cent per pound, - 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Hulled or pot barley is prepared by grinding 
off the outer cuticle or husk. When the grinding is carried fuzther, 
so that the grain is reduced to small round pellets, it is termed pearl 
barley. Patent barley is either pearled or pot barley reduced to flour. 
Pearled barley is the most important of these products. It demands 
a high-grade grain—large, spherical, free from weather damage, and 
unbroken. Large, two-row varieties are grown for pearling. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 309 


Production statistics for these products are not available, but 
pearled, patent, or hulled barleys amount to an insignificant propor- 
tion of the barley crop. (See pars. 188 and 189.) Four bushels of 
barley (48 pounds per bushel) yield 100 pounds of pearl barley and 
approximately 90 pounds of feed. 

Imports have increased steadily, coming from Europe, especially 
from Germany. From 489,244 pounds in 1907, they rose to 1,826,213 
pounds in 1914. During the war imports dropped to about one-half 
the prewar level. 

PARAGRAPH 191. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


237. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all 191. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all 
similar preparations, 13 cents per | similar preparations, 1 cent per pound. 
pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Macaroni, vermicelli, spaghetti, and similar 
edible pastes are made from the coarse flour or meal (called semolina) 
of hard varieties of wheat. As wheat of high gluten content is re- 
quired, durum or macaroni wheat-—grown principally in Russia, 
Algiers, Montana, and the Dakotas—is preferred. The semolina is 
worked into a stiff paste or dough with hot water, again kneaded, 
then placed in a cylinder pierced with holes corresponding to the 
diameter of the product, forced through, cut into desired lengths, and 
dried. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 373 manufacturers of “ macaroni, 
vermicelli, and noodles,’ the output being valued at $12,884,000, 
besides $400,723 reported by bakers and other manufacturers. 

The manufacture of edible pastes is greatest in Italy and France. 
These foods are prepared in most Italian households, but there is a 
marked trend toward factory production. Durum wheat is imported 
from the United States and returned as edible paste. 

Imports during 1910-1914 ranged between 100,000,000 and 125,- 
000,000 pounds, valued at from $4,500,000 to $5,500,000, with a customs 
revenue of about $1,500,000. Over 95 per cent came from Italy, and 
most of the remainder from France. During the war imports dwindled 
to less than 1 per cent of the previous volume. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shirataki is dutiable as vermicelli. (Abstract 32518, T. D. 33474, 
of 1913.) 
PARAGRAPH 192. 


238. Oats, 15 cents per bushel. 192. Oats, 6 cents per bushel of 

thirty-two pounds; oatmeal and rolled 

239. Oatmeal and rolled oats, 1 cent | oats, 30 cents per one hundred pounds ; 

per pound; oat hulls, 10 cents per | oat hulls, 8 cents per one hundred 
hundred pounds. pounds, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
OATS. 


Description and uses.—Approximately 85 per cent of our oat crop 
is fed to live stock, principally horses; 4 per cent becomes oatmeal 
or similar products; and the balance is sown or exported. Oat straw 


a te 


310 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


is used for feeding purposes. The oat crop is sometimes. eut for hay, 
or is pastured, or turned under for green manure. Nearly 70 per cent 
ts consumed on the farm where produced; but the remaining 80 per 
eent, the commercial crop, exceeds in volume the world trade in oats. 
Its markets are very elastic, depending upon live-stock conditions and 
prices of corn, hay, and other competing feedstuffs. 

Production.—The American crop is about 1,500,000,600 bushels. 
more than that of any other country; 75 per cent is grown in the 
North Central States, whose surplus, with the small exeess grown 
in the Pacific Northwest, supplies the deficiencies of the South and — 
Hast, as well as the exports. Hurope produces, roughly, two-thirds 
of the world crop, about half being grown in Russia. In foreign 
countries oats are used to a considerable extent as human food. 

Imports for 1897-1913, principally from Canada, under a duty of 15 
cents per bushel, exceeded 1,000,000 bushels only in years of domestic 
crop shortage. In 1914, under a duty of 6 cents per bushel, coinciding 
with a harvest about 300,000,000 bushels less than the preceding year, 
about 22,000,000 bushels were imported, chiefly from Canada, but also 
from Argentina. Since then imports have ranged between 1,000,000 
and 2,000,000 bushels. ’ 

Exports fluctuate greatly, according to domestic and foreign har- 
vests. Although the domestic crop nearly doubled in 20 years, 
exports declined from over 40,000,000 bushels in 1900 to less than 
3,000,000 bushels in 1914. Considerable exports from the Pacific 
States went to Europe in 1914. During the war exports increased 
enormously. 

OATMEAL AND ROLLED OATS. 


Description and uses.—Oatmeal, rolled oats, and similar prepara- 
tions are milled from hulled and kiln-dried oats, 10 bushels pro- 
ducing one barrel (180 pounds) of oatmeal. For these products high- 
grade, plump, heavy, white oats with thin hulls are preferred. Oat- 
meal and similar products are consumed largely as breakfast foods 
and are also used for feeding stock. 

Production of oatmeal by merchant flour mills in 1914 was 39,- 
451,581 pounds, valued at $757,804, principally in New York and Wis- 
eonsin, and of rolled oats (including other breakfast foods) 92,676,085 
pounds, valued at $2,982,238. In 1914 approximately 50,000,000 bushels 
of oats went into merchant fleur mills manufacturing oatmeal, and 
23,000,000 bushels into meals prepared chiefly for live-stock feed; 
10,000,000 to 15,000,000 bushels were consumed by custom mills. 

Import values normally are less than $50,000. 

Exports for 19138-1918 ranged from 16,000,000 to 347,000,000 pounds, 
valued at $569,000 to $17,500,000, and went principally to the United 
Kingdom and the Netherlands. 


OAT HULLS. 


Description and uses.—Oat hulls, bran, middlings, and oat shorts, 
the offal of oatmeal mills, are used by feed manufacturers as a filler 
or roughener in some grades of feed for live stock. 

Imports, valued at $250,000 to $350,000, come chiefly from Canada. 





INTERPRETATION 


Oats, scorched and smoked, are within this provision. 


38882, of 1915.) 


ean oats, are dutiable as oat hulls under this paragraph. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


311 
AND COMMENTS. 


(Abstract 


Oat hulls, ground, even though derived from Ameri- 


CG. A. 


8284, T. D. 38108; T. D. 38150, and Abstract 43331, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 193. 


ACT OF 1909. 


240. Rice, cleaned, 2 cents per 
pound; uncleaned rice, or rice free of 
the outer hull and still having the 
inner cuticle on, 14 cents per pound; 
rice flour, and rice meal, and rice 
broken which will pass through a 
number twelve vvire sieve of a kind 
prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, 
paddy, or rice having the outer hull 
on, 2 of 1 cent per pound. 


| inner cuticle on, 8&8 


ACT OF 19883. 

193. Rice, cleaned, .1.. cent er 
pound ; uncleaned rice, or rice free of 
the outer hull and still having the 
of 1 cent per 
pound; rice flour, and rice meal, and 
rice broken which will pass through a 
number twelve sieve of a kind pre- 


. Scribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
x of 1 cent per pound; | 


ury, % cent per pound; 
rice having the outer hull on, 2 
cent per pound. 


paddy, or 
of 1 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The domestic rice crop nearly doubled between the 
years 1908 and 1918. Of the 40,000,000 bushels harvested in 1918, 
Louisiana produced 18,000,000 and Texas, Arkansas, and California 
each more than 7,000,000 bushels. Rice culture has developed rapidly 
in these States, especially in California, but has been discontinued in 
the South Atlantic division, where once was grown nearly all the 
domestic supply. It is a special form of agriculture, requiring un- 
usual equipment and a considerable plant investment. 

Planters generally market the product as “ rough rice,” that is, in 
the condition it leaves the thrasher, retaining dirt and other foreign 
substanees. Specially equipped mills in the growing regions take this 
rough rice, clean it, remove the outer shell or huli, the inner cuticle 
or bran, and sometimes polish the grain. Table rice is usually retailed 
at standard prices which do not fluctuate with the price changes of 
rough rice. In 1914, 59 riece-cleaning establishments, capitalized at 
$12,000,000, produced to the value of $23,000,000. A bushel (45 
pounds) of rough rice yields 28 or 30 pounds of clean or hulled rice; 
the balance consists of chaff, polish or flour, bran, and other by- 
products. About 20 per cent of the grain weight is hull. 

Compared with the enormous crops and exports of the Orient, the 
domestic production is insignificant. However, excepting certain 
kinds imported to meet special requirements, American output sup- 
plies substantially the entire domestic demand, and sends 100,000,000 
to 150,000,000 pounds to Porto Rico, besides exporting annually in 
prewar years about 20,000,000 pounds. 

Imports.—Of the 269,125,342 pounds imported for consumption in 
the fiscak year 1914, over one-half (140,649,985 pounds) falls under 
the tariff classification of “ flour, meal, and broken rice, which will 
pass through a No. 12 wire sieve.” This is known as brewer's rice, 
and was received, not fron: the growing regions, but principally from 
the rice mills of Germany and the Netherlands. This grade is a by- 
preduct of rice milling, the @omestie production in 1914 being only 
70,373,855 pounds (about 10 per cent of the total clean rice), the 1916 
consumption reported by brewers being 141,219,292 pounds. 


ote SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of clean rice, in 1914, following the reduction of the duty 
from 2 cents to 1 cent per pound, were 73,744,997 pounds, about four 
times those of the preceding year. They came largely from the 
Netherlands and China. This is the table or cleaned rice, the imports 
being due, in some degree, to the demands of our foreign population. 
Imports in 1914 of “ uncleaned, or rice free of the outer hull and 
still having the inner cuticle on” (brown rice) totaled 52,677,863 
pounds, and of “ paddy, or rice having the outer hull on,” 2,052,497 
pounds, a large part going to Hawaii. A considerable proportion of 
the unhulled rice is for seed. 

Exports of rice for the year 1914 were 18,223,264 pounds, chiefly to 
Cuba (under a preferential customs treatment) and to Mexico; and 
of rice, bran, and polish, 4,191,062 pounds. Toward the close of the 
war exports of rice rose tenfold. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “ rice, cleaned,” in this paragraph means rice sep- 
arated from both the outer hull and the inner cuticle. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 485, of 1918.) Two kinds of rice subject to different rates of 
duty, imported mixed, may be separated by the importer for tariff 
classification. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 362, of 1911; G. A. 7616, T. D. 
34848, of 1914; G. A. 8032, T. D. 37031, of 1917.) 

Ground rice in the form of flour, known as rice flour, is dutiable 
under the provision for “rice flour” in this paragraph, rather than 
as a preparation “ fit for use as starch,” under paragraph 234, even 
if suitable for such use. (G. A. 4709, T. D. 22229, of 1900.) 


PARAGRAPH 194. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


244, * * * piscuits, wafers, 194. Biscuits, bread, wafers, cakes, 
cakes, and other baked articles, by | and other baked articles, and pud- 
whatever name known, composed in | dings, by whatever name known, con- 
whole or_in part of eggs, or any kind } taining chocolate, nuts, fruit, or con- 
of flour or meal, or other mate- | fectionery of any kind, and without 
rial, * * * combined with choco- | regard to the component material of 
late, nuts, fruit, or confectionery of | chief value, 25 per centum ad valorem, 
any kind, * * * and without re- 
gard to the component material of 
chief value, valued at 15 cents per 
pound or less, 3 cents per pound and 
15 per centum ad valorem; valued 
at more than 15 cents per pound, 50 
per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—This paragraph includes food specialties, not manu 
factured here, imported for foreign populations (European and ori- 
ental). The statistics do not permit of comparison of the numerous 
products, nor are competitive and noncompetitive imports differen- 
tiated. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 166 manufacturers of biscuits and 
crackers, with an output valued at $89,484,000; 25,797 other establish- 
ments, producing “ all other bread and bakery products” (bread, pies, 
cakes, pastry, etc.), reported an output worth $402,409,000. (See 
par. 417.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 813 


Imports of bread and biscuit before the war ranged in value from 
$200,000 and $300,000, chiefly from the United Kingdom, Germany, 
and Japan, but declined greatly after 1914. 

Exports rose from a value of $728,447 in 1914 to $1,973,388 in 1918. 
They moved to almost every country, but chiefly to Oceania, British 
Africa, and Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The dividing lines between biscuits, bread, wafers, and cakes are 
not clear. The partial adoption of the English use of the word 
“biscuit ” to include crackers has added to the difficulties of construc- 
tion. This paragraph embraces biscuits containing icing, currants, 
fruit peel, or particles of nuts, even though of cheap grade; but 
biscuits of fancy quality not containing any of the ingredients men- 
tioned in the paragraph, though highly expensive, are exempt from 
duty under paragraph 417. Cakes are not mentioned in paragraph 
417, hence cakes not falling within paragraph 194 are dutiable as 
unenumerated articles under paragraph 885. 

Biscuits surfaced with icing were held to “contain” the icing as 
confectionery and accordingly dutiable under this paragraph (5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 582, of 1915); and biscuits composed of two layers, the 
upper cut into fancy figures, and a mixture of fruit and sugar, making 
a sort of paste or jelly, between the layers were held to contain fruit 
or confectionery (Abstract 37304, of 1915). 

Sweetened biscuits—Two and one-half per cent of cakes containing 
currants were held to be too small to make the importation dutiable 
under this paragraph. (Abstract 37845, of 1915.) 

Honey cakes or so-called gingerbread not containing chocolate, 
nuts, fruit, or confectionery of any kind were held to come within 
paragraph 385 as unenumerated manufactured articles. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 228, of 1915.) 

Waverly shortbread, a slightly sweetened, hard, flat cake, some 8 

inches long, 6 inches wide, and about one-half inch thick, containing 
no chocolate, nuts, fruit, or confectionery of any kind, was held to be 
neither cake nor bread and exempt from duty under paragraph 417 as 
biscuit, a term declared to cover not only a species of bread, but also 
sweetened and unsweetened crackers. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 278, of 
1915. ) 
- Reibkuchen, a baked loaf composed mainly of flour, covered with a 
thin glaze probably applied with a brush and composed of water and 
the white of an egg, or sugar and water, solely used in making sauces 
for boiled fish, was held to come neither within this paragraph nor 
paragraph 417, but to be dutiable under paragraph 385 as an un- 
enumerated manufactured article. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls.. ——; T. D. 
37844, of 1918.) Sponge rusk, not containing chocolate, nuts, etc., Was 
likewise classified. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37941, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 195. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


245. Butter and substitutes there- 195. Butter and butter substitutes, 
for, 6 cents per pound, 23 cents per pound. 


314 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Butier, as analyzed by the Department of 
Agriculture, consists of fat, 82.41 per eent; water, 13.9 per cent; salt, 
2.51 per cent; and curd, 1.18 per cent. Its substitutes are of two 
elasses—true oleomargarine, which contains oleo oil and neutral lard 
(see par. 528), and vegetable margarines, composed largely of coconut 
and peanut oils, 

Production.—The quantity of butter manufactured in factories has 
increased by 83.2 per cent, from 420,126,546 pounds in 1899 to 769,- 
809,781 pounds in 1914. The leading States in 1914 were Wisconsin 
(116,149,000 pounds), Minnesota (111,165,000 pounds), and iowa 
(92,405,000 pounds). Farm and factory output was about. 2,730,672,000 
pounds in 1914 and 1,650,247,000 pounds in 1917—a decrease from 
both sources. Production of butter substitutes was 95,397,000 pounds 
in 1912 and 271,874,000 pounds in 1917. 

Imports of butter and butter substitutes form a small part of our 
consumption. In 1914 they reached their maximum, 7,842,022 pounds— 
but 1 per cent of domestie factory production. Normally Canada and 
Denmark are the chief sources. In 1917, 523,573 pounds, valued at 
$197,767 were imported—from Canada, 311,257 pounds; Denmark, 
149,078 pounds ; and New Zealand, 50,400 pounds. _ 

Exports.—From 1909 to 1913 this country ranked twelfth among ex- 
porting countries. Denmark averaged 195,530,000; Russia, 150,294,000 ; 
Australia, 77,859,000; the Netherlands, 75,133,000; and the United 
States, 4,125,000 pounds. Exports increased greatly during the war, 

*peing 26,835,092 pounds in 1917; 20,889,000 pounds went to the United 

Kingdom, and 1,323,653 to Canada. Exports of oeleomargarine have 
increased from 2,967,000 pounds in 1913 to 5,561,000 pounds in 1917, 
with the British West Indies the best customer. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMERTS. 


Ghee, the fatty portion of sheep’s milk, or of goat’s or cow’s milk, 
and used chiefly for cooking, is dutiable under this provision. (157 
Fed., 1004, of 1908.) 


PARAGRAPH 196. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i918. 
246. Cheese, and substitutes there- |: 196. Cheese and substitutes there- 
for, 6 cents per pound. for, 20 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cheese is made by separating the curd or 
casein and portions of the fat and other constituents of milk from the 
whey. There are more than 150 varieties. The principal kinds of hard 
cheese are Cheddar, English Cheshire and Stilton, the Dutch Edam 
and Gonda, the Schweitzer (Swiss), and the Italian Parmesan and 
Gorgonzola. Of the soft cheeses, the principal are Brie, Camembert, 
Neufchatel, Limberger, Philadelphia cream, and cottage. Some fancy 
brands of cheese are made by mixing with cream, butter, or oils. 
Many foreign cheeses are now successfully made here, but more than 
nine-tenths is the familiar standard variety, Cheddar, of which there 
are three grades—“ full cream,” from whole milk; “skims,” from 
skimmed or partly skimmed milk; and “filled,” in which oleo or 

neutral lard is substituted for butter fat. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 815 


Filled cheese, marketed as full-cream cheese, is the most serious 
form of adulteration or substitution. Several States have laws prohib- 
iting its manufacture or requiring distinctive labeling. 

Production in 1914 was 370,278,599 pounds of factory cheese, valued 
at $50,377,018. Of this, 332,690,891 pounds were “full cream” and 
18,318,437 pounds “ part cream.” In 1909, 97.1 per cent of the product 
was made in factories; in 1914 there were 2,848 factories. Wisconsin, 
New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Ohio rank in order. Wis- 
consin produced 55.6 per cent of the total in 1914 and New York 26.4 
per cent. During 1999-1914 the total production increased by 59,- 
152,282 pounds or 19.01 per cent; the increase in Wisconsin was 39.07 
per cent and the decrease in New York was 7.2 per cent. 

Imports of cheese in 1918 were 8,582,717 pounds; from 1911 to 1915 
they had averaged 50,499,856 pounds. In i918 Argentina supplied 
$3.9 per cent, whereas Italy and Switzerland normally lead, nearly 
one-half coming from Italy (Parmesan and Gorgonzola) and one-third 
from Switzerland (Schweitzer). A large proportion of these imports 
are of cheeses not extensively manufactured here. Imports increased 
from 48,449,902 pounds in 1913 to 64,497,471 pounds in 1914, with 
duties of $2,906,947 and $2,532,742, respectively. 

Exports increased from an average of 4,915,501 pounds for 1910— 
1914 to °52,527,576 pounds for 1915-1918. In 1912, an average year, 
the United Kingdom took 3,822,735 out of a total of 6,337,559 pounds. 
Other important purchasers were Canada, the British West Indies, 
‘Panama, Mexico, and Cuba. During the war most of the large in- 
creases went to the United Kingdom—55,399,101 out of 66,050,013 
pounds in 1917. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


To find the value upon which duty shall be assessed under this 
paragraph the landed weight shown by the report of the Government 
weigher should be multiplied by the unit invoice or entered value, 
this value not having been advanced by the appraiser to make market 
value. (G. A. 7866, T. D. 36194; G. A. 7867, T. D. 36195; Abstract 
39319, of 1916.) 

The collector has no authority to make allowance in value for 
decrease in weight when liquidation is made on the basis of a legal 
appraisement. (Abstract 38240, of 1915.) In a later case shrinkage 
in the weight of cheese was declared a deterioration and not an in- 
erease in value. The net weight shown by the report of the Gov- 
ernment weigher is to be taken even though less than the invoice 
net weight. (G. A. 7995, T. D. 36840, of 1916; Abstracts 393866 and 
39367, of 1916.) Net weight should be taken and not gross weight. 
(Abstract 42495, of 1918.) 

Regulations have been preseribed by the Secretary of the Treasury 
governing the procedure and analysis for appraisement of cheese. 
(T. D. 36847, of 1916.) 

PARAGRAPH 197. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
249. Beans, 45 cents per bushel of 197. Beans, and lentils, not spe 
sixty pounds. cially provided for, 25 cents per bushel 


of sixty pounds, 


316 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BEANS. 


Description and uses.—This embraces principally dried, but also 
green and pod beans. Soya beans are free (par. 606), and canned or. 
prepared beans are dutiable (par. 199). 

Different beans meet demands for certain uses: Lima beans, prin- 
cipally for cooking; the white or navy bean, for baking; large white 
beans for soups. Cowpeas (par. 209) and broad beans are used 
chiefly for live-stock feed. Besides its uses for fodder, silage, and 
soiling, the plant is a valuable cover crop and soil renovator. The 
great bulk of the commercial crop, used almost exclusively for human 
food, is marketed as dry beans; the culls are fed to live stock, and the 
straw used as roughage or fertilizer. Green or pod beans, especially 
when canned, have a considerable trade. White beans are preferred 
for food, most colored beans selling at lower prices. 

Production.—We rank among the six largest bean-producing na- 
tions; our harvest of 1918 was 20,819,000 bushels, with a farm value 
of over $100,000,000; the planted area was 2,050,000 acres, about two 
and one-half times that of 1909. The commercial crop comes from a 
few sections of dense production; California yields approximately a 
half, Michigan about one-fourth, New York and Colorado mo&t of the 
remainder. In California, limas and small whites are the principal 
varieties; in Colorado and the Southwest, pintos and pink beans; in 
Michigan and New York, the white or navy bean. 

Imports of beans and lentils ranged around 1,000,000 dahon 
valued at about $1,500,000, during 1910-1914, chiefly from Europe. 
In the war period imports increased greatly, due chiefly to Army 
uses; Japan was the principal contributor. 

Exports ranged from 400,868 bushels in 1909 to 4,489,078 bushels in 
1918. 

LENTILS. 


Description and uses.—The lentil is a leguminous plant whose vines | 
are used for fodder and the seed for human food, especially for soup 
purposes. The entire plant is sometimes cut early and cured, making 
an excellent feedstuff, especially for dairy cattle. 

Production statistics are not available, but the lentil is not grown 
extensively in this country. Our needs were supplied chiefly by Ger- 


many. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


String beans are dutiable as beans and not as vegetables. (G..A. 
8979, T. D. 18523, of 1897, approved in 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 30, of 1915, 
upon string beans in brine.) Ordinary dry white beans put up in 
cylindrical tin cans, not hermetically sealed, of a capacity of 4 to 6 
gallons and containing from 20 to 30 pounds of beans, are dutiable 
under this paragraph as beans not specially provided for and not 
under paragraph 199 as “beans * * * prepared or preserved, or 
contained in tins, jars, bottles, or similar packages.” ‘Tins of a 
capacity of 4 to 6 gallons are not ejusdem generis with “tins, jars, 
bottles, or similar packages”? mentioned in paragraph 199. (G. A. 
7836, T. D. 36034, of 1915, followed in Abstract 39203, of 1916.) 

“Kurodaidzu peas,” though the particular importation was bought 
and sold as peas, were found to be actually beans and dutiable under 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 317 


this paragraph, rather than as peas under paragraph 209. It was 
held that the transaction in question was not sufficient to show com- 
mercial designation as peas. (Abstract 42490, of 1918.) Mung beans, 
a small green seed resembling more the shape of a bean than a pea, 
pronounced to be beans on inspection of their starch grains by the 
Government chemist and, in the opinion of specialists of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, more appropriately termed a bean than a pea, 
were also held dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 42938, of 
1919.) ‘“ Azuki’? was also held dutiable as beans rather than ag peas. 
(Abstract 34470, T. D. 34069, of 1914.) <A black bean known to the 
Japanese as kuromame was likewise classified, it being held that the 
evidence was insufficient to prove that the merchandise was soya 
beans as claimed. (Abstract 42852, of 1919.) The provision for 
“beans” in the act of 1897 was held the proper classification of seed 
beans rather than the provision for “ seeds of all kinds not specially 
provided for.” (Abstract 21608, T. D. 29922, of 1909.) Beans in a 
dried state, used for food, were held under prior laws classable as 
“vegetables”? rather than as “seeds.” (159 U. S. 417, of 1895; 130 
U. S. 412, of 1889.) (See par. 209.) 
. PARAGRAPH 198. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


198, Beets of all 
centum ad valorem. 


250. Beets, 25 per centum ad va- kinds, 5 per 


lorem; sugar beets, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The beet is a root crop made up chiefly of 
mangels, garden, and sugar beets. Mangels and garden beets are 
raised for seed, feed, and table use. Sugar beets are by far the most 
important. (See par. 200 for beets in tins.) 

Production of sugar beets averaged 5,056,393 short tons during 
1910-1914, valued approximately at $28,417,000; in 1918, 5,890,000 
short tons, with a farm value of $58,341,000. The principal producing 
States are California, Colorado, Michigan, Utah, Nebraska, Idaho, 
Ohio, and Wisconsin. In 1909 the value of the beet crop, exclusive of 
sugar beets, was $352,696, about one-third in the Middle Atlantic 
States, the remainder widely distributed. 

Imports of sugar beets in 1918 were valued at $28,751. Following 
the reduction of the tariff from 10 per cent to 5 per cent, imports in 
1914 reached a value of $75,590, decreasing to $30,774 in 1918. 

Imports of mangels and garden beets in 1918 were valued at 
$3,344, nearly one-half from Cuba; the value rose to $16,772 in 1914, 
“and to $14,466 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 199. 


251. Beans, pease, mushrooms, and 
truffles, prepared or preserved, or con- 
tained in tins, jars, bottles, or similar 
packages, 24 cents per pound, includ- 
ing the weight of immediate cover- 
ings; mushrooms, cut, sliced, or dried, 
in undivided packages containing not 
less than five pounds, 24 cents per 
pound. 


199. Beans, peas, prepared or pre- 
served, or contained in tins, jars, 
bottles, or similar packages, including 
the weight of immediate coverings, 1 
cent per pound; mushrooms and 
truffles, including the weight of imme- 
diate coverings, 24 cents per pound, 


318 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BEANS, PREPARED OR PRESERVED. 


Description and uses.—White, lima, and string beans are those ~ 
principally used in the canning industry. “ Baked beans” are chiefly 
the common white variety. 

Production of canned beans rose from 77,640,450 pounds in 1904 to 
269,829,060 pounds in 1914, valued at $4,133,810 and $16,565,021, 
respectively. About 70 per cent were baked beans; about 17 per cent, 
string beans; 5 per cent, lima beans; and 8 per cent, all other. Can- 
ning factories are located in the regions of largest production. Baked 
beans are produced chiefiy in Indiana, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; 
string beans in New York, Maryland, and Wisconsin; and lima beans 
in New Jersey, whence one-half of the total output is derived. 

Imports of beans declined from 3,461,541 pounds in 1908 to 800,264 
pounds in 1918, valued at $347,476 and $49,933, respectively. Imports 
rose to 1,081,631 pounds in 1914 and 2,510,722 pounds in 1915, but 
decreased to 568,460 pounds in 1917. 

Exports of canned beans are not itemized. The total export of 
canned vegetables increased in value from $782,973 to $7,192,673 from 
1908 to 1918. 

PEAS, PREPARED OF PRESERVED. 


Description and uses.—T'wo varieties of peas are used, the smooth, 
round pea, known as the early or Alaska type, and the wrinkled sweet 
pea, not quite spherical. The two have distinct flavors, the latter 
being generally sold as sweet or sugar peas. 

Production of canned peas in 1904 was 140,834,760 pounds, and 
in 1914, 264,787,520 pounds, valued respectively at $7,928,791 and 
$15,089,047. New York and Wisconsin supply about 65 per cent of 
the total. 

Imports of canned peas in 1914 amounted to 4,504,729 pounds, and 
in 1917 to 500,961 pounds, valued at $344,118 and $56,109, respectively, 
French peas constituting the bulk. 


MUSHROOMS AND TRUFFLES. 


Description and uses.—Mushrooms and truffles are condiments. 
Truffles are edible subterranean fungi of the genus Tuber. The 
variety of chief economic importance grows almost exclusively in 
- France. 

Production of oct tone on a commercial scale was commenced 
in this country only within the present decade, while truffle growing 
searcely has been attempted. Statistics are not available. 

Imports in 1914 were 9,188,177 pounds, and in 1917, 4,419,374 
pounds, valued respectively at $1,306,818 and $1,462,510. About 80 
per cent are from France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


String beans, in brine, consisting of young, green beans, cut and 
shredded, placed in barrels, with salt put over them, the juices of the 
vegetable mixing with the salt and forming a brine which acts as a 
preservative, were held dutiable as “beans, prepared,” under para- 
graph 251 of the act of 1909. G. A. 3979, T. D. 18523, of 1897, hold- 
ing string beans dutiable as beans and not as “ vegetables in their 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 319 


natural state,” was cited, and it was stated that the continuance of 
the term in the later tariff laws carried a presumption that it was 
employed in the sense affixed by judicial interpretation. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 30, of 1915.) Peas in tins containing about 2 quarts are within 
this provision. (Abstract 30059, T. D. 32858, of 1912.) Beans, peas, 
and mushrooms in tins, containing water placed in the tins as a 
preservative of the contents and common to importations of this kind, 
are dutiable on the weight of the tins with their contents. (5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 167, of 1914.) Mushrooms packed in paper-lined iwooden 
cases are dutiable on their net weight plus the weight of the paper, 
but not including the outside packing case. (Abstract 37133, T. D. 
35027, of 1914.) In a case of mushrooms in bales, with an inside 
covering of bagging and an outside covering of matting, the inside 
covering was also held properly included in the weight, and where 
mushrooms are in barrels and cases, with only one covering used, 
such covering must be considered “immediate coverings.” (Abstract 
87395, of 1915.) Pea flour is excluded from this provision and dutiable 
as a nonenumerated manufactured article. (Abstract 26298, T. D. 
31813, of 1911.) 

(See par. 197 for beans in large tins, par. 209 for chick-peas, par. 
545 for beef and mushrooms, and par. 606 for soya beans.) 


PARAGRAPH 200. 


ACT OF 1909. 


252. Vegetables, if cut, sliced, or 
otherwise reduced in size, orif parched 
or roasted, or if pickled, or packed in 
salt, brine, oil, or prepared in any 
way; any of the foregoing not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, and 
bean stick or bean cake, miso, and 
similar products, 40 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


200. Vegetables, if eut, sliced or 
otherwise reduced in size, or if parched 
or roasted, or if pickled, or packed in 
salt, brine, oil, or prepared in any 
way; any of the foregoing not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, and 
bean stick er bean cake, miso, and 
similar products, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
VEGETABLES, PREPARED OR PRESERVED. 


Description and uses.—This pargaraph covers. all prepared and 
preserved vegetables not elsewhere provided for. (See pars. 199, 
581, 606.) It embraces principally canned vegetables, but also 
those preserved in brine, oil, etc., and packed in kegs, boxes, and 
similar containers. Our canning and preserving industry exceeds 
that of any other country, but Asiatic and European food specialties 
are imported largely for resident aliens. In preserving supplies of 
perishable commodities during the seasons of surplus for periods 
of scarcity and in extending the range of markets, the industry 
saves vast quantities of foodstuffs, and tends to stabilize prices and 
conditions: of distribution, 

Production of canned vegetables. (exclusive of beans and peas, par. 
199) rose from 22,437,372 cases. (approximately 900,000,000 pounds) 
in 1904 to 37,324,186 cases (1,500,000,000 pounds) in 1914, valued at 
$33,836,530 and $60,636,656, respectively. While canning and pre- 
serving is carried on extensively, the industry is iocal, factories being 
located near those sections where the vegetables are grown. Cali- 
fornia produces about 98 per cent of the canned asparagus; more 


320 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


than 80 per cent of the canned corn was packed in the seven States 
of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New York, and Ohio; 
while Maryland far exceeds any other State in canned tomatoes. 

Imports in 1913 were valued at $2,213,365; they rose to $2,681,247 
in 1914, but declined during the war. Italy furnished the greater por- 
tion, but considerable quantities came from France, Spain, and Bel- 
gium. 

Export values of all canned vegetables increased from $782,973 in 
1908 to $7,192,673 in 1918, going chiefly to the United Kingdom and 
Canada. 

BEAN STICK OR BEAN CAKE, MISO, ETC. 


Description and uses.—Bean stick or bean cake is an oriental food 
product made from ground and fermented soya beans. Miso is a 
cooked and fermented combination of rice and soya beans, generally 

used in making soup. : 
Production.—Though the soya bean crop is assuming increasing im- 
portance here, we are not yet producing bean cake and miso. 

Imports of bean stick or bean cake and miso increased from $73,097 
in 1914 to $206,403 in 1918, soya bean cake constituting about 70 
per cent. Edible bean cake and miso are imported to meet the de- 
mand of the oriental population. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sliced beets in tins hermetically sealed are dutiable under the pro- 
vision in this paragraph for “ vegetables, if cut, sliced, or otherwise 
reduced in size * * * or prepared in any way,” rather than 
under the provision in paragraph 198 for “ beets of all kinds.” (G, A. 
7845, T. D. 36091, of 1916.)- Beets whole, as well as sliced, similarly 
packed, are likewise dutiable under this paragraph. (T. D. 35259, of 
1915.) Lotus-lily seeds, whole, unhulled, dried by artificial heat; 
split, unhulled, dried by artificial heat; split, hulled; or canned in 
water, are dutiable as vegetables prepared under this paragraph. 
(T. D. 36171, of 1916.) Hearts of palm trees, cut up in lengths of 
about 6 inches, partly cooked and packed in hermetically sealed tins 
were likewise classified. (Abstract 42326, of 1918, following Abstract 
84486, T. D. 34053, of 1914.) Nori or seaweed, treated with shoyu, is 
dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 40310, of 1916.) So also is 
tomato paste, a part of the juice and most of the pulp of the tomato 
remaining. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 75, of 1918.) Lily roots, sliced and 
dried, are also here classified, as, being sliced, they are more spe- 
cifically provided for in this paragraph than as a vegetable in the 
natural state. (Abstract 26199, T. D. 31788, of 1911.) Cauliflower in 
brine, packed in casks, is dutiable under the provision of this para- 
graph for “vegetables * * * if pickled, or packed in salt, brine, 
oil or prepared in any way,” rather than as vegetables in their nat- 
ural state. (G. A. 7187, T. D. 31141, of 1910.) Spanish red peppers, 
known as sweet red peppers or sweet Spanish peppers, with the skin 
and seeds removed, packed in tins, used both as a garnish and as a 
food, are vegetables prepared within this provision. A pleasant 
taste is not essential to a vegetable. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 8, of 1915.) 

Maggi’s soup tablets are also dutiable under the provisions of this 
paragraph. The provisions of paragraph 252, tariff act of 1909, were 
so changed as to include bean stick, bean cake, miso and similar 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 321 


products, and whether “vegetables * * * prepared in any way” 
is broad enough to cover the importation, the product is so similar to 
bean cake that it falls within the “similar products” of the para- 
graph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 108, of 1915, followed in Abstract 40882, 
of 1917.) The provision in this paragraph for ‘‘ bean stick or bean 
cake, miso, and similar products,” covers a Japanese food product 
made from ground soja (Soya) beans and water, known as frozen 
tofu or koya-dofu, and fried tofu or hoshi aburage, the frozen tofu or 
koya-dofu being in the shape of small, porous, yellow cakes about 
one-half inch thick, from 14 to 2 inches square, and the fried tofu or 
hoshi aburage being in thin cakes one-quarter inch thick and 23 to 5 
inches in diameter, which have been fried in some kind of oil or 
grease. Even if not bean cake it is dutiable as a product similar to 
bean cake, bean stick, and miso. (G. A. 8045, T. D. 37079, of 1917, 
following Abstract 29577, T. D. 32780, of 1912.)° “Amasake,” made 
from rice yeast (30 per cent) and boiled rice (70 per cent), used as a 
drink among the Japanese, was likewise classified as a “ similar prod- 
uct,” apparently as similar to miso. (Abstract 31147, of 1913.) 

Oil cake produced from the soya bean is free of duty as oil cake 
provided for in paragraph 560. (Abstract 23794, T. D. 30828, of 
1910.) 

Bean flour and konjak flour (Abstract 25014, T. D. 31352, of 1911) 
and konuyaku flour and yam powder (Abstract 25277, T. D. 31478, of 
1911) were held dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles 
rather than under this provision. Azinomoto, a white powdery sub- 
stance sealed in a small glass bottle, used to flavor food-or liquor, was 
likewise classified. (Abstract 35698, T. D. 34468, of 1914.) 

Grapevine leaves in water, in hermetically sealed tins assessed 
under this paragraph, were also held dutiable as a nonenumerated 
manufactured article under paragraph 385 rather than as vegetables, 
either crude or prepared. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38198, of 
1919.) (See pars. 201, 212, and 215; also, par. 552, for nori not treated 
with shoyu.) 


PARAGRAPH 201. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


253. Pickles, including pickled nuts, 201, Pickles, including pickled nuts, 
sauces of ali kinds, not specially pro-| sauces of all kinds, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, and fish] vided for in this section, and fish 
paste or sauce, 40 per centum adj] paste or sauce, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of pickles and sauces was valued at $45,303,671 in 1914; 
New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois leading. Cucumbers should go 
into the brine or salt in six or eight hours after picking, therefore the 
pickling industries must be adjacent to the cucumber-growing regions. 
Fish paste and sauce are condiments especially prepared as a season- 
ing or dressing for fish. Production statistics are not available. 

Import values of pickles, sauces, ete., before the war ranged from 
$915,549 to $1,246,240. Over 50 per cent came from Italy, about 20 
per cent from the United Kingdom and, until 1915, 20 per cent from 
Japan. During the war imports dwindled to about 25 per cent of 

184911°—20—_—21 


322 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


normal. Imports of jfish paste or sauce were $15,580 in 1908 and 
$18,350 in 1918. 

Exports of pickles, sauces, etc., increased from $928,611 in 1914 to 
$1,084,330 in 1918, going chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and the United 
Kingdom. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

The term “ sauces of all kinds” includes not only dressing or condi- 
ments used with meat, fish, or vegetables, but also many other prod- 
ucts chiefly of fruit pulp and sauces for puddings and various other 
dressings or preparations used at meals. The term is narrower than 
the term “ fruits, preserved,” of paragraph 217. Melba sauce, a liquid 
which flows quite freely, is sweetish to the taste, contains a pulpy 
substance or something which simulates it, and has a raspberry 
flavor, used as a sauce dressing with fruit such as peaches, pears, 
ete., is dutiable under the provision of this paragraph for “ sauces 
of all kinds,” and not as “fruits, * * * preserved,’ in paragraph 
217. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 27, of 1917.) Jhutney is dutiable as a 
“sauce.” (T. D. 87404, of 1917; G. A. 8271, T. D. 38068, of 1919.) 
In the last-cited case the Board of General Appraisers (citing 8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 27, above mentioned, and 152 U. S8., 623) pointed out 
the difficulties of construction, saying that if these decisions are to 
be given the construction which must be given following the lan- 
guage there used, it is difficult to see where the dividing line wiil 
lie between the fruits mentioned in paragraph 217 and sauces. 

Thin Chinese soy made by mixing cooked soy beans with wheat flour, 
salt, and water and exposing to the sun for about three months, used 
to flavor and color soups, fish, and meats, about 80 per cent being 
used in the kitchen and about 20 per cent on the table, is dutiable as a 
sauce hereunder and not as a nonenumerated manufactured article 
under paragraph 3885. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., $ LD. Div3ieieweot 
1919.) Japanese shoyu is also classified as a sauce under this para- 
graph. (T. D. 37574, of 1916; Abstract 438496, of 1919.) 

Umeboshi, umezuke, or akaumezuke, a plumlike fruit of the ume tree, 
prepared for consumption as a relish by pickling in a brine, is dutiable 
under the provision of this paragraph for pickles and not free of duty 
as fruits in brine under paragraph 488. (G. A. 7788, T. D. 35794, of 
1915.) Whole limes put up in a saline solution, never eaten in the con- 
dition imported, and never used as a pickle, but for making glacé 
limes, are not dutiable as pickles. (Abstract 40826, of 1917.) While 
a pickle may be produced by immersing an article of food in brine or 
salt water, it must be shown that the commodity thus prepared is 
used as pickles in order to warrant classification as such under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 8148, T. D. 37573, of 1918.) Pickles of fruit, com- 
mercially known as pickled fruit, and used ag such, are dutiable as 
pickles under this paragraph. (T. D. 37404, of 1917.) So are pickled 
capers (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 408, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 261, of 
1918) and seed pods of the pappinos plant (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 342, of 
1911, although not vegetables. Ginger and mixed fruits and vege- 
tables in vinegar (Abstract 34803, T..D. 34201, of 1914) are also 
dutiable as pickles. (See pars. 200, 217, and 235.) wroR 


PARAGRAPH 202. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 





255. Cider, 5 cents per gallon. 202. Cider, 2 cents per gallon. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 323 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—In 1914 there were 450 manufacturers of cider in the 
United States, with a product valued at $2,244,618, New York, Illinois, 
and Kentucky leading. Many households manufacture for consump- 
tion or sale, but there has been a marked trend toward factory pro- 


duction. x 
Imports of cider in 1918 were 9,664 gallons, valued at $8,545, prin- 
eipally from Spain. ‘ 


Exports in 1912 (the last year in which. they were separately 
given) were 63,882 gallons, valued at $10,460, about 90 per cent to 
the United Kingdom. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Champagne cider, some in casks assessed with duty as still wine 
and some in bottles as sparkling wine, the latter being carbonated, 
was held classable as cider under paragraph 243 of the act of 1897. 
(Abstract 14004, T. D. 27801, of 1906.) But huckleberry cider was held 
dutiable as a fruit juice under paragraph 299 of the same act, rather 
than as cider under paragraph 243. There was no evidence to prove 
the commercial meaning of the term “cider” or that it generally 
includes such products as the one in question. The common use of 
the word “ cider” seems to be limited to the beverage made from the 
juice of apples. (Abstract 21692, T. D. 29946, of 1909.) 


PARAGRAPH 203. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
. 256. Eggs, not specially provided for 203. Eggs frozen or otherwise pre- 
in this section, 5 cents per dozen. pared or preserved in tins or other 


packages, not specially provided for in 
257. * * * ; albumen, egg * * *, | this section, including the weight of 
3 cents per pound, the immediate coverings or containers, 
2 cents per pound; frozen or liquid 

egg albumen, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Of the three methods of preserving eggs 
removed from the shell—(1) freezing, (2) drying or desiccating, 
and (8) adding preservatives—the first two produce food if the mate- 
rial used is wholesome, while the third gives a product known as 
“liquid” eggs or liquid albumen and yolk, which, under the pure 
food and drugs act, must be denatured, or rendered unfit for other 
than industrial purposes. (See pars. 4, 204, and 478.) 

Commercial frozen eggs, frozen albumen and yolk (eggs that are 
graded, broken, and frozen in large containers, the whites and yolk 
being first either mixed, when whole eggs are desired, or separated 
in the case of the other products) are extensively used by esfablish- 
ments which consume large quantities of eggs—bakers, biscuit and 
cracker manufacturers, hotels, restaurants, and confectioners. There 
is a great demand for the separated albumen and yolk, as well as for 
the whole egg. Apart from being cheaper, the frozen product has 
advantages over the shell egg in long distance transportation, saving 
space, storage, breakage, and other waste. : 

Liquid eggs, liquid yolk, and especially liquid and dried albumen 
are used in the industries, the first two in tanning leather, while 


324 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


liquid albumen is extensively used in the textile industries, in finishing 
paper, sensitizing photographic plates, and thickening inks. 

Production.—Most of the “ egg-breaking”’ plants are located near 
the important sources of raw materials, chiefly in the Middle West. 
In manufacture, the commercial grade of “seconds” is employed. 
The industry furnishes an outlet for, and prevents the loss of, millions 
of dozens of inferior eggs, which, though still wholesome, may not be 
transported or stored. Indicative of its industrial importance may be 
cited 15,800,000 pounds of frozen eggs, equivalent to about 12,000,000 
dozen fresh eggs, reported in cold storage in September, 1918, at the 
close of the principal breaking season. 

Imports were negligible prior to 1914, when frozen eggs amounted 
0 2,647,974 pounds, valued at $305,232, and frozen albumen to 259,587 
pounds, valued at $4,067. In 1918 imports of the frozen albumen 
amounted to 2,014,629 pounds, valued at $250,132. Imports are almost 
exclusively from China, where the egg-products industry has rapidly 
developed under American, British, German, and Japanese capital. 
The price of 12 dozen eggs in China approximates that of 1 dozen in 
the United States. England, the center of the egg trade, usually has 
taken the bulk of Chinese exports. American receipts are chiefly at 
New York, Seattle, and San Francisco. : 

Exports of yolk and canned eggs were valued at less than $50,000 in 
prewar years, in 1918 rising to $525,880. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph does not include domestic duck eggs packed in boxes, 
in a mixture of salt water and ashes, but are exempt from duty under 
paragraph 478 as eggs of poultry. (Abstract 37344, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 204. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
257. Eggs, dried, 15 cents per pound ; 204.. Eggs, dried, 10 cents pei pound; 
eggs,- yolk of, 25 per centum ad va- | eggs, yolk of, 10 per centum ad yva- 
lorem, lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Dried eggs: Hither the whole egg broken 
out of the shell, or the white and yolk separated, being subjected to 
the application of heat, have the water content (about 73.7 per 
cent) reduced by more than 90 per cent; thus a pound of the dried 
product equals from 386 to 40 eggs in the shell. Dried eggs have a 
wider range of usefulness than frozen eggs (see par. 203), since the 
dried product can be used in the household, in camps, ete., where fresh 
eggs and refrigerating facilities are not available. Bakers, biscuit 
and cracker makers, and confectioners are the principal consumers. 

From 10 to 11 eggs in the shell will make 1 pound of frozen or 
one-third pound dried egg. One pound of dried egg equals 3.4 pounds 
of frozen or liquid whole egg, or 3 dozen shell eggs. One pound of 
dried albumen is equivalent to about 7 pounds of frozen or liquid 
albumen. One pound of dried yolk is equivalent to about 2 pounds 
of frozen or liquid yolk. st 

Production.—In the United States the drying industry is-of little 
importance as compared with that of freezing eggs. (For competitive 
conditions, see par, 203,) : 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 325 


Imports increased enormously after the reduction of the import 
duties, virtually all coming from China, American plants operating 
in that country supplying a large part. 

Exports of “ yolk and canned eggs” amounted to less than $50,000 
prior to 1914 and to $525,880 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


. The duty on dried eggs is 10 cents per pound; on the constituent 
yolk, 10 per cent ad valorem (about 2 or 8 cents per pound between 
1914 and 1918), and on dried albumen, 3 cents per pound. Conse- 
quently yolk and albumen are shipped separately and mixed in this 
country, at a rate of about 3 cents per pound of equivalent dried 
whole egg, tending to make futile the duty of 10 cents. Thus, while 
imports of dried whole eggs were 20,284 pounds in 1913, advancing 
to only 88,993 pounds in 1916, imports of yolk rose from 227,457 
pounds to 2,919,891. Receipts of dried albumen amounted to 2 Betas 
pounds in 1916. 

Dried egg albumen, paragraph 4, might appropriately be added to 
paragraph 204, 

PARAGRAPH 205. 


ACT OF 1909. _ ACT OF 1913. 
258, Hay, $4 per ton. 205. Hay, $2 per ton. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Use.—About four-fifths of the domestic hay is consumed on farms 
where grown, while the trade is in large part due to the demand for 
horse feed in the urban centers. Timothy, the principal variety of the 
Northern States, is preferred for this purpose. 

Production.—-The crop of cultivated hay, approximately three- 
fourths raised in the Northern States, averaged over 80,000,000 tons 
in the years 1914 to 1918, and its farm value was over $1,000,000,000. 

Imports of hay fluctuate according to domestic crop conditions. 
From 1910 to 1918 they ranged from 20,187 to 336,757 tons. Partly 
because of quarantines, which prohibit imports from nearly all coun- 
tries, and also because of the high cost of transporting so bulky a 
product, Canada is the only foreign competitor in domestic markets, 
Shipments move from the eastern provinces to adjacent eastern mar- 
kets and consist principally of timothy. - 

Exports ranged from 380,145 to 178,386 tons during 1910-1918. 
They went chiefly to Canada and Mexico. 


PARAGRAPH 206. 
259, Honey, 20 cents per gallon, | 206. Honey, 10 cents per gallon. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—In addition to its use on the table, honey 
enters largely into bakery products. Invert sugar is the baker’s sub- 
stitute for honey. 

Production was 61,099,290 pounds in 1899, 54,814,890 pounds in 
1909, and 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 pounds (estimate) in 1917. The 
last.figure probably is most complete, including honey produced in 
small towns, whereas earlier figures include only farm production. 
Bee keeping is a side line with many farmers and gardeners, but is 
gradually becoming a distinct industry. 


326 SUMMARY OF FARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of honey for 1910-1914 averaged 104,517 gallons, valued at 
$57,195, principally from Cuba, Mexico, and Haiti. Following the 
reduction of the duty from 20 cents to 10 cents per gallon, imports 
in 1914 declined to 75,079 gallons, valued at $38,665. They increased 
greatly during the war, but were mostly reexported. Imports for 
consumption in 1918 were 159,389 gallons, valued at $213,006. 

Exports for 1910-1914 averaged $154,325; $135,669 in 1914, over 55 
per cent going to Germany; in 1918, 16,090,072 pounds, valued at 
$2,509,570, over 87 per cent shipped from the New York district, and 
over 71 per cent going to England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Twelve pounds of honey is the equivalent of one gallon of strained 
honey. (T. D. 20307, of 1898.) 


PARAGRAPH 207. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 14913. 


260. Hops, 16 cents per pound; hop 207. Hops, 16 cents per pound; hop 
extract and lupulin, 50 per centum | extract and lupulin, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. ad. valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The hop is a perennial twining herb of the 
nettle family, which produces burs or “ hops.”’ used in brewing. The 
yellow, resinlike pollen covering the base of each hop is called lupu- 
lin, and imparts the bitter taste to beer, while the amount in the hop 
practically determines its value. The chief substitutes for the hop 
are imported hop extract and Jupulin, occasionally also quassia, 
gentian, and camomile. The last three impart an unpleasant, rough, 
and bitter taste to beer. Hop extract is the essence of the hop in a 
semisolid form. Hop extract and lupulin are seldom separated from 
the hop in this country. The two commodities are combined in the 
statistics. . 

Production of hops in 1915 was 52,986,000 pounds, valued at 
$6,203,000; in 1918,.only 20,193,000 pounds valued at $38,958,000, the 
decrease due to war-time prohibition and shortage of ships. Most of 
the crop is grown in New York, Oregon, California, and Washington. 
Extensive hop culture necessitates a considerable investment. 

Imports of hops in 1914 were 5,360,748 pounds, valued at $2,775,882, 
with a revenue of $857,719, 46\per cent from Austria-Hungary and 
538 per cent from Germany; in 1918 only 112,811 pounds, valued at 
$61,201, 85 per cent from Franee. Imports of hop extract and lupulin 
were valued at $49,451 in 1914, and at $174 in 1918. 

Exports of hops in 1914 were 24,262,896 pounds, valued at 
$6,953,529, 90 per cent to England and 5 per cent to Canada. Ship- 
ping conditions and short supply greatly reduced exports after 1916. 


PARAGRAPH 208. 
261. Onions, 40: exnts: per bushel of 208. Garlic; - eent per pound; 


fifty-seven pounds; garlic, 1 cent per | onions, 20 eents per bushel of, &7 
pound. pounds, revey 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 327 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
GARLIC. 


Description and uses.—Garlic is an onionlike, bulbous plant, native 
to Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. It may be used in the 
fresh state, as a condiment, and as an ingredient in some sauces. 

Imports were 9,282,302 pounds in 1914 and 6,299,143 pounds in 1918, 
valued at $294,339 and $260,348, respectively. Our Latin population 
consumes the greater part. 

ONIONS. 


Description and uses.—Besides its wide culinary use, the onion is 
an important ingredient of many sauces and relishes. Of the numer- 
ous varieties those of Italy, Spain, Mexico, California, and the Ber- 
mudas are specially noted for size and quality. 

Production.—In 1910 there were 14.989 farms with 47,625 acres 
under cultivation, producing a crop valued at $6,709,047. New York, 
Ohio, and Texas grew about one-third of the output. The growing of 
Bermuda onions was attempted in southern Texas, and has become 
a successful and important industry. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,096,781 bushels, valued at $890,508, an in- 
crease of 42 per cent in quantity and 92 per cent in value over the 
previous year. in 1918 1,274,916 bushels of onions, valued at $948,079 
were imported, Spain and Bermuda being chief sources of supply. 

Exports increased from 386,322 bushels in 1914 to 534,192 bushels 
in 1918, and in value from $435,953 to $788,584. About 50 per cent 
of these exports went to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Garlic consists of the bulb and top of the plant. No portion of the 
natural product as imported can properly be called tare, and par- 
ticularly is this true as it is shown by the evidence that the tops serve 
the purpose of preserving the bulbs and are seld as constituting a part 
of the importation. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 171, of 1912.) Marsh grass 
used in the braiding of garlic should not be included in the dutiable 
weight, but should be treated as tare. (Abstract 40859, of 1917, fol- 
lowing Abstract 33465, of 1918, relative to onions.) 

Powdered garlic is not dutiable under the provisions of this para- 
graph. The garlic which it was intended to cover in paragraph 261 
of the tariff act of 1909 is the ordinary garlic of commerce which 
comes triced up by the tops and is a small vegetable resembling an 
onion and used for seasoning purposes and for food somewhat as 
onions are used. Classification as an unenumerated article, favored 
by the Board, was not claimed. (Abstract 28212, T, D. 82424, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 209. 


ACT OF 1909. 


262. Pease, green, in bulk or in bar- 
rels, sacks, or similar packages, 25 
cents per bushel of sixty pounds; seed 
pease, 40 cents per bushel of sixty 
pounds; pease, dried, not specially 
provided for in this section, 25 cents 
per bushel; split pease, 45 cents per 
bushel of sixty pounds; pease in car- 
tons, papers, or other small packages, 
1 cert per pound. 


ACT OF 19136. 


209. Peas, green or dried, in bulk 
or in barrels, sacks, or similar pack- 
ages, 10 cents per bushel of sixty 
pounds; split peas, 20 cents per 
bushel of sixty pounds; peas in car- 
tons, papers, or other similar pack- 
ages, including the weight of the im- 
mediate covering, % cent per pound. 


828 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—/Pedas are grown for human food and for 
stock feed, for canning, forage, green manuring, and seed. The green 
garden pea is used in the fresh state; the dried peas, in soups and 
purées, sometimes baked like beans; and the split peas, in soup, ete. 

Production.—The pea is native to Asia and South Europe, It is 
cultivated both as a field and garden crop in many parts of the United 
States, principally in the South Atlantic and east North Central 
States. In 1909 the product was 7,129,000 bushels of dried peas, valued 
at over $10,000,000, while the crop of green peas approximated 
$3,000,000. The estimated production of dried peas for seed in 1918 
was 65,912,000 pounds, or over 1,000,000 bushels. : 

Imports of green or dried peas were 611,666 bushels, valued at 
$1,150,611 in 1914, and 791,692 bushels, valued at $2,052,066 in 1918; 
of split peas, 251,353 bushels, valued at $332,271 in 1914, and only 4,190 
bushels, valued at $20,391 in 1918. Other peas in cartons, papers, or 
other similar packages amounted to 85,000 pounds, valued at $3,025 
in 1914, and 2,515 pounds, valued at $187 in 1918. 

Exports of dried peas in 1918 were 266,824 busheis, valued at 
$1,846,816, going largely to Belgium, England, Canada, Norway, and 
France. Earlier or more complete figures are unavailable. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Black-eyed peas invoiced as “ black-eyed beans,’ but known com- 
mercially as cowpeas or black-eyed peas, are dutiable as peas dried 
under this provision, and not as beans. (G. A. 6666, T. D. 28426, of 
1907.) Desigram is dutiable as peas under this paragraph and not ° 
as’ beans or lentils under paragraph 197. ‘“ Desigram” is inter- 
changeable in ordinary use with ‘ chick-pea” and the term ‘“ pea,” 
as used in this paragraph, includes every known kind of edible pea. 
The scientific or botanical name does not control as against common 
nomenclature. (6 Ct. Cust, Appls., 185, of 1915.) 

(See pars, 197 and 199.) © 


PARAGRAPH 210. 


ACT OF 1909. 


263. Orchids, palms, azaleas, and all 
other decorative or greenhouse plants 
and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, 25 
per centum ad valorem; lily of the 
valley pips, tulip, narcissus, begonia, 
and gloxinia bulbs, $1 per thousand; 
hyacinth, astilbe, dielytra, and lily of 
the valley clumps, $2.50 per thousand ; 
lily bulbs and calla bulbs, $5 per thou- 
sand; peony, Iris Kempferii or Ger- 
manica, canna, dahlia, and amaryllis 
bulbs, $10 per thousand; all other 
bulbs, bulbous roots or corms which 
are cultivated for their flowers or 
foliage, 50 cents per thousand. 


ACT OF 19138. 


210. Orchids, palms, azalea indica, 
and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, 25 
per centum ad valorem; lily of the 
valley pips, tulips, narcissus, begonia, 
and gloxinia bulbs, $1 per thousand; 
hyacinth bulbs, astilbe, dielytra, and 
lily of the valley clumps, $2.50 per 
thousand; lily bulbs and calla bulbs 
or corms, $5 per thousand; herbaceous 
peony, Iris Kaempferri or Germanica, 
canna, dahlia, and amaryllis bulbs, $10 
per thousand; all other bulbs, roots, 
root stocks, corms, and tubers, which 
are cultivated for their flowers or 
foliage, 50 cents per thousand: Pro- 
vided, That all mature mother flower+ 
ing bulbs imported exclusively for 
propagating purposes shall be admitted 
free of duty, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 3829 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ORCHIDS, PALMS, AND AZALEA INDICA, 


Description, uses, and production.—Orchids constitute a group of 
plants grown in practically every country (6,000 to 10,000 species 
being found), primarily for florists’ trade as cut flowers. They are 
chiefly native to the Tropics,.but may be grown in private conserva- 
tories; they are difficult to propagate in this country, and high 
prices give the business considerable value. Domestic production is 
small because difficult, importation being cheaper and more con- 
venient. 

Palms are a group of: plants used largely for foliage effects in 
indoor decoration, and somewhat for outdoor planting in mild cli- 
mates. They are grown in warm regions, or in greenhouses, and more 
cheaply abroad because of the time and labor involved. Production 
here has been confined to greenhouses, although considerable out- 
door work has begun in California and a little in Florida. Holland 
and Belgium are the chief sources of supply. 

Azalea indica, a native of India and China, is a dwarf flowering 
shrub, used largely by florists for forcing as flowering plants for 
Faster, and for outdoor home planting in warmer sections. Until 
recently there was little effort to grow azaleas here, as several years 
are required to produce flowering plants. A limited quantity is grown 
in the Southeast and production on a large scale has commenced 
on the Pacific coast. Belgium, Holland, and France are the chief 
propagating centers of plants for winter forcing in greenhouses, 

Imports of orchids, palms, and azalea indica were valued at about 
$319,000 in 1914, and declined to $69,800 in 1918. 


CUT FLOWERS. 


Description and uses.—Fresh cut flowers are used in large quanti- 
ties, the business in greenhouse flowers probably amounting to $60,- 
000,000, with some outdoor production. Preserved flowers, notably 
palm leaves, are used to some extent. . 

Production.—Cut flowers are extensively produced heres a few con- 
cerns attempt putting preserved leaves on the market. Canada is the 
only country from which we import fresh flowers in quantity. Dried 
flowers come from southern France and Cape Colony; palm leaves 
from Japan, mostly via Germany, where they are dyed. 

Imports were valued at $24,681 in 1914, and at $33,574 in 1918. 

Exports of cut flowers were valued at $121,287 in 1914, and at 
$156,559 in 1918. Practically all went to Canada. 


LILY OF THE VALLEY PIPS, TULIP BULBS, ETC. 


Description, uses, and production.—Lily of the valley is a small, 
dainty spring flower. It is grown as a hardy garden plant, but largely 
by florists, for forcing at all seasons. The “ pip” is a bud capable of 
producing a flower stalk with its accompanying roots, while “ clump ” 
denotes several of these together, not separated and sorted. Com- 
mercially there is practically no production here, because of the low 
price of German-grown pips. It takes from two to three years to 
produce a crop. The plants grow wild in many parts of Europe, but 


330 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


practically all commercial pips are grown in two limited areas in 
Germany, on specially adapted soil under expert cultivation. 

Tulip bulbs are used largely for outdoor bedding to give vivid spring- 
flower effects, and also by florists for forcing. Production to a limited 
extent has begun in the Pacific Northwest. They can be grown in 
many sections on the Atlantic seaboard, but because of hand labor re- 
quired, the Kuropean-grown stock is the cheaper. Most bulbs are 
grown in Holland. . 

Narcissus bulbs are used largely by florists for forcing as cut flow- 
ers, also in the indoor window garden and for outdoor planting, both 
in formal beds and in open woodlands and meadows. Many varieties 
are grown in increasing numbers along the Atlantic coast and in the 
Pacific Northwest. They are native to various parts of Europe and 
Asia. Holiand is an important producer. Cheap laber has undoubt- 
edly determined the present trade relations, though not requiring as 
much hand labor as some other bulbs. 

The tuberous-rooted begonias are used principally as garden bed- 
ding plants, also as pot plants. In America they may be grown readily 
from seed, in a greenhouse, hotbed, or cold frame. Western Europe 
produces them extensively. 

Gloxinia is a dwarf, summer-flowering, greenhouse plant, a native 
of South America, that can be forced to bloom at other seasons. YF lor- 
ists use it as a pot plant. It is readily grown from seeds or cuttings, 
2 bulb forming the first year, the plant blooming the second year, and 
sometimes for several succeeding years. A new supply of bulbs are 
required by florists each year. Most of the production is in western 
Hurope, where bulbs are produced cheaply. 

Imports of lily of the valley pips, tulips, narcissus, begonia, and 
gloxinia bulbs amount to about $1,500,000 annually. 


HYACINTH BULBS, ROOT CORMS, AND LILY OF THE VALLEY CLUMPS. 


Description, uses, and production.—Hyacinths are low-growing 
bulbous plants used largely for spring bedding effects, and by florists 
in vast quantities for forcing for spring blooms. Six to seven years are 
required to grow full-sized bulbs. A few bulbs have been grown experi- 
mentally in the Pacific Northwest, but great labor cost, due to many 
handlings, has permitted practically no commercial production. Hol- 
land produces them on land devoted to the purpose for many genera- 
tions. 

Dielytra is an old name for Dicentra, a low-growing, hardy peren- 
nial. The most common species is usually called bleeding heart, a 
native of Siberia, but cultivated in most temperate countries. It is 
forced in a limited way. Some species of Dicentra, such as squirrel 
corn and Dutchman’s breeches, are early spring flowers of the 
Northern and Eastern States. 

Astilbe, also called spirea, is used by florists as a pot plant for 
forcing, especially for spring blooms, and as hardy herbaceous border 
plants. It may be readily propagated here at any hardy herbaceous 
nursery or greenhouse. It is grown extensively in Belgium, Holland, 
and Irance. - 

Imports of hyacinth bulbs, astilbe, dielytra, and lily of the valley 
clumps rose from a value of $37,376 in 1914 to $510,003 in 1918. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. sel 


LILY BULBS AND CALLA BULBS OR CORMS. 


Description, uses, and production.—The lily family contains many 
species prized for their size and the beauty of their flowers. The prin- 
cipal domestic ones are Lilium longifiorum, called Bermuda or Easter 
lily, with many varieties; Liliuny speciosum, or show lily, with some 
varieties; and Lilium candidum, or Madonna lily. These and many 
other species are used for outdoor culture in a small way; they are 
also commenly foreed by florists for spring flowers. Practically none 
of the bulbs used for forcing are grown here, but some for garden 
use are domestic. Lilium longifiorum is grown extensively in Ber- 
muda and Japan; Jnliwm speciosum, mostly in Japan; and Lilium. 
eandidum, largely in southern France; many varieties, to a limited 
extent, in western Europe. 

The calla lily is much used by florists for forcing, as a house plant, 
and as a common garden plant in southern California. The corms 
are grown on a large scale outdoors in California, where many of 
the blooms are also marketed. Southern Europe is the world produc- 
tion center. 

Import values of lily bulbs and calla bulbs or corms averaged 
$339,585 annually from 1914 to 1918. 


HERBACEOUS PEONY, IRIS KAIMPFERE, ETC. 


Description, uses, and production.—The herbaceous peony is the 
popular “piney” of old-fashioned gardens, used for garden and home- 
ground decoration, and also grown in large fields for cut flowers in 
spring or early summer. Quantities grow north of the fortieth 
parallel and as far west as Nebraska; western Europe and Japan 
produce various types. 

The iris (rhizome) or flag is a popular and much used garden plant. 
Iris Kempferit (Iris levigata or Japanese iris), native to eastern 
Siberia and Japan, and Iris Germanica (German iris), native to ecen- 
tral and southern Europe, are both outdoor plants. Orris root, a 
perfume powder, is made from the roots of Iris Germanica and 
related species, but is not produced here.. The German iris is widely 
grown in America by cultivators of herbaceous plants; Japanese iris is 
also grown here, but its culture is more difficult. European countries 
produce both kinds. 

Canna is an outdoor foliage and flowering plant growing 8 to 7 
feet high. The roots must be stored in a frost-proof cellar in winter. 
Growers in different parts of the country, especially in eastern North 
Carolina, specialize in these plants. They develop best in long, warm 
summer seasons. France and Italy are the principal producers. 

Dahlia is a showy, fall-blooming garden plant, native to Mexico, 
growing 4 to 6 feet high. Production is best in the moist, cool climate 
of the Northeastern States and along the Pacific coast. 

Amaryllis is a home and greenhouse plant growing 3 feet high. It is 
a native of Africa, but an additional group of that name (really 
Hippeastrum) is native to Mexico and South America. It is grown to 
a small extent in the United States. Europe cultivates it more ex- 
tensively. 

Imports of herbaceous peony, Iris Kempferi and Germanica, canna, 
dahlia, and amaryllis bulbs amount to about $50,000 annually. Imports 
of all other bulbs, roots, etc., cultivated for their flowers or foliage, 


332 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


in 1914 were valued at $109,751; in 1918, at $277,693. Imports in 
1914 of bulbs, mature mother flowering, imported exclusively for 
propagating purposes, were valued at $324; in 1918, at $40,045. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Orchid plants known as cattleyas, which at the time of importation 
had already flowered, would never flower again, and were useful for 
propagating and for no other commercial purpose, and which although 
not true bulbs were known to the trade as orchid bulbs, were held 
entitled to free entry under the proviso to this paragraph as mature 
mother flowering bulbs, imported exclusively for propagating pur- 
poses, and not dutiable under the provision for orchids. The word 
“bulbs ” in this paragraph was declared used in the popular rather than 
in the botanical sense. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 376, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 320, of 1916.) Gladiolus bulbs were also held exempt from 
duty aS mature mother flowering bulbs, imported exclusively for 
propagating purposes. Regulations of the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury (T. D. 34206, of 1914) were held not to preclude the importer 
from proving the facts before the Board by other evidence than 
therein prescribed. (G. A. 7674, T. D. 35102, of 1915.) Gladiolus 
bulbs sufficiently developed to produce were held to be mature. 
(Abstract 40844, of 1917.) 

The term “bulbs” as used in the proviso can not be given a 
meaning different from that which it has in the purview; it follows 
that the designation “ bulbs ” as used in the proviso is broad enough 
to cover plant growths which though not true bulbs botanically are 
nevertheless either commercially or commonly known as bulbs. A 
“mature mother flowering” bulb is a bulb which has reached its 
full development and has no function to perform save that of throw- 
ing out other bulbs which under normal conditions will flower and 
develop daughter bulbs. (7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 320, of 1916.) 

Begonia, Iris Kempferi, canna, and dahlia bulbs are not true 
bulbs. The limitation to “ bulbs imported exclusively for propagating 
purposes ” contemplates the use of the bulbs, not the business of the 
importer; accordingly the fact that bulbs fit only for such purpose 
were sold but not used by the importer for that purpose does not pre- 
clude their free entry. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 320, of 1916.) 

Begonia, dielytra, calla, peony, Iris Kempferi and Germanica, 
canna and dahlia, whether or not strictly bulbs or clumps or corms 
in a botanical sense, are dutiable under the clause of this paragraph 
where they are specifically named. (G. A, 8181, T. D. 37697, of 
1918. ) ; 

Tulip bulbs are dutiable under the provision for “ all other bulbs” 
and not as “ tulips.” Congress must be presumed to intend a change 
of meaning in changing the adjective “ tulip” in the act of 1909 to 
the noun “tulips” in the act of 1913. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 525, of 
1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 199, of 1917.) Evidence was held insufficient 
to prove commercial designation for the articles as tulips. The word 
“tulips” does not describe the tulip bulb or the tulip flower only, but 
includes the plant or the plant and flower before the flower is severed 
from the plant. Tulip flowers severed from the plant are dutiable as” 
“cut flowers” and not as “tulips.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 195, of 1917.) 

Dried and dyed immortelles were held dutiable by similitude as 
preserved cut flowers under this paragraph and not as artificial and 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 333 


ornamental flowers under paragraph 347, nor as unenumerated arti- 
cles under paragraph 3885. The change from “artificial or orna- 
mental” in the act of 1909 to “artificial and ornamental” in the act 
of 1913 indicates a legislative intent to require the article to be both 
artificial and ornamental. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 66, of 1916.) 

Funkia, herbaceous plants, were held to come within this para- 
graph and not under paragraph 211 as nursery stock. (Abstract 
37844, of 1915.) 

Muscari bulbs, sometimes called grape hyacinths, but which are 
known in the trade as muscari and not as hyacinth bulbs, and which 
belong botanically to the genus Muscari and not to the genus Hya- 
cinthus, are not dutiable under the provisions of this paragraph for 
“hyacinth bulbs” but under the provision of the same paragraph for 
“all other bulbs.” (G. A. 8028, T. D. 36998, of 1917; Abstract 40879, 
of 1917.) 

If the purpose is to provide for bulbs the word “tulips” should be 
changed to “ tulip.” ' 


PARAGRAPH 211. 


ACT OF 19069. 


264. Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings 
of Myrobolan plum, Mahaleb or Maz- 
zard cherry, Manetti multiflora and 
briar rose, three years old or less, $1 
per thousand plants; stocks, cuttings, 
or seedlings of pear, apple, quince and 
the Saint Julien plum, three years old 
or less, $2 per thousand plants; rose 
plants, budded, grafted, or grown on 
their own roots, 4 cents each; stocks, 
cuttings and seedlings of all fruit and 
ornamental trees, deciduous and ever- 
green shrubs and vines, and all trees, 
shrubs, plants, and vines commonly 
known as nursery or greenhouse stock, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 25 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 19138. 


211. Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings 
of Myrobolan plum, Mahaleb or Maz- 
zard cherry, Manetti multiflora and 
briar rose, Rosa Rugosa, three years 
old or less, $1 per thousand plants; 
stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of pear, 
apple, quince, and the Saint Julien 
plum, three years old or less, $1 per 
thousand plants; rose plants, budded, 
grafted, or grown on their own roots, 
4 cents each; stocks, cuttings, and 
seedlings of all fruit and ornamental 
trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs 
and vines, and all trees, shrubs, 
plants, and vines commonly known as 
nursery or greenhouse stock, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
STOCKS, CUTTINGS, AND SEEDLINGS OF ALL FRUIT N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—This collection of plant material includes 
the stock used by nurserymen in the propagation of fruits. America 
is dependent upon foreign countries for these supplies. 

Production.—Great numbers of apple and other seedlings from im- 
ported seed (largely from France) are grown here for stock purposes. 
Cultivation of fruit-tree stocks other than peaches is chiefly by spe- 
cialists, located principally near Topeka, Kans. We have a native 
supply of peach pits, and nurserymen who propagate peach trees grow 
their own seedling stocks. 

Import statistics do not adequately segregate the different kinds of 
plants for detailed consideration. For a period of seven or eight 
years prior to 1915 the imports of pear, apple, quince, and St. Julien 
plum seedlings had ranged from 14,211,000 to 25,748,000; following 
1915 the imports were from 3,600,000 to 8,776,000. _ Imports of myrob- 
alan plum, mahaleb or mazzard cherry, Manetti multifiora, and brier 


334 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


rose (Rosa rugosa, see below) were 24,695,000, valued at $128,314 in © 
1914, and 11,329,000, valued at $82,967 in 1918. 


ROSE PLANTS FOR STOCKS. 


Description, uses, and production.—V/anetti is a variety of rose 
used aS a stock upon which to bud or graft other more destrable 
varieties, both for garden and greenhouse culture. Production is 
rare here because of the ease of securing cheap foreign-grown stocks 
from northern France, Belgium, and adjacent regions. 

Muliifiora and Multifiora japonica are roses used as stocks on 
which to graft or bud better varieties of roses for garden culture. 
Most of this stock is grown by nurserymen, and the trade is unim- 
portant. Western Europe exports to America. 

Brier is a name quite commonly applied to Rosa canina, used as 
stock for the better varieties of roses in outdoor culture. These roses 
grow in western Europe, but domestic culture supplies our require- 
ments. . 

Imports of Mdnetti for four years preceding the war averaged 
about 5,000,000. Other varieties are not stated separately. 


PLANTS. 


Description, use, and production.—The Rugosa rose, an ornamental 
shrub for garden planting, in Europe is used as a stock for grafting. 
It is grown by all nurserymen handling ornamental shrubs. ; 

Ornanrental trees are used for street, park, and home-ground plant- 
ing. They are produced here and in France and other sections of 
western Europe. Many different kinds of ornamental shrubs are used 
for park, cemetery, and home ornamentation. These shrubs are gen- 
erally produced here in nurseries, the kinds varying with the region. 
Western Europe, especially France, furnishes a large supply. Various 
kinds of broad-leafed evergreens are found, mostly in the warmer 
sections. Bow is probably the most important commercially. Most 
sections produce these shrubs in nurseries. France, Belgium, Holland, 
and other parts of western Europe cultivate them extensively. 

Imports in 1916 of ornamental trees were over 2,000,000; of orna- 
mental shrubs, over 4,000,000; and of evergreens, 2,500,000. 

Exports are insignificant. They are excluded from many European 
countries. 

NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE STOCK. 


Description and uses.—Nursery and greenhouse stock is a blanket 
phrase, probably including many different plants grown in small quan- 
tities, 

Production.—Many of these kinds of stocks are grown to some ex- 
tent in the United States. Western Europe and Japan are notable 
producers. 

Imports were over 1,000,000 plants in 1916. 

Exports of nursery stock were valued at $315,065 in 1914, and 
$260,763 in 1918, going mostly to Canada. This stock is exeluded from 
some European countries. yy? 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 

Only those brier roses that are 3 years old or lesS are entitled to 

entry at the rate of $1 per thousand plants. Plants invoiced as “ Rose 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 835 
rugosa seedlings”? and claimed by the importer to be Manetti multi- 
fiora or brier roses, were held properly classified as rose plants 
budded, grafted, or grown on their own roots under the act of 1909. 
(3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 354, of 1912.) In a subsequent case before the 
Board, relative to Rosa rugosa seedlings, the preceding court ease was 
distinguished in that very little testimony was given to warrant classi- 
fying the merchandise as nursery stock and the only question that 
seemed to be dwelt on was the age of the plants, and it was stated that 
commercially the term “grown on their own roots,’ found in para- 
graph 264 of the act of 1909, applied only to rose plants propagated 
from slips or cuttings. As the merchandise was excluded from the 
brier-rose provision by being over 3 years oid, and from the rose-plant 
provision by reason of the foregoing definition, it was held dutiable 
as nursery stock. (Abstract 304389, T. D. 32926, of 1912.) 

Cycas stems classified as palms (Abstract 37765, of 1915), Merisier 
cherry trees claimed dutiable as stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of * * * 
mahaleb or mazzard cherry (Abstract 32841, T. D. 33591, of 1913), 
Peonia moutan, formerly known as Peonia arborea (T. D. 33270, of 
1913), and rhubard roots for cultivation, claimed exempt from duty 
under paragraph 668 of the act of 1909 as bulbous roots not edible 
(Abstract 23237, T. D. 30585, of 1910), were held to come within the 
provision for nursery or greenhouse stock. 

Spirea plants claimed dutiable under the provision for “ all other 
bulbs, bulbous roots or corms which are cultivated for their flowers 
or foliage” (par. 263, act of 1909), were likewise classified. (Ab- 
stract 37132, T. D. 35027, of 1914.) 

FHvergreen shrubs and vines are dutiable at 15 per cent under this 
paragraph and evergreen coniferous seedlings are exempt from duty 
under paragraph 595. : 


PARAGRAPH 212. 


ACT OF 1909. 


266. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, 
25 cents per bushel of fifty pounds; 
flaxseed or linseed and other oil 
seeds not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 cents per bushel of 
fifty-six pounds; poppy seed, 15 cents 
per bushel of forty-seven pounds; 
mushroom spawn and spinach seed, 1 
cent per pound; beet, except sugar 
beet, carrot, corn salad, parsley, 
parsnip, radish, turnip and _ ruta- 
haga seed, 4 cents per pound; cab- 
bage, collard, kale and _ kohl-rabi 
seed, 8 cents per pound; egg plant 
and pepper seed, 20 cents per pound; 
seeds of all kinds not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 10 cents per 
pound, 


668. Seeds: Anise, canary, “eara- 
way *™ * *; all the foregoing not 
specially provided for in this section. 
(Free. ) 


ACT OF 19158. 


212. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, 
15 cents per bushel of fifty pounds; 
flaxseed or linseed and other oil seeds 
not specially provided for in this see- 
tion, 20 cents per bushel of fifty-six 
pounds; poppy seed, 15 cents per 
bushel of forty-seven pounds; mush- 
room spawn, and spinach seed, 1 cent 
per pound; canary seed, 4 cent per 
pound; caraway seed, 1 cent per 
pound ; anise seed, 2 cents per pound ; 
beet (except sugar beet), carrot, corn 
salad, parsley, parsnip, radish, tur- 
nip, and rutabaga seed, 3 eents per 
pound; cabbage, collard, kale. and 
kohl-rabi seed, 6 cents per pound; 
egg plant and pepper seed, 10 cents 
per pound; seeds of all kinds not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
5 eents per pound: Provided, That 
no allowance shall be made for dirt 
or other impurities in seeds provided 
for in this paragraph. 


336 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
CASTOR BEANS OR SEEDS. 


Description and uses.—Castor beans or seeds are employed princi- 
pally for oil manufacture (par. 45). The oil is used for industrial 
purposes and as a medicine, and proves superior to any other as a 
lubricant for aeroplanes. 

Production is cheaper perhaps in India and other Asiatic countries 
than elsewhere, and is insignificant here, chiefly because of the large 
amount of hand labor required, especially in harvesting. Efforts in 
1918 to grow these beans to supply oil for aeroplanes met with little 
success, due to inexperience, unseasonable conditions, and other 
causes. } ' 

Imports averaged 838,861 bushels for 1910-1913, and reached a 
maximum of 1,262,488 bushels in 1918. They came mainly from India 
and parts of Asia. 

FLAXSEED OR LINSEED. 


Description and uses.—Flaxseed or linseed is used almost exclu- 
sively for making linseed oil. (See par. 45.) The by-product, oil 
cake, is a valuable feedstuff and fertilizer. 

Production of fiaxseed or linseed for 1912-1916 averaged 15,000,000 _ 
bushels. North Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, and South Dakota pro- 
duce the bulk; Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wyoming grow 
smaller quantities. 

Imports in 1918 were 12,785,034 bushels, valued at $33,830,735, with 
revenue of $2,557,006, an increase over prewar imports, those for 
1910-1913 averaging 6,909,209 bushels. 

Exports are relatively insignificant, 21,481 bushels in 1918, mostly 
going to the United Kingdom and Canada. 


POPPY SEED. 


Description and uses.—The most important is the white or oil 
poppy, noted for its yield of opium and the bland, fixed oil obtained 
from the seed by crushing (par. 45). It is native to most warm 
countries. The seeds contain no opium and yield about 40 per cent 
oil. The oil cake is used for fertilizer and for feeding cattle. 

Production.—The poppy plant is grown extensively in Asia Minor, 
Persia, India, Egypt, south Russia, and northern France. ‘The seed 
from Manchuria is of low quality. 

Imports for 1910-1914 averaged 56,084 bushels, and in 1918 reached 
a maximum of 180,024 bushels, valued at $215,840, yielding a revenue 
of $19,503. France and Germany were the principal countries in 
which poppy seed. was crushed. 


MUSHROOM SPAWN. 


Description and uses.—Mushroom is the popular name for various 
species of edible fungi. It is the fruiting body of the fungus, the 
result of a more or less matted growth called the spawn, consisting 
of numerous white threads disseminated through the soil. The com- 
mercial spawn comes in bricks or flakes, made of horse manure 
impregnated with the fungus. Parasitic fungi sometimes interfere 
with mushroom culture and cause serious losses, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. bays Y | 


Imports in 1918 were only 16,923 pounds, valued at $646, compared 
with an average for 1910-1914 of 279,064 pounds. They are luxuries 
and came mostly from Europe. 


SPINACH SEED. 


Description and uses.—Spinach seed is used solely for planting; 
about 800,000 or 900,000 pounds are sown annually. 
Production of commercial spinach seed increased from 45,000 pounds 
in 1916 to 1,650,000 pounds in 1918. 
Imports in 1918 were 804,789 pounds, with an average of 1,241,757 
pounds in 1910 to 1914. 
CANARY SEED. 


Description and uses.—Canary seed, from an annual grass. of that 
name, is native to the Canary Islands, southern Europe, northern 
Africa, and Asia. It has been naturalized in England and parts of 
the United States, and is cultivated as a food for cage birds in the 
south of Europe, especially in Germany and England. A fine flour 
prepared from this seed is used in sizing high-grade cotton and silk 
goods. 

Imports were 3,242,223 pounds, valued at $201,469, yielding a reve- 
nue of $16,211 in 1918; 4,503,280 pounds in 1914; and 6,219,623 pounds 
in 1918. 

CARAWAY SEED. 


Description and uses.—This is a grass seed growing wild in Europe 
and parts of Asia and cultivated in Europe and America. The grass 
has a branching stem from 1 to 2 feet high, finely divided leaves, and 
dense, whitish flowers. The seed is used medicinally, also as an aro- 
matic condiment by distillers, confectioners, and perfumers in the 
preparation of liqueurs, cakes, scented soaps, etc. Caraway oil, 
fragrant and volatile, is obtained by crushing the seeds and distilling 
with water. It is employed for the same purposes as the seed. 

Imports were 635,677 pounds, valued at $247,499 in 1918, compared 
with an average of 3,279,230 pounds in 1910 to 1918. The value per 
pound rose from 6 cents in 1915 to 39 cents in 1918. In 1914 imports 
declined to 1,909,300 pounds, compared with 3,691,831 pounds in 1913. 


ANISE. 


Description and uses.—Anise is the seed of an annual plant native 
to Egypt and other Mediterranean regions. It is cultivated in the 
south of Europe, South America, India, Cuba, and in Germany, espe- 
cially around Erfurt, where a large quantity is produced. Anise is 
used as a spice, in the preparation of liqueurs, and as a medicinal 
stimulant. Oil of anise, a volatile oil obtained by crushing and dis- 
tilling the seed, is used for similar purposes. Anise has a warm, 
sweetish taste and an agreeable odor. 

Imports in 1918 were 364,406 pounds, valued at $61,336, and an 
average of 1,083,339 pounds in 1910 to 1918. The largest amount im- 
ported was 1,144,845 pounds in 1911. 


BEET SEED (EXCEPT SUGAR BEET AND MANGELWURZEL). 


Description and uses.—Beet seed is used primarily for planting in 
this country, nearly 500,000 pounds of the garden variety being sown 
annually. 


184911°—20 22 





338 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production increased rapidly during the war—in 1916, 200,000 
pounds; in 1917, 464,000 pounds; and in 1918, 2,509,000 pounds. 
California leads, smaller quantities coming from Washington and 
Connecticut. 

Imports decreased from 1,076,525 pounds in 1914 to 447,878 pounds 
in 1918. 


CARROT SEED. 


Description and uses.—The carrot is a vegetable grown in home 
and market gardens. Some of the large-rooted varieties are grown 
under field culture for stock feeding. Probably 450,000 pounds of 
carrot seed are sown for these purposes. 

Production increased from 584,000 pounds in 1916 to 2,125,000 
pounds in 1918. Practically all domestic carrot seed is produced in 
Jalifornia. 

Imports were 32,500 pounds in 1918, decreasing from an average of 
144,056 pounds for 1910-1913. France produces and formerly shipped 
us large quantities. 

CORN-SALAD SEED. 


Description and uses.—Corn salad is used as a garnish and for 
salad, as is parsley or cress. The seed is used here primarily for 
planting. Only small quantities are imported, as it is not grown 
very extensively. 

Imports for 1915-1918 averaged 4,118 pounds, valued at $741— 
somewhat less than the prewar average. 


PARSLEY SEED. 


Description and uses.—Parsley is used for garnishing meats and 
other foods and as a condiment. The seed is planted to some extent 
for oil purposes. 

Production is in California, the annual average being 88,000 pounds. 

imports during 1916-1918 averaged 58.116 pounds, running some- 
what below domestic production. 


PARSNIP SEED. 


Description and uses.—Parsnip is a root crop grown in home and 
market gardens for table food and on farms for live stock. About 
120,000 to 150,000 pounds of the seed are used annually for planting. 

Production is mainly in California, amounting to 67,000 pounds 
in 1916, 68,000 pounds in 1917, and 167,000 pounds in 1918. 

Imports in 1918 were 7,065 pounds, compared with an average of 
102,557 pounds for 1913-1917, the value per pound increasing from 
8.1 to 28.6 cents. : 

RADISH SEED. 


Description and uses.—The radish is grown extensively in home 
and market gardens. Over 800,000 pounds of radish seed, used solely 
for planting, are sold annually, not including the seed from home 
gardens for local use. 

Production in 1916 was 720,000 pounds; in 1917, 621,000 pounds; 
and in 1918, 1,935,000 pounds. Radishes produce seed the first season. 
California and Michigan are the chief sources of supply. 

Imports in 1918 were 102,735 pounds, with an average of 491,097 
during 1910-1914. The value per pound increased from 17.9 cents 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 339 


in 1917 to 53.8 cents in 1918. Much of the seed formerly came from 
France. When that supply was cut off, domestic growers planted 
larger acreages, and since 1918 considerable quantities have been 
available for export. 


TURNIP AND RUTABAGA SEEDS, 


Description and uses.—Turnip and rutabaga are root crops grown 
extensively in home and market gardens for food purposes, and on 
farms for live stock. The seed is used solely for planting and about 
2,000,000 pounds (1,500,000 pounds turnip and 500,000 pounds ruta- 
baga) are required annually. 

Production of seed is principally in Washington, California, New 
York, and Connecticut. The commercial output of turnip seed in- 
creased’ from 20,000 pounds in 1916 to 200,700 pounds in 1918, and of 
rutabaga seed from 3,800 pounds to 27,300 pounds. 

Imports in 1918 were 2,150,965 pounds, valued at $616,014. For 
1914, 1,580,713 pounds compared with an average of 1,773,613 pounds 
for 1910-1913. 


CABBAGE SEED. 


Description and uses.—Cabbage is one of our prineipal truck crops 
and a common home garden product; over 500,000 pounds of seed are 
required annually. 

Production commercially in 1916 was 217,000 pounds; in 1917, 
292,000 pounds; and in 1918, 157,000 pounds. Long Island and Puget 
Sound are the cabbage-seed producing sections. 

Imports were 83,210 pounds in 1918, compared with an average of 
251,927 pounds for 1910-1913. Denmark and Holland were normally 
the principal producing countries. 


COLLARD SEED. 


Description and uses.—Collard is a favorite vegetable in some of 
the Atlantic and Gulf States, used in much the same way as cabbage. 
The seed is used solely for planting. 

Production.—Collard seed are easily produced wherever the plant. 
is grown as a vegetable. Most commercial seed is produced in 
Georgia. Data are not available as to the output, but it appears to 
be sufficient to meet domestic requirements. 

Imports were only 17 pounds in 1918, and averaged 2,359 pounds for 
4915-1918. 

KALE SEED. 


Description and uses.—Kale is grown in family and truck gardens 
and used as a vegetable or “ greens,’ also, especially the Siberian 
kale, as a forage plant for live stock and poultry. The quantity of 
seed required for planting is estimated at from 50,000 to 65,000 
pounds. ; 

Production is mostly in New York, Washington, California, and 
Connecticut. The commercial production in 1916 was 29,000 pounds; 
in 1917, 4,500 pounds; and in 1918, 16,700 pounds. 

Imports decreased to 8,016 pounds in 1918, the previous five-year 
average being 34,955 pounds, with 31,806 pounds in 1913, and 38,073 
pounds in 1914. 


340 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


KOHL-RABI SEED. 


Description and uses.—Kohl-rabi is a vegetable forming an edible 
“bulb,” popular in many gardens and grown somewhat by truckers. 
Kohl-rabi produces seed, used solely for planting, the second year. 
The plants are stored in pits, or otherwise protected from freezing, as 
are cabbage, beets, carrots, ete. 

Imports in 1918 were 16,770 pounds, valued at $12,249, about an 
average quantity, but at a greatly increased value. 


EGGPLANT SEED. 


Description and uses.—This vegetable produces a large, purple, 
egg-shaped fruit, and is grown extensively in family and market 
gardens. Seed for planting is produced here in sufficient quantity 
to meet domestic demands. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to 2,069 pounds, valued at $2,768. 


PEPPER SEED. 


Description and uses.—Peppers are grown in home and market 
gardens for use in condiments, sauces, pickles, ete. 
Production.—Pepper seed is easily cultivated in many sections of 
the country. The commercial output, omitting that retained for home 
sowing, was 17,000 pounds in 1916, 21,000 in 1917, and 56,000 pounds 
in 1918. New Jersey, Georgia, Mississippi, and California lead in 
production. . 
Imports in 1918 were 21,884 pounds, valued at $15,964. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The proviso to this paragraph limits the “other impurities” to 
such as correspond to the one named, to wit, dirt, at least in the 
essential particular of having no separate tariff status for dutiable 
purposes. Its construction should not abrogate the rule that where 
two or more articles subject to different rates of duty are present in 
an importation they may be separately assessed at the several rates 
provided for each. For this purpose physical segregation of the 
articles is not essential. Segregation is not an ‘ allowance,” which 
refers to draft or tare or some abatement from the full weight of 
imported merchandise. Flaxseed imported as it came from the 
farms, commingled with wild buckwheat and other grains, but 
practically no dirt, separated into flaxseed and screenings, for sale 
as such, was held dutiable separately from the screenings, upon 
proof of proportion, the fiaxseed under this paragraph and the screen- 
ings aS an unenumerated unmanufactured article under paragraph 
885. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 267, of 1918.) An appeal is pending in the 
Court of Customs Appeals from a decision (Abstract 48282, of 1919) 
upon the value of linseed screenings. 

Lotus lily seeds, or so-called lotus nuts, were held dutiable according 
to condition as seeds under this paragraph, or as prepared vegetables 
under paragraph 200, or as sweetmeats under paragraph 217. (T. D, 
36171, of 1916.) Melon seed peeled, roasted, and salted for food, the 
germinating quality disappearing in these processes, has been held 
to be neither vegetables nor seeds, but dutiable as an unenumerated 
manufactured article. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 388, of 1911.) But melon 
seeds fit for germinating purposes were held still to be seed (Ab- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 341 


stract 30826, T. D. 33031, of 1912) ; also parsley seed, 81.5 per cent of 
which would germinate (Abstract 40018, of 1916). 

Beet seed dutiable under this paragraph, can not be, with any degree 
of certainty, distinguished from sugar-beet or mangelwurzel seed, 
which are free under paragraph 595; this is also true of cabbage 
seed, dutiable under this paragraph, and cauliflower seed, exempt from 
duty under paragraph 595, they being practically the same in ap- 
pearance. 

If it should be desired to include screenings in the assessment of 
duty on flaxseed the proviso might be made to read as follows: ‘ Pro- 
vided, That in the assessment of duties on seeds provided for in this 
paragraph, no allowance shall be made for, or segregation made of, 
any screenings, impurities, or other matter of a character usually 
imported mixed with such seeds.” 


PARAGRAPH 213. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
267. Straw, $1.50 per ton. 213. Straw, 50 cents per ton. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Straw is the general term applied to the 
stalks of grain plants (especially wheat, rye, oats, barley) after 
thrashing. It is extensively used in the manufacture of straw hats, 
in paper making, the thatching of roofs, plaiting into door and table 
mats, mattresses, ete., and for weaving light baskets, etc. It is also 
used as a bedding for cattle, for packing, and for fodder. These 
several uses require different grades and varieties. 

Production statistics are not available. In 1905, 304,585 tons of 
straw, valued at $1,502,886, were used in the manufacture of paper 
and wood pulp. 

Imports in 1918 were 12,908 tons, valued at $71,509. 

Exports increased from 288 tons in 1914 to 1,097 tons in 1917, 
valued at $4,714 and $12,948, respectively. 


PARAGRAPH 214. 


268. Teazels, 30 per centum ad ya- 214. Teazels, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


' Description and uses.—The flower heads or teasels of the teasel 
plant are covered with stiff, hooked bracts, which, when dried, are 
used by woolen mills to raise a nap on woolen cloths. Teasels are 
arranged on a cylinder so that their recurved hooks catch the fibers 
of the wool, causing them to stand up and form a nap. While 
strong enough for the work, the teasel hooks are sufficiently elastic 
to prevent breaking the cloth. The plant is a biennial, in its second 
year a bush about 6 feet high. Its main stalk produces the strongest 
and largest, or “ king” teasel; the larger branches, the ‘ queens” or 
‘mediums; ” and the smaller branches, ‘“ buttons” or the smallest 
teasels. ‘‘ Kings” are used on blankets, ‘ buttons’”’ on broadcloths. 

Production.—Onondaga County, N.,Y., raises almost the entire do- 
mestic supply of teasels; they are grown to a small extent in Oregon. 


342 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


In 1909 only 162 acres were devoted to this crop (110 acres in New 
York), with a production of 78 tons and a farm value of $13,760. 

Imports of teasels, largely “ kings,” are almost exclusively from 
France, ranging in value between $15,000 and $25,000. Southern - 
France produces the most wiry hooks known, useful for deep-napped 
woolens, 

Exports consist chiefly of ‘‘ buttons,” in great demand in Kurope, 
but having a limited market here. They amount to several thousand 
dollars annually. 

(For teaseled cattle-hair eloth, see ‘* Interpretation and comments,” 
par. 288.) 

PARAGRAPH 215. 


ACT OF £909. ACT OF 19138. 


269. Vegetables in their natural 215. Vegetables in their natural 
state, not specially provided for in| state, not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 per centum ad va-]| this section, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


VEGETABLES IN THEIR NATURAL STATE. 


Description and uses.—The common cabbage, kale, kohirabi, cauli- 
flower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts are all of the same family. Cab- 
bage serves as green fodder for cattle, as well as a food for man. A 
dye known as cauline may be made from cabbage. 

Production of cabbage, from 125,998 acres, was valued at $9,719,641 
in 1909. It grows in every State, and in 1918 nine States, with 
61,700 acres, yielded a crop with a farm value of $14,818,000. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $262; in 1914, $22,875. Imports 
decreased during the war to $9,643 in 1918. 


ALL OTHER VEGETABLES, N. S. P. F. 


Description.—This class includes more than a score of vegetables of 
minor commercial importance. 

Production.—Complete production statistics are unavailable. In 
1909 there were at _least 530,000 acres devoted to these products, 
yielding a crop valued at about $37,555,000. 

Imports were valued at $998,565 in 1913 and $1,083,458 in 1914, 
coming chiefly from Canada, Italy, Cuba, and Belgium. The 1918 im- 
portation exceeded by 70 per cent that of 1914, coming almost entirely 
from Canada, Cuba, and Mexico. 

Exports amounted to $1,711,950 in 1914 and $2,429,272 in 1918, 
mostly to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The word “ vegetable” has not been employed in tariff acts in a 
botanical sense, but has been restricted to vegetables commonly used 
for food. Condiments, such as horse radish roots (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
142, 145, of 1913), truffles (168 Fed., 889, of 1909), and capers (1 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 171, of 1911) are not vegetables for tariff purposes. 
' White beans (1380 U. S., 412, of 1889), tomatoes (149 U. S., 304, of 
1893), and Spanish sweet peppers (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 9, of 1915), 
have been held to be vegetables. Cauliflower, trimmed, washed, and 
packed in brine for preservation during transportation (167 Fed., 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 343 


533, of 1909), vegetables sliced to facilitate drying, and mushrooms 
cleaned, sliced, and dried in the sun (153 Fed., 880, of 1907), awai 
san used by the Chinese as a vegetable (175 Fed., 891, of 1909), 
pueraria roots grown in China and occasionally designated as a yam 
(1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 14, of 1910), green corn on the cob (T. D. 35806, 
of 1915), ftialian lupins (Abstract 38756, of 1915), cipollina or 
cipolline, an onionlike bulb (Abstract 33201, T. D. 33668, of 1913; Ab- 
stract 21899, T. D. 30037, of 1909), crosnes (Abstract 33980, T. D. 
33833, of 1918), imogara (Abstract 24914, T. D. 31835, of 1911), and 
dried shoots of the lily plant (Abstract 27931, T. D. 32333, of 1912), 
have been held to be vegetables in their natural state. - 


PARAGRAPH 216. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


270, Fish (except shellfish) by 216. Fish, except shellfish, by what- 
whatever name known, packed in oil, |} ever name known, packed in oil or in 
in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or] oil and other substances, in bottles, 
cans, shall be dutiable as follows: | jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, 25 per 
When in packages containing seven } centum ad valorem; all other fish, ex- 
and one-half cubic inches or less, 14 | cept shell fish, in tin packages, not 
cents per bottie, jar, keg, box, or can; | specially provided for in this section, 
containing mere than seven and one- | 15 per centum ad valorem; caviar and 
half and not more than twenty-one | other preserved roe oi fish, 380 per 
cubie inches, 2% cents per bottle, jar, | centum ad valorem; fish, skinned or 
keg, box, or can; containing more | boned, 2 of 1 cent per pound. 
than twenty-one and not more than 
thirty-three cubic inches, 5 cents per 
bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; contain- 
ing more than thirty-three and not 
more than seventy cubic inches, 10 
cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; 
all other fish (except shellfish) in tin 
packages, 30 per centum ad valorem ; 
* %* * caviar, and other preserved 
roe of fish, 80 per centum ad valorem. 

273. * * * fish, skinned or boned, 
22 cents per ‘pound; ‘* -* °* 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
FISH, EXCEPT SHELLFISH, PACKED IN OIL. 


Description and uses.—The sardine is by far the most important. 
The American sardine is any small herring. The sprat and brisling, 
small European herrings, are usually imported canned and sold as 
sardines. The sardel is a small fish, similar to the sardine, and 
prepared in like manner in certain Mediterranean ports. Anchovies 
packed in oil are imported in small amounts. The tuna is the only 
American fish of any importance, excepting sardines, canned in oil. 

Olive oil, peanut oil, and” cottonseed oil are used in the preparation 
of the sardine, either as a frying substance or for canning. The 
variation in prices of sardines is largely due to different costs of cot- 
tonseed oil and olive oils. Various sauces are also often added to 
impart flavoring. 

Production.—The genuine sardine, or the pilchard, is found in the 
Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal, and 
France. The Spanish sardine is found from Cuba to Florida; other 

members of the family, in the North Sea, along our entire Atlantic 
coast, and the coast of California. 


344 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The output of domestic sardines amounted to about 4,800,000 cases 
in 1908 and 5,012,199 in 1914, valued at $5,307,000 and $6,238,933, 
respectively. A small amount of the sardines canned do not employ 
oil, the fish being smoked and prepared with sauces, usually mustard. 
The canning of tuna fish in oil has assumed considerable proportions 
recently, in 1914 amounting to 437,090 cases, valued at $1,638,675. 
About 92 per cent of the sardines were packed in Maine and all of the 
tuna in California. 

Import values fluctuated only slightly from 1909 to 1913, and were 
$2,624,023 in 1913. Values increased about 24 per cent in 1914. Dur- 
ing the war imports decreased sharply, in 1918 amounting to only 
$922,789, 85 per cent from Norway, France, and Portugal. 

Export statistics are not available for fish packed in oil. Canned 
fish (except salmon and shellfish) were valued at $156,696 in 1908 
and at $6,954,091 in 1918. During 1908-1918 the United Kingdom 
took about 40 per cent of these products, Brazil, Mexico, and the Phil- 
ippine Islands together about an equal amount. 


ALL OTHER FISH, EXCEPT SHELLFISH, IN TIN PACKAGES. 


Description and uses.—Salmon, herring, mackerel, grayfish, and 
cod are included under this heading. The salmon stands preeminent 
among canned fish; the others are of little importance in domestic 
production. f 

Production.—The salmon is caught in immense quantities in the 
rivers emptying into the Pacific, from San Francisco to the straits in 
Alaska, the industry centering on the Columbia River and Puget 
Sound. Five general species are packed, varying in size, in color and 
texture of the flesh, and in fiavor. The ved or sockeye, and hump- 
back or pink, comprise about 80 per cent of the canned salmon. The 
remaining brands are chum or keta, coho or silver, and king or 
spring. The prejudice against the paler varieties arises from ap- 
pearance rather than quality. 

The output of “all other fish, except shellfish, in tins ” in 1908 was 
228,856,000 pounds (about 4,800,000 cases), valued at $14,356,000, 
about 99 per cent canned salmon. Alaska reported 82 per cent of the 
quantity and 72 per cent of the value; Washington, 10 per cent and 
16 per cent; Oregon, 7 per cent and 11 per cent; and California, the 
remaining 1 per cent. In 1914 the output was 5,657,714 cases, valued 
at $27,903,185, all but 87,761 cases, valued at $269,901, being salmon. ~ 
The Alaskan share amounted to 4,401,653 cases, valued at $18,920,589. 
This output rose to 5,947,286 cases, valued at $46,295,900, in 1917, 
an increase of 47 per cent in quantity and 144 per cent in value since 
1914. 

Import values were $1,064,448 in 1913, $1,310,798 in 1914, and 
$609,474 in 1918. Except for the war period, herring was the largest 
item, ranging from 20 per cent to 35 per cent of the total. Mackerel 
ranked next, except for 1918, when the canned salmon imports 
amounted to 503,035 pounds, valued at $53,914. Imports came largely 
from the United Kingdom, Norway, and Canada. The European 
method of curing provides a herring much more highly esteemed 
than the domestic product. 

Export values in 1914 were $8,118,129, of which canned salmon 
amounted to 87,750,920 pounds (about 4,380,000 cases), valued at 
$7,999,298, In 1918 exports of “all other fish, except shellfish, in tins ” 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 3845 


were valued at $23,524,925. The salmon exported amounted to 110,- 
060,480 pounds (about 5,500,000 cases), valued at $16,570,834. Our ex- 
ports to the United Kingdom were about 65 per cent of the total dur- 
ing 1910-1918. Australia was next, and the Philippine Islands ranked 
third except for the latter part of the war, when Italy and Canada 
bought heavily. 


CAVIAR, AND OTHER PRESERVED ROE OF FISH. 


Description and uses.—Caviar is the roe of the sturgeon and other 
large fish, prepared in several grades as a food. Next to the sturgeon, 
the spoonbill catfish or paddlejfish yields the highest grade of caviar. 
The large demand has led to utilizing the roe of other fish, principally 
the shad and herring. Many of these preserved roes resemble sturgeon 
caviar in color and texture, and are often so labeled and sold. 

Production statistics are not available. The sturgeon found in the 
Mississippi Valley, in the Great Lakes region, and on the Atlantic 
seaboard, being almost extinct, the greater part of American “ caviar ” 
is necessarily the roe of other fish. In 1908 the domestic output 
amounted to 217,000 pounds, valued at $95,000. Florida reported 
135,000 pounds, valued at $16,000. The low value indicates that the 
product was classed as “other preserved roe of fish.” This leaves 
an output of 82,000 pounds, valued at $79,000, of which a small 
amount is also probably other than sturgeon caviar. Virginia, New 
Jersey, New York, and Maryland together produce 58 per cent of the 
total amount and 70 per cent of the value. 

Of foreign production the highest grades and the largest quantities 
of the cheaper grades are manufactured in Russia, principally on the 
Volga River. Besides the several varieties of sturgeon utilized, the 
roe of the pike perch is used in the manufacture of a red caviar, and 
of the dog salmon for what is known as keta caviar. 

Import values in 1913 of caviar were $184,745 and of other pre- 
served roes, $13,180, increasing to $213,320 and $27,182 in 1914 and 
dropped to $42,728 and $15,329 in 1918. 

Exports of caviar and other preserved roe of fish in 1909 (the 
last year they were separately given) were valued at $14,883, going 
mostly to Canada, Cuba, and Central American States. 


FISH, SKINNED OR BONED. 


Description and uses.—Though details are not available, it is prob- 
able that the item of greatest importance under “fish, skinned or 
boned,” is the cod. 

Production of boned fish in 1908 amounted to 38,307,000 pounds, 
valued at $3,526,000. The output of cod, boned, was 90 per cent in 
valuesand 84 per cent in quantity of the total. Herring and haddock 
were the other two fish of some importance, with pollack, hake, and 
cusk also reported in small amounts. 

Imports increased from 2,382,914 pounds in 1913 to 3,154,899 
pounds in 1914, and in value from $176,742 to $244,775, respectively. 
In 1918 imports were 2,192,540 pounds, valued at $289,144, the greater 
part probably coming from Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “ fish, except shellfish, by whatever name known, 
packed in oil’? embraces all fish so processed as if therein individually 


346 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


named, and was held to include smoked or salied herrings in oil in tins, 
although herring smoked or salted were provided for eo nomine in 
the act of 1909. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 40, of 1913.) Boned fish in oil 
in tins or bottles is dutiable thereunder and not under the provision 
for ‘fish, skinned or boned.” (G. A. 7721, T. D. 35366, of 1915.) 
“ Packed in oil” applies whenever oil is a part of the substance in 
which the fish is found packed irrespective of the time or method 
of application of the oil. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 527, of 1915.) No 
allowance as tare or impurity can be made for oil exuding ‘from fish 
in tins. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 401, of 1918). Tunny fish cut into large 
cross sections, and packed in oil in tin packages of 5, 12, and 22 
pounds capacity are within this provision. The provision applies to 
wholesale as well as to retail packages. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 395, 
of 1918.) It also applies to jish in fish oil. (G. A. 7798, T. O. 35826, 
of 1915.) 

A combination of haddock and other materials in the form of fish 
balls or fish pudding (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 467, of 1918), fish fried in 
lard and packed with salt in tins (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 556, of 1915), 
skinned or boned fish (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 441, of 1915), fish in lard 
(Abstract 38862, of 1915), fresh-water fish (G. A. 8025, T. D. 37000, of 
1917), and whale meat (G. A. 8268, T. D. 380538, of 1919), ali in tins 
without oil or oil and other substance, are dutiable as “ other fish, 
except shellfish, in tin packages.” In G. A. 7720, T. D. 35365, affirmed 
in 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 441 (supra), the Board of General Appraisers 
said: . 

Congress, in the act of 1913, greatly simplified and shortened the 
previous fish schedule and abolished the eo nomine provisions for par- 
ticular kinds of fish, and grouped all fish under four distinct classes 
or heads, grading the duty on those classes under the same general 
pian as in the act of 1909—that is, ‘‘by means of a series of grada- 
tions based primarily on the condition of advancement, the rate of 
duty increasing as the state of advancement increases, considering the 
package, the packing, and the preparation, all taken together.” (G. A. 
7706, T. D. 85269.) First, fish packed in oil or in oil and other sub- 
stances, in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, the most advanced 
condition, is taxed at the highest rate, 25 per cent; second, fish not 
quite so far advanced, namely, fish in tin packages, pay 15 per cent; 
third, fish, skinned or boned, still less advanced, enter at a still lower 
rate, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; fourth, fresh-water fish and 
all other fish not specially provided for in the three previous classes 
are admitted free. Caviar and other preserved roe of fish, a highly 
developed preparation of the eggs of fish, stands in a class by itself 
and bears a higher rate than any of the provisions for fish proper. 


The term ‘ boned’ according to its common signification does not 
necessarily mean boneless, but substantially free of bone. Salmon 
from which the larger part of the backbone has been removed, leaving 
the side bones and other bones in the fish, and which had been treated 
with a solution of salt or brine for the purpose of preserving it 
during transportation and not sufficient to affect its sale as fresh 
fish, was held not boned within the meaning of this paragraph. 
Whether or not an article is boned can not be determined by the 
process employed. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 1915; see also Ab- 
stract 35547, T. D. 34440 and 34836, of 1914 and 35642, of 1915.) 
Fresh-water fish skinned is dutiable as fish skinned under this para- 
graph rather than free as fresh-water fish under paragraph 483. 
(Abstract 40628, of 1917.) | 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 847 


“ Caviar and other preserved roe of fish” covers all fish roe treated 
in any manner for preservation for food purposes. Fish dried, 
whether in the sun or otherwise, and thereby saved from decomposi- 
tion for a substantial period of time, is “ preserved ” within the com- 
mon meaning of the term. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 388, of 1914.) The 
words “in any manner” refer to any method and not to any degree 
of preservation. The constant presence and application of heat or 
cold as an arresting agency of decomposition does not constitute 
preservation. Cold storage and natural freezing are not preserva- 
tion within the act and'fish roe salted sufficiently to preserve it 
during the winter, but not during the summer in New York, was 
accordingly held not preserved within this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 399, of 1915.) Ten per cent of salt suffices to preserve. (T. D. 
387701, of 1918.) Herring milt, which is not fish but a secretion of fish, 
was held dutiable as a roe of fish. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 377, of 1918.) 

Ordinary fish in tins not in oil, is dutiable at 15 per cent under 
this paragraph, and expensive fish, such as French anchovies, in glass 
bottles or jars and not in oil, is exempt from duty under paragraph 
483. 

PARAGRAPH 217. 


ACT OF 1909. 


274. Apples, peaches, quinces, cher- 
ries, plums, and pears, green or ripe, 
25 cents per bushel; berries, edible, in 
heir natural condition, 1 cent per 
quart; cranberries, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; all edible fruits, including 
berries, when dried, desiccated, evap- 
orated, or prepared in any manner, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 2 cents per pound; comfits, 
sweetmeats, and fruits of all kinds 
preserved or packed in sugar, or hay- 
ing sugar added thereto, or preserved 
or packed in molasses, spirits, or their 
own juices, if containing no alcohol, 
or containing not over 10 per centum 
of alcohol, 1 cent per pound and 35 
per centum ad valorem; if containing 
over 10 per centum of alcohol and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem and in ad- 
dition $2.50 per proof gallon on the 
aleohol contained therein in excess of 
10 per centum} jellics of all kinds, 35 
per centum ad valorem; pineapples 
preserved in their own juice, not hav- 
ing sugar, spirits, or molasses added 
thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


217. Apples, peaches, quinces, cher- 
ries, plums, and pears, green or ripe, 
10 cents per bushel of fifty pounds; 
berries, edible, in their natural condi- 
tion, 4 cent per quart; cranberries, 10 
per centum ad valorem; all edible 
fruits, including berries, when dried, 
desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in 
any manner, not specially provided for 
in this section, 1 cent per pound; com- 
fits, Sweetmeats, and fruits of all 
kinds preserved or packed in sugar, 
or having sugar added thereto or 
preserved or packed in molasses, spir- 
its, or their own juices, if containing 
no alcohol, or containing not over 16 
per centum of alcohol, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; if containing over 10 per 
centum of alcohol and not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem, and in addition 
$2.50 per proof gallon on the alcohol 
contained therein in excess of 10 per 
centum; jellies of all kinds, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; pineapples pre- 
served in their own juice, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INYVORMATION. 
APPLES, GREEN OR RIPE. 


Description and uses.—The apple is by far the most important 
fruit, being grown practically throughout the country. The cultiva- 
tion of long-keeping varieties, increased storage facilities, and im- 
proved methods of distribution render apples available the entire year. 
Great quantities are evaporated or canned and a considerable portion 
is made into unfermented juice, vinegar, apple butter, and other 
products. 


848 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—The estimated crop was 54,372,000 barrels in 1917, and 
57,887,000 barrels, valued at $230,000,000, in 1918. The greater part 
of the crop is consumed locally. The commercial crop was 22,542,000 
barrels in 1917 and 25,404,000 barrels in 1918. Western New York, 
the Pacific Northwest, and the Shenandoah-Cumberland district grow 
over one-half the commercial crop. Canada and Germany are the 
principal foreign growers, the production of other countries having 
no important bearing on the world markets. 

Imports seldom amount to $50,000, and come chiefly from Canada. 

Export values range normally between $5,000,000 and $8,000,000, 
going chiefly to the United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada. The 
United States is the largest exporter of apples. 


PEACHES, GREEN OR RIPE. 


Description and uses.—Peaches are canned in large quantities, are 
used fresh, and are made into marmalade and other products. In 
California, the State of largest production, about 90 per cent of the 
crop is canned or dried. 

Production.—The annual peach crop, about one-half of which is 
commercial, ranges between 35,000,000 and 50,000,000 bushels. While 
centers of production are widely distributed, California produces a 
much larger proportion of the commercial crop than any other one 
State; New York, Georgia, Arkansas, and Washington are also im- 
portant peach-growing States. Canada, Argentina, and Germany are 
large producers. 3 

Imports are valued at less than $20,000. The geographical dis- 
tribution and nature of the fruit make the Lake Ontario district in 
Canada the only source of import; but as the Ontario fruit ripens 
at a time when our markets are usually fully supplied, there is 
normally little to induce importation. 

Exports of fresh peaches are insignificant, because of their perish- 
able nature. 

QUINCES, GREEN OR RIPE. 


Description and uses.—The quince is used mostly for jelly making. 
This limited use and the susceptibility of the tree to blight do not 
favor large production. Japanese and Chinese quinces are sometimes 
grown for ornamental purposes or hedges; the fruit is employed to 
some extent for jelly making or to give a pleasing scent. 

Production in 1909 was 428,672 bushels, the Middle Atlantic States 
supplying about one-half. Although widely grown in home gardens, 
commercial production is confined principally to New York and Cali- 
fornia. 

CHERRIES. 


Description and uses.—Two distinct types of cherries are grown, 
the sweet and the sour. Too acid to be pleasing in the fresh state, 
the sour cherries are principally used for culinary purposes, for 
sauces, and especially for pies. A considerable portion of the crop 
is canned and distributed to restaurants, pie bakers, hotels, ete. 
Sweet cherries are consumed fresh, but large quantities are used 
in canning and in making maraschino cherries. Both sweet and sour 
cherries have various other food uses, as in ice creams, icings, and 
soda-fountain products. Food-preserving companies operate large 
plants in some of the cherry-growing regions. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 349 


Production, while extensive for home use, commercially is restricted 
to a few sections. The sour cherry, being hardier, is more largely 
grown. The crop in 1909 was about 4,000,000 bushels, commercial 
production being now largely in New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wis- 
consin, Colorado, and the Pacific Coast States. In the Pacific States 
the crop is mostly sweet, elsewhere chiefly sour. 


PLUMS, GREEN OR RIPE. 


Description and uses.—Three main types of plums are grown in 
America—the European or Domestica, the Japanese, and the numer- 
ous native species. The European and Japanese types are used prin- 
cipally fresh and for canning; the native plums, to a limited extent 
fresh, but more especially for culinary purposes, for canning, marma- 
lades, jellies, ete. Certain European plums, the damsons, for example, 
are devoted entirely to preserves and marmalades. 

Production of plums and prunes in 1909 was 15,480,170 bushels, the 
Pacific States yielding over 80 per cent. The types are somewhat 
regional, commerciul production of the European varieties being chiefly 
in New York, Michigan, Ohio, California, and the Pacific Northwest. 
The native species are hardiest and more widely distributed. 


PEARS. 


Description and uses.—The pear is used principally fresh, although 
large quantities are canned or dried, the latter being done commer- 
cially only in California. Pear blight, a serious tree disease which 
can not be controlled by spraying, prevents the domestic cultivation 
of pears in considerable areas. 

Production.—While pear trees are widely planted for home use, 
important commercial production is confined to about 11 States, 
nearly one-half of this crop being grown in California. The estimated 
yield in 1918 was 10,342,000 bushels, 7,589,000 bushels being commercial 
pears. Although the pear is grown throughout the world, it is pro- 
duced primarily for domestic consumption. 

Exports, largely the Kieffer variety, now chiefly grown in New 
Jersey, Delaware, and some other sections, amount to about $1,000,- 
000, principally to the United Kingdom and Canada. 


BERRIES EDIBLE IN THEIR NATURAL CONDITION. 


Description, uses, and production.—Strawberries are extensively 
used as a fresh fruit, for canning, and in making preserves and mar- 
malade. The fruit is kept frozen for use as flavoring in ice creams 
and at soda fountains. The juice is also used as a beverage, for 
flavoring, etc. The very perishable nature of the fruit necessitates 
quick utilization after it ripens. No other berry is so widely grown 
in America. 'The crop of 1909 amounted to over 255,000,000 quarts, 
valued at about $18,000,000. Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Mis- 
‘gouri, and California are the principal producing States. The com- 
mercial crop follows rather definite channels; thus, strawberries from 
Florida move northward during winter, but later are supplanted by 
the crop produced farther north. 

The term ‘“ blackberry” usually includes, for market purposes, the 
dewberry, an early ripening form. These berries are used primarily 
fresh, though considerable quantities are canned and made into jam, 


350 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


preserves, etc. They are widely grown here, there being a number of 
centers of commercial production. The crop of 1909 amounted to over 
55,000,000 quarts, valued at nearly $4,000,000. 

Three general types of raspberries are recognized—the red, black, 
and purple. They are used in the fresh state, for canning, and in 
making of preserves, jams, etc. Black varieties are dried. Purple 
varieties are of particular value for canning, because usually more re- 
tentive of form and color. 

The loganberry is a hybrid between the Pacific coast trailing black- 
berry and the raspberry, too acid for use in the fresh state, but losing 
much of its acidity when cooked, and therefore used in pies, ete. It 
is extensively canned and dried, and increasingly large quantities are 
consumed in the manufacture of unfermented juice. The commercial 
culture of the loganberry is confined to the Pacific coast States. In 
1909 the production, including raspberries, was about 61,000,000 quarts, 
valued at over $5,000,000. 

There are two types of gooseberries, the English varieties and those 
from the native wild species. The latter are superior in flavor, but the 
English, on account of their larger size, meet with greater favor in 
the nrarket. The susceptibility of the English varieties to mildew has 
largely restricted their growth here. Gooseberries are used prin- 
cipally for the making of jelly, conserves, as pie filling, ete. The 
English berries, when fully ripe, are prized as a fresh fruit. 
(ior quarantine regulations and State laws as to the gooseberry, see 
“Currants.”) In 1909 the crop amounted to over 5,000,000 bushels, 
valued at $417,000. The gooseberry is better adapted to the northern 
and middle latitudes; it does not thrive where the summer season is 
long and hot. There are some centers of commercial production in 
New York, at various points in the Northern States, and on the Pacific 
eoast. The fruit is more widely grown for home uses than for com- 
mercial purposes. 

Imports of this group of berries for 1911-1918 ranged from 
1,600,000 to 2,000,009 quarts, valued at $100,000 to $150,000. 

Export values are between $500,000 and $800,000, chiefly to Canada. 


CRANBERRIES, 


Description and uses.—The cranberry is the fruit of a low bush 
growing naturally in moist. locations, frequently in decidedly boggy 
regions. Commercial production is restricted to the North. It is used 
primarily for sauce or jelly. 

Production in 1918 was about 370,000 barrels, valued at $2,500,090, 
ehiefiy in three districts—the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts, the 
eastern part of New Jersey, and central Wisconsin. 

Imports usually amount to less than $1,000. 


CURRANTS. 


Description and uses.—Currants are used principally in making 
jelly and small quantities in making conserves. Spiced currants are 
used for pie filling, ete. Few are consumed fresh because of their 
sharp acidity. Stringent quarantine regulations, due to the relation 
which currant and gooseberry plants of all varieties bear to the white- 
pine blister rust, limit the permissible regions for growing currants or 
gooseberries. In the absence of these plants the disease is not per- 
petuated. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 351 


Production in 1909 was over 10,000,000 quarts, valued at $790,000, 
chiefly in the Central and Northern States, The currant grows farther 
north than many other small fruits. They withstand drought fairly 
well, and are home-garden fruits in the Great Plains area where lack 
of moisture restricts many other fruits and berries. 


ALL EDIBLE FRUITS, DRIED, ETC., N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—The canning and drying of fruits is a sea- 
sonal industry, and local in the sense that, due to their perishable 
character and transportation charges, factories are located in the 
producing sections and specialize in certain types of fruit. The pre- 
serving industries, whose output has doubled within the past 10 
years, have helped to stabilize the market conditions for these fruits 
and have exerted a powerful influence in increasing the volume, im- 
proving the character, and enlarging our international trade in fruit. 
The basic principle of canning is sterilization, to kill decay germs, and 
sealing, to prevent contamination. Usually only the best grades of 
fruits are canned. 

Production in 1914 of dried fruit was valued at $35,000,000, the 
factory output of canned fruit, at $25,000,000. With the exception of 
dried apples, of which New York produces about 70 per cent, sub- 
stantially all of the dried fruit is produced in California, the principal 
items being raisins (par. 218), prunes, apricots, pears, figs, and 
peaches. Of the canned fruits, the principal items were peaches, 
$9,585,773 (about 90 per cent canned in California) ; pears, $3,853,700 
(about 70 per cent from California) ; berries, $3,102,245 (raspberries 
eanned chiefly in New York and Washington, strawberries in Mary- 
land, blackberries in California) ; apricots, $3,060,626 (almost exclu- 
sively from California). 

Imports are about $1,000,000, chiefly from I"rance, the United King- 
dom, and Italy. 

Exports normally range from $2,500,000 to $5,500,000, about 70 per 
cent to the United Kingdom and smaller quantities to Canada. 


COMFITS, SWEETMEATS, ETC., PRESERVED IN SUGAR, ETC. 


Production of these commodities is not stated separately. In 1914, 
however, the value of preserves, jellies, and jams made in factories 
was $15,033,346. Large quantities put up for consumption in the home 
are not included. 

Imports averaged $639,576 during 1909-1913. Following the reduc- 
tion of the tariff, imports amounted to $818,435 in 1914, gradually de- 
clining to $518,723 in 1918. These came largely from France,England, 
Italy, and the West Indies. 

Exports of preserved fruits were valued at $224,841 in 1914 and at 
$1,255,191 in 1918. About 40 to 50 per cent went to Canada, the 
remainder being widely distributed. 


COMFITS, SWEETMEATS, ETC., PRESERVED, CONTAINING ALCOHOL, N. S. P. F. 


Imports for 1909-1913 averaged 759 gallons, valued at $3,816; in 
1914, 1,250 gallons, valued at $4,585. They declined after the war, 
being 615 gallons, valued at $2,847, in 1917. 


352 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


JELLIES OF ALL KINDS. 


Imports averaged $53,545 in value from 1909 to 1913. Following a 
reduction of the duty, the values were $102,082 in 1914 and $36,216 
in 1918. > 


PINEAPPLES PRESERVED IN THEIR OWN JUICE. 


Description and uses.—Pineapples preserved in their own juice are 
canned with a small percentage of cane sugar added, while the ordi- 
nary canned pineapple of commerce has water added to the juice and 
sugar. (See par. 222. 

Import values averaged $112,854 from 1909 to 1913; in 1914 they 
were $203,736, declining to $39,816 in 1918. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Currants ground to a pulp for use in making wine have thereby 
lost their identity as currants and are dutiable under this paragraph 
as “fruits, including berries, when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or 
prepared in any manner.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 178, of 1916.) Prunes 
crushed are dutiable as “fruits * * * preserved * * #* 
in * * * their own juices” and not as jelly. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
247, of 1912.) Strawberry pulp is likewise classified. (Abstract 
86955, of 1914.) Plums preserved in sugar, sirup, or their own juices, 
and packed in hermetically sealed cans, are within this provision 
rather than under the provision for plums. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 
1913.) The pulp and juice of the currant, invoiced as ‘ bar-le-due red 
currants ” was likewise classified. (5 Ct. Cust. Appis., 371, of 1914.) 
Dalmatian cherries, ripe but not dried, come within the provision for 
ripe cherries. Such cherries are allowed to remain on the tree until 
they become overripe and shrivel or shrink, but retain some of the 
natural juices. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 89, of 1914; followed in Abstract 
42072, of 1918, relative to unpitted cherries.) Mdible sulphured cherries 
in water, salt being neglible, were held dutiable as edible fruit pre- 
pared and not exempt from duty as “fruits in brine.” (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 18, of 1915.) Broken cherries consisting in the main of cher- 
ries, some with pits and some with stems, but no whole cherries, 
which were subjected to sulphur fumes and packed in a solution of 
salt and water which preserved them were likewise classified. (G. A. 
8165, T. D. 37617, of 1918.) Incidental removal of pits and stems in 
sorting cherries is not a preparation within this paragraph, and whole 
cherries in brine and cherries which have become split by hanging 
on the trees or have been broken by birds and cracked open, known 
as “rejects,’ and are imported in brine, are exempt from duty as 
fruits in brine. (G. A. 8164, T. D. 37616, of 1918.) For other de- 
cisions, see paragraph 488. Ohinottt, or sour oranges, peeled and in 
brine, are within the provision for edible fruits prepared. (T. D. 
37918, of 1919.) Whether steaming sugar cane and packing it with 
sugar and water in hermetically sealed tins advances sugar cane 
from ‘its natural state or unmanufactured ” and makes it a sweet- 
meat is not a matter within judicial knowledge; the collector’s classi- 
fication as sweetmeat was accordingly not disturbed. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —, T. D. 37992, of 1919.) (See pars. 200, 201, 218, and 488.) 

Edible berries in their natural condition are dutiable at one-half 
cent per quart under this paragraph, while green berries are exempt 
from duty under paragraph 488. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 353 


The omission from the act of 1913 of the words “ not having sugar, 
spirits, or molasses added thereto,” in paragraph 274 of the act of 
1909, after the words “pineapples preserved in their own juice,” 
makes the provision in the act of 1913 for pineapples preserved in 
their own juice like that in the act of 1897 (par. 263), under which 
there was much litigation which resulted in the admission of many 
importations of pineapples as preserved in their own juice although 
having a sugar content as high as 334 per cent. 


PARAGRAPH 218. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


275. Figs, 23 cents per pound; 218. Figs, 2 cents per pound; plums, 
plums, prunes, and prunelles, 2 cents | prunes, and prunelles, 1 cent per 
per pound; raisins and other dried | pound; raisins and other dried grapes, 
grapes, 24 cents per pound; dates, 1] 2 cents per pound; dates, 1 cent per 
cent per pound; currants, Zante or | pound; currants, Zante or other, 1% 
other, 2 cents per pound; olives, in | cents per pound; olives, 15 cents per 
bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or other pack- | gallon. 
ages, containing less than five gallons 
each, 25 cents per gallon; otherwise, 

15 cents per gallon. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


FIGS. 


Description and uses.—Two types of figs are grown—the Adriatic, 
chiefly in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the Smyrna, in Cali- 
fornia. The Adriatic is also grown in California and is still a large 
proportion of the crop, but the Smyrna, planted only in recent years, 
is becoming increasingly important. Small quantities, commercially 
negligible, are also grown in Arizona. The humid climatic conditions 
of the South Atlantic and Gulf States produce a very perishable 
fruit, fermentation setting in within a few hours after picking, unless 
special precautions are taken. As it has been impracticable to ship 
it long distances except under effective refrigeration, the fresh fruit 
is used in the home or in near-by markets, large quantities being 
canned or otherwise preserved. In the States east of Texas there is 
little orchard planting, but almost every rural and urban home raises 
a family supply, some being canned locally. In the Gulf coast region 
of Texas there are many fig orchards, practically all of the fruit being 
canned. In California the crop is largely dried and packed for the 
trade. 

Production data are lacking. The output of dried figs in California 
ranged from 5,000 tons in 1913 to 9,900 tons in 1916. 

Imports for 1915-1918 averaged 12,103,184 pounds, valued at 
$612,482, considerably less than the prewar average. Most of these 
were dried jigs of the Smyrna type from Asiatic Turkey. 


PRUNES. 


Description and uses.—Prunes consist of certain varieties of the 
Domestica or European plums (par. 217), which can be dried without 
removing the pits or fermentation occurring—the horticultural distine- 
tion between a prune and a plum. 

Production.—Prunes for drying are grown chiefly in California and 
Oregon, and to a small extent in Washington. In California the fruit 

184911 °—20——_23 


354 SUMMARY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


is largely sun-dried; in Oregon and Washington, wholly by artificial 
heat. The crop varies widely—in 1918 California produced about 
70,000,000 pounds, Oregon 50,000,000, and Washington about 10,000,000 
pounds. 

Import values of plums, prunes, and prunelles averaged about 
$50,000 from 1910 to 1914, declining to $8,948 in 1918. 

Exports ranged from 32,926,546 pounds in 1918 to 117,950,857 
pounds in 1918. 

RAISINS. 

Description and uses.—Raisins are dried grapes of certain varieties 
of the vinifera or European type. While producible from many 
kinds of grapes, particular qualities are required for raisins of high 
grade, and few varieties possess these qualities in a sufficient degree. 
The raisins most prized are the Alexandria and the Sultanina. 

Production is confined, commercially, to California, where condi- 
tions are favorable to desirable raisin varieties and sun drying is 
feasible. Output has steadily increased for several years. The pack 
has ranged from 254,000,000 pounds in 1915 to 326,000,000 pounds in 
1917. Production varied from 125,000,000 pounds in 1910 to 196,000,000 
pounds in 1914. 

Imports in 1918 were only 949,285 pounds, valued at $157,486, with 
an average of about 3,500,000 pounds during 1910-1914. Normally the 
imports, mostly from Spain and Asiatic Turkey, are unimportant 
coinpared with production or exports. 

Exports in 1918 were 54,987,793 pounds, valued at $4,981,270. Inx- 
ports were rapidly increasing, reaching a maximum of 75,014,753 
pounds in 1916, principally to Canada, the United Kingdom, and 
Australasia. 

DATES. 


Description and uses.—Dates are raised in the warm, dry, interior 
valleys of California and Arizona, important producing sections being 
the Coachella and Imperial Valleys-in California, and localities in 
the vicinity of Phoenix, ‘Ariz. This is an infant industry and develop- 
ment is relatively slow, due to the difficulty in securing offshoots from 
desirable varieties. 

Production does not justify shipments in carload lots. Statistics 
are not available. 

Imports during 1913-1917 averaged 28,066,867 pounds, but in 1918 
declined to 3,551,886 pounds, valued at $162,279, due largely to failure 
of the supply from Asiatic Turkey, the principal source. 


DRIED CURRANTS, ZANTE OR OTHER. 


Description and uses.—The Zante or currants of commerce are in 
fact the dried product of certain varieties of European grapes, domes- 
tic production of which has been negligible. Recent experiments indi- 
cate that this type of grape can be grown commercially in California. 
The dried currant is used for culinary purposes. 

Production has been ineonsiderable, but small commercial plantings 
are being made and some wine-grape land in California may become 
available. 

Imports from 1907 to 1917 have ranged from about 30,000,000 
pounds to 389,000,000 pounds—4,000,000 pounds in 1914, 10,250,000 
pounds in 1917, and less than 2,000,000 in 1918. These imports came 
almost entirely from Greece. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 35:5. 


OLIVES, 


_ Description and uses.—The products of this industry are pickled 
olives (green or ripe) and olive oil (par. 45). 

Production.—This fruit is grown in a warm, dry elimate, free from 
frost, and requires skill and long experienee in eulture. The tree 
begins to bear commercially when 5 to 7 years old, and may be produe- 
tive for several centuries. ® 

Domestic olive culture is confined to California and small areas in 
Arizona, with a total acreage of about 1 per cent of the Spanish or 
Italian crep. Only recently has the industry been firmly placed, and 
its present status is due largely to improvements in growing and 
handling, especially in pickling the ripe olive, in which the United 
States has virtually a monopoly. Partly because of the olive fiy, 
which honeyconibs the ripe fruit, eompeting countries: have not pro- 
dueed ripe olives. Domestie producers have had. little success in 
pickling green olives. The ripe olive, a food, tends in competition. to 
displace the green: olive, which is a condiment. 

Spain, the principal source of our imported olives, grows chiefly 
piekling varieties, while the oil varieties predominate in Italy, whenee 
is derived mest of the olive oil. In the domestic imdustry, pickles 
and oil are largely joint products, the culls and injured ripe olives 
being processed for oi! and the better grades pickled. Oil varieties, 
usually grown without irrigation, are being abandoned for the more 
profitable ripe olives. ‘Fhe competition of foreign oils is. a strong 
trade faetor: (See par. 45.) 

In 1917 we had 36,040 acres im olives (twice the area of four years 
before), of which 18,977 acres were bearing and 17,063 nonbearing. 
About 60 per cent of the olives: were pickled and the balance erushed 
for oil, the pickled ripe olives being approximately 750,000 gallons. 
The output varies. with fluctuations: in yield and in the percentage 
suitable for pickling. Growers estimate the average value of present 
bearing lands, both good and bad, at $487 per acre (for 1915-1917), 
wid nonbearing lands at $435. 

Both the pickling and the oil processing are performed in specially 
equipped packing plants, sometimes br connection with olive groves. 
There were 43 ef these plants in 1917. As the packing season lasts: 
only three or four months, these establishments. usually engage in can-. 
ning other products. In the Mediterranean countries olives are 
generally grown and processed as a family enterprise, and brokers buy, 
assemble, and grade the product at gathering stations. The pickling 
process consists in first neutralizing with an alkali (usually lye). the 
tannic acid of the olive, when the product is aerated to “settle” the 
color and impart the characteristic black tinge. The lye is then 
washed off, the olives placed in brine solutions, and later canned. 
The priee varies with the size of the olives. 

Imports, principally from Spain, ranged between 3,000,000 and 
5,000,000: gallons during 19t0O-1917, about five times the domestie crop. 
'Fhey consisted of green olives, mostly “queens” or large-sized olives, 
the highest-priced product, and relatively little of the lower-priced 
Manzanilla or small olives. The shipments are largely in bulk, being 
bottled or packed bere. The bottling and packing, also pitting and 
stuffing, ef imported olives is a considerable industry. The revenue 
varied fron: $500,000: to $860,000 during 1910-1917. 


356 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Black or ripe olives in brine are dutiable as olives under this para- 
graph. The actual quantity of olives in the importation having 
been ascertained by the gauger, no allowance should be made for 
brine. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 317, of 1911.) Olives pitted and stuffed 
with sweet red peppers are within the designation “olives” as 
that term is commonly dnd popularly used and understood. It was 
not shown that they are without that term commercially, and they 
are dutiable as olives under this paragraph and not as edible fruits 
under paragraph 217 or as unenumerated articles under paragraph 
385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1917.) Broken pitted olives, while 
rejections from the operation of pitting and stuffing olives, are 
dutiable as olives under this paragraph, and not as waste, not spe- 
cially provided for. (Abstract 31634, T. D. 332638, of 1913.) In meas- 
uring olives for the purpose of assessing duty per gallon, the liquid 
or wine gallon and not the dry gallon should be used irrespective of 
whether the olives are dried or in brine. (146 Fed., 880, of 1906.) 
In importations of olives in olive oil, the olive and olive oil are 
separately dutiable. (Abstract 31641, T. D. 33268, of 1913; Abstract 
36189, T. D. 34668, of 1914.) In a case of olives packed in olive oil, 
vinegar, and lemon juice, the entire importation was held dutiable as 
“ olives,” the quantity of liquids being unknown. (Abstract 31490, 
T. D. 83242, of 1913.) 

Figs in baskets, assessed as sweetmeats, were found to contain no 
added sugar and held dutiable under the provision for figs in para- 
graph 275 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 31845, T. D. 33304, of 1913.) 

Currants imported in an uncleaned condition are dutiable under 
the provision of this paragraph for currants without any deduction 
on account of the dirt or other impurities contained therein. (G. A. 
5418, T. D. 24645, of 1908; following 120 Fed. 242, of 1903; writ of 
certiorari denied, 190 U. S., 560, of 1903.) 

Garden currants are dutiable as berries edible in their natural 
condition under paragraph 217 and not as other currants under this 
paragraph. The provision for ‘currants, * * * other” in this 
paragraph was intended to cover only dried currants of the grape 
species ejusdem generis with the other dried fruits named in the 
paragraph. (G. A. 4105, T. D. 191382, of 1898.) (See par. 217.) 


PARAGRAPH 219. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
276. Grapes in barrels or other pack- 219. Grapes in barrels or other pack- 
ages, 25 cents per cubic foot of ca- | ages, 25 cents per cubic foot of the ca- 
pacity of barrels or packages, pacity of the barrels or packages, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. . 


Description and uses.—The grdpes produced in the United Statés 
are of three types. (1) Native bunch grapes, the most widely dis- 
tributed; (2) the vinifera or European grapes, confined chiefly to 
California; (3) the muscadine grapes, principally from the South At- 
lantic and Gulf States. The latter is primarily a home industry with 
some commercial vineyards, maintained in the past for making wine. 
The regional distribution of these different types is determined by 
climatic adaptations. 

Production.—The native American bunch grapes are widely grown 
outside of California and the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 357 


the other types are chiefly produced. There are commercial producing 
centers, such as the Hudson River Valley, the lake regions in central 
and western New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, 
southwestern Michigan, and smaller districts elsewhere. Home vine- 
yards are general. There are no adequate statistics of the native 
bunch grapes or the muscadine. The vinifera represent a large invest- 
ment in California. Data of acreage are difficult to secure, but the 
best estimates indicate about 50,000 acres of table grapes, 170,000 
acres of raisin grapes, and 140,000 acres of wine grapes in California 
alone. Shipments of fresh grapes from California were about 6,360 
ears in 1918 and more than 16,350 cars in 1918. 

Imports of grapes have averaged 1,048,815 cubic feet (packed in 
barrels), valued at $1,227,171 for 1914-1918. Imports have ranged 
from 2,237,730 pounds in 1908. to 556,530 pounds in 1918. These are 
largely, if not entirely, late-ripening, long-keeping, European varieties, 
mostly from Spain. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Almeria grapes imported in barrels were held to be dutiable on the 
basis of an average capacity of 1.98 cubic feet per barrel and 0.965 
cubie foot per half barrel (G. A. 7030, T. D. 30664, of 1910); but a 
conventional gauge was thereafter established by the Treasury De- 
partment, making the capacity of barrels 1.95 cubic feet and half 
barrels 1.08 cubic feet within prescribed limitations, barrels outside 
the prescribed limitations to be measured and their actual holding 
capacity ascertained (T. D. 32601, of 1912). Allowance is made for 
decay in grapes, the court holding that subsection 22 of section 28 of 
the tariff act of 1909 was intended to provide for an allowance in the 
estimation and liquidation of duties upon fruit when by reason of 
decay, destruction, or injury during transportation a shortage occurs, 
resulting in fact in a nonimportation, the commercial value of a desig- 
nated and reasonably ascertainable quantity of the goods having been 
destroyed. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 265, of 1912; see also par. 220.) The 
port of delivery and not the port of original entry is the place of 
“landing” within said subsection for grapes forwarded in bond under 
the immediate transportation law. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 116, of 1913.) 
Allowance in duty for rot in grapes is not to be computed upon 
the percentage which the decayed grapes bear to the entire quantity 
of grapes in the container, but to the percentage which such decayed 
part bears to the cubical capacity of the containers. (G, A. 7684, T. D. 
35133, of 1915.) : 

PARAGRAPH 220. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
277. Lemons, 13 cents per pound; 220. Lemons, limes, oranges, grape- 
‘oranges, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks, | fruit, shaddocks, and pomelos in pack- 
lor pomelos, 1 cent per pound, ages of a capacity of one and one- 


fourth cubic feet or less, 18 cents per 
package; in packages of capacity ex- 
ceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet 
and not exceeding two and one-half 
cubic feet, 85 cents per package; in 
packages exceeding two and one-half 
and not exceeding five cubic feet, 70 
cents per package; in packages exceed- 
ing five cubic feet or in bulk, 4 of 1 
cent per pound, 


358. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
LEMONS. 


Descripticn and uses.—The lemon, even more than the orange, 
requires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. Lemons are 
picked at a eertain size, varying from 24 to 24-inehes in diameter, 
and stored in curing rooms, sometimes two or three months, until a 
typical yellow color is aequired. Great care must be exercised in 
picking, packing, and marketing. Besides the familiar uses of the 
fresh fruit, there are important by-products, including citrate of 
time, and ettrie acid. 

Production.—Ccmmercial cultivation of the lemon is confined to 
California. Some preduction, chiefly for home use, oceurs in Florida. 
From 1910 to 1917 shipments varied from 850,000 to 2,500,000 boxes. 

Imports for 1913-1917 (mostly from Sicily) fluctuated from 
100,000,000 to 175,000,000 pounds, with values from $2,062,030 to 
$5,981,635. 

Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 70,000 to 175,000 boxes, valued 
at $308,707 to $728,791. 

LIMES. 


Description and uses.—Limes are a variety of citron, and are 
used for the same purposes as the lemon. They also yield citrate of 
lime and citiric aeid. The trade demands sizes from 14 to 14 inches 
in diameter. 

Production.—The tree, less hardy than the lemon tree, is commer- 
cially restricted to warm localities in Florida. California has suc- 
eessfully cultivated some home orchards. Production in Florida for 
1914-1918 varied from about 15,000 to 54,000 boxes, with values from 
$53,160 to $98,214. 

Imports, largely from the West Indies, were valued at $112,031 in 
1918. 

ORANGES. 


Description and uses.—The important orange-growing sections of 
this country are in California and Florida, with smaller areas in 
Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The crop re 
quires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. The trees begin to 
bear the third year, but not in eommereial quantities until the fifth 
or sixth year; they bear profitably from 20 to 40 years. The industry 
is highly specialized. The fruit is picked very carefully, to avoid 
bruising, and assorted into several grades in packing houses. By 
means of mechanical sizers the fruits.of each grade are divided into 
the different commercial sizes. ‘There are by-products, including 
orange marmalade, candied orange peel, orange vinegar, ete. 

Production of oranges in recent years has varied from approxi- 
mately 10,000,000 to 24,000,000 boxes—7,000,000 to 17,000,000 boxes 
in California, 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 boxes in Florida; the remainder 
in Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. During this 
period the crop values ranged from $27,556,000 to $92,723,000. 

Imports of oranges for 1914-1917 varied from approximately $50,000 
te $100,000. The heaviest shipments came from the West Indies and 
Japan. 

Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 boxes, 
valued at $3,800,000 to $4,480,000, The larger shipments were to 
Canada. . 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 359 


GRAPEFRUIT, SHADDOCKS, AND POMELOS. 


Description and uses.—Florida is the most important grapefruit 
producer. ‘This fruit is also raised commercially in California, but is 
of minor importance compared with orange and lemon holdings. It 
is grown commercially in Arizona, to a small extent, and is also 
found in home orchards in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ala- 
bama. Its important use is as a breakfast fruit. 

Production in Florida has increased from 1,000,000 boxes in 1909 to 
2,000,000 boxes in 1918, the latter crop being valued at $3,809,660. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $349,164. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Two boxes of oranges, each 7? by 104 by 54 inches, firmly tied 
together for safe transportation, and to facilitate marketing, this 
method of packing being an established custom in the trade, consti- 
tute one package within this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 401, 
of 1915.) 

Lemons and oranges imported in barrels of between 4 and 5 cubic 
feet capacity, are dutiable at 70 cents per package under the provi- 
sions of this paragraph, notwithstanding the fact that in some in- 
stances as high as 25 per cent of the fruit had decayed. (G. A. 7830, 
T. D. 36002, of 1915.) If decay in oranges Shipped in packages of a 
capacity between 14 and 24 cubic feet, dutiable at 35 cents per package 
under this paragraph, does not reduce the quantity of sound oranges 
below the minimum capacity of 14 cubic feet, no allowance in duty 
ean be made for the reason that the quantity imported still remains 
within the limits of the size of packages dutiable at 85 cents per 
package. (G. A. 8172, T. D. 87657, of 1918.) Regulations are con- 
tained in T. D. 34241, of 1914. (See par. 219.) 

PARAGRAPH 221. 
ACT OF 


1905. ACT OF 1918. 


278. Orange peel or Jemon peel, pre- 
served, candied, or dried, and cocoanut 
meat or copra desiccated, shredded, 
cut, or similarly prepared, 2 cents per 
pound ; citron or citron peel, preserved, 
candied, or dried, 4 cents per pound. 


221. Orange peel or lemon peel, pre- 
served, candied, or dried, 1 cent per 
pound; coconut meat or copra desic- 
cated, shredded, cut, or similarly pre- 
pared, and citron’ or citron peel, pre- 
served, candied, or dried, 2 cents per 


pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL. 


Description and uses.—Orange and lemon peels are used in a can- 
died or preserved state for confectionery and culinary purposes. The 
United States Pharmacopeeia recognizes two varieties of orange peel. 
(1) Bitter, the dried rind of a sour, inedible fruit, with large, irreg- 
ular, puffy fruit, deep orange in color, and with a thick and spongy 
rind. It is not grown here. The bitter orange peel is used for flavor- 
ing medicines. (2) Sweet, the outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit. 
When dried it resembles bitter orange peel and it is used principally 
as an aromatic and as a source of essential oils. Lemon peel is also 
from the fresh fruit; it is usually not dried, but is valued for its 
oils and for its flavoring properties. 


360 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—The domestic lemon and orange growing industries do 
not recover the by-products as extensively as in European practice; 
the peel is preserved to some extent in California and Florida, but 
statistics are not available. 

Imports of dried orange and lemon peel were 563,666 pounds, 
valued at $34,004 in 1914, and 181,164 pounds, valued at $19,667 in 
1918. Imports of peel not dried or candied are approximately the 
same in volume. (See par. 568.) 


COCONUT MEAT OR COPRA, SHREDDED OR DESICCATED. 


Description and uses.—The coconut is the fruit of the coco palm, 
an important product of plantations and wild trees of the Tropics. 
It continues fresh for several months without treatment, and when 
made into copra (that is, meat of the nut dried in the sun, smoke- 
dried, or roasted) is preserved for years. The best grade is by 
sun drying, but this requires several days and a climate not adapted 
to coconut growing. Smoke drying or roasting only requires a few 
hours, but the product is stained and sometimes made rancid by this 
treatment. Coconut products are imported as whole nuts, copra, 
shredded coconut, and coconut oil. (See pars. 557 and 561.) — 

Production.—Domestic shredded coconut is manufactured from 
whole nuts imported from the West Indies. 

Imports reached a maximum in 1918, 20,579,973 pounds, valued at 
$2,396,104, over 18,000,000 pounds from Ceylon. 


CITRON OR CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED OR CANDIED. 


Description and uses.—The citron is a lemonlike fruit, the rind 
thick and tender, and is preserved or candied for confectionery and for 
culinary purposes. The term ‘citron” is also applied to a variety 
of melon, the rind of which is used for preserves. 

Production.—Citrons are grown in California and Florida, but more 
extensively in the West Indies and southern Europe. Most of the 
candied citron comes from Mediterranean countries. 

Imports of candied citron were 849,557 pounds, valued at $66,849 in 
1914, and 467,574 pounds, valued at $89,583 in 1918. Several million 
pounds of citron in brine are also imported. (See par. 488.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Dried orange peel which has been sun-dried and not subjected to 
any artificial process of drying is dutiable under the provision of this 
paragraph for “orange peel * * * dried” and not free of duty 
under paragraph 563, which provides for “ orange and lemon peel, not 
* * * dried.” The method of drying is immaterial, since the stat- 
ute makes no distinction between orange peel dried by artificial heat 
and orange peel dried by natural heat. (G. A. 8028, T. D. 37006, of 
1917; Abstract 40687, of 1917.) 

Orange and lemon peel in brine are not “preserved.” (150 Fed., 
419, of 1906.) 

PARAGRAPH 222. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


279. Pineapples, in barrels and 222. Pirfeapples, in barrels. or 
other packages, 8 cents per cubic | other packages, 6 cents per cubic 
foot of the capacity of barrels or | foot of the capacity of the barrels or 
packages ; in bulk, $8 per thousand. packages ; in bulk, $5 per thousand. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 361 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Pincapple is used as fresh fruit, as a canned 
product, and in several fruit drinks. _ 

Production commercially is along the east coast of Florida and 
to a limited extent on the west coast, near Punta Gorda. Formerly 
the industry was relatively important, but the cold weather of 1917-18 
and a disease known as “pineapple wilt” greatly restricted the 
output, which decreased from 400,300 crates, valued at $499,118 
in 1914, to 71,595 crates, valued at $116,170 in 1918. The planting of 
pineapple slips on virgin soil and better cultural methods may pos- 
sibly restore the industry. Since 1900 production in Hawaii has rap- 
idly increased. (See par. 217.) Beginning in 1901 with a canned out- 
put of 2,000 cases, it expanded to more than 2,000,000 cases in 1914 
and attained a value of $8,394,307 in 1918. The value of the Porto 
Rico crop in 1918 (fresh fruit) was $617,496; in 1916 the value was 
about twice that amount. The next largest canning center is Singa- 
pore. The pineapple industry is important in the Philippine Islands, 
Siam, Formosa, the Bahama Islands, Guadeloupe, Porto Rico, Cuba, 
and other tropical regions. 

Import values of pineapple decreased from $1,220,571 in 1913 to 
$801,298 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In finding the capacity of packages containing pineapples for the 
assessment of duty under this paragraph, the computation should be 
based on the inside and not the outside dimensions of the packages. 
(G. A. 5102, T. D. 23603, of 1902.) The provision for “ pineapples 
* * * im bulk” is without reference to size or quality and small 
nubbins can not be counted two for one. (T. D. 19121, of 1898.) 

(See pars. 219 and 220 concerning decay.) 


PARAGRAPH 223. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


280. Almonds, not shelled, 4 cents 223. Almonds, not shelled, 3 cents 
per pound; clear almonds, shelled, 6 | per pound; almonds, shelled, 4 cents 
cents per pound; apricot and peach | per pound; apricot and peach kernels. 
kernels, 4 cents per pound. 3 cents per pound. — 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ALMONDS. 


Description and uses.—Almonds are of two kinds, the bitter and 
the sweet. Bitter almonds are cultivated to a limited extent in the 
Mediterranean region. The nuts are used in making flavoring ex- 
tracts and prussic acid (par. 46). That which enters most largely 
into commerce is the sweet or edible almond, native to Mediterranean 
countries and southwestern Asia. The nuts contain a bland, fixed 
oil of agreeable flavor (par. 45), and are used in confectionery (espe- 
cially in sweet chocolate), in desserts, and also in emulsion that forms 
a pleasant diluent drink. It is as edible nuts, however, either in the 
fresh state or as “salted almonds,” that they are chiefly used. 

Production of the almond for commerce is limited to California, 
which reports, for 1918, almond trees of bearing age, 34,972 acres; 
trees not of bearing age, 15,975 acres; 1918 crop, 5,168 tons; approxi- 


362 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


mate valuation, $1,860,000. The acreage has increased largely in 
recent years. The present yield is low per acre, principally because 
many trees are just beginning to bear. 

Imports of shelled almonds in 1918 amounted to 18,586,657 pounds, 
valued at $4,764,740, yielding a revenue of $743,444. Imports in- 
creased from 12,655,057 pounds in 1913 to 13,896,621 pounds in 1914. 
The maximum of 19,160,258 pounds was reached in 1917. Imports of 
almonds not shelled amounted to 8,866,089 pounds with a value of 
$453,090 in 1918. Both varieties come mostly from Spain, Italy, and 
France. 

APRICOT AND PEACH KERNELS. 


Description and uses.—The principal use of these fruit kernels is 
in the production of apricot and peach kernel oil. (See par. 45.) In 
the preparation for drying, the fruit is split open and the pit 
removed. The pits are used quite extensively in California for fuel 
and, duri ing the war, in making charcoal for gas masks. 

Production.—The source of these kernels is primarily the canning 
factories and, in California, the apricot and peach drying yards. 

Imports were 250,075 pounds in 1917 and 231,465 pounds in 1918, 
compared with an average of 22,874 pounds for 1912-1916. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A review of the history of tariff provisions relative to almonds 
makes it plain there was no intention on the part of Congress to de- 
part from an established usage of years by which almonds shelled 
bore a higher rate of duty than almonds unshelled, and by which 
almonds eo nomine were made to take a duty higher than the duty 
imposed on nuts generally “ of all kinds” n. s. p. f. The importations 
in question were held dutiable as clear almonds shelled, under the pro- 
visions of paragraph 269 of the tariff act of 1897 and paragraph 
280 of the act of 1909. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 399, of 1912.) Clear 
almonds shelled remain almonds though containing broken kernels, 
dust, and shells, and they are not to be classified generally with 
“nuts of all kinds.” They were held dutiable as clear aimonds 
shelled under paragraph 280 of the act of 1909. Paragraph 283 of 
that act forbade any allowance for the weight of the dust and shells. 
(2 Ct, Cust. Appls., 444, 450, of 1912.) So-called Jordan and Valencia 
almonds sheiled, imported in boxes, were held dutiable under para- 
graph 280 of the act of 1909 as clear almonds shelled. (G, A. 7048, 
T. D. 30726, of 1910.) 

Almonds shelled pay 1 cent per pound more than the unshelled; 
filberts and walnuts of all kinds pay 2 cents per pound more shelled 
than unshelled (par. 224); all other nuts pay the same duty whether 
shelled or unshelled (par. 226). 


PARAGRAPH 224: 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
281. Filberts and walnuts of all 224. Filberts and walnuts of all 


kinds, not shelled, 3 cents per pound; | kinds, not shelled, 2 cents per pound 3 
shelled, 5 cents per pound. shelled, 4 cents per pound. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 363 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
FILBERTS. 


Description and uses.—Filberts are also known as hazelnuts and 
cobnuts. Native hazels are rather widely distributed, but the Euro- 
pean varieties are not cultivated to a great extent in the United 
States. Hazelnuts yield about 50 per cent of their weight in a bland, 
fixed oil, often called “ nut oil,” which has drying properties making 
it useful to painters; it is also a base for expensive perfumes. 

Production._—Some of the European varieties have been grown here 
experimentally but not commercially. 

Imports in 1918 of jfiberts, not shelled, were 14,533,396 pounds, 
vained at $1,680,534, yielding a revenue of $290,667; of shelled nuts, 
2,923,782 pounds, valued at $574,644, yielding a revenue of $116,951. 
These came chiefiy from Spain, Italy supplying some of the filberts. 
Asiatie Turkey fermerly was an important source of shelled nuts. 


WALNUTS OF ALL KINDS. 


Description and uses.—The Persian walnut, commonly called the 
English walnut, is very popular as a table nut and much used in 
eakes and confections. 

Production.—-The Persian walnut is widely distributed in a very 
limited way, but its climatic requirements restrict profitable com- 
mercial production to Pacific Coast States. The California crop in 
1918 amounted to 20,115 tons, with approximate valuation of $10,500,- 
000. Statistics are wanting for Oregon and Washington. 

Imports of walnuts not shelled in 1918 were 11,453,447 pounds, 
valued at $1,832,188, with revenue of $229,068. The average for 1913- 
1917 was 20,561,194 pounds. Imports of sheiled walnuts in 1918 were 
9,794,608 pounds, valued at $8,651,589, with revenue of $391,784. The 
average for 19138-1917 was 14,029,644 pounds. Imports come prin- 
cipally from France, Italy, and Chile, and recently in increasing 
quantities from China. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Walnut soneat broken in parts less than halves is dutiable as “ wal- 
nuts of all kinds * * * shelled” under this paragraph. The attempt 
to establish a commercial designation must be deemed to have failed, 
though a preper view of the language of the paragraph would ex- 
elude in its eonstruction any evidence of trade designation; the 
words are essentially descriptive, not denominative. (2 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 457, of 1912.) 

PARAGRAPH 225. 


ACT OF 19509. ACT OF 19158. 
282. Peanuts or ground beans, un- 225. Peanuts or ground beans, un- 
shelled, 4 eof 14 cent per pound; | shelled, 3 of 1 cent per pound; 
shelled, 1 cent per pound. shelled, 3 of 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The bulk of the pednwt crop is used in the 
manufacture of peanut oil (see par. 45), peanut butter, confectioner’s 
and baker’s goods, and as roasted and salted peanuts. In 1916 
approximately 4,000,000 bushels went into peanut butter, and about 


364 


7,000,000 bushels were crushed into 50,000,000 pounds of oil. Cotton- 
seed oil mills manufacture peanut oil, using the same equipment. 
The meal left after extracting the oil serves as the basis for a high- 
grade cattle and dairy feed. The peanut is a soil improver, and gives 
a valuable hay crop. Where the boll weevil has interfered with the 
growing of cotton, the culture of peanuts has increased rapidly, and 
is possible on miliions of acres of southern soils adapted to this crop. 

Production.—From 1899 to 1918 the acreage in peanuts rose from 
516,654 to 2,291,000 acres, the yield from 11,964,000 to 54,434,000 
bushels, and farm values from $7,270,515 to $95,829,000. This increase 
was due chiefly to the growing demands, especially for peanut oil—the 
production of which increased enormously during the war—to the 
realization of the usefulness of the crop as a soil improver, and to 
handling of the crop by machinery. In Virginia and North Carolina 
peanuts are grown largely for confectionery purposes; farther South, 
for oil and for forage. The Gulf States have shown marked increase 
in production. 

Imports more than doubled, comparing 1913 ($782,697) with 1914 
($1,899,287), notwithstanding the great increase in domestic produc- 
tion. The increase of shelled peanuts coming from southern France, 
Spain, and Japan has been the more pronounced. Japan supplies 
about 90 per cent of the unshelled nuts, chiefly absorbed in the Pacific 
States, far distant from important domestic sources. Imports in 1918 
were over three times those of 1914. 

Exports range between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 pounds and move 
chiefly to Canada. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 226. 


ACT OF 1909. 


283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for 
in this section, 1 cent per pound; but 
no allowance shall be made for dirt 
or other impurities in nuts of any 
kind, shelled or unshelled. 


ACT OF 19138. 


226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for 
in this section, 1 cent per pound; but 
no allowance shall be made for dirt 
or other impurities in nuts of any 
kind, shelled or unshelled. 


635. Nuts: Brazil nuts, cream nuts, 
eh. oS ee (reed . 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—There are a number of such nuts entering 
quite largely into American trade, e. g., the pecan, Brazil nut, and 
chestnut. The pecan, widely distributed over what in general is the 
southeastern quarter of the United States, is the most important 
American nut. Formerly a large proportion of these were gathered 
wild; in northern Florida, southern Georgia, southern Alabama, and 
Mississippi extensive orchards of the better varieties are now culti- 
vated and may be expected in the coming years to produce an increas- 
ing quantity of thin-shelled nuts. The Brazil nut, almost entirely 
imported, is used largely on the table and in confections. Forest 
chestnuts are marketed in some localities in relatively large quanti- 
ties. They are also grown in Spain, Italy, and other southern Euro- 
pean regions. 

Imports of pecans were 846,489 pounds, valued at $75,093 in 1918, 
and 4,049,610 pounds, the maximum, in 1917. Imports of Brazil nuts 
were 28,140,595 pounds, valued at $1,319,595 in 1918, also a maximum. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 365 


Imports of all other nuts, shelled or unshelled, amounted to 1,508,122 
pounds, valued at $233,076 in 1918; 48,066 pounds of nuts valued at 
$2,475 came in free from the Philippines. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Betel nuts were held dutiable as nuts under this paragraph and not 
as crude drugs under paragraph 477 nor unenumerated articles under 
paragraph 385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 454, of 1917.) Areca nuts were 
likewise classified by the Board of General Appraisers. (G. A. 77783, 
T. D. 35704, of 1915.) The omission of the word “nuts” from para- 
graphs 27 and 477 was declared to take such nuts out of those para- 
graphs. In a later decision in which claim was made under para- 
graph 557, the Board held areca nuts, sometimes called “ betel” nuts, 
to come within the provisions for “palm nuts” in that paragraph. 
(G. A. 8090, T. D. 87339, of 1917.) 

Cola nuts and kola nuts are dutiable under this paragraph. (Ab- 
stracts 38466 and 38619, of 1915.) ' 

Wood oil nuts claimed to be nonedible and used entirely for the 
extraction of the oil contained therein (Abstract 36711, T. D. 34845, 
of 1914), and illipe nuts not edible and used for the oil they contain 
(Abstract 32680, T. D. 33511, of 1913) are also duttable under the 
provision for “nuts of all kinds.” Nut oil n. s. p. f. is exempt from 
duty under paragraph 561. 

In an importation of Italian pine cones with the nuts attacheé 
thereto the nuts were held to be dutiable under the eo nomine pro- 
vision for nuts. The cones are not shells nor dirt nor other impuri- 
ties in the nuts and duties should be assessed upon the weight of the 
nuts alone. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 516, of 1915.) 

Olive kernels are dutiable as nuts n. s. p. f. under this paragraph. 
(Abstracts 39044 and 39722, of 1916.) 

“ Marrons baked” were classified by the collector as “ nuts” under 
this paragraph rather than as ‘‘marrons, crude” under paragraph 
557, and the evidence before him being such that either conclusion 
may have been reached the presumption in favor of his classification 
must, therefore, be indulged. The term “crude” as frequently used 
in tariff legislation, including paragraph 557, is a relative one, its 
meaning depending upon its use in the context. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
304, of 1918.) (See par. 561.) 


PARAGRAPH 227. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
285. * * j%\ + #=\venison and other 227. Venison, and other game, 13 
game, except birds, 134 cents per | cents per pound; game birds, dressed, 
pound. 30 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Venison and other game.—Various Federal and State statutes place 
certain limitations on the commerce in game, defining hunting sea- 
sons, providing for hunting licenses and bag limits, and conditioning 
the possession, sale, and export of game. 'The Criminal Code of March 
4, 1909 (85 Stat., 1137), prohibits the importation or interstate trans- 
portation of certain injurious animals and birds and of animals and 
birds illegally imported or killed or shipped in violation of State laws. 
The act of May 25, 1900, subjects foreign game to State laws pro- 


366 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


hibiting sale, ete, and paragraph 347 of the act of 1913 prohibits 
the importation of plumes, feathers, skins, ete., of wild birds, except 
for scientific or educational purposes. The ‘ migratory-bird treaty 
act” (July 3, 1918, 40 Stat., 755) prohibits the importation of any 
birds taken contrary to the laws of any Province of Canada. ‘These 
laws tend to restrict the commeree in game. ; 

Imports of venison reached the maximum of 294,315 pounds, valued 
at $46,739 in 1913, and 27,181 pounds in 1918; of all other game except 
birds, 448,570 pounds, valued at $31,763 in 19138. In 1918 only 49,671 
pounds were reported. In 1915 imports of “ game birds, dressed,” 
were valued at $15,354. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Birds known as “ black game,” which are imported with their heads, 
feet, and feathers on, and undrawn, are not dutiable as ‘‘ game birds, 
dressed,” under this paragraph, but are dutiable under the provision 
for ‘“ venison, and other game,” in the first part of the same paragraph. 
(G. A. 7670, T. D. 35098, of 1915.) Other game birds, as well as black 
game in like eondition, were likewise classified as within the term 
“other game,” in the first part of this paragraph. (Abstract 37359, 
of 1915.) Game birds canned and which before cooking were dressed, 
were held dutiable under the. provision of this paragraph for “ game 
birds, dressed.” The fact that the bird was cooked after dressing 
does not prevent its classification as a dressed game bird. (Abstract 
38262, of 1915.) 

In an unpublished decision of the Treasury Department, March 2, 
1916, it was held that the term “ game” apples not only to raw or 
unprepared meat, but alse to prepared nmreat, and that game, such as 
rabbit or hare, cooked and in tins, is dutiable at 14 cents per pownd 
as game under this paragraph. It is also the praetice te assess rabbit 
meat in the form of sausage, ground or chopped, under this provision. 


PARAGRAPH 228. 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1913. 


it 


287. Wxtraet of meat, not specially 228. Extract of meat, not specially 
provided for in this section, 35 cents | provided for in this section, 10 cents 
per pound; fluid extract of meat, 15 |} per pound; fluid extraet of meat, 5 
cents per pound, but the dutiable | cents per pound, but the dutiable 
weight of the extract of meat and of | weight of the extract of meat and of 
the fluid extract of meat shall not in- | the fluid extract of meat shall not in- 
clude the weight of the packages in | clude the weight of the packages in 
which the same is imported. which the same is imported. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description anu uses.—J/eat extract is obtained by boiling meat 
with water and concentrating the evaporated portion after the 
removal of fats. ‘They are now largely by-products of packing 
houses. In cooking, canning, and soaking meats, the meat juices 
are dissolved to a eonsiderable extent in the water; by evaporating 
this water the meat extract is obtained. Fluid extract of meat 
is the same as meat extract, but less eoneentrated. A true meat 
extract contains only ingredients of meat soluble in hot water. A 
standard commercial variety shows 58.5 per cent organic matter, 
21.5 per cent inorganic matter (salts), and 20 per eent water. 
Bouilton cubes, fluid, and semisolid extracts ef meat are sold under 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 367 


various trade hames. Gelatin, blood, albumin, or meat fiber are added 
to some extracts of beef, and sometimes the albumin is more or less 
peptonized. True meat extract has very little if any food value and 
can not be regarded as concentrated meat, but possesses marked stimu- 
lative and restorative properties. Being rich in cooked meat sub- 
stances, it is used for flavoring soups. ; 
Imports in 1918 were 12 pounds of flwid and 1,401 pounds of all 
other meat extracts. Since 1912 imports have not exceeded 200,000 


pounds. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Boutlion cubes having no substantial portion of meat extract, but 
consisting of vegetable extractive matter with flavoring ingredients 
were held dutiable as an unenumerated manufactured article and not 
by similitude as an extract of meat. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 129, of 1913.) 

Marmite, a commodity of vegetable origin, produced from yeast, 

is not similar in use to extract of meat, but is dutiable as an un- 
enumerated manufactured article. (G. A. 73802, T. D. 32030, of 
1911.) 
An extract of meat which is a dark-red liquid of about the con- 
sistency of thick molasses and which will flow, while not freely, very 
readily from the receptacle in which it is contained, is dutiable under 
this paragraph as “ fluid extract of meat” and not under the same 
paragraph as “extract of meat, net specially provided for.” (G. A. 
§282, 'F. D. 38099, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 229. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
289. Poultry, live, 3 cents per pound ; 229. Poultry, live, 1 cent per pound ; 
dead, 5 cents per pound. dead, or prepared in any manner, in- 


cluding the weight of the immediate 
coverings or containers, 2 cents per 
peund. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Most of the specialized poultry farms are 
in Atlantic and Pacific coast sections, near the great centers of popu- 
lation. Cold-storage facilities and rapid transit have greatly in- 
fluenced the poultry industry, equalizing prices and making possible 
the importation of foreign products. 

Production of poultry has greatly inereased in recent years. It is 
roughly estimated that 589,000,000 were raised in 1918—compared 
with 544,000,000 in 1914, and an average of 522,000,000 for 1910-1914. 
In 1910, 295,880,190 fowls on farms, valued at $154,663,220, were re- 
ported; 280,000,000 (94.7 per cent) were chickens, 4,000,000 geese, 
35,000,000 turkeys, 2,000,000 ducks, and 2,000,000 pigeons. 

In 1910, 30 per cent of the fowls on farms were reported in the 
West Central and 24.3 per cent in the East North Central Division. 
Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Kansas had over 15,000,000 each. 

Imports of live poultry in 1918 were 1,655,973 pounds, valued at 
$290,111; of dressed poultry, 508,600 pounds, valued at $218,547. The 
bulk, both live and dressed, came from Canada. With the reduction of 
the duty on dressed poultry from 5 cents to 2 cents, and on live poultry 
from 3 cents to 1 cent, in 1914, imports of dressed. poultry inereased 
from 416,195 pounds in 1912 and 79,451 pounds in 19138 to 919,858 


368 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


pounds in 1914. Of live poultry, 954,624 pounds entered in 1914, 
compared with 366,854 pounds in 19138. There were large increases 
during the war. The average during 1911-1914 for live poultry was 
602,418 pounds, and for dressed, 419,940 pounds; for 1915-1918, 
1,968,273 and 890,565 pounds, respectively. 

Exports of poultry and game (not segregated) amounted to 1,241,144 
pounds in 1918—1,090,288 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 71,091 
pounds to Panama, and 23,861 pounds to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Homing pigeons to be released for flight are dutiable as live poultry 
under this paragraph or free of duty under bond under paragraph 398. 
(T. D. 32026, of 1911.) 

Paté de foie gras.—The provision in this paragraph that relates to 
“poultry, * * * prepared in any manner” clearly appears to 
have been enacted in view of 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 16, and must be taken 
accordingly to enlarge the terms used so as to include the merchandise 
here as poultry prepared. Articles of food prepared or preserved 
do not necessarily retain their original form and separate identity. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 1915.) 

Dried duck’s feet and gizzards are also dutiable as ‘“ poultry, 
* * * prepared in any manner,’ under the provision in this para- 
graph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 241, of 1915.) 

Goose breasts wrapped in their own skins and packed in sealed tin 
containers with brine are dutiable under this paragraph upon the total 
weight of the goose breasts, the brine, and the tin containers. (Ab- 
stract 37092, T. D. 35020, of 1914.) 

Dead chickens packed in a wooden box with a parchment or oiled 
paper placed around the chickens inside the box, are dutiable on the 
weight of the poultry including the weight of the paper and excluding 
the weight of the wooden box. (Abstract 35593, T. D. 34459, of 1914.) 

Poultry wrapped in parchment paper, packed in ice and sawdust, 
then inclosed in an envelope of burlap and incased in a wooden pack- 
ing case, was held dutiable on the weight of the poultry and the paper 
wrappiug.. (Abstract 38189, of 1915.) 

Dressed poultry packed in boxes without other covering or con- 
tainers, is dutiable under this paragraph on the total weight including 
the weight of the boxes. (T. D. 37924, of 1919.) (See par. 545.) 


PARAGRAPH 230. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


291. Chicory root, raw, dried, or un- 230. Chicory root, raw, dried, or un- 
dried, but unground, 13 cents per | dried, but unground, 1 cent per pound; 
pound ; chicory root, burnt or roasted, | chicory root, burnt or roasted, ground 
ground or granulated, or in rolls, or | or granulated, or in rolls, or other- 
otherwise prepared, and not specially | wise prepared, and not specially pro- 
provided for in this section, 3 cents | vided for in this section, 2 cents per 
per pound, pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Chicory root somewhat resembles the pars- 
nip and forage beet, except that it ranges from 8 inches to 2 feet 
or more in length. It is used principally as an adulterant or sub- 
stitute for coffee, when it is dried, roasted, ground, and either mixed 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


with coffee or used alone. 


369 


The root is used occasionally for medici- 


nal purposes and the leaves as a salad. 
Production.—Chicory will grow in most soils suited to sugar beet, 


and at about the same expense per acre. 


The domestic crop in 1899 


was 10,748 tons from 3,069 acres; in 1909, 9,642 tons from 1,589 acres. 
Michigan only has grown it extensively. 

Imports of chicory root, raw, dried or undried, but unground, in 
1913 were 2,203,057 pounds, valued at $32,939, all from Belgium. In 
1918 the imports amounted to only 4,557 pounds, and were from Eng- 


land and Canada. 


Imports of chicory root, burnt or roasted, ground or granulated, or 
in rolls, or otherwise prepared, n. s. p. f., in 1918 were 469,301 pounds, 
valued at $19,355 (95 per cent from Germany); in 1914, 765,056 
pounds, valued at $31,988; in 1918, only 824 pounds. 


> PARAGRAPH 231. 


ACT OF 1909, 


292. Chocolate and cocoa, prepared 
or manufactured, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, valued at not 
over 15 cents per pound, 2% cents per 
pound ; valued above 15 and not above 
24 cents per pound, 2% cents per 
pound and 10 per centum ad valorem; 
valued above 24 and not above 35 
cents per pound, 5 cents per pound 


ACT OF 1918. 


231, Unsweetened chocolate and co- 
coa, prepared or manufactured, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
8 per centum ad valorem. Sweetened 
chocolate and cocoa, prepared or man- 
ufactured, not specially provided for 
in this section, valued at 20 cents per 
pound or less, 2 cents per pound; val- 
ued at more than 20 cents per pound, 


25 per centum ad valorem. The 
weight and the value of the immediate 
coverings, other than the outer pack- 
ing case or other covering, shall be in- 
cluded in the dutiable weight and the 
value of the merchandise, 


and 10 per centum ad valorem; valued 
above 35 cents per pound, 50 per 
centum ad valorem, The weight and 
value of all coverings, other than 
plain wooden, shall be included in the 
dutiable weight and value of the fore- 
going merchandise; powdered cocoa, 
unsweetened, 5 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Chocolate and cocoa are derived from the 
cacao bean or crude cacao (par. 456). After being cleaned, sorted, 
_ blended, and roasted, the crude cacao is crushed into small fragments, 
termed “ chocolate nibs,’ from which the shells or husks (par. 456) are 
removed by a winnowing process. The nibs are then ground, resulting 
in a molasseslike product which hardens upon exposure to air. This 
is the unsweetened chocolate (“chocolate liquor” in the trade) of 
this paragraph. Confectioners and bakers take most of the marketed 
product, and a considerable proportion ig used as cooking chocolate. 
The great bulk of this liquor ig further elaborated for sweetened 
chocolate or cocoa powder and butter. The removal of all but about 
20 per cent of the natural fat content, enabling the product to powder, 
‘distinguishes cocoa from chocolate. There is much demand for this 
fat or cocoa butter (par. 232). 

The familiar sweet chocolate is prepared by milling or stirring the 
liquor and pouring the semifiluid mass into molds to harden or “ cake.” 
There is a growing market for Swiss or milk chocolate, which involves 
merely the addition of milk. In the manufacture of cocoa and cocoa 
butter the chocolate liquor is subjected to hydraulic pressure, a large 

184911°—20+——_24 


370 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


part of the oil or fat expressed, the pressed mass passed through a 
fine sieve, dried thoroughly, and canned or packed. 

Production.—The output of the cocoa and chocolate industry in- 
creased about tenfold from 1895 to 1918. In 1914, 36 factories (ex- 
clusive of confectioners) had a capital of $24,000,000 and a product 
valued at $36,000,000. The industry is localized in the Eastern 
States, four plants producing about half the domestic output. Auto- 
matic machinery is employed almost exclusively and raw materials 
constitute the principal item of cost. In 1917 the 29 largest factories 
reported the following production, which is substantially the total for 
this country: 


Pounds. Pounds, 
Gocoa powder. = 56, 241, 669 Cooking chocolate______ 13, 725, 617 
Cocoa Dutter. oS 17, 348, 012 Chocolate lquor________ 16, 635, 892 
Sweet chocolate_______ 68, 835, 847 Choeolate eoating______ TS, Sto, 002 


Imports of chocolate (largely unsweetened) are chiefly from Swit- 
zerland. Values declined from $845,639 in 1907 to $379,876 in 1914, 
due to the sale of Swiss patents to an American concern and the 
erection of a branch factory here by a leading German manuiacturer 
to avoid import duties, : 

Import values of cocoa were $373,888 in 1907, $379,876 in 1914, and 
$483,740 in 1917. Holland is the principal competing country, with 
the product “ Dutch process” cocoa, designed for the high-grade trade, 
and falling almost entirely under the classification “ powdered, wn- 
sweetened,” 

Exports during 1910-1914 were valued at $300,000 to $500,000. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “ outer packing case or other covering” in this para- 
graph comprehends all of the cover around the outside of the con- 
tents of the package, whether one covering or more, aS where the 
wooden case is lined with tin or zine or is covered with burlap, and 
all other coverings, being inner, should be considered “ immediate ” 
and included in the weight and value. (T. D. 84111, of 1914.) 
Wooden boxes inclosing tin boxes and both packed in an outer 
packing case were held correctly included in the dutiable weight. 
(Abstract 38101, of 1915.) In a case of protest against additional 
duties on chocolate on the ground that the coverings are not subject 
to appraisement, it was held that under the terms of this paragraph 
under which the chocolate was assessed it becomes necessary to make 
the appraisal include the immediate coverings. (Abstract 40505, 
of 1916.) (See par. 180.) 


PARAGRAPH 232. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


293. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, 232. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, 
refined deodorized cocoanut oil, and | refined deodorized ceconut oil, and all - 
all substitutes for cocoa butter, 334 | substitutes for cocoa butter, 34 cents 
cents per pound, per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
Description and uses.—Cocoa or cacao butter is a joint product 


with cocoa of the cacao bean, an alternative product being chocolate 
(par. 231). Crude cacao contains between 50 and 60 per cent of cacao 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 871 


butter; in the manufacture of chocolate the entire content is retained, 
whereas cocoa powder contains about 20 per cent of butter, leaving a 
residue of approximately 35 to 40 pounds of commercial butter per 
100 pounds of crude cacao. 

Confectioners are the largest users of cacao butter; it is also ex- 
tensively employed in the manufacture of edible chocolate in the 
cocoa-chocolate industry, in order to absorb the added sugar. Other 
uses are in the manufacture of-cosmetics and as a substitute for but- 
ter in cooking. 

Among possible substitutes for cacao butter, a most expensive vege- 
table fat, are tallow and lard, coconut and palm-nut oils, sesame, 
and some other vegetable oils. Chief among these is coconut oil, 
but its use for this purpose has greatly declined. Very little coconut 
oil is dutiable under this clause, the greater portion being imported 
unrefined and free of duty (par. 561). 

Production.—See paragraph 231. 

Import statistics group cacao butter with its substitutes, but it 
constitutes practically the entire amount. The maximum was 6,000,- 
000 pounds, valued at over $1,500,000, in 1912; by 1914 they declined 
to 2,800,000 pounds, valued at nearly $800,000. Before the war the 
Netherlands supplied approximately two-thirds of the total, and Ger- 
many most of the remainder. 


PARAGRAPH 2383. 
ACT OF 1909. : ACT OF 1913. 


294. Dandelion root, and acorns, 233, Dandelion root, and acorns pre- 
prepared, and articles used as coffee, f pared, and articles used as coffee, or 
or as substitutes for coffee not | as substitutes for coffee not specially 
specially provided for in this section, | provided for in this section, 2 cents 
24 cents per pound, per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Dandelion root and dried acorns, ground, 
are among the substitutes for or adulterants of coffee. Other sub- 
stitutes are chicory (par. 230), parsnips, carrots, beets, various cereals, 
and saccharin fruits, such as roasted figs, dates, and raisins. The 
regulations under the pure food and drugs act, requiring proper 
branding, discourage the use of such substitutes and adulterants. 

Imports of dandelion root and-acorns, prepared, used as substitutes 
for coffee, were 132,262 pounds, valued at $17,780 in 1913, and 162,487 
pounds, valued at $15,481 in 1914. Practically all came from Germany 
and Austria. In 1918 imports were 4,759 pounds, valued at $749. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Coffee essence used as coffee or as a substitute therefor was held 
not to be coffee, but dutiable either directly or by similitude as an 
article used as coffee or as a substitute for coffee. (175 Fed., 967, of 
1909.) An article labeled ‘compound of chicory and sugar rape” or 
“made only of figs,” as well as “coffee substitute,” represented to be 
and sold as a substance not alone for coloring coffee but as a sub- 
stitute for a portion of each drawing of coffee, adding, it being 
claimed, to the quality, purity and wholesomeness of the beverage as 
served, was held dutiable as a substitute for coffee. (1 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 106, of 1910.) : 


372 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 234. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


296. Starch, made from potatoes, 13 234. Starch, made from potatoes, 1 
cents per pound; all other starch, in- | cent per pound; all other starch, in- 
cluding all preparations from what- | cluding all preparations from what- 
ayer substance produced, fit for use as | ever substance produced, fit for use 
starch, 1 cent per pound. as starch, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Starch occurs more or less abundantly in 
all forms of vegetable life, but commercially the most important 
sources are corn, potatoes, rice, wheat, and cassava. Starch is white, 
odorless, and tasteless, and is marketed in powdered, granular, or 
jump form. Cornstarch is by far the most important here; potato 
starch, the most important in Europe, ranks second in consumption. 
Of the domestic output in 1914, approximately 93 per cent was from 
corn, 3.8 per cent from potatoes, and the balance from wheat, rice, 
and cassava. 

Starch is used for edible purposes in various flours, and in pastries, 
puddings, confectionery, etc.; and for laundry and manufacturing 
purposes, e. g., Sizing of paper and cotton goods, thickening of colors 
and mordants used in textile printing, in making dextrin, soluble 
starch, and glucose. Its physical properties vary slightly with its 
sources, explaining some of its specific uses. In the textile industry 
and in the manufacture of dextrin, potato starch has certain advan- 
tages which give it a market even at a higher price. Means have 
been found to make varieties of cornstarch suitable for use in the tex- 
tile industry ; these are severely competitive with potato starch. 

Production of cornstarch amounted to 574,247,697 pounds, valued 
at $18,784,654 in 1914; of potato starch, 23,540,472 pounds, valued 
at $718,006. The production of cornstarch increased to 883,131,755 
pounds in 1917. In 1914, 82 establishments made starch, about two- 
thirds located in Maine. Capital invested was $17,000,000; employees, 
2,310; wages, $1,222,585; materials used, $10,297,937. 

Imports of starch for 1909-1913 averaged 138,730,665 pounds, valued 
at $375,767; for 1914-1918, they averaged 15,148,778 pounds, valued 
at $684,714, approximately 95 per cent being potato starch. Before 
the war Germany and the Netherlands supplied practically all; in 
the last two years great quantities came from Japan, viz, 18,008,666 
pounds in 1917 and 21,806,975 pounds in 1918. 

Exports of starch for 1914-1918 averaged 122,848,429 pounds, valued 
at $3,913,104, practically all cornstarch. Over one-half goes to Eng- 
land and Scotland, while before the war the Netherlands and Belgium 
also took large quantities. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “preparations * * * fit for use as starch” has 
been declared by the United States-Supreme Court to refer to “ any 
preparation which is so far fit for use as starch as to be commonly 
used or known as such or as a substitute therefor.” (176 U. S. 156, 
ef 1900.) The provision has not been limited to starch used chiefly 
for laundry purposes; arrowroot starch for infants’ food has been 
included. (151 Fed. 16, of 1906.) The trend of the decisions is to 
subordinate the provision for preparations fit for use as starch to 


373 


eo nomine provisions for particular kinds of materials which may be 
used as starch. The leading case is 176 U. S., 156 (supra), hold- 
ing tapioca flour, claimed to be fit for use as starch. exempt from duty 
as “tapioca.” (See pars. 36, 193, 581, and 625.) 


PARAGRAPH 235. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909. 


679. Spices: Cassia, cassia vera, 
and cassia buds; cinnamon and chips 
of; cloves and clove stems ; mace; nut- 
megs; pepper, black or white, and 
pimento; all the foregoing when un- 
ground ; ginger root, unground and not 
preserved or candied. (Free.) 


298. Spices: Mustard, ground or 
prepared, in bottles or otherwise, 10 
cents per pound; capsicum or red pep- 
per, or cayenne pepper, 2% cents per 
pound ; sage, 1 cent per pound; spices 
not specially provided for in this sec- 


ACT OF 1913. 


235. Spices, unground: Cassia buds, 
cassia, and cassia vera; cinnamon and 
cinnamon chips; ginger root, unground 
and not preserved or candied; nut- 
megs; pepper, black or white; capsi- 
cum or red pepper, or cayenne pepper; 
and clove stems, 1 cent per pound; 
cloves, 2 cents per pound; pimento, # 
of 1 cent per pound; sage, 4 cent per 
pound ; mace, 8 cents per pound; Bom- 
bay or wild mace, 18 cents per pound ; 
ground spices, in each ease, the specific 
duty per pound enumerated in the 
foregoing part of this paragraph for 


tion, 38 cents per pound. unground spices, and in addition 


thereto a duty of 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; mustard, ground or prepared, 
in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per 
pound; all other spices not specially 
provided for in this section, including 
all herbs or herb leaves in glass or 
other small packages for culinary use, 
20 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
CASSIA BUDS, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Cassia buds are the dried, unripe fruit of 
the cultivated tree Cinnamomum cassia, and are used as a spice, the 
flavor differing slightly from cinnamon. It is of little commercial 
importance, 

Production.—This spice comes from Canton and Hongkong, with 
no probability of its production here. 

Imports of unground and ground cassia buds steadily declined from 
638,979 pounds in 1908 to 23,3867 pounds in 1918. A maximum of 
218,563 pounds of unground was imported in 1917 and 173,202 pounds 
in 1918. In 1915, 200 pounds of ground buds were imported, and in 
1917, 139,224 pounds. 


CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, ‘UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Cassia is the dried bark of the cultivated 
tree Cinnamomum cassia, and iS used as a spice, in.the preparation 
of incense, and for the production of the essential oil for flavoring 
material. Good cassia is sweet and aromatic, with a flavor resem- 
bling that of cinnamon. 

Production.—It is grown in China and Indo-China. 

Imports of unground and ground cassia increased from 3,692,300 
pounds in 1908 to 7,151,605 pounds in 1913. <A total of 9,019,350 pounds 
was imported in 1917. After 1914 the ground spice ranged from 300 | 
to 655 pounds a year. 


S747 . SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


CINNAMON AND CINNAMON CHIPS, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Cinnamon is the dried bark of cultivated 
varieties of Cinnamonum zeylanicum. Its quality varies with the age 
of the bark and the geographical source. Chips are the coarse and in- 
ferior quality. Cinnamon is used as a spice and in making incense; 
its essential oil is distilled for use in perfumery and spice. 

Production is in large quantities in Ceylon, the Spice Islands, China, 
Java, the Philippines, and around Singapore. 

Imports of the ground and unground were 520,459 pounds in 1908 
and 1,405,882 pounds in 19138. A maximum of 684,902 pounds of 
dutiable ungreund spice was imported in 1918 and a minimum of 
410,594 pounds in 1916. Imports of ground cinnamon have been negli- | 
gible since it became dutiable. Small amounts from the Philippines 
are admitted free. | 


GINGER ROOT, UNGROUND AND GROUND, NOT PRESERVED GR CANDIED. 


Description and uses.—Ginger is the washed and dried, or decorti- 
eated and dried, rhizome of Zinziber officinals. The ginger grown in 
Jamaica has particular qualities of excellence and is sold as “ Jamaica 
ginger.” ‘ 

Production.—The plant is an herbaceous perennial, cultivable more 
widely than most spices—in the Himalaya Mountains of India to an 
altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, in the Canton (China) region, in the 
Malay Peninsula, in northern Australia, in West Africa, the West 
Indies, and Central America. A high grade, equaling the Jamaica 
product, is being produced experimentally in Florida. 

Imports of ground and unground root totaled 17,856,401 norte 
valued at $406,197 in 1918. In 1918 imports were 5,157,531 pounds of 
unground root, valued at $481,245. On the ground root a tariff of 1 
cent per pound plus 20 per cent is laid and the maximum import has 
remained below 4,000 pounds except in 1917, when it reached 361,050 
pounds. 

NUTMEGS, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Nutmeg is the dried seed of Myristica 
fragrans. The tree is somewhat bushy, growing to a height of 30 or 
40 feet. The fruit, the nutmeg of commerce, is used as a spice. 

Production.—It is a native of the eastern Moluceas (known as the 
Spice Islands), Banda, Amboina, Gilolo, and western New Guinea, and 
is cultivated in the Malay Peninsula, Zanzibar, and the West Indies. 

Imports were 3,458,339 pounds in 1918 and 4,201,872 pounds, valued 
at $661,012, with revenue of $42,018 in 1917. Imports of ground nut- 
meg have been negligible. 


PEPPER, BLACK OR WHITE, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Bliack pepper is the dried immature berry 
and white pepper the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum. In mak- 
ing white pepper the ‘ pepper shells,” a by-product, have a distinct 
spice value that is less than the interior of the pepper corn. ‘The 
shells have been used as an adulterant of black pepper. 

Production.—The pepper plant is strictly tropical, successfully cul- 
tivated only between latitudes 20° N. and 20° S., in the Spice Islands, 
Borneo, Ceylon, Sumatra, tropical Africa, Zanzibar, the Malay Penin- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 875 


sula, Java, India, Cochin-China, and Southern China. It requires a 
heavy rainfall. 

Imports of unground and ground pepper, while on the free list, 
were 27,568,317 pounds, valued at $2,855,183 in 1913. In 1914, under 
a duty, they were 21,959,367 pounds, valued at $2,197,945, with revenue .- 
of $181,133. Imports of unground pepper in 1918 were 32,132,943 
pounds, valued at $4,928,592, with revenue of $321,329. Ground pepper 
imports in 1917 were negligible—187,182 pounds. 


CAPSICUM OR RED PEPPER OR CAYENNE PEPPER, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Cayenne (or red) pepper is the. dried, 
ripe fruit of some species of Capsicum, ‘“ Red pepper” also includes 
paprika, selling as “ Hungarian paprika,” and having a peculiar, mild 
pungency and flavor. Spanish paprika is also known in trade. Cay- 
enne is a hot, pungent, red pepper, while paprika is mild. 

Production.—The cayenne peppers are cultivated extensively in the 
East Indies, Zanzibar, Japan, Africa, Mexico, and continental United 
States, i. e., in temperate and subtropical countries. Sweet pepper, 
or paprika, is cultivated in China, Hungary, Spain, to a large extent 
in the South Atlantic States—particularly South Carolina—and in 
southern California. During the war our cultivation of red pepper 
was stimulated, especially in southern California. 

Imports averaged about 5,000,000 pounds from 1909 to 1913. Im- 
ports in 1914 were 6,522,463 pounds of unground and 1,322,308 pounds 
of ground, totaling nearly 8,000,000 pounds, and continued heavy until . 
the United States entered the war. 


CLOVE STEMS, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Clove stems, the dried stem of the flower 
buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, have a legitimate use in the pro- 
duction of oil of cloves. 

Production.—(See ‘ Cloves.”’) 

Imports were 293,316 pounds in 1909 and 32,830 pounds in 1918, 
then on the free list. Imports in 1914, when dutiable, were only 243 
pounds, but reached 57,160 pounds in 1916 and 46,432 pounds, valued 
at $7,000, with revenue of $464, in 1918. 


CLOVES, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Cloves are the dried flower buds of Cary- 
ophyllus aromaticus. The clove tree grows to a height of 12 to 20 feet, 
rarely attaining 40 feet. Cloves produce spice and the essential oil of 
cloves, used as a spice, as a perfume, and as a source of the chemical 
eugenol, in turn used in making vanillin. This latter is one of the 
chief flavoring substances of vanilla and, together with coumarin, is 
used to make artificial vanilla flavor. 

Production.—Cloves grow in the Spice Islands, the Malay Penin- 
sula, Sumatra, the West Indies, and Mascarene Islands. 

Imports during 1908-1913, while cloves were on the free list, aver- 
aged 4,463,043 pounds, valued at $516,830 annually. Since placing a 
duty of 2 cents per pound on unground cloves, importation has aver- 
aged 5,249,194 pounds, valued at $717,398, with revenue of $104,983.. 
Ground cloves have not been imported appreciably since made duti- 
able. 


876 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. - 
PIMENTO, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Pimento or allspice is the dried, nearly ripe 
fruit of Pimenta officinalis. The fruit is a white or purple one-seeded 
drupe about the size of a pea. When ripe it has a sweet pulp which 
has lost much of its aromatic property, and so it is gathered im- 
mature. It is used as a spice and to distill aromatic oil of pimento. 

Production.—The tree is native to the West Indies, growing in cal- 
culous soil on the islands of Cuba, Haiti, Trinidad, the small islands 
of the Caribbean Sea, and in Mexico, Costa Rico, and Venezuela, but 
is most abundant in Jamaica. 

Imports for 1909-1913 averaged 6,148,742 pounds, valued at $210,- 
158, while pimento was free. It became dutiable and the 1914 im- 
portation was only 311,443 pounds, increasing in 1918 to 4,064,556. 
pounds, valued at $182,847, with revenue of $30,484. Imports of 
ground pimento reached a maximum of 81,277 pounds, valued at 
$3,973 in 1918. . 

SAGE, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Sage, the dried leaf of Salvia officinalis, is 
used as a spice, particularly in flavoring sausages. 

Production.—The plant is cultivated in the Temperate Zone, the 
spice quality becoming inferior in the warmer regions. Our home- 
grown sage is superior to the Austro-Hungarian article imported be- 
fore the war and much of the Italian and Greek product imported 
‘recently. Domestic production of dried sage is estimated at 30,000 
to 40,000 pounds, 

Imports averaged 1,863,199 pounds, valued at $23,268, during 1909- 
1913. The reduction of duty made little change, unground sage 
amounting to 1,747,194 pounds in 1914 and to 1,864,295 pounds in 
1918; the value in 1918, however, had increased to $150,004. Imports 
of ground sage are insignificant. 


MACE, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Mace, the dried arillus of Myristica fra- 
grans, is used as a spice. 

Production.—(See “ Nutmegs.’’) 

Imports were 611,005 pounds, valued at $244,117, in 1913. With a 
duty of 8 cents per pounds on unground mace the 1914 importation 
fell to 287,926 pounds, valued at $113,162. The 1918 imports were 
371,746 pounds, valued at $118,168, with revenue of $29,739. Im- 
ports of ground mace are insignificant. 


BOMBAY OR WILD MACE, UNGROUND AND GROUND. 


Description and uses.—Bombay or wild mace is the arillus of the 
fruit of Myristica malabarica. The seed is oblong, tawny, and hairy, 
longer than the true nutmeg, and as broad. The shell is black and 
wrinkled longitudinally, and the kernel yields a red oily juice. The 
seeds are valued only for the oil or as an aduiterant for true nutmeg, 
The arillus is used for adulterating mace. 

Imports since 19138, when a tariff of 18 cents per pound was assessed 
on the unground article, have been light. * The 1915 entry was 5,714 
pounds. A minimum of 1,791 pounds, valued at $624, was imported in 





ee 


SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION. SUT 


1918, and a maximum of 40,984 pounds, valued at $4,090, in 1917. 
Ground mace was imported only in 1917—18,624 pounds, valued at 
$7,098, yielding a revenue of $4,771. 


MUSTARD, GROUND OR PREPARED. 


Description and uses.—Black and white mustard produce seeds 
which are ground into powder to make the common table mustard. 
The two varieties when mixed make the best product. Mustard has 
medicinal qualities, as a rubefacient. The white plants are used 
for salads, and the curled for greens. 

Production.—Mustard grows wild in middle and southern Europe 
and western United States, where it is also cultivated. In 1909 the 


“seed production of California was 3,168,270 pounds, but manufactured 


mustard data are. lacking. 

Imports in 1913 were 1,433,118 pounds, valued at $383,710, with 
revenue of $148,811. With the reduction of the duty from 10 cents 
to 6 cents per pound, the 1914 importation was 1,927,685 pounds, 
valued at $519,333, with revenue of $127,796; in 1918, 1,662,876 pounds, 
valued at $480,572, with revenue of $99,772. 


ALL OTHER SPICES, INCLUDING HERBS OR HERB LEAVES. 


Imports under this head are unimportant, the average annual 
value from 1909 to 1918 being only $6,828. Since the duty was changed 
from 3 cents a pound to 20 per centum ad valorem, the average value 
of imports has been $6,460, . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph embraces peppers of all kinds that are spices. An 
established administrative practice of classifying paprika as capsi- 
cum or red pepper under former tariff acts furnishes reason for so 
classifying it under the act of 1913 which reenacted the provision 
without change of language. Paprika, a capsicum or red pepper in 
fact, and not shown to be commercially designated otherwise, was 
held dutiable under this paragraph, and when ground to be subject 
to the additional duty imposed on ground spices. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
1, of 1917; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38041, of 1919.) But Spanish 
red peppers used both as a garnish and as a food were held to be 
dutiable under paragraph 252 of the act of 1909 as prepared vege- 
tables. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 9, of 1915.) 

Ginger, salted or pickled, classified by the collector as prepared © 
vegetables under paragraph 200, was held dutiable under this para- 
graph as ginger root unground and not preserved or candied (Ab- 
stract 423837, of 1918), as was also ginger root or cargo ginger packed 
in casks in a solution of salt and vinegar (Abstracts 37403, 37829, and 
38568, of 1915); but pickled melon and ginger and prepared cucum- 
bers with a small piece of ginger in the jar were held properly classi- 
fied as prepared vegetables (Abstract 42337, of 1918). : 

A commodity invoiced and known as “ pepper shells,” a by-product 
from decorticating pepper berries, and consisting of small pieces of 
shell and a powdery portion sufficiently fine to pass through a No. 20 
Sieve, was held separable for duty purposes, the fine portion being 
dutiable as ground pepper and the coarser portion as unground pep- 
per under this paragraph, (G. A. 8202, T. D. 37800, of 1918.) D. 


378 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

Pimiento.—The commodity in question is a ground red pepper being 
invoiced as ‘‘ Spanish pimenton.” It is known as the Spanish pepper 
or pimiento. The term is sometimes confused with pimento, which is 
allspice. (See G. A. 6667, T. D. 28427, of 1907.) The merchandise 
was held dutiable under the provision in paragraph 298 of the act of 
1909 for ‘‘ capsicum or red pepper.” (Abstract 27185, T. D. 32031, of 
1911.) (See par, 201.) 


PARAGRAPH 236. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


299. Vinegar, 7% cents per proof 236. Vinegar, 4 cents per proof gal- 


gallon. The standard proof for vin- | lon. The standard proof for vinegar 
egar Shall be taken to be that strength | shall be taken to be that strength 
which requires thirty-five grains of | which requires thirty-five grains of 


bicarbonate of potash to neutralize 


one ounce troy of vinegar. 


bicarbonate of potash to neutralize 
one ounce troy of vinegar. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Vinegar is usually derived from beer, cider, 
malt, glucose, Sugar, or wine, through bacterial action and the removal 
of the alcohol by oxidation. It consists essentially of dilute acetic 
acid and is used chiefly as a temporary preservative. 

Production on farms in 1909 (latest figures) was 7,246,632 gallons. 
Factory production was reported as worth $5,566,274 in 1914, 

Imports in 1918 were 303,376 gallons, valued at $84,855; in 1918, 
69,182 gallons, valued at $34,786. In 1914, 63 per cent came from 
Great Britain, 18 per cent from France, and 10 per cent from Japan; 
in 1918, 40 per cent from Japan, and 30 per cent from Great Britain. 

Exports in 1914 were 125,666 gallons, valued at $25,112, about 50- 
per cent going to Great Britain, the Philippine Islands, and Panama; 
in 1918, 292,413 gallons, valued at $73,451, Canada, Panama, and 
Mexico taking 50 per cent. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Where the acidity in vinegar is less than the standard amount 
mentioned in the statute, it has been held that duty should be - 
assessed as of the standard strength. (Abstract 32176, T. D. 33389, 
of 1913.) Practice, however, is to assess duty on the number of proof 
gallons imported, whether above or below the actual quantity. 


SCHEDULE H. SPIRITS, WINES, AND OTHER BEVERAGES. 
PARAGRAPH 237. 


300. Brandy and other spirits man- 237. Brandy and other spirits man- 


ufactured or distilled from grain or 
other materials, and not specially 
provided for in this section, $2.60 per 
proof gallon. 


ufactured or distilled from grain or 
other materials, and not specially 
provided for in this section, $2.60 per 
proof gallon. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The importation of distilled spirits was prohibited by section 15 of 
the act of August 10,1917. (T. D. 37315, of 1917.) This was modified 
by section 801 of the act of October 8, 1917, with respect to such spirits 
produced after the passage of that act. (Op. Atty. Gen., T. D. 37401, 
of 1917.) The act of November 21, 1918, prohibited the importation of 
distilled, malt, vinous, and other intoxicating liquors during the con- 


a 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 3879 


tinuance of the war and period of demobilization, except shipments en 


route to the United States at the time of the passage of the act. (T. 
D. 37824, of 1918.) The revenue act of February 24, 1919 (see. 601), 
reenacted substantially the prohibitory provision of the act of Octo- 
ber 3, 1917, relating to importation, in the following language: 

That no distilled spirits produced after October 3, 1917, shall be 
imported into the United States from any foreign country, or from the 
Virgin Islands (unless produced from products the growth of such 
islands, and not then into any State or Territory or District of the 
United States in which the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor 
is prohibited), or from Porto Rico, or the Philippine Islands. Under 
such rules, regulations, and bonds as the Secretary [of the Treasury] 
may prescribe, the provisions of this section shail not apply to dis- 
tilled spirits imported for other than (1) beverage purposes or (2). 
use in the manufacture or production of any article used or intended 
for use aS a beverage. 

Importation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes will be 
prohibited under the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution, and 
is also prohibited by the national prohibition act of October 28, i919, 
on and after the date the said® amendment became effective. 

The prohibition against the importation of distilled spirits in the 
acts of August 10, 1917, and October 3, 1917, was held to exclude from 
entry cordials, liqueurs, bitters, and other compounds, for use as bev- 
erages, when containing distilled spirits by volume of one-half of 1 
per cent or more, but not to operate against the importation of 
medicinal preparations, including tinctures and elixirs, dentifrices, 
and similar compounds, nor against bay rum and Similar toilet prepa- 
rations containing distilled spirits, and preparations used in the arts 
and trades, such as varnishes, shellac, and similar preparations (T. D. 
37482, of 1918), nor against the importation of wines, including yer- 
muth and ginger cordial, though fortified with distilled spirits, if they 
do not contain more than 24 per cent of absolute alcohol by volume 
(Op. Atty. Gen., T. D, 37552, of 1918). 

The additional tax imposed on imported distilled spirits under sec- 
tion 300 of the act of October 3, 1917, has been held to be a duty. (9 
Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37999, of 1919; another decision Dec. 12, 
1919.) This provision of law, however, was repealed by section 1400 
of the act of Webruary 24, 1919, and the tax imposed on distilled 
spirits by section 600 of that act is stated to be “in lieu of the 
internal-revenue taxes now imposed thereon by law,” and was held 
by the Treasury Department in an unpublished decision of June 26, 
1919, to be an internal-revenue tax. 


PARAGRAPHS 238, 239, AND 240. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 


301. Hach and every gauge or wine 
gallon of measurement shall be counted 
as at least one proof gallon; and the 
standard for determining the proof of 
brandy and other spirits or liquors 
of any kind imported shall be the 
same as that which is defined in the 
laws relating to internal revenue: 
Provided, That it shall be lawful for 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
diseretion, to authorize the ascertain- 
ment of the proof of wines, cordials, 


238. Hach and every gauge or wine 
gallon of measurement shall be counted 
as at least one proof gailon; and the 
standard for determining the proof of 
brandy and other spirits or liquors 
of any kind imported shail be the 
same aS that which is defined in the 
laws relating to internal revenue: 
Provided, That it shall be lawful for 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
discretion, to authorize the ascertain- 
ment of the proof of wines, cordials, 


380 


ACT OF 1903—Continued. 


or other liquors, by distillation or 
otherwise, in cases where it is im- 
practicable to ascertain such proof by 
the means prescribed by existing law 
or regulations: And provided further, 
That any brandy or other spirituous 
or distilied liquors imported in any 
sized cask, bottle, jug, or other pack- 
ages, of or from any country, depend- 
ency, or province under whose laws 
similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, or 
other packages of distilled spirits, 
wine, or other beverage put up or 
filled in the United States are denied 
entrance into such country, depend- 
ency, or province, shall be forfeited 
to the United States; and any brandy 
or other spirituous or distilled liquor 
imported in a cask of less capacity 
than ten gallons from any country 
shall be forfeited to the United States. 


302. On all compounds or prepara- 
tions of which distilled spirits are a 
component part of chief value there 
shall be levied a duty not less than 
that imposed upon distilled spirits. 


303. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab- 
sinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other 
spirituous beverages or bitters of all 
kinds, containing spirits, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
$2.60 per proof gallon, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


or other liquors, by distillation or 
otherwise, in cases where it is im- 
practicable to ascertain such proof by 
the means prescribed by existing law 
or regulations: And provided further, 
That any brandy or other spirituous 
or distilled liquors imported in any 
sized cask, bottle, jug, or other pack- 
ages, of or from any country, depend- 
ency, or province under whose laws 
similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, or 
cther packages of distilled spirits, 
wine, or other beverage put up or 
filled in the United States are denied 


‘entrance into such country, depend- 


ency, or province, shall be forfeited 
to the United States; and any brandy 
or other spirituous or distilled liquor 
imported in a cask of less capacity 
than ten gallons from any country 
shall be forfeited to the United States. 


239. On all compounds or prepara- 
tions of which distilled spirits are a 
component part of chief value there 
shall be levied a duty not less than 
that imposed upon distilled spirits. 


240. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab- 
sinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other 
spirituous beverages or bitters of all 
kinds, containing spirits, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
$2.60 per proof gallon, 


See “ Interpretation and comments,” paragraph 237. 


f 


PARAGRAPH 241. 


304, No lower rate or amount of 
duty shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on brandy, spirits, and other 
spirituous beverages than that fixed 
by law for the ‘description of first 
proof; but it shall be increased in 
proportion for any greater strength 
than the strength of first proof, and 
all imitations of brandy or spirits or 
ewines imported by any names what- 
ever shall be subject to the highest 
vate of duty provided for the genuine 
articles respectively intended to be 
represented, and in no case less than 
$1.75 per gallon. 


241. No lower rate or amount of 
duty shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on brandy, spirits, and other 
spirituous beverages than that fixed 
by. law for the description of first 
proof; but it shall be increased in 
proportion for any greater strength 
than the strength of first proof, and 
all imitations of brandy or spirits or 
wines imported by any names what- 


-ever shall be subject to the highest 


rate of duty provided for the genuine 
articles respectively intended to be 
represented, and in no case less tha. 
$1.75 per gallon. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An imitation champagne, “Champagne d’Ananas Monopole,” con- 


~ 


taining no alcohol, was classified as champagne under paragraph 306 


of the act of 1909 by virtue of the last part of paragraph 304, rather 
than under the provision for “ ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda 
water, and other similar beverages containing no alcohol” in para- 


graph 811. 


(Abstract 24669, T. D. 31236, of 1911.) 


(See par. 287). 





‘SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


381 


PARAGRAPH 242. 


ACT OF 1809. 


305. Bay rum or bay water, whether 
distilled or compounded, of first proof, 
and in proportion for any greater 
strength than first proof, $1.75 per 
gallon, 


ACT OF 1913. 


242. Bay rum or bay water, whether 
distilled or compounded, of first proof, 
and in proportion for any greater 
strength than first proof, $1.75 per 
gallon, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Bay rum or bay water is a fragrant liquid, usually 
made by mixing the oil of bay leaves with alcohol and water; it may 
be obtained by distilling the leaves with rum. 

Imports were 483 gallons, valued at $619, in 1914, and 641 gallons, 
valued at $796, in 1918; nearly all came from France and the Virgin 
Islands. Imports of raw materials in 1914 were 168,165 pounds of 
bay leaves, valued at $5,870; and 1,631 pounds of bey oil, valued at 
$2,393, chiefly from France and French West Indies, respectively. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bay rum from Porto Rico was held to be “ distilled spirits” for 
internal-revenue taxation (228 U. S., 486, of 1912), but bay rum 
is not a prohibited importation under the acts of August 10 and 


October 8, 1917 (T. D. 87482, of 1918). 
If paragraph 244, providing for still wines, ete., should be elimi- 
nated, the provision therein relating to the packing of bay rum should 


be incorporated in paragraph 242, 


(See par. 237.) 


PARAGRAPH 243. 


306. Champagne and all other spark- 
ling wines, in bottles containing each 
not more than ore quart and more 
than one pint, $9.60 per dozen; con- 
taining not more than one pint each 
and more than one-haif pint, $4.80 
per dozen; containing one-half pint 
each or less, $2.40 per dozen; in bot- 
tles or other vessels containing more 
than one quart each, in addition to 
$9.60 per dozen bottles, on the 
quantity in excess of one quart, at 
the rate of $3 per gallon; but no sep- 
arate or additional duty shall be levied 
on the bottles, 


243, Champagne and all other spark- 
ling wines, in bottles containing each 
not more than one quart and more 
than one pint, $9.60 per dozen; con- 
taining not more than one pint each 
and more than one-half pint, $4.80 per 
dozen; containing one-half pint each 
or less, $2.40 per dozen; in bottles 
or other vessels containing more than 
one quart each, in addition to $9.60 
per dozen bottles, on the quantity in 
excess of one quart, at the rate of $3 
per gallon; but no Separate or addi- 
tional duty shall be levied on the 
bottles. 


See “ Interpretation and comments,” paragraph 237. 


PARAGRAPH 244, 


3807. Still wines, including ginger 
wine or ginger cordial, vermuth, and 
rice wine or sake, and similar bever- 
ages not specially provided for in this 
section, in casks or packages other 
than bottles or jugs, if containing 14 
per centum or less of absolute aleohol, 
45.cents per gallon; if containing 
more than 14 per centum of absolute 
alcohol, 60 cents per gallon. In bottles 
or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles 


244, Still wines, including ginger 
wine or ginger cordial, vermuth, and 
rice wine or sake, and similar bever- 
ages not specially provided for in this 
section, in casks or packages other 
than bottles or jugs, if containing 14 
per centum or less of absolute alcohol, 
45 cents per gallon; if containing 
more than 14 per centum of absolute 
alcohol, 60 cents per gallon. In bottles 
or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles 


382 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


or jugs, containing each not more than 
one quart and more than one pint, or 
twenty-four bottles or jugs containing 
each not more than one pint, $1.85 
per case; and any excess beyond these 
quantities found in such bottles or 
jugs shall be subject to a duty of 6 
cents per pint or fractional part 
thereof, but -no separate or additional 
duty shall be assessed on the bottles 
or jugs: Provided, That any wines, 
ginger cordial,- or vermuth imported 
containing more than 24 per centum 
of alcoho! shall be classed 4s spirits 
and pay duty accordingly: And pro- 
vided further, That there shall be no 
constructive or other allowance for 
breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, 
liquors, cordials, or distilled spirits. 
Wines, cordials, brandy, and other 
Spirituous liquors, including bitters of 
all kinds, and bay rum or bay water, 
imported in bottles or jugs, shall be 
packed in packages containing not less 
than one dozen botties or jugs in each 
package, or duty shall be paid as if 
such package contained at least one 
dozen bottles or jugs, and in addition 
thereto, duty shall be collected on the 
bottles or jugs at the rates. which 
would be chargeable thereon if im- 
ported empty. The percentage of al- 
cohol in wines and fruit juices shall 
be determined in such manner as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall by reg- 
ulation prescribe, 


INTERPRETATION AND 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 19123—Continued. 


or jugs, containing each not more than 
one quart and more than one pint, or 
twenty-four botties or jugs contain- 
ing each not more than one pint, $1.85 
per case; and any excess beyond these 
quantities found ins such bottles or 
jugs shall be subject to,a duty of 6 
eents per pint or fractional part 
thereof, but no Separate or additional 
duty shall be assessed on the bottles 
or jugs: Provided, That any wines, 
ginger cordial, or yvermuth imported 
containing more than 24 per centum 
of alcohol shall be classed as spirits 
and pay duty accordingly: And pra- 
vided further, That there shall be no 
constructive or other allowance for 
breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, 
liquors, cordiais, or distilled spirits, ex- 
cept that when it shall appear to the 
collector of customs from the gauger’s 
return, verified by an affidavit by 
the importer to be filed within five 
days after the delivery of the mer- 
chandise, that a cask or package has 
been broken or otherwise injured in 
transit from a foreign port and as a 
result thereof a part of its contents 
amounting to 10 per centum or more 
of the total value of the contents of 
the said cask or package in its condi- 
tion as exported, has been lost, allow- 
ance therefor may be made in the 
liquidation of the duties. Wines, cor- 
dials, brandy, and other Sspirituous 
liquors, including bitters of all kinds, 
and bay rum or bay water, imported 
in bottles or jugs, shall be packed in 
packages containing not less. than one 
dozen bottles or jugs in each package, 
or duty shall be paid as if such pack- 
age contained at least one dozen 
bottles or jugs, and in addition thereto, 
duty shall be collected on the bottles 
or jugs at the rates which would be 
chargeable thereon if imported empty. 
The percentage of alcohol in wines 
and fruit juices shall be determined in 
such manner as the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall by regulation prescribe. 


COMMENTS. 


The act of November 21, 1918, prohibited, with certain exceptions 


and restrictions, the importation of vinous liquors. 


1918.) (See par. 237.) 


(T, D. 37824, of 


Bitters are included in the term “liquors” as used in the first part 
of the second proviso of this paragraph, and an allowance for break- 
age can be made only in aecordance with the conditions specified in 
the proviso (G. A. 8060, T. D. 37175, of 1917); but vermuth was 
held not within the prohibition against allowance either as a wine 
or as a liquor (178 Fed., 269, of 1910); and sake also was excluded 
until provided for in 1909 as “rice wine” (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 305, 


of 1911; 2 Ct, Cust. Appls., 371, of 1911). 


The provision is not viola- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 383 
tive of the Constitution (144 Fed., 329, of 1906; certiorari denied, 203 
U. S., 591, of 1906), but is to be strictly construed to exclude articles 
not within its exact terms (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 340, of 1911). The 
term package as used in the first part of the said second proviso is 
not limited to liquor packed in bulk, but includes packages of liquor 
in bottles. (G. A. 7666, T. D. 35066, of 1915; G. A. 8060, T. D. 87175 
and T. D. 373842, of 1917.) There is no restriction on the capacity of 
the bottles or jugs under the proyiso in the last part of the paragraph 
requiring duty to be paid on spirituous liquors, including bitters of all 
_ kinds, and bay rum or bay water, in such containers as if the package 
contained at least one dozen bottles or jugs. (Abstract 40496, of 
1916.) Allowance may be made for bottles or jugs stolen before im- 
‘portation. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1912.) 

The dividing line of 14 per cent of absolute alcohol applies to any 
ascertainable excess however slight. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 176, of 
1912. ). 

PARAGRAPH 245. 


ACT OF 1989. 


308, Ale, porter, stout, and beer, in 
bottles or jugs, 45 cents per gallon, 


ACT OF 1913. 


245. Ale, porter, stout, and beer, in 
bottles or jugs, 45 cents per gallon, 


but no separate or additonal duty 
shall be assessed on the bottles or 
jugs; otherwise than in bottles or 
jugs, 23 cents per gallon, 


but no separate or additonal duty shall 
be assessed on the bottles or jugs; 
otherwise than im bottles or jugs, 23 
‘eents per gallon. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


By the proclamation of the President, issued under section 15 of the 
act of August 10, 1917, the importation of malt liquor, other than 
ale or portér, containing more than 2.75 per cent of alcohol by weight, 
was prohibited after January 1, 1918. (T. D. 37457, of 1917.) Malt 
liquors for beverage purposes were later prohibited entry on, and 
after December 1, 1918, by regulations approved by the President 
under the above-mentioned section. (T. D. 37809, of 1918) The 
_ importation of malt liquor was also prohibited by the act of Novem- 

ber 21, 1918, with certain exceptions and restrictions. (T. D. 37824, 
of 1918.) ¢See par. 237.) 

Allowance for outage or wantage is essentially a question® of fact. 
«3 Ct. Cust Appls., 291, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1913; 
5. Ct. Cust. Appls., 288, of 1914; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 301, of 1916; 9 
Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37906, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 246. 


246. Malt extract, fluid, im casks, 
28 cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, 
45 cents per gallon; solid or con- 
densed, 45 per centum ad valorem. 


309. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, 
23. cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, 
-45 cents per gallon; solid or con- 
densed, 45 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Two distinct articles are known as malt 
extract. One is @ strong, heavy beer, used both as a beverage and a 
tenic; the other, a viscous, semisolid substance, containing about 45 
per cent solid matter and less than 2 per cent aleohol, used medici- 
nally and as an emulsifying agent. A form of the latter, easily con- 
vertible into beer by the addition of yeast, sugar, and water, has 
recently appeared on the market. 


884 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production data are included with beer, ete. 

Imports of fiuid malt extract were vaiued at $12,137 in 1914; there 
were none in 1918. Imports of solid and condensed malt extract were 
valued at $767 in 1914, and at $44 in 1918. Nearly all came from the 


United Kingdom. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mali extract of the consistency of thick molasses is dutiable as fluid 
(not condensed) malt extract under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 63, of 1916.) This paragraph was intended to include all 
kinds of malt extract, in whatsoever condition imported and whether 
in bulk or in packages. The word “casks” in the paragraph was 
held to include iron drums, and fiuid malt extract in iron drums was 
accordingly held dutiable as “ malt extract, fluid, in casks.” (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 168, of 1917.) Fluid malt extract in tims containing 
about 1 pint is dutiable at the rate applicable to fluid malt extract in 
bottles or -jugs. (G. A. 8050, T. D. 37102, of 1917.) Malt extract, 
solid or condensed, is dutiable at 45 per cent, without regard to cover- 
ings and packing. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 505, of 1913.) 


- PARAGRAPH 247. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


310. Cherry juice and prune juice, 247, Cherry juice and prune juice, 
or prune wine, and other fruit juices, | or prune wine, and other fruit juices, 
and fruit sirup, not specially provided | and fruit sirup, not specially provided 
for in this section, containing no alco- | for in this section, containing no 
hol or not more than 18 per centum |} alcohol or not more than 18 per 
of alcohol, 70 cents per gallon; if | centum of alcohol, 70 cents per gal- 
containing more than 18 per centum | lon; if containing more than 18 per 
of alcohol, 70 cents per gallon and in | centum of alcohol, 70 cents per gallon 
addition thereto $2.07 per proof gal- | and in addition theret@ $2.07 per 
Jon on the alcohol contained therein. | proof gallon on the alcohol contained 

therein, : 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Cherry juice and other fruit juices are ob- 
ained by pressing or crushing the fresh fruit; the sirups by mixing 
sugar with the fruit. Nonalcoholic juices or combinations of them, 
and especially grape juice, are widely used as beverages; fruit sirups 
and crushed fruits, in flavoring soda water and other “ soft drinks ” 
and confections. Fortified fruit juices, made by the addition of from 
15 to 17 per cent of aleohol to prevent fermentation, are utilized en- 
tirely in making cordials and other alcoholic beverages. Prune juice, 
similarly made, is used in blending whisky and flavoring chewing 
tobacco. 

Production of nonalcoholic fruit juices and sirups is extensive, the 
domestic output being wholly consumed here. Juices made abroad 
are usually fortified. In 1916 the output of grape juice was 5,000,000 — 
gallons, made principally in New York and Ohio. California con- 
tributed only 159,000 gallons, the European grapes grown in that 
State not being adapted to this purpose. Some competition in cherry, 
blackberry, raspberry, and other fruit juices may be expected from 
France, Germany, and Austria—where methods of manufacture and 
handling are highly developed—when a satisfactory substitute is pro- 
vided for the alcohol used to prevent fermentation. 

Imports of cherry and other fruit juices and sirups were 65,295 
gallons, valued at $56,795 in 1914, and 2,581 gallons, valued at $8,945 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 885 


in 1918; of prune juice or wine, 23,932 gallons, valued at $17,462 in 
1914, and 2,559 gallons, valued at $6,278, in 1918. Prior to the war 
these alcoholic juices were derived chiefly from France, Germany, and 
Austria. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Merchandise invoiced as raspberry shrub, consisting of a reddish- 
brown sirup of about the consistency of ordinary maple sirup, and 
sweet to the taste, not suitable for a beverage as imported, was held 
dutiable as a fruit sirup under this paragraph,. rather than as a 
beverage containing no alcohol under paragraph 248, or an unenumer- 
ated article under paragraph 885. (Abstract 38851, of 1915, follow- 
ing Abstracts 26348 and 26397, T. D. 31832, of 1911.) Concentrated 
grape juice is also dutiable as a fruit juice or fruit sirup under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 8047, T. D. 37099, of 1917.) <A thick sirup made 
from grape juice boiled with a particular kind of clay and with 
yeast was likewise so classified rather than as molasses, the provision 
for which (par. 177, act of 1913), it was declared, is intended to cover 
only the molasses derived from the manufacture of cane sugar. (G. A. 
7341, T. D. 82332, and Abstract 28999, T. D. 82655, of 1912.) ‘“ Lemon 
squash,” consisting of a thick, sirupy liquid, is also dutiable under 
this provision. (Abstract 31639, T. D. 83263, of 1913.) So is crushed 
pineapple to which has been added the juice of other pineapples. (6 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 472, of 1916.) 

Grenadine, a compound of sugar, water, coloring matter, and citric 
acid, was excluded from this provision and held dutiable as a non- 
enumerated manufactured article. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 385, of 1915; 
Abstract 41017, of 1917.) Sirop @Orgeat, a preparation containing 
emulsified almond oil, sugar, alcohol, water, and a small amount of 
flavoring, was also excluded and similarly classified. (G. A. 8040, 
T. D. 37074; Abstract 41017, of 1917.) (See par. 16.) 


PARAGRAPH 248. 


ACT OF i909. 


811. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemon- 
ade, soda water, and other similar 
beverages containing no alcohol, in 
plain green or colored, molded or 
pressed, giass bottles, containing each 
not more than three-fourths of a pint, 
18 cents per dozen; containing more 
than three-fourths of a pint each and 
not more than one and one-half pints, 
28 cents per dozen; but no separate or 
additional duty shall be assessed on 
the bottles ; if imported otherwise than 
in plain green or colored, molded or 
pressed, glass bottles, or in such bot- 
tles containing more than one and 
one-half pints each, 50 cents per gal- 
lon, and in addition thereto duty 
shall be collected on the bottles, or 
other coverings, at the rates which 
would be chargeable thereon if im- 
ported empty. Beverages not spe- 
cially provided for containing not 
more than 2 per centum of alcohol 
shall be assessed for duty under this 
paragraph, 





184911 °—20 25 


ACT OF. 1913. 


248, Ginger ale, ginger beer, lem- 
onade, soda water, and other similar 
beverages containing no alcohol, in 
plain green or colored, molded or 
pressed, glass bottles, containing each 
not more than one-half pint, 12 cents 
per dozen; containing each more than 
one-half pint and not more than 
three-fourths of a pint, 18 cents per 
dozen; containing more than _ three- 
fourths of a pint each and not more 
than one and one-half pints, 28 cents 
per dozen; but no separate or addi- 
tional duty shall be assessed on the 
bottles; if imported otherwise than 
in plain green or colored, molded or 
pressed, glass bottles, or in such bot- 
tles containing more than one and 
one-half pints each, 50 cents per gal- 
Jon, and in addition thereto duty shall 
be collected on the bottles, or other 
coverings, at the rates which would 
be chargeable thereon if imported 
empty. Beverages not specially pro- 
vided for containing not more than 2 
per centum of alcohol shall be as- 
sessed for duty under this paragraph. 


386 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GHNERAEL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Ginger ale or ginger beer is made by adding 
a small quantity of ginger or capsicum extract and sugar to water. 
For lemonade or lemon beer, citric acid or lemon juice is similarly 
used. Soda water, selizer, and vichy are waters impregnated with 
carbonic acid gas. Other nonalcoholic or “soft” drinks, such as root 
beer, orangeade, sarsaparilla, fruit phosphates, cream soda, birch 
beer, juniper ale, pop, lemon soda, and various well-known proprie- 
tary drinks consist mainly of sweetened carbonated water with some 
flavoring matter. Near-beer, hop ale, and similar cereal beverages 
are also included. 

Production of carbonated beverages and “soft” drinks in 1914 was 
valued at $58,401,000, derived from 5,463 establishments capitalized 
at $53,233,000, employing over 15,000 persons, paying wages of 
$8,864,000, and using materials valued at $26,779,000. These figures 
include artificial mineral waters and lime and grape juices. The 
industry is well established in every State—New York, Pennsylvania, 
Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Alabama leading in the order 
named. 

Imports of ginger ale and ginger beer in 1914 were valued at 
$374,515; in 1918 at $90,586. Lemonade, soda water, and similar 
beverages imported were valued at $65,740 in 1914 and at $31,339 
in 1918. 

Exports of “other beverages,” comprising cider, ginger ale, min- 
eral water, and soda water, amounted to $375,919 in 1914 and $509,872 


in 1918. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Carbonated pineapple juice consisting of carbonated water, flavored 
with pineapple juice comprising about one-fifth of the whole com- 
modity, with added sugar, suitable for use as a beverage in the con- 
dition imported, was held dutiable as a beverage similar to ginger 
beer, soda water, ete., containing no alcohol, under paragraph 311 
of the act of 1909, rather than as a fruit juice under paragraph 310. 
(Abstract 27203, T. D. 32031, of 1911.) A beverage known as Pepp 
dispensed to. the trade in the same way as ginger ale, lemonade, and 
other soft drinks, was also held dutiable as a similar beverage under 
this puragraph. (Abstract 43307, of 1919.) 

Beverages consisting of sugar, water, lime juice, extracts of ginger 
and capsicum, flavoring, benzoic-acid preservative, and absolute 
alcohol of about 0.65 per cent by volume, are assessed under this pro- 
vision. An -investigation shows that these beverages, while not 
sold in well-known drug stores. or first-class. soft-drink places or seda — 
stands, have been dispensed in second-grade saloons im the same 
manner as are whisky and brandy. (See par. 237.) 


PARAGRAPH 249. 


ACT OF 1969. 


312. All mineral waters and all 
imitations of natural mineral waters, 
and all artificial mineral waters not 
specially provided for in this section, 
in bottles or jugs containing not more 
than one pint, 20 cents per dozen bot- 
tles; if containing more than one 


ACT OF 19813. 


249. All mineral waters and all 
imitations of natural mineral waters, 
and ail artificial mineral waters not 
specially provided for in this section, 
in bottles or jugs containing not 
more than one-half pint, 10 cents per 
dozen bottles; if containing more than 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continucd. 


pint and not more than one quart, 30 
eents per dozen bottles; if imported 
im bottles or im jugs containing mere 
than one quart, 24 cents per gallon; 
if tmported otherwise than in bot- 
tles or jugs, 8 cents per gallon; and 
in addition thereto, on all of the fore- 
going,. duty shall be collected upon the 
bottles or other containers at one- 
third of the rates that would be 
charged thereon if imported empty 
or separately. 


387 


ACF OF 1913—Cuntinued. 


one-hali pint and not more than one 
pint, 15 cents per dozen bottles; if 
containing more than ene pint and 
not more than one quart, 20 cents 
per dozen bottles; if imported in bot- 
tles: or in jugs. containing more than 
one quart, 18 cents per gallon; if 
imported otherwise than in bottles or 
jugs, ° cents. per gallon; and in. addi- 
tion thereto, on all of the foregoing, 
duty shall be collected upon the bot- 
tles or other centainers at one-third 
of the rates that would be charged 
thereon if imported empty or sepa- 
rately. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Mineral water, bottled for table or medicinal use, is 
the commercial name of spring and well water having mineral con- 
tents possessing physiological properties. 

Artificial mineral waters and imitations of natural mineral waters, 
made by adding sodium or magnesium sulphates, hydrogen sulphide, 
or. other sulphureous or saline substanees to water, are often of 
marked therapeutic value and widely used. 

Production of mineral waters in 1916 was 55,928,491 gallons, valued 
at $5,735,035, and obtained from 802 commercial springs in 47 States 
er Territories, chief among them Wisconsin (25 per cent of. the 
total), New York (12 per cent), California (87 per cent), and Maine 
(6 per eent). - 

Imports of natural and artificial mineral waters were 3,364,676 gal- 
lons, valued at $955,788 in 1913, and 1,172,440 gallons, vaiued at 
$624,302 in 1916. In 1918 the total imports were $246,751, and the 
revenue was $42,171. Germany, France, and Austria were formerly 
the principal sources. 

Exports.—Large quantities. of a few domestic waters are exported, 
but statisties are not available. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Nigari, not used as a drinking water nor for medicinal purposes, 
but used in cooking certain oriental dishes, is not a mineral water 
within this paragraph, but dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured 
article. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 244, of 1914; Abstract 37564, of 1915.) 


SCHEDULE I. COTTON MANUFACTURES. 
PARAGRAPH 250. 


313. Cotton thread and carded yarn, 
Warps or warp yarn, in_ Singles, 
whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, 
or cops, or in any other form, ex- 
cept spool thread of cotton, eroechet, 
darning, and embroidery cottons, here- 
inafter provided for, not colored, 
bleached, dyed, or advanced beyond 
the condition of singles by grouping or 
twisting two or more single yarns to- 
gether, 2% cents per pound on ail 
numbers up to and including number 


250. Cotton thread and carded yarn, 
warps, or warp yarn, whether on 
beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, 
or in any other form, not combed, 
bleached, dyed, mercerized, or col- 
ored, except spool thread of cotton, 
crochet, darning and embroidery cot- 
tons, hereinafter provided for, shall be 
subject to the following rates. of duty: 
Numbers up to and including number — 
nine, 5 per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number nine and not exceed- 


388 


ACT OF 1909—Continued, 


fifteen, one-sixth of a cent per num- 
ber per pound on all numbers. exceed- 
ing number fifteen and up to and in- 
cluding number thirty, and one-fifth 
of a cent per number per pound on all 
numbers exceeding number thirty: 
Provided, That none of the foregoing 
shall pay a less rate of duty than 15 
per centum ad valorem; colored, 
bleached, dyed, combed, or advanced 
beyond the condition of singles by 
grouping or twisting two or more 
single yarns together, whether on 
beams, or in bundles, skeins, or cops, 
or in any other form, except spool 
thread of cotton, crochet, darning, and 
embroidery cottons, 
vided for, 6 cents per pound on all 
numbers up to and including number 
twenty-four, and on all numbers ex- 
ceeding number twenty-four and up to 
number eighty, 4 of 1 cent per num- 
ber per pound ; on number eighty and up 
to number two hundred, ;3y of 1 cent per 
numbr per pound; on number two hun- 
dred and above, 60 cents per pound, 
and y> of 1 cent per number per 
pound additional for every number in 
excess of number two hundred; table- 
laid yarns or threads, made by group- 
ing or twisting two or more grouped 
or twisted yarns or threads together, 
not colored, bleached, or dyed, # of 1 
cent per number per pound; colored, 
bleached, or dyed, a of 1 cent per 
number per pound: Provided further, 
That said threads and yarns, colored, 
bleached, dyed, combed, advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles, and 
cable-laid yarns or threads, as herein- 
before provided, except those (other 
than cable-laid threads and yarns) 
finer than number one hundred and 
forty shall not pay a less rate of duty 
than 20 per centum ad valorem: And 
provided further, That all the fore- 
going threads and yarns as hereinbe- 
fore provided, when mercerized or sub- 
jected to any similar process, shall 
pay, in addition to the foregoing 
specific rates of duty, 4 of 1 cent 
per number per pound; cotton card 
laps, roping, sliver, or roving, 35 per 
centum ad valorem, Cotton waste 
and flocks, manufactured or other- 
wise advanced in value, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 


hereinafter pro-_ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ing number nineteen, 74 per centum 
ad valorem; exceeding number nine- 
teen and not exceeding number thirty- 
nine, 10 per centum ad valorem ; exceed- 
ing number thirty-nine and not exceed- 
ing number forty-nine, 15 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine 
and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 17% 
per centum ad valorem ; exceeding num- 
ber fifty-nine and not exceeding number 
seventy-nine, 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; exceeding number seventy-nine 
and not exceeding number ninety-nine, 
22% per centum ad valorem; exceed- 
ing number ninety-nine, 25 per 
centum ad valorem, When combed, 
bleached, dyed, mercerized, or colored, 
they shall be subject to the following 
rates of duty: Numbers up to and in- 
cluding number nine, 74 per centum ad 
valorem; exceeding number nine and 
not exceeding number nineteen, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; exceeding num- 
ber nineteen and not exceeding num- 
ber thirty-nine, 12% per centum ad 
valorem; exceeding number thirty- 
nine and not exceeding number forty- 
nine, 174 per centum ad valorem}; ex- 
ceeding number forty-nine and not ex- 
ceeding number fifty-nine, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; exceeding number 
fifty-nine and not exceeding number 
seventy-nine, 224 per centum ad ya- 
lorem ; exceeding number seventy-nine 
and not exceeding number ninety-nine, 
25 per centum ad valorem; exceeding 
number ninety-nine, 273 per centum 
ad valorem. Cotton waste and flocks, 
manufactured or othérwise advanced 


in value, cotton card laps, roping, 
sliver, or roving, 5 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


COTTON YARN, 


Description and uses.—Cotton yarn is spun from roving, and may 
be of upland, American staple, Egyptian, sea-island, or other cotton; it 
may be carded or combed, ring spun or mule spun, made with vary- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 389 


ing degrees of twist from extra soft up to extra hard; it may be 
unbleached, bleached, printed, dyed, or colored; plain or finished 
(gassed, mercerized, prepared, polished) ; and it may be in the single 
or doubled or cabled. There are many varieties of cotton yarn, and. 
several modifying adjectives are required for the precise identifica- 
tion of any particular count. The relative values depend on various 
factors, but particularly on the material used and the count to which 
spun. 

Number or count of yarn means the number of 840-yard hanks 
required to weigh 1 pound. No. 1 cotton yarn measures 840 yards to 
the pound, and No. 100 cotton yarn measures 84,000 yards to the 
pound; the higher the count, the finer the yarn. 

Production.—In quantity the United States ranks first, followed 
by the United Kingdom, British India, Japan, France, Germany, 
Russia, and Italy. Of the 2,170,578,612 pounds domestic output in 
1914, the makers consumed about 75 per cent. Of the 522,054,152 
pounds, valued at $182,912,5138, offered for sale, the knitting industry 
was the largest purchaser. In domestic spinning the normal limit is 
about 100s warp and 120s filling; while 93 per cent of the output 
consists of coarse and medium counts not above 40s. The United 
Kingdom leads in number of spindles and supplies a major portion 
of the fine and special yarns used in international trade. 

Imports are less than 0.5 per cent of domestic consumption, the 
maximum being 10,564,304 pounds, valued at $9,885,889, in 1917. 
Imports were 6,853,235 pounds, valued at $4,092,072 in 1914, and 
5,687,641 pounds, valued at $7,482,475 in 1918. The larger portion con- 
sists of two-ply unbleached yarns mule spun in England from Egyptian 
cotton. About 60 per cent are gassed or otherwise finished. Lace 
yarns, mostly “ prepared” or flattened for use in brass bobbins, con- 
stitute the leading import. The second largest import is of soft-spun 
yarns for mercerization and for combination with silk in knitting 
and in the weaving of broad and narrow fabrics. The main count im- 
ported is two-ply 78s, and the main competitive range is from 58s to 
78s. Imports are supplemental rather than competitive and as the 
domestic industry develops the average count imported steadily tends 
| upward. The tariff plays a minor part in this trade. 

Exports, before the war, of cotton yarn were small, valued at 
$716,036 in 1914. During the war they rose to 15,121,682 pounds, 
valued at $7,571,338 in 1918. Exports are mainly of counts under 
40s, knitting yarns leading. Argentina, Canada, and Chile were the 
largest buyers in 1918. 


COTTON CARD LAPS, SLIVER, AND ROVING. 


Description and uses.—Raw cotton in the bale is opened in tne 
mills, partially cleaned and made into laps, usually 40 inches wide and 
about 18 inches in diameter. These are then run through the card 
and drawn down into a loosely compressed but untwisted rope called 
a sliver. After further attenuation and cleaning, a small amount of 
twist is inserted in the sliver, which thereupon becomes roving and 
is further attenuated and twisted into yarn. 

Imports.—Laps, sliver, and roving ordinarily are not articles of 
commerce, owing to the difficulty of handling without damage and 
because spinning mills have their own preparing machinery. Im- 
ports have ranged from nil up to about $2,000. 


390 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


COTTON WASTE, MANUFACTURED OR OTHERWISE ADVANCED IN VALUE. 


Description and uses.—Waste occurs in eaeh process of manu- 
facture. Part of this waste is remanufactured in the mills where 
‘made and part is sold for manufacture elsewhere. Waste is on the 
free list (par. 467), but when cleaned, bleached, dyed, manufactured, 
or otherwise advanced in value is dutiable under this paragraph. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cotton waste recovered from mili sweepings or used cotton waste is 
not “ advanced in value” by processes of washing and partial bieach- 
ing, and is exempt from duty as cotton waste. The removal of dirt 
and grease from sweepings and oily, hard waste does not bring such 
waste within the previsions of this paragraph. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
222, of 1911.) Short bits of tint adhering to the seed of ecotion in the 
erdinary process of ginning and later stripped from the seed by @ 
specially constructed gin, becoming then what are known as “ linters,” 
are not waste but cotton, irrespective of a cleansing process to which 
the linters may have been subjected before importation. (1 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 246, of 1911.) Artificial silk waste produced in the manufac- 
ture of artificial silk yarns and put through a combing process which 
eliminated any refuse material, was held not dutiable as artificial silk 
yarns or filaments in the form of singles under paragraph 405 of the 
tariff act of 1909, but dutiable by similitude as eotton sliver under 
paragraph 313. (G. A. 7466, 'F. D. 33473, of 1913.) 

Paragraph 250 was evidently intended to include ali cotton yarns 
for machine work, but its wording, dating from 1870, needs revising. 
The following phraseology is suggested: “Cotton yarn, including 
warps, in any form.” 

The term “cotton thread” is misleading in a paragraph dealing 
with cotton yarn, as “thread” in common parlance means sewing 
thread. The term “ warp yarn” after “ yarn” is tautology and might 
be omitted. ‘Including warps’ may be used because of the fact 
that yarn in the form of warps might, especially if sized, be inter- 
preted as further advanced in manufacture than ordinary yarn. ‘The 
qualifying phrase “in any form” is sufficient to show that it Is the 
intention to include all cotton yarns, unless more specifically men- 
tioned elsewhere, as in the case of the special yarns fer handwork 
included in paragraph 251. 

“ Roping ” is archaic for “ roving” and might be omitted. “ Flocks” 
might also be omitted, as it is one of the least important of the 
many types of waste. 

Provision for most yarns in this paragraph at progressive rates of 
duty and for some yarns in paragraph 251 at a flat rate of duty 
leads to anomalies. For instance, 8/2 crochet yarn pays 15 per cent 
duty, while 8/2 knitting yarn pays 74 per cent duty. Similarly 98/2 
yarn imported for use on an embroidery machine pays 15 per cent, 
whereas 98/2 yarn imported for use on a knitting machine is subject 
to a 25 per cent rate. (See par. 251.) 


PARAGRAPH 251. 





ACT OF 1909. 


314. Spool thread of cotton, crochet, 
darning, and embroidery cottons, on 
spools, reels, or balls, containing on 
each spool, reel, or ball, not exceed- 
ing one hundred yards of thread, 6 


ACT OF 1918. 


251, Spool thread of cotton, crochet, 
darning, and embroidery cottons, on 
spools, reels, or balls, or in skeins, 
cones, or tubes, or in any other form, 


15 per centum ad valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 391 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


eents per dozen; exceeding one hun- 
dred yards on each spool, reel, or ball, 
for every additional hundred yards or 
fractional part thereof in excess of 
one hundred, 6 cents per dozen spools, 
reels, or balls; if in skeins, comes or 
tubes, containing less than six hun- | 
dred yards each, 4 of i eent for each | 
one hundred yards or fractional part 
thereof: Provided, That in no case 
shall the duty be assessed upon a less 
number of yards than is marked on 
the spools, reels, cones, tubes, skeins, 
or balls: And provided further, That 
none of the foregoing shail pay a less 
rate of duty than 20 per eentum ad 
valorem. j 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cotion sewing thread is made of ply or 
eabled yarn, is finished by polishing, and is usually either bleached or 
dyed. it may be two, three, or four ply, or six-cord eabled, the last 
named being usually put up on spools for the retail trade and the 
former on tubes, cones, or large bobbins for use by garment makers. 

The eount of cetton yarn indicates the number of 840-yard hanks 
required to weigh 1 pound. Sewing thread, however, is numbered or 
lettered arbitrarily, and the same is true of one elass of cotton yarns, 
those known as “ cottons.” This term refers solely to soft spum yarns, 
usually in two, three, four, or eight fold, put up in short lengths for 
retail, and not to these put up in the longer lengths customary for 
machine work. Knitting cotton is similar to croehet, darning, and 
envbroidery cottons, thea four terms often being used interchangeably. 

Production of cetion thread was 26,507,028 pounds, valued at 
$22,917,099 in 1914, but there are no data of special yarns, and exact 
comparison with imports is difficult. The United Kingdom is the only 
large exporter of sewing thread, though a substantial amount is nor- 
mally exported from Germany and smaller amounts from Switzer- 
land, Italy, Belgium, Franee, and Japan. 

Imports under the act of 1897 averaged annually $235,711; under 
the act of 1909, $1,114,320; and under the act of 1913 (te June 39, 
1918), $2,353,559. The inerease under the act of 1909 was largely due 
to. an enhanced demand for “cottons” for handwork; the inerease 
under the act of 1913 was partially due to higher values. 

Exports of cotion sewing thread and “cotions” in 1918 were 
$2,369,247. 

INTERPREFATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for embroidery cottons in this paragraph has been 
judicially construed not to include only those used in hand em- 
broidery, nor limited to a commodity imported only in skeins. Cotton 
yarns used in an embroidery machine for exeeuting the embroidery 
design on the face cf the fabric come within this provision rather 
than that for “ cotton thread and carded yarn, warps, or warp yarn” 
in paragraph 250. Cotton yarns used in an embroidery machine tea 
lock the embroidery stitch on the back of the fabric, the court found, 
are in fact used as: “embroidery eottons,” and when wound upon 


392 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

bobbins so that they can be used only for this purpose are dutiable 
as “embroidery cottons ” notwithstanding that the larger part of such 
yarns is used for other purposes. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, of 1917.) 
Mercerized cotton yarn of the same character as embroidery cotton, 
even though in the gray, is dutiable as embroidery cotton under this 
paragraph. (T. D. 85878, of 1915.) Unfinished cotton thread im the 
gray which is intended and, when completed, is suitable for use as 
sewing thread, is dutiable as ‘spool thread of cotton” under this 
paragraph and not as cotton yarn under paragraph 250. (G. A. 8200, 
T. D. 387793; of 1918.) 

Paragraphs 250 and 251 provide for cotton yarn and thread of 
every description. Paragraph 250 was apparently intended to cover 
all cotton yarn used for machine work, and paragraph 251 to cover 
cotton sewing thread and the special yarns used for handwork. The 
yarns under paragraph 250 are subjected to progressive rates of duty 
based on the yarn count. Cotton sewing thread and “ cottons” for 
handwork, which are united in paragraph 251, are totally diverse 
articles and their being bracketed together and given a flat rate of 
duty is, to some extent at least, due to the fact that both are arbi- 
trarily numbered or lettered, with no reference to the true yarn 
count. 

The result of decisions (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, and T. D. 37798, 
supra) has been to remove two groups of regular yarns from the 
progressive rates of paragraph 250. Yarns for machine embroidery 
and yarns for thread making differ in no essential particular from 
yarns for other machine work such as weaving, knitting, braiding, 
or lace making, and the tariff wording should be clarified so as to 
avoid discriminatory classification of the same yarn according to the 
intended use. On the other hand it may be noted that knitting 
cotton is similar to crochet, darning, and embroidery cottons, the 
four terms often being used interchangeably, and that it should 
logically be included therewith under paragraph 251. 

The only clear differentiation between the two paragraphs would be 
one based on length, as yarns for handwork, and also most sewing 
threads, are preferred in shorter lengths than are economically 
feasible for machine work. Customs officials recommend 840 yards 
(the length of a hank) as a practical point of delimitation. 

Manufacturers and importers are agreed that ‘cotton sewing 
thread ” is the term that should be used to-day in place of the former 
“spool thread of cotton,” as the use of the latter to include sewing 
thread not on spools and never intended to be put on spools is rather 
anomalous. 

The following phraseology is suggested for paragraph 251: Cotton 
Sewing thread; crochet, darning, embroidery, and knitting cottons, 
put up for handwork; all the foregoing in lengths not exceeding 840 
yards, [rate]. 

PARAGRAPH 252. 





ACT OF 1999. 


315. Cotton cloth, valued at not over 
7 cents per square yard, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, and not exceeding fifty threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, 1 cent per square yard; 


ACT OF 1913. 


252. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, 
woven figured, or mercerized, contain- 
ing yarns the average number of which 
does not exceed number nine, 73 per 
centum ad valorem; exceeding num- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 19099—Continued. 


if bleached, and valued at not over 
9 cents per square yard, 14 cents per 
square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, and valued at not 
over 12 cents per square yard, 2 cents 
per square yard; cotton cloth, not 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, exceeding fifty 
and not exceeding one hundred threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, and valued at not over 7 
cents per square yard, not exceeding 
Six square yards to the pound, 14 
cents per square yard; exceeding six 
and not exceeding nine square yards 
to the pound, 14 cents per square 
yard; exceeding nine square yards to 
the pound, 12 cents per square yard; 
cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, 
colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
not exceeding one hundred threads to 
the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, and valued at over 7 and 
not over 9 cents per square yard, 2} 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
9 and not over 10 cents per square 
yard, 2% cents per square yard; valued 
at over 10 and not over 12% cents per 
square yard, 4 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 124 and not over 14 
cents per square yard, 5 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 14 cents 
per square yard, 6 cents per square 
yard, but not less than 25 per centum 
ad valorem; cotton cloth, exceeding 
fifty and not exceeding one hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, if bleached, and 
valued at not over 9 cents per square 
yard, not exceeding six square yards 
to the pound, 14 cents per square 
yard; exceeding six and not exceeding 
nine square yards to the pound, 13 
cents per Square yard; exceeding nine 
square yards to the pound, 24 cents 
per square yard; cotton cloth, not ex- 
ceeding one hundred threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, if bleached, and valued at over 
9 and not over 11 cents per square 
yard, 2? cents per square yard; valued 


at over 11 and not over 12 cents per |} 


square yard, 4 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 12 and not over 15 
cents per square yard, 5 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 15 and 
not over 16 cents per square yard, 6 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
16 cents per square yard, 7 cents per 
square yard, but not less than 25 per 
centum ad valorem; cotton cloth, ex- 
ceeding fifty and not exceeding one 
hundred threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, if dyed, 
colored, stained, painted, or printed, 


-centum 


393 


ACT OF 1813—Continued. 


ber nine and not exceeding number 
nineteen, 10 per centum ad valorem; 
exceeding number nineteen and not ex- 
ceeding number thirty-nine, 124 per 
centum ad valorem; exceeding num- 
ber thirty-nine and not exceeding num- 
ber forty-nine, 1734 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine 
and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 
20 per centum ad valorem; exceeding 
number fifty-nine and not exceeding 
number seventy-nine, 22% per centum 
ad valorem ; exceeding number seventy- 
nine and not éxceeding number ninety- 
nine, 25 per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number ninety-nine, 274 per 
ad valorem. Cotton cloth 
when bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, printed, woven figured, or 
mercerized, containing yarn the aver- 
age number of which does not exceed 
number nine, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; exceeding number nine and 
not exceeding number nineteen, 123 
per centum ad valorem; exceeding 
number nineteen and not exceeding 
number thirty-nine, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; exceeding number _ thirty- 
nine and not exceeding number forty- 
nine, 20 per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number forty-nine and not ex- 
ceeding number fifty-nine, 223 per 
centum ad valorem; exceeding number 
fifty-nine and not exceeding number 
seventy-nine, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; exceeding number seventy- 
nine and not exceeding number ninety- 
nine, 274 per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number ninety-nine, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; plain gauze or 
leno woven cotton nets or nettings 
shall be classified for duty as cotton 
cloth, 


394 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


and valued at not over 12 cents per 
square yard, not exceeding six square 
yards to the pound, 2% cents. per 
square yard; exceeding six and not 
exeeeding nine square yards to the 
pound, 24 cents per square yard; ex- 
ceeding nine square yards to the 
pound, 32 cents per square yard; cot- 
ton cloth, not exceeding one hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, if dyed, colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, and 
valued at over 12 and not over 423 
cents. per square ,yard, 832 eents per 
square yard; valued at over 12% and 
not over 15 cents per square yard, & 
cents. per square yard; valued at over 
15 and not over 173 cents per square 
yard, 64 cents per square yard ; valued 
at over 174 and not over 20 cents per 
square yard, 74 cents per square yard ; 
valued at over 20 cents per square 
yard, 9 cents per square yard,. but not 
less than 30 per ecentum ad valorem. 
316. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding one hundred and 
not exceeding one hundred and fifty 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and net exceed- 
ing four square yards to the pound, 
44 cents per square yard; exceed- 


ing four and not exceeding six square | 


yards to the pound, 2 cents per square 
yard; exceeding six and not execeed- 
ing eight square yards to the pound, 


234 cents per square yard; exceeding 


eight square yards to the pound, 2% 


cents per square yard; any of the | 
foregoing valued at over 9 and not | 
over 10 cents per square yard, 3 


cents per square yard; valued at over 


10 but not over 12% cents per square } 


yard, 42 centS per square yard; 


valued at over’ 12% and not over 14 [ 
cents per square yard, 54 cents per | 
square yard; valued at over 14 and f 


not over 16 centS per square yard, 


63 cents per square yard; valued at | 


over 16 cents per square yard, 8 
cents per square yard, but not less 
than 380 per centum ad valorem; if 
bleached, and not exceeding four 
Square yards to the pound, 2% cents 
per square yard; exceeding four and 
not exceeding six square yards to the 


pound, 3 cents per square yard; ex- | 


ceeding six and not exceeding eight 
square yards to the pound, 3% cents 
per square yard; exceeding eight 
square yards to the pound, 3% cents 
per square yard; any of the fore- 
going, bleached, and valued at over 
11 and not over 12 cents per square 
yard, 44 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 12 and not over 15 





ACT OF 1913. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


cents per square yard, 541 cents per 
Square yard; valued at over 15 and 
not over 16 cents per square yard, 
4% cents per square yard; valued at 
over 16 and not over 20 cents per 
square yard, 8 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 20 cents per square 
yard, 10 cents per square yard, but not 
less than 35 per centum ad valorem; 
if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, and not exceeding four 
square yards to the pound, 3% cents 
per square yard; exceeding four and 
not exceeding six square yards to 
the pound, 3% cents per square yard; 
exceeding six and not exceeding eight 
Square yards to the pound, 4% cents 
per square yard; exceeding eight 
Square yards te the pound, 4% cents 
per square yard; any of the fore- 
going, dyed, colored, stained, painted, 
or printed, and valued at over. 123 
but not over 15 cents per square 
yard, 51 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 15 and not over 173 
cents per square yard, 7 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 174 but 
not over 20 cents per square yard, 
8 cents per square yard; valued at 
over 20 cents per square yard, 10 
cents per square yard but not less 
than 385 per centum ad valorem. 
317. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding one hundred and 
fifty and not exceeding two hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and not exceed- 
ing three and one-half square yards 
to the pound, 2 cents per square yard; 
exceeding three and one-half and not 
exceeding four and one-half square 
yards to the pound, 22 cents per 
Square yard; exceeding four and one- 
half and not exceeding six square 
yards to the pound, 3 cents per square 
yard; exceeding six square yards to 
the pound, 34 cents per square yard; 
any of the foregoing valued at over 10 


and not over 123% cents per square | 


yard, 43 cents per square yard; valued 
at over 123 and not over 14 cents per 
square yard, 54 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 14 and not over .16 
cents per square yard, 63 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 16 and 
not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 


cents per square yard; valued at over |} 


20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per 
square yard, but not less than 35 


per centum ad valorem; if bleached, } 


and not exceeding three and one-half 
square yards to the pound, 2$ cents per 
square yard; exceeding three and one- 


half and not exceeding four and one- 





ACT OF 1913. 


395 


396 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1908—Continued. 


half square yards to the pound, 33% 
cents per square yard; exceeding four 
and one-half and not exceeding six 
square yards to the pound, 4 cents per 
Square yard; exceeding six square 
yards to the pound, 43 cents per 
square yard; any of the foregoing 
bleached, and valued at over 12 and 
not over 15 cents per square yard, 5% 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
15 and not over 16 cents per square 
yard, 64 cents per square yard; val- 
ued at cyer 16 and not over 20 cents 
per square yard, 8 cents per square 
yard; valued at over 20 cents per 
square yard, 10 cents per square yard, 
but not less than 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem; if dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, and not exceeding 
three and one-half square yards to the 
pound, 44 cents per Square yard; ex- 
ceeding three and one-half and not ex- 
ceeding four and one-half square yards 
to the pound, 4% cents per square 
yard; exceeding four and one-half and 
not exceeding six square yards to 
the pound, 4% cents per square yard; 
exceeding six square yards to the 
pound, 5 cents per square yard; any 
of the foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, and valued at 
over 124 and not over 15 cents per 
Square yard, 6 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 15 and not over 173 
cents per square yard, 7 cents per 
Square yard; value& at over 174 and 
not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per 
square yard, but not less than 40 per 
centum ad valorem. . 
318. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding two hundred and 
not exceeding three hundred threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, and not exceeding two 
and one-half square yards to the 
pound, 34 cents per square yard; ex- 
ceeding two and one-half and not ex- 
ceeding three and one-half square 
yards to the pound, 4 cents per 
square yard; exceeding three and one- 
half and not exceeding five square 
yards to the pound, 43 cents per 
square yard; exceeding five square 
yards to the pound, 5 cents per square 
yard; any of the foregoing valued at 
over 124 and not over 14 cents per 
Square yard, 54 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 14 and not over 16 
cents per square yard, 64 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 16 and 
not over 20 cents per square yard, 8 
cents per square yard; valued at over 


ACT OF 1918. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


20 cents per square yard, 10 cents per 
Square yard, but not less than 40 per 
centum ad valorem; if bleached, and 
not exceeding two and one-half square 
yards to the pound, 43 cents per 
square yard; exceeding two and one- 
half and not exceeding three and one- 
half square yards to the pound, 5 
cents per square yard; exceeding three 
and one-half and not exceeding five 
square yards to the pound, 53 cents 
per square yard; exceeding five square 
yards to the pound, 6 cents per square 
yard; any of the foregoing, bleached, 
and valued at over 15 and not over 
16 cents per square yard, 6% cents per 
square yard; valued at over 16 and 
not over 20 cents per Square yard, 8 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
20 and not over 25 cents per square 
yard, 11% cents per square yard; 
valued at over 25 cents per square 
yard, 124 cents per square yard, but 
not less than 40 per centum ad 
valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, and not exceeding 
three and one-half square yards to 
the pound, 64 cents per square yard; 
exceeding three and one-half square 
yards to the pound, 7 cents per square 
yard; any of the foregoing, dyed, 
colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
and valued at over 17% and not over 
20 cents per square yard, 8 cents per 
square yard; valued at over 20 and 
not over 25 cents per square yard, 11% 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
25 cents per square yard, 12% cents 
per square yard, but not less than 40 
per centum ad valorem, 

319. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding three hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and not exceed- 
ing two square yards to the pound, 
4 cents per square yard; exceeding 
two and not exceeding three square 
yards to the pound, 4% cents per 
Square yard; exceeding three and not 
exceeding four square yards to the 
pound, 5 cents. per square yard; ex- 
ceeding four square yards to the 
pound, 54 cents per square yard; any 
of the foregoing valued at over 14 
and not over 16 cents per square 
yard, 64 cents per square yard; 
valued at over 16 and not over 20 
cents per square yard, 8 cents per 
Square yard; valued at over 20 and 
not over 25 cents per square yard, 
114 cents per square yard; valued at 
over 25 cents per Square yard, 123 
cents per square yard, but not less 


ACT OF 1913. 


397 


398 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACF OF 1913. 


than 40 per centum ad valorem; if 
bleached and not exceeding two square 
yards to the pound, 5 cents per 
square yard; exceeding two and not 
exceeding three square yards to the 
pound, 54 cents per square yard; ex- 
ceeding three and not exceeding four 
square yards to the pound, 6 cents 
per square yard; exceeding four 
Square yards to the pound, 6% cents 
per square yard; any of the fore- 
going, bleached, and valued at over | 
16 and not over 20 cents per square 
yard, 8 cents per square yard; valued 
at over 20 and not over 25 cents per 
square yard, 113 cents per square 
yard; valued at over 25 cents per 
Square yard, 124 cents per square 
yard, but not less than 40 per centum f 
ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, and not exceeding [ 
three square yards to the pound, 63 | 
cents per square yard; exceeding f 
three square yards to the pound, 8 } 
cents per square yard; any of the } 
foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, | 
painted, or printed, and valued at 
over 20 and not over 25 cents per | 
square yard, 114 cents per square 
yard; valued at over 25 cents per 
Square yard, 123 cents per square | 
yard, but not less than 40 per centum |} 
ad valorem, : 

323. In addition to the duty or | 
duties imposed upon cotton cloth by 
the various provisions of this section, 
there shall be paid the following 
cumulative duties, the intent of this 
paragraph being to add such duty or 
duties to those to which the cotton 
cloth would be liable if the provisions } 
of this paragraph did not exist, 
namely: On all cotton cloth in which } 
other than the ordinary warp and | 
filling threads are used to form a fig- 
ure or fancy effect, whether known as } 
lappets or otherwise, 1 cent per 
square yard if valued at not more 
than 7 cents per square yard, and | 
2 cents per square yard if valued at 
more than 7 cents per square yard; 
on all cotton cloth mercerized or sub- 
jected to any similar process, 1 cent 
per square yard. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cotton cloth is a term wsed to include all 
loom-woven fabrics in the piece, if over 12 inches im width, whether 
made on a plain loom or on looms with dobby, Jacquard, or other 
special attachments. Paragraph 252 ineludes. all cotton cloth with the 
exception of those specifically mentioned elsewlrere, such as: those econ- 
taining silk (par. 254) ; filled or coated cotton cloth, ineluding tracing 
cloth, oilcloths (except silk oilcloths and those for floors), and 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 399 


cotton window hollands (par. 254); waterproof eloth (par. 254); 
pile fabrics (par. 257); tapestries, and other Jacquard figured up- 
holstery goods (par. 258). The main points of demarcation between 
cloths are the yarn counts and their spacing (ends and picks per 
square inch), the weave, the weight, the width, and the finish. All 
of these affect the cost, but the average yarn count is, in most cases, 
the primary cost-determining factor. 

All cloths are included in the five color classifications—unbleached, 

bleached, printed, piece-dyed, and yarn-dyed. According to weave, 
cloths may be divided into plain fabrics (including plain-woven, twill, 
and satin) ; figured fabrics (made with the assistance of special at- 
tachments, such as dobbies, doups, Jacquards, lappets, or swivels) ; 
and pile fabrics. The majority of cotton cloths are plain, made of 
unbleached yarns not over 40s count, have between 80 and 200 
threads per square inch and are between 25 and 45 inches in width. 
, Production in 1914 of woven goods including plain, figured, and 
pile fabrics (but excluding narrow fabrics of 12 inches and under), 
amounted to 6,818,540,681 square yards, valued at $489,985,277, from 
672,754 looms; of this quantity approximately 90 per cent was indi- 
cated as plain-woven goods. A larger number of automatic looms are 
employed in the United States than in the rest of the world; in 1914 
about 31 per cent was automatic, a percentage now largely increased. 
The main cotton-cloth producing States are Massachusetts, South Caro- 
lina, North Carolina, and Georgia. 

Imports of cotion cloth dutiable under this paragraph amounted in 
1914 to 58,621,496 square yards, valued at $11,523,829, and in 1918 
to 44,522,663 square yards, valued at $12,693,999. The United King- 
dom has always supplied the bulk of this trade, the principal lines 
being dyed linings, particularly venetians; fine plain white goods, 
such as muslins, cambrics, lawns, and voiies; fancy shirtings; ging- 
hams and similar wash goods; piqués; and fancy dress goods. 
Switzerland supplies fine white goods, such as lawns, organdies, and 
dotted swiss, and France exports principally plain and novelty dress 
goods. The cotton cloths from Germany and Austria formerly were 
fancy dress goods and coarse-yarn colored goods. Imports from Japan 
are usually negligible, but during the war there was a large temporary 
trade in cotton crépe for men’s shirts. 

The imports of cotton cloth in large measure are suppiementary 
rather than directly competitive. They average finer in yarn count 
than the domestic. In 1916, a typical year, cloth imports were listed, 
according to yarns of which composed, as foHows: Nos. 1—-9s, 14 per 
cent; 919s, 11 per cent; 1939s, 34 per cent; 3949s, 104 per cent; 
49-59s, 12 per cent; 59-79s, 7 per cent; 79-99s, 8 per cent; above 
99s, 16 per cent. The fine-yarn goods are largely plain woven; those 
of coarse and medium yarns are usually of special finish or design. 

Exports in 1914 were 414,860,013 linear yards, valued at $28,- 
844,627; in 1918, 684,927,075 linear yards, valued at $103,416,102. 
Among the chief items are shirting prints, bleached goods, and coarse 
colored cottons; the export of gray sheetings and drills, which long 
eonstituted our principal export, has declined in relative importance 
since the Japanese secured control of this trade in China. Important 
purchasers in 1918 were the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, Canada, and 
Argentina. Exports have exceeded imports in every year since 1875. 


400 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Woven cotton shirting cloth and woven cotton dress goods, all in 
the piece, and Jacquard figured, are dutiable under this paragraph, 
and not under paragraph 258. The term “cotton cloth * * * 
woven figured * * * in the piece” (pars. 252 and 253) is more 
specific in describing the goods than “ Jacquard figured manufactures 
of cotton” (par. 258). (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 271, of 1915.) Dotted 
swiss is also dutiable under this. provision. (Abstract 40459, of 1916; 
G. A. 7904, T. D. 36386, of 1916.) It is the duty of the collector to find 
the yarn number as directed by paragraph 253 and the regulations of 
the Treasury Department. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 345, of 1918; Abstract 
43356, of 1919, from which an appeal is pending in the Court of Cus- 
toms Appeals.) 

Cotion cloth 70 to 80 inches wide and 80 yards long, having printed 
designs about 90 inches long repeated at regular intervals throughout 
their length, generally used for making bedspreads by cutting between 
the designs, but suitable also for making curtains, portiéres, table 
spreads, and couch covers, are dutiable as “cotton cloth * * #* 
printed ” under this paragraph, and not as “articles made from cotton 
cloth ” under paragraph 266. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 17, of 1917.) Cotton 
cloth, measuring 8 yards in length and 386 inches in width, and having 
designs woven therein at regular intervals throughout the length of the 
cloth, was also held dutiable as cotton cioth under this paragraph. 
(G. A. 8228, T. D. 378938, of 1919.) Woven fabrics of colored cotton 
cloth with design suitable for porch-furniture covers, neckwear, and 
sport skirts, each design being about 36 by 36 inches, in some cases a 
line or two appearing in the design showing where the cut is to be 
made, were likewise classified. (Abstract 43025, of 1919.) ; 

Cotton fabrics with various raised designs and figures woven in the 
cloth, whether the figures are formed by means of extra threads or by 
manipulating the warp and filling threads, are “ woven figured” 
within this paragraph. Stripes and small dots, formed on. the face 
of cotton cloth by manipulating the warp and filling threads, are fig- 
ures. (G. A. 8089, T. D. 37335, of 1917.) 

“ Loop crépe,”’ shown not to belong to the class of fabrics known 
as “pile fabrics”’ in trade and commerce at and prior to enactment 
of the tariff act, was held dutiable under this paragraph rather than 
paragraph 257. (Abstract 38482, of 1915; see also Abstract 39410, 
of 1916.) 

Cotton cloth having part of the threads colored with a blue tint, 
the coloring matter being a so-called fugitive or temporary color 
which is intended to be washed out before the goods are finished 
and which is used to enable the weaver to distinguish between the 
threads having a right-hand and a left-hand twist, is nevertheless 
colored cotton cloth within this paragraph. (G. A. 7781, T. D. 35747, 
of 1915.) Cotton cloth approximating 16 to 20 inches in width, com- 
posed of unbleached cotton threads, with the exception of a single 
colored thread running near the edge of each side of the fabric, was 
held dutiable as colored cotton cloth under the act of 1897, the colored 
threads constituting a substantial coloring of the fabric. The word 
“colored” as used in paragraphs 304 to 3809, inclusive, of that act 
was stated to be used in a descriptive and not in a commercial sense 
and to embrace any substantial coloring of the fabric. (G. A. 5795, 





401 


T. D. 25599, of 1904.) But unbleached cotton duck or canvas, about 
284 to 804 inches wide, with a single blue warp thread running length- 
wise of the fabric one inch from each side and intended asa guide line 
for operators in sewing, was heid dutiable under this paragraph (252) 
of the act of 1918 as cotton cloth not colored. (G. A. 8290, T. D. 
38146, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. (T. D. 
38159, of 1919.) 

Jacquard figured cotton cloth in the piece in lengths of 50 to 60 
yards and in 50 inch widths, used chiefly for making slip covers for 
furniture, was held dutiable under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured 
upholstery goods rather than under this paragraph. (G. A. 8270; 
T. D. 38067, of 1919.) 

Cotton nettings made on the Nottingham lace curtain machine are 
not to be classified as cotton cloth under the last clause of this para- 
graph, which directs that “ plain gauze or leno woven cotton nets or. 
nettings shall be classified for duty as cotton cloth,’ but are dutiable 
under the provision in paragraph 358 for “nettings * * * of 
whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed.” (G. A. 7782, T. D. 
35748, of 1915.) (See pars. 253 and 258.) 


: PARAGRAPH 253, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1509. 


320. The term cotton cloth, or cloth, 
wherever used in the paragraphs of 
this schedule, unless otherwise 
specially provided for, shall be held 
to include all woven fabrics of cotton 
in the piece or cut in lengths, whether 
figured, fancy, or plain, the warp and 
filling threads of which can be counted 
by unraveling or other practicable 
means, and shall not include any 
article, finished or unfinished, made 
from cotton cloth. In determining 
the count of threads to the square 
inch in cotton cloth, all the warp and 
filling threads, whether ordinary or 
other than ordinary, and whether 
clipped or unclipped, shall be counted. 
In the ascertainment of: the weight 
and value, upon which the duties, 
cumulative or other, imposed upon cot- 
ton cloth are made to depend, the en- 
tire fabric and all parts thereof, and 
all the threads of which it is com- 
posed, shall be included, The terms 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, mer- 
cerized, painted, or printed, wherever 
applied to cotton cloth in _ this 
schedule, shall be taken to mean re- 
spectively all cotton cloth which either 
wholly or in part has been subjected 
to any of these processes, or which has 
any bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
mercerized, painted, or printed 
threads, in or upon any part of the 
fabrie. 


ACT OF 1913. 


253. The term cotton cloth, or cloth, 
wherever used in the paragraphs of 
this schedule, unless otherwise specifi- 
cally provided for, shall be held to in- 
clude all woven fabrics of cotton, in 
the piece, whether figured, fancy,. or 
plain, and shall not include any 
article, finished or unfinished, made 
from cotton cloth. In the ascertain- 
ment of the condition of the cloth or 
yarn upon which the -duties imposed 
upon cotton cloth are made to depend, 
the entire fabric and all parts thereof 
shall be included, The average num- 
ber of the yarn in cotton cloth herein 
provided for shall be obtained by tak- 
ing the length of the thread or yarn 
to be equal to the distance covered by 
it in the cloth in the condition as im- 
ported, except that all clipped threads 
shall be measured as if continuous; 
in counting the threads all ply yarns 
shall be separated into singles and the 
count taken of the total singles; the 
weight shall be taken aftex any ex- 
cessive sizing is removed by boiling 
or other suitable process. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


To become an article made from cotton cloth within the meaning 
of paragraphs 253 and 266 the cloth must have been so dealt with 


26 





184911°—20 


402 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


by manufacturing processes that it has acquired special character- 
istics not properly falling to cotton cloth or a form which identifies 
the product of such processes as a definite, particular article, so that 
it is no longer available for any of the general purposes for which 
cotton cloth is suitable. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 17, of 1917.) The 
method and formula for ascertaining the number of yarn in cotton 
cloth have been prescribed by the Treasury Department. (T. D. 
33823, of 1913, and T. D. 34255, of 1914.) Woven figured cotton cloth 
coniaining clipped threads is dutiable under paragraph 252 in 
accordance with the average number of yarn found therein by using 
the method prescribed in paragraph 253. The ‘average number of 
the yarn under paragraph 252 does not necessarily refer to the 
average number of the yarn actually used in manufacturing the 
fabric, but means the average number found by methods of com- 
putation described in paragraph 253. (G. A. 7881, T. D. 36304, of 
1916.) The average number of the yarn in eotton cloth known as 
dotted swiss, in which the figures are.produced by the swivel attach- 
ment to the loom, is found by counting the swivel threads with the 
warp threads and measuring them as if they were continuous and 
extending the length of the cloth the distance covered by them in 
the fabric in the condition as imported and weighing the cloth after | 
excessive sizing is removed by boiling or other suitable processes. 
This paragraph prescribes certain general rales to be followed in 
ascertaining the average number of the yarn in cotton cloth and was 
not intended te lay down an accurate method for finding the precise 
number of the yarn used in manufacturing the fabric. (G. A. 7904, 
T. D. 36886, of 1916.) 

In the acts of 1897 and 1909 the progressive rates of duty on 
countabie cotton cloths were based on the construction (threads per 
Square inch) and weight (square yards to the pound), or on the 
value per square yard. In the act of 1913: there was substituted the 
Single standard of average yarn count in adjusting the progressive 
rates of duty. 

The actual average yarn count in any cloth is equal to the total 
actual length of warp and filling yarn used in weaving a square yard, 
divided by 840 (yards per hank), and by the weight of a square 
yard in pounds. The actual length of yarn used in weaving is greater 
than the length of the cloth produced, by reason of the contraction 
or take-up in weaving due to the two sets of interweaving threads 
having to bend out of their course to pass around each other. As 
the amount of contraction depends on the size of the yarns and 
their spacing and takes time to ascertain, the act of 1913 substitutes 
an official average yarn count for the actual average yarn count. For 
tariff purposes the average yarn count is taken as the length, as meas- 
ured in the cloth, of warp and filling yarn in a square yard (which 
is the same as the total of the threads per square yard) divided by 
840 and by the weight of a square yard in pounds. Treasury instruc- 
tions of October 30, 1918 (T. D. 33823), state this rule in another 
form, namely, “ Divide the number of threads per square inch by 335 
of the weight of a square yard in grains.” The official ayerage yarn 
count is always coarser than the actual average yarn count, but can 
be obtained with much less trouble and affords a fair basis for adjust- 
ing the progressive rates. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 403 © 
The omission from paragraph 253 of the act of 1913.ef the final 
sentence of paragraph 320 ef the act of 1909 leaves the determination 
of whether a cloth is bleached, dyed, printed, or mercerized depend- 
ent, as in the aet of 1897, on the existence in the body of the cloth 
(disregarding selvedges) of bleached, dyed, printed, or mercerized 
threads, (See par. 252.) 
PARAGRAPH 254. 
ACT OF 1909. 


ACT OF 19135. 


321. Cloth, composed of cotton or 254. Cloth composed of cotton or 


other yegetable fiber and silk, whether 
known as silk-striped sleeve limings, 
silk stripes, or otherwise, of which 
cotton or other vegetable fiber is the 
‘component material of chief value, & 
cents per square yard and 30 per 
eentum ad valorem: Prowided, That 
no such cloth shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 50 per centum ad valorem, 
Cotton cloth filled or coated, all oil- 
cloths (except silk oilcloths and oil- 
cloths for floors), and eotton window 


other vegetable fiber and silk, whether 
known as Silk-striped sleeve linings, 
silk stripes, or otherwise, of which 
eotton or other vegetabie fiber is the 
eomponent material of ehief value, 
and tracing cloth, 30: per centum ad 
valorem ; cotton cloth filled or coated, 
all oilecloths (except silk oilcloths and 
oilcloths for floors), and cotton win- 
dow hollands, 25 per eentum = ad 
valorem; waterproof cloth composed 


of eotton or other vegetable fiber, or 


of which cotton or other vegetable 
fiber is the component material of 
chief value or of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber and india rubber, 25 
per centum ad valorem, 


hollands, 3 cents per square yard and 
20 per centum ad valorem; tracing 
-cloth, 5 cents per square yard and 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


Ses ee yo waterproof cloth 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, whether composed in part of 
india-rubber or otherwise, 10 cents per | 
Square yard and 20 per centum ad |} 
valorem. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 
COTTON-AND-SILK MIXED CLOTHS. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph includes all mixed-silk goods 
ef which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of 
chief value. These fabrics are chiefly silk-striped sleeve linings, 
silk-striped cotton shirtings and vestings, and silk-and-cotton fancies. 

Production figures are not separately obtainable, but there has 
been a marked increase within the last decade and many mixed-silk 
goods have become staple fabries of the cotton industry. In 1914 cotton 
manufacturers bought 1,057,083. pounds of raw silk, valued at $3,063,- 
836, as well as 714,093 pounds of silk yarn, largely for making mixed 
eloths of which cotton was the component material of chief value. In 
the silk industry a third of the 1914 broad-silk yardage was mixed 
goods, but probably silk was the component material of chief value, 

Imports were 213,147 square yards, valued at $67,254 in 1914, and 
61,676 square yards, valued at $23,809 in 1918. 


TRACING CLOTH. 


Description and uses.—Tracing eloth, used by artists, architects, 
and draftsmen, is a plain-woven cotton or linen cloth finished by more 
or less secret processes, giving it a heavy, smooth, and transparent 
surface. It readily absorbs heavy inks without “ spreading.”’ 

Imports, chiefly from Engiand, supply most of the domestic de- 
mand, In 1914 they were 2,051,693 square yards, valued at $347,028; 


404 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ‘ 


in 1918, 2,595,738 square yards, valued at $632,208. Imports are usually 
in rolls of 24 yards and in widths of 80 to 54 inches, 


COTTON CLOTH FILLED OR COATED, N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—The clause includes, besides the articles 
more specifically provided for below, book cloths, cotton buckram and 
other cloths stiffened for padding coats, heavily sized shirtings, 
green cloth (cotton cloth treated with a solution of copper and wax), 
and various other specialties. There is no one significant item. 


OILCLOTHS (EXCEPT OF SILK AND FOR FLOORS). 


Description and uses.—The two principal uses of oilcloth are for 
table, shelf, stair, and wall coverings, and as upholstery material in 
automobiles, carriages, couches, ete. For the first-named purposes it is 
made on a thin, pliable, cotton base covered with several coatings of a 
mixture of linseed oil, benzine, ocher, and other pigments. Sometimes 
china clay is added for weighting. It is usually finished by printing 
and varnishing. For upholstery it is called enameled cloth and isa 
plain-woven cotton fabric coated with varnish. 

Production in 1914 was 59,358,872 square yards of table oilcloth, 
valued at $6,025,348, and 18,357,097 square yards of enameled oilcloth, 
valued at $2,495,255. 

Import statistics group oilcloths under this paragraph with filled 
or coated cloth n. s. p. f. and with cotton window hollands. The fig- 
ures for 1914 are 3,018,051 square yards, valued at $420,775; for 1918, 
1,066,563 square yards, valued at $279,401. 

Export values of “ oilcloth and linoleum other than for floors ” were 
$666,684 in 1914 and $1,277,777 in 1918. 


COTTON WINDOW HOLLANDS. 


Description and uses.—Hollands are used for window shades and 
are plain-woven cotton fabrics made smooth and opaque by a sizing of 
oil, starch, and other.materials. 

Production has been growing and American manufacturers now 
supply the domestic consumption. 

Imports are largely from the United Kingdom, and are usually of 
higher quality-than that made in this country. 


WATERPROOF CLOTH. 


Description and uses.—All waterproof cloth composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber and 
india rubber is the component material of chief value, comes under 
this paragraph. Cloths-are waterproofed by treating with rubber, 
paraflin, etc.; by covering with a copper solution of cellulose and 
precipitating part of the cellulose; by treating with soluble metallic 
salts later changed into insoluble salts; and by various other methods. 
Waterproof cloth is used in the manufacture of raincoats, sailors’ and 
fishermen’s garments, tents, automobile tops, ete. 

Production supplies the bulk of the domestic demand. 

Imports in 1914 were 258,207 square yards, valued at $88,427, of 
which 176,273 square yards, valued at $61,004, were of cotton and the 
remainder of other vegetable fibers. In 1918 imports were 323,416 
square yards, valued at $178,967, of which 320,269 square yards, valued 
at $176,848, were of cotton and the remainder of other vegetable fibers. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 405 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


So-called “ green cloth”? which has been treated with a solution of 
copper and wax is dutiable at 25 per cent ad valorem under this para- 
graph. (T. D. 34062, of 1914.) Green cotton cloth which appears to 
have been treated or coated with some substance making it smooth 
and slightly stiff was held properly classified as cotton cloth filled or 
coated under this paragraph and not dutiable under paragraph 252. 
(Abstract 37257, of 1915.) Cloth composed in chief value of cotton 
and in part of silk is dutiable under this paragraph, although the 
amount of silk in the fabric is insignificant. (G. A. 7471, T. D. 33576, 
of 1913.) Cotton cloth coated with india rubber, used principally for 
surgical dressings to protect wounds when washing, etc., although a 
test showed that water would run through after three or four hours, 
was held to fall within the provision for waterproof cloth in the act 
of 1909, the cloth being practically waterproof. The majority, if not 
all, of so-called waterproof fabrics was declared not absolutely water- 
proof. (Abstract 25485, T. D. 31568, of 1911.) But cloth used for 
making automobile coats and dust coats, treated to prevent the 
surface from spotting, was held not within the provision. It ap- 
peared that it was not impervious to water, or nearly so, and if 
formed into a sack would not hold water. (Abstract 27706, T. D. 
$2224, of 1912.) Waterproof cloth resembling velvet on one side 
and a rubberlike fabric on the other, cotton fiber chief value, is 
within this provision and is not velvet cloth. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 215, 
of 1914.) Filled cloths were held to come within the provisions of 
paragraph 321 of the act of 1909 regardless of the fact that it was 
possible to count the number of warp and filling threads of the 
basic fabric which might, but for the specific provisions of para- 
graph 321, render the merchandise dutiable under paragraph 315. 
The words “cotton cloth” or “ cloth’ wherever used in paragraph 
320 of that act have the same meaning the first clause of that para- 
graph declares they shall have when applied to other paragraphs of 
Schedule I. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 556, of 1911.) Fabric known as 
cotton hollands cut in lengths of about 6 feet ready for windows and 
one end having a hem suitable to contain a stick to be inserted, being 
excluded from the other cotton-cloth provisions of the tariff act of 
1909 by the terms of paragraph 320 of that act, and being stipulated 
to be an “article”? made from the “ fabric known as cotton hollands,” 
and not cotton hollands, was held to fall within paragraph 332 of 
that act. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 191, of 1912.) 

Cotton cloth, coated, with an artificial silk flock, artificial silk chief 
value, is dutiable as cotton cloth, coated, under this paragraph. In 
determining its proper classification, the rule applies that an eo 
nomine provision is more specific than words of general description. 
The duty is not imposed upon the artificial silk as such, but upon 4 
designated article “ cotton cloth, coated.” (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 479, 
of 1912.) 

Chintz, to which was applied a dressing of starch and dyes giving 
it a glazed surface, was held not filled or coated. (G. A. 5054, T. D. 
23433, of 1901.) (See par. 253.) ° 


406 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 255. 


ACT OF 1969. 


322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 


posed of cotton, whether in the piece 


or otherwise and whether finished or 
unfinished, if not hemmed, or hemmed 
only, shall pay the same rate of duty 
on the cloth contained therein as is 


ACT OF 1915. 


255. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 
posed of cotton, not specially provided 
for in this: section, whether finished or 
unfinished, not hemmed, 25 per centum 
ad valorem; hemmed, or hemstitched, 


30 per centum ad valorem, 
imposed on cotton cloth of the same | — 
description,, weight, and count of 
threads to the square inch; but such 
handkerchiefs or mufflers shall not pay } 
a less rate of duty than 45 per centum 
ad valerem. if such handkerchiefs or | 
mufflers are hemstitched, or imitation: 
hemstitehed, or revered, or have drawn [| 
threads, they shall pay a duty of 10 |, 
per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and 
in no: case less than 55 per ceatum ad 
valerem:;, *  *. #*, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The plain cottow handherehief, hemmed or 
hemstitched, not embroidered or adorned, is: the staple article of 
largest domestic manufacture and use. The familiar mufflers are 
of minor importance, 

Production.—Manufacturers buy the finished cloth in the piece, 
usually already bleached: or, less frequently, dyed or printed. It is 
then cut to. size and hemmed or hemstitehed, principally by machine, 
ironed,. folded, and boxed: for sale. The cloth is of yarns ranging fronr 
30s to 110s, mainly under 60s for men’s handkerchiefs amd under 
80s. for women’s. Domestic cloth is generally used, prices being ne 
higher than for foreign fabrics. 

The total domestic output of handkerchiefs of all kinds in 1914 is 
estimated at $15,000,000, plain cotton handkerchiefs being two-thirds 
of the value. The normal output is probably greater, as 1914 was 
a year of reduced operation. Cotton, linen, and embroidered hand- 
kerchiefs are usually made in the same plant, rendering it difficult 
to treat cotton handkerehiefs separately. The manufacture. is een- 
tralized in the North Atlantie seetion, frem Rhode Island to Pennsyl- 
vania, centering about New York City. Of the 25 largest plants, 11 are 
located in New Jersey. Large-scale production predominates, although 
a considerable portion of this manufacture is in small shops and by 
individuals, who. do the cutting, hemming, and embroidering on com- 
mission. | 

Imports.—In. the import trade, plain cotton handkerchiefs. have 
been much less important than “ faney handkerchiefs,” those of laee 
or embroidered or otherwise adorned, which are dutiable under para- 
graph 3858 at 60 per centum ad valorem. Imports of plain cotton hand- 
kerchiefs have inereased under the act of 19138, being valued at 
$112,499 in 1914 and in 1918 reaching $547,780, about 5. per cent of 
the domestic output, partly due to the scareity and advancing price 
of linen handkerchiefs. The finished hemmed or hemstitched hand- 
kerchief has made up the larger part of these imports. Importations 
of handkerehiefs in the piece, or cut but not hemmed, in 1918 were 








407 


less than one-third of the total, and prior to 1916 were practically 
negligible. The revenue in 1918 was $155,344, or 28.5 per cent ad 
valorem. 

Imports are mainly from the United Kingdom and Switzerland; 
Ireland was most important in 1918. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF.INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Plain drawnwork handkerchiefs were held dutiable under para- 
graph 822 of the act of 1909, and ornamental drawnwork handker- 
chiefs under paragraph 349 of the same act. (Abstract 36830, T. D. 
34889, of 1914.) 

Hemstitched handkerchiefs ornamented with drawnwork are more 
specifically provided for as “ handkerchiefs * * * hemmed or hem- 
stitched,” at 50 per cent under this paragraph than as “articles from 
which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with 
threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs, not 
including straight hemstitching,”’ at 60 per cent under paragraph 358. 
(G. A. 7769, T. D. 35675, of 1915.) (See par. 358.) 

Cotton handkerchiefs, not hemmed, of cloth containing yarns, the 
average number of which exceeds No. 99, are dutiable at 25 per cent 
under this paragraph, whereas cotton cloth exceeding No.. 99, from 
which such handkerchiefs are made, pays 274 per cent or 30 per cent 
aecording to whether or not in the gray. 

PARAGRAPH 256. 
ACT OF 


1909. ACT OF 1978. 


324. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- 
ticles of wearing apparel of every 
description, composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, or of which cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, made 
up or manufactured, wholly or in part, 
by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- 
turer, and not otherwise provided for 
in this section, 50 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 

348. Shirt collars and cuffs, com- 
posed of cotton, 45 cents per dozen 


256. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- 
ticles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or 
other vegetable fiber is the component 
materiai of chief value, or of cotton 
or other vegetable fiber and india rub- 
ber, made up or manufactured, wholly 
or in part, by the tailor, seamstress, 
or manufacturer, and not otherwise 
specially provided for in this section, 
30.per centum ad valorem; shirt col- 
lars and cuffs of cotton, not specially 


pieces and 15 per centum ad va- 
TARO? Fs. * i 


provided for in this section, 30 per 
centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers wearing apparel, of 
which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for. It excludes wearing apparel 
wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie (par. 278) ; knit goods (pars. 259, 260, 
261) ; various small wares enumerated in paragraph 262; and wear- 
ing apparel specially ornamented by lace work, embroidery, ete. 
(par. 358). 

Production.—Separate figures for cotton wearing apparel are not 
available, but it is evident that all but a very small percentage of 
our increasing demand is supplied here. 

Imports.—France is usually the leading source. 


408 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


1914 1918 


Shirts and onfis. 26.25 032. ke ee be eee eben ian Je a wien games $5,619 $36, 252 
Corsets, not ornamented... 2... on. een ee bn en din nls neh 4 = on umn 1,273 12, 837 
Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel n.s.p.f. . 1, 065, 365 655, 405 

Total.u, Gok os se te cce tnss,-eeetnet eiah'y 2 ay op ac ae aeeeee 1, 072, 257 704, 494 


Exports.—Canada, Cuba, and Mexico are the principal purchasers. 





1914 1918 

Collars.and: CUf6 0. oa «0a snide catbmeeicw rh Myide kede a> Svoringhp~'s sid bp oeuee eee $321, 346 

Corsets, all si 0G8 2 oscar Scene a ee el Vans heh Spaeth $2, 220, 739 1, 819,°767 
Wearing apparel, all other: 

Formen and boys4..0 «- -nssceeasaees : sane ane canese ened nes 6, 070, 346 

999, 887 
For women andichildren cuss ea 2i esc cen bene sseane ans eter 2,680, 352 
Totelaiss anitatutiive. diiys e- froin. dow 8, 220, 626 | 10, 891, 811 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tucked shirt bosoms of cotton or flax not embroidered or appliquéd, 
tuckings chief value, were held dutiable under this paragraph as 
wearing apparel composed in chief value of cotton rather than as 
articles made in whole or in part of tuckings under paragraph 358. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1915.) This decision was followed in 
classifying untrimmed hats made of cotton braid and thread (Ab- 
stract 88935, of 1915) and hat forms or shapes composed in chief 
value of cotton netting (Abstract 88719, of 1915) under this para- 
graph as cotton wearing apparel. This paragraph was also held 
more specific than manufactures or rubber for gloves composed of 
cotton and rubber, used by electricians and linemen (Abstract 37512, 
of 1915), and more specific than articles made from pile fabrics 
(par. 257) for bibs made of cotton terry cloth (Abstract 38388, of 
1915). Slippers made of cotton and leather, the parts of the slip- 
pers composed of each of the two materials being made separately for 
use in producing the completed article, cotton in chief value, were 
held dutiable under paragraph 324 of the act of 1909. In determining ~ 
the component of chief value in merchandise of this kind, inquiry will 
be made to discover at what stage the several component parts were 
united to form the completed whole; that stage will be “its condition 
as found in the article.’ Here the expense of sewing the pieces of 
cotton cloth together in preparation for uniting them with the leather 
parts entered into the value of the cotton so employed. (2 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 148, of 1911.) In the case of Chinese shoes, leather was the 
greatest in value of any single component, but cotton and ramie to- 
gether constituted the component in chief value. They were also held 
dutiable as wearing apparel within this paragraph on the ground that 
the phrase “ composed of cotton or othér vegetable fiber, or of which 
cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component material of chief 
value ’”’ should be interpreted as if the conjunction “ or” were “ and.” 
(Abstract 48034, of 1919.) Insoles for shoes in chief value of cotton 
(Abstract 48219, of 1919) and insoles for shoes made from the manu- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 409 


factured pith of a gourd, not woven, but cut into the shape of the 
human foot and pressed (Abstract 43039, of 1919) were also classified 
under this paragraph. 

Waterproof garments made by cementing with rubber a cotton 
cloth to a cotton and wool cloth, or cotton and silk cloth to cotton 
and wool cloth, the rubber in each case being negligible in value, are 
composed in chief value of cotton, wool, or silk, according to which 
represents the greatest value as yarns plus its proportion on the 
basis of quantity, of the cost of weaving, and other expenses incurred 
in making the cloth and bringing it to the condition it had imme- 
diately prior to its combination with the other materials in order to 
form the goods in question. For this purpose cloth composed in chief 
value of one of these fibers should not be regarded as made entirely 
of it. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 489, of 1917.) (In some cases it has been 
found impracticable to distribute charges upon a quantity basis; in 
such cases the basis is value.) 

The words “ by the tailor, Seamstress, or manufacturer ” appear to 
be unnecessary. 

Tucked shirt bosoms pay 80 per cent under this paragraph (6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 120, supra) ; tucked cloth in the piece, 60 per cent under 
paragraph 358 (Abstract 41917, of 1918). (See par. 386.) 


PARAGRAPH 257. 


ACT OF 19069. 


325. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, 
corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or 
uncut, whether or not the pile covers 
the entire surface; any of the fore- 
going composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, except flax, not 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, 9 cents per square 
yard and 25 per centum ad valorem ; 
if bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, 12 cents per 
square yard and 25 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That corduroys 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, weighing seven ounces or over 
per square yard, shall pay a duty of 
18 cents per square yard and 25 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided further, 
That manufactures or articles in any 
form including such as are commonly 
known as bias dress facing or skirt 
bindings, made or cut from plushes, 
velvets, velveteens, corduroys, or other 
pile fabrics composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber shall be subject 
to the foregoing rates of duty and in 
addition thereto 10 per centum ad 
valorem; Provided further, That none 
of the articles or fabrics provided for 
in this paragraph shall pay a less rate 
of duty than 474 per centum ad 
valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


257. Plushes, velvets, plush or 
velvet ribbons, velveteens, corduroys, 
and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, 
whether or not the pile covers the en- 
tire surface; any of the foregoing 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
cotton or other -vegetable fiber, ex- 
cept flax, hemp, or ramie; and manu- 
factures or articles in any form, in- 
cluding such as are commonly known 
as bias dress facings or skirt bind- 
ings, made or cut from _ plushes, 
velvets, velveteens, corduroys, or other 
pile fabrics composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, 
or ramie, 40 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Pile fabrics are distinguished from all other 
woven articles by their surface, which shows a series of short ends 


410 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


or loops issuing from the cloth and usually concealing the interlacing 
of the warp and filling. They are of two kinds—warp piles made 
with two warps and one filling, producing velvet and plush; and 
filling piles made with two fillings and one warp, producing .such — 
goods as velveteen and cerduroy. - 

Pile fabrics may be plain or figured, commonly the former, and 
either cut or uncut. Warp-pile fabrics permit of a greater variety 
of effects and are the most extensively used. 'Terry-woven cloths are 
uncut loop-pile fabrics made without the ‘aid of wires. Turkish 
towels and bath mats, separately provided for in paragraph 264, 
are the principal output of terry looms, but other cloths made in this 
manner enter under this paragraph. 

Manufactures of cotion-pile fabrics include, particularly, parties 
and other articles used for upholstery and decorative purposes. They 
do not include wearing apparel (par. 256) nor towels and bath mats 
(par. 264). 

Production of velvets, plushes, corduroys, ete., showed a steady 
increase, amounting to 29,128,708 square yards, valued at $8,540,143, 
in 1914. They are made chiefly in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and 
Rhode Island. 

Imports were 4,100,503 square yards, valued at $2,204,224 in 1914, 
and 1,127,071 square yards, valued at $808,487 in 1918. 

Imports of manufactures of cotton pile fabrics in 1914 were valued 
at $211,282, and in 1918 at $31,326. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bleached and colored cotton “terry cloth” which has a series of 
closely piaced loops of thread issuing from the body of the fabric at 
right angles thereto, and which is suitable and intended for use as 
dress goods, is included within the meaning of the term “ pile fab- 
rics”’ as that term is commonly and commercially used and was held 
properly dutiable as pile fabrics uncut under paragraph 325 of 
the act of 1909 and not as countable cotton cloth. (G. A. 7572, T. D. 
34545, of 1914.) Certain dress goods were also held properly classi- 
fied as pile fabrics under this paragraph (257) of the act of 1913 
rather than as cotton cloth under paragraph 252. (Abstract 38036, 
of 1915.) Terry cloth and similar fabrics are classified as pile fabrics 
under this paragraph (T. D. 34287, of 1914.) 

Prayer rugs made or cut from pile fabrics and resembling floor 
rugs in design, but so slight in structure that they would not lie 
smoothly or adhere to the floor when walked upon and not suitable 
or serviceable as floor coverings, are dutiable under this paragraph 
rather than as rugs of cotton under paragraph 302. (Abstract 38502, 
of 1915.) Traveling rugs of cotton velvet were likewise classified. 
Paragraph 802 was held to have reference to merchandise used as 
floor coverings. (G. A. 7990, T. D. 86820, of 1916.) Pile fabrics com- 
posed in chief value of cotton chenille are more specifically provided 
for as pile fabrics under this paragraph than as articles of which 
cotton chenille is the component material of chief value. (Abstract 
43268, of 1919.) Cotton velvet articles, known as “beauty spots” 
and used on the face to enhance by contrast the brilliance of the 
complexion and not used as coverings for wounds, are dutiable as 
articles of cotton velvet under this paragraph rather than as court- 
plaster under paragraph 50. (G. A. 8226, T. D. 37887, of 1919.) 





411 


Imitation mehair astrakhans of cotton and jute were held properly 
dutiable under paragraph 825 of the act of 1909. The words “ plushes, 
velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, 
whether or not the pile covers the entire surface,” was broad enough 
to include any pile fabric as commonly understood. 'The phrase “ cut 
or uncut ” does not restrict the meaning, but merely makes the mean- 
ing clear. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 128, of 1915.) Velvet, cotton chief 
value, was also held dutiable under said paragraph 325 of the act of 
1909 as velvet composed in chief value of cotton. The provision 
“velvets, * * * composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber,” is 
more specific than “cloth, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber 
and silk,” in paragraph 821. The words “ composed of” have been 
held to mean ‘‘ composed wholly or in chief value of.” (Abstract 
386784, TF. D. 34871, of 1914.) (See pars. 252, 258, and 264. ) 


PARAGRAPH 258. 
1969. ACT OF 1918. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT GF 


326. Curtains, tables covers, and all } 


articles manufactured of cotton che- 


nille, or of which cotton chenille is. 


the component material of chief value, 
tapestries, and other Jacquard figured 
upholstery goods, weighing over six 
ounces. per square yard, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber; any of the fore- 
going, im the piece or otherwise, 50 
per centum ad valorem. 


258. Curtains, table covers, and all 
articies manufactured of cotton che- 
nille, or of which cotton chenille is 


_ the component material of chief value, 


tapestries, and other Jacquard figured 
upholstery goods, composed wholly or 
in chief value of cotton or other vege- 


_ table fiber ;. any of the foregoing, in 


the piece or otherwise, 35 per centum 
ad valorem; all other Jacquard fig- 
ured manufactures of cotton or of 
which eotton is the component ma- 


terial of chief value, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
MANUFACTURES OF COTTON CHENILLE. 


Description and uses.—Chenille (a French term meaning cater- 
pillar), a fringed thread having soft-spun ends of yarn projecting in 
all directions, is made by so twisting strips cut longitudinally from 
specially woven cloth that the twisted warp threads hold in~place 
the cut filling. The fringed thread is then used as filling in making 
fabrics, such as curtains, table covers, and rugs. 

Production of chenille has been largely replaced by cotton tapestry, 
and the smail output is not recorded. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $167,716; in 1918 at $16,889. 


TAPESTRIES AND OTHER JACQUARD FIGURED UPHOLSTERY GOODS. 


Deseription and uses.—Tapestry is a yarn-dyed fabric composed of 
two sets of warp and filling threads, woven on a Jacquard loom, and 
used for furniture and wall coverings. “ Jacquard figured upholstery 
goods” commonly ineludes only Jaecquard-woven goods specially 
made for furniture covering, fabrics weighing at least 6 ounces per 
square yard. In a broader sense it covers other weights also and 
includes interior textile decorations and fittings. 

Production in 1914 of cotton tapestries was 10,137,710 square yards, 
valued at $5,411,592, the yardage remaining practically stationary 
since 1899. Production figures of other Jacquard figured upholstery 
goods are not available. 

Import values in 1914 were $634,617; in 1918, $475,925. 


A412, SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ALL OTHER JACQUARD FIGURED MANUFACTURES OF COTTON, 


Description and uses.—Cloth woven on a Jacquard loom is included 
with other “woven figured” under paragraph 252, excepting up- 
holstery goods specially provided for elsewhere in this paragraph. 
The term “all other Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton ” relates 
only to articles manufactured of Jacquard woven cloth. The “all 
other ” indicates that some Jacquard figured articles are specifically 
provided for elsewhere, as wearing apparel (par. 256), manufactures 
of pile fabrics (par. 257), and miscellaneous narrow wares (par. 262). 

Imports declined from a value of $598,387 in 1914 to only $7,573 
in 1918. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for “ Jacquard figured upholstery goods” has been 
construed to include all the interior textile decorations and fittings 
of apartments (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918, following 3 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 115, of 1912, wherein it was held that Jacquard figured cotton 
panels designed to be affixed to screens were Jacquard figured up- 
holstery goods, within paragraph 3826 of the act of 1909), and to take 
from other paragraphs of the tariff act all goods answering to the 
Gescription (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 447, of 1915; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, 
of 1918). This construction puts chief use above eo nomine specifica- 
tion as the legislative intention, and furthermore involves the assess- 
ment of duties at a much lower rate (35 per cent) on goods of a 
higher class, Jacquard figured, than is assessed on plainer and less 
expensive goods (60 per cent) not Jacquard figured, such as nets, 
neitings, and laces, which are specifically provided for in paragraph 
358, irrespective of material. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 253, of 1915; 7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 312, 388, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918; G. A. 
8187, T. D. 37723, of 1918.) The nets, nettings, and laces thus judi- 
cially classified were in the piece and wholly or in chief value of cotton 
or of flax The dutiable classification of finished curtains, Jacquard 
figured, has not been judicially determined. Attorneys stipulated in 
one case that Nottingham lace window curtains would be dutiable 
under the specific provision therefor in paragraph 265 and that other 
lace window curtains would for the same reason be dutiable under 
paragraph 358 (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, 428, of 1918), and the Board 
of General Appraisers has said that “there may have been special 
reasons presented which induced Congress to make an eo nomine 
provision for lace window curtains and thereby to eliminate them 
from the upholstery goods provision where they would otherwise 
fall under the common understanding of the term ‘ upholstery goods’ ” 
(G. A. 8187, T. D. 87723, of 1918), but doubt is raised by the repeated 
statement of the Court of Customs Appeals above set forth con- 
cerning the comprehensive nature of the provision in paragraph 258 
for Jacquard figured upholstery goods whether net or lace curtains 
would be classified under the eo nomine provisions therefor. Other 
goods which have been held to come within paragraph 258 as Jacquard 
figured upholstery goods are velvet or plush table or couch covers 
assessed by the collector under paragraph 257 (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
447, of 1915; Abstracts 400838, 40414, 40415, 40883, and 40476, of 1916) ; 
Jacquard figured madras muslin curtains, claimed to be dutiable 
under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton 
and madras muslin curtain goods in the piece, claimed to be dutiable 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 413 


under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 477, of 1916) ; 
scalloped Jacquard figured madras muslin curtains in the piece and 
otherwise and materials therefor, assessed under paragraph 358 (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, of 1918); Jacquard figured cotton cloth used 
chiefly for making slip covers for furniture, claimed to be dutiable 
under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (G. A. 8270, T. D. 38067, of 
1919); and Jacquard figured ticking, a heavy material woven with 
an elaborate decorative design intended as textile decoration of an 
apartment, but used aiso as a mattress covering, also claimed to 
be dutiable under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth (Abstract 41995, of 
1918). 

Jacquard figured goods other than upholstery goods, wholly or in 
chief value of cotton, have been classified as follows: Union table 
damask, in chief value of cotton Jacquard figured, was held dutiable 
under this paragraph as Jacquard figured manufacture of cotton and 
not under paragraph 284 ag a manufacture of flax. (Abstract 38815, 
of 1915.) Huck, damask, and union towels (Abstract 40297, of 1916), 
and cotton quilts, pillowcases, and bath mats (Abstract 40093, of 1916; 
G. A. 7748, T. D. 35577, of 1915), and blankets (Abstract 37475, of 
1915) were held dutiable under paragraph 264; and cotton tabie 
damask in the piece and articles of cotton table damask, such as 
tablecloths or covers and napkins, were held dutiable under para- 
graph 268 (G. A. 7630, T. D. 34908, of 1914; G. A. 7780, T. D. 35724, 
of 1915; and Abstract 40297, of 1916), rather than under this para- 
graph as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton. Woven cotton 
shirting cloth and woven cotton dress goods im the piece, Jacquard 
figured, were held dutiable under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth and 
not under paragraph 258 as Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 271, of 1915) ; and Jacquard figured laces, edgings, 
insertings, flouncings, and nets or nettings wholly or in chief value of 
cotton, were held more specifically provided for in paragraph 358 
under their respective names than in paragraph 258 as Jacquard 
figured manufactures of cotton (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 255, of 1915; 7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 447, of 1917; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 87948, of 1919). 

Chenille bath mats were held to come within the provision in para- 
graph 258 for articles manufactured of cotton chenille or of which 
cotton chenille is the component material of chief value, rather than 
under the provision for bath mats in paragraph 264 (G. A. 8008, 
T. D. 36899, of 1916) ; but chenille pile fabrics of cotton were held not 
to be dutiable under this provision in paragraph 258, but to be more 
specifically provided for as pile fabrics under paragraph 257 (Ab- 
stract 43268, of 1919). These articles were not Jacquard figured. 

The word “ other” might be inserted between “all” and “ articles ” 
in the first clause of paragraph 258. There is no need of a separate 
provision for Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton if the rate 
of duty is to be the same as on manufactures of cotton generally in 
paragraph 266. 

The words of limitation “ weighing over six ounces per square 
yard” in the act of 1909 (par. 326) might be restored to the provi- 
sion for Jacquard figured upholstery goods, and provision distinct 
from both that provision and from paragraph 252 might be made for 
cotton cloth (such as madras muslins) having figures or designs 
produced by the Jacquard, swivel, lappet, or similar attachments, 
with threads other than the ordinary warp and filling threads 


414 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


which are not continuous throughout the entire length or width of 


the fabric. 


PARAGRAPH 259. 


ACT OF 19093. 


3827. Stockings, hose, and half hose, 
made on knitting machines or frames, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 80 per 
centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 19138. 


259, Stockings, hose and half hose, 
made on knitting machines or frames, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, and not otherwise. specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. : 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph refers particularly to 
hosiery made by stitching up hosiery “ blanks” cut from long tubular 
webs made on large circular knitting machines. This “cnt hosiery ” 
is an inferior substitute for the seamless and the full-fashioned 
hosiery of paragraph 260. 

Imports in 1914 were 347,509 dozen pairs, valued at $178,897; in 
1918, 6,903 dozen pairs, valued at $3,752. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Children’s cotton hose and half hose, made from fabrics knitted on 
two different types of machines and shaped by cutting and seam- 
stitching, were held to come within the provision “stockings, hose, 
and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames.” (G. A. 7414, 
T. D. 33085, of 19138.) 

Onission of the word “ otherwise” in the expression “and not 
otherwise specially provided for in this section” would make the 
language of the qualification conform to ordinary usage. 

Inasmuch as paragraph 259 is in the nature of a catch-all to para- 
graph 260, their positions might well be reversed, or the two para- 
graphs be combined by adding to paragraph 260: “ other stockings, 
hose, and half hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not specially provided for in 
this section, [rate].” 

PARAGRAPH 260. 


328, Stockings, hose and half hose, 
selvedged, fashioned, narrowed, or 
shaped wholly or in part by knitting 
machines or frames, or knit by hand, 
including such ag are commercially 
known as seamless stockings, hose and 
half hose and clocked stockings, hose 
and half hose, all of the above com- 
posed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, finished or unfinished, valued at 
not more than $1 per dozen pairs, 70 
cents per dozen pairs; valued at more 
than $1 per dozen pairs, and not more 
than $1.50 per dozen pairs, 85 cents 
per dozen pairs; valued at more than 
$1.50 per dozen pairs, and not more 
than $2 per dozen pairs, 90 cents per 
dozen pairs; valued at more than $2 
per dozen pairs, and not more than $3 
per dozen pairs, $1.20 per dozen pairs ; 


260. Stockings, hese and half hose, 
selvedged, fashioned, narrowed, or 
shaped wholly or in part by knitting 
machines or frames, or knit by hand, 
including such as are commercially 
known as seamless stockings, hose 
and half hose, and clocked stockings, 
hose and half hose, all of thea above 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, finished or unfinished; if valued 
at not more than 70 cents per dozen 
pairs, 80 per centum ad valorem; if 
valued at more than 70 cents, and 
not more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 
40 per centum ad valorem; if valued 
at more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 50 
per centum ad valorem. Gloves by 
whatever process made, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, 35 
per centum ad valorem, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 415 


ACT OF 4909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. 


valued at more than $3 per dozen 
pairs, and not more than $5 per dozen 
pairs, $2 per dozen pairs; and in ad- 
dition thereto, upon all the foregoing, 
15 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than $5 per dozen pairs, 55 per 
centum ad valorem. Men’s and boys’ 
cotton gloves, knitted or woven, valued 
at not-more than $6 per dozen pairs, 
50 cents per dozen pairs and 40 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $6 per dozen pairs, 50 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GHNERAL INFORMATION. 


SEAMLESS AND FULL-FASHIONED HOSIERY. 


Description and uses.—Hosiery may be either seamless, full-fash- 
ioned, or:cut. The first two come under this paragraph. Seamless 
hosiery is made on a circular knitting machine, usually complete 
except for a short seam at the toe; the ribbed top, if used, is made 
on a rib machine and then put on a circular machine and the balance 
of the hose stitched on: Full-fashioned hosiery is made by stitching 
together the edges of stocking “ blanks,’ which are made on flat 
knitting machines. It is called ‘ full-fashiened’” because stitches 
are dropped or added on the successive machines to make the stock- 
ing conform to the shape and size desired. Full-fashioned hosiery 
fits better than the seamless, is more elastic, is susceptible to a wider 
range of ornamentation, and is the finest made. Seamless hosiery 
is made more quickly and cheaply and is more generally used. 
Women’s fine stockings were formerly imported, but during the war 
a considerable extension of flat knitting developed and the domestic 
industry now supplies all demands. Clocked stockings have figured 
ornamentation on the sides, either knitted in the fabric or embroidered 
at the ankle. 

Production of cotton hosiery in 1914 amounted to 61,409,575 dozen 
pairs, valued at $59,631,474. Pennsylvania leads, followed by North 
Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. In 1909 cotton hosiery constituted 
91.2 and in 1914 81.7 per cent of the domestic output of knit goods. 
The volume is steadily increasing, its relative decline having been 
due to the rapid development of silk and mixed-silk manufacture. 

Imports of seamless and full-fashioned hosiery in 1914 were 
1,846,862 dozen pairs, valued at $2,770,781, 4.6 per cent of the value 
of all cotton hosiery production. Import values declined from $5,750,- 
716 in 1910 to $138,384 in 1918. Prewar imports were almost entirely 
from Germany. 

Exports of cotton hosiery in 1918 amounted to 5.664,101 dozen 
pairs, valued at $11,578,209. In 1914 exports of cotton knit goods of 
all kinds amounted to only $2,546,822; there has been since then a 
particularly rapid increase in the export of cotton hosiery, not re- 
corded separately prior to 1918. The best markets in 1918 were 
Argentina, Cuba, the United Kingdom, and Canada. 


COTTON GLOVES. 


Description and uses.—Cotton gloves are classified as follows: (1) 
Work gloves, made of canvas or cotton flannel, the goods being fash- 


416 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ioned by a cutting device and sewed on a machine; these are often rein- 
forced with leather, or, for husking, with metal. (2) Circular cotton 
gloves, made of goods knit on a “circular” machine, then cut and 
sewed. (3) Lisle gloves, which include many varieties of women’s 
dress gloves made of lisle thread, a severely gassed cotton yarn re- 
sembling linen yarn. (4) Suéded cotton (or chamoisette) gloves, 
made of a fabric called Atlas cloth (of firm texture and knit to pre- 
vent unraveling) and finished to resemble chamois. “ Duplex” gloves, 
made of two thicknesses of Atlas cloth, are suitable for winter wear. 

Production values of various kinds of cotton gloves for 1918 were 
estimated as follows: Work. gloves, $4,000,000 to $5,000,000, the bulk 
produced in the Middle West; gloves of “ circular” cloth, $500,000; 
lisle gloves, $2,000,000; and sucded cotton gloves, $8,450,000 (1,300,000 
dozen pairs). The three latter classes are made chiefly in New York 
State. Before the war the manufacture of cotton gloves was confined 
largely to work and “ circular” gloves, our supply of lisle and suéded 
gloves coming almost wholly from Germany. Since 1914 production 
has grown so rapidly that at least one-half the lisle and practically 
all the suéded gloves required for domestic use are made in this coun- 
try. Imports of lisle gloves now come chiefly from Japan. 

Imports of cotton gloves in 1914, principally the suéded variety, 
were valued at $2,184,039; in 1918, chiefly lisle, $590,684. In 1913 
cotton gloves valued at .$2,396,408 came from Chemnitz, Saxony. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


There is a specific provision in this paragraph for “ clocked hosiery 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber,” but none in the silk schedule for 
clocked silk hosiery, which comes within paragraph 358 as em- 


broidered. (See par. 358; also, for footless hose, par. 288.) 
PARAGRAPH 261. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
829. Shirts and drawers, pants, 261. Shirts and drawers, pants, 


vests, union suits, combination suits, 
tights, sweaters, corset covers and all 
underwear of every description made 
wholly or in part on knitting ma- 
chines or frames, or knit by hand, 
finished or unfinished, not including 
stockings, hose and half hose, com- 
posed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, valued at not more than $1.50 
per dozen, 60 cents per dozen and 
15 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than $1.50 per dozen and not 
more than $3 per dozen, $1.10 per 
dozen, and in addition thereto 15 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $8 per dozen and not more than 
$5 per dozen, $1.50 per dozen, and in 
addition thereto 25 per centum ad 
valorem ; valued at more than $5 per 
dozen and not more than $7 per 
dozen, $1.75 per dozen, and in addi- 
tion thereto 35 per centum ad_va- 
lorem; valued at more than $7 per 
dozen and not more than $15 per 
dozen, $2.25 per dozen, and in addi- 
tion thereto 85 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; valued above $15 per dozen, 50 
per centum ad yalorem, 


vests, union suits, combination suits, 
tights, sweaters, corset covers, and all 
underwear and wearing apparel of 
every description, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, made wholly 
or in part on knitting machines or 
frames, or knit by hand, finished or 
unfinished, not including such as are 
trimmed with lace, imitation lace or 
crochet or as are embroidered and 
not including stockings, hose and 
half hose, composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber 380 per centum ad 
valorem, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 417 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Knit wearing apparel may be divided into 
“fiat”? and “ribbed.” Ribbed goods ane distinguished from flat (plain 
surface) goods by having ribs or waies on both sides of the fabric. 
Cuffs, anklets, hosiery tops, etc., as well as sweaters and other knit 
goods for outer wear, are made on the rib machine, but it is not opt: 
narily used for undergarments having smooth surfaces. 

Full-fashioned underwear is the product of a straight spring-needle 
machine, which narrows or shapes the garment to fit the body. Only 
the finest grades are made in this way. The ordinary and cheapest 
method is to knit the fabric into long tube-shaped material on a 
large circular knitting machine, when it may be cut and made into 
any type of underwear desired. Such garments are known as “ cut 
goods,” the finishing being the most important part of the process. 

Production of cotton knit underwear in 1914 amounted to $68,- 
715,752. Official returns for sweaters, cardigan jackets, bathing suits, 
leggings, hoods, scarfs, shawls, and other wearing apparel do not show 
the value or volume of those made of cotton. New York and Penn- 
sylvania are the chief producers of knit goods for underwear and 
outer garments. 

Imports in 1914 of cotton kwit goods, other than hosiery and gloves, 
were valued at $341,983, or less than 1 per cent of domestic produc- 
tion; in 1918, $216,248. 

Exports of knit wearing apparel in 1918 amounted to $3,774,956, of 
which underwear made up $2,602,298. and other wearing apparel, 
$1,172,663. The main markets are Canada, Cuba, Australia, and Ar- 
gentina. In 1914 the total exports of cotton knit goods, including 
- hosiery, amounted to $2,546,822. 


(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 278 and 386.) 


PARAGRAPH 262. 


ACT GF 1909. 


830. Bone casings, garters, tire fab- 
rie or fabric suitable for use in pneu- 
matic tires, suspenders and _ braces, 
and tubing, any of the foregoing made 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and 
india rubber, or of which cotton or 
other vegetable fiber is the component 
material of chief value, and not em- 
broidered by hand or machinery, 45 
per centum ad valorem; spindle band- 
ing, woven, braided, or twisted lamp, 
stove, or candle wicking made of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, 10 cents 
per pound and 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; loom harness, healds or collets 
made of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, or of which cotton or other veg- 
etable fiber is the component material 
of chief value, 50 cents per pound 
and 25 per centum ad valorem; boot, 
shoe, and corset lacings made of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, 25 cents 
per pound and 15 per centum ad va- 
Jorem; labels, for garments or other 

articles, composed of cotton or other 


184911°—20 27 





ACT OF 1918. 


262. Bandings, belts, beltings, bind- 
ings, bone casings, cords, tassels, 
cords and tassels, garters, tire fabric 
or fabric suitable for use in pneu- 
matic tires, suspenders and braces, 
and fabrics with fast edges not ex- 
ceeding twelve inches in width, all 
of the foregoing made of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, or of which 
cotton or other vegetable fiber is the 
component material of chief value, or 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber and 
india rubber, and not embroidered by 
hand or machinery; spindle banding, 
woven, braided, or twisted lamp, 
stove, or candle wicking made of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber; loom 
harness, healds, or collets made of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber, or 
of which cotton or other vegetable . 
fiber is the component material of 
chief value; boot, shoe, and corset 
lacings made of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber; and labels for garments 
or other articles, composed of cotton 


418 





ACT OF i1903—Continued. 


vegetable fiber, 50 cents per pound 
and 30 per centum ad valorem); belt- 
ing for machinery made of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber and india rubber, 
or of which cotton or other vegetable 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


or other vegetable fiber, 25 per cen- 
tum ad valorem; belting for machin- 
ery made of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber and india rubber, or of 
which cotton or other vegetable fiber 


fiber is the component material of | is the component material of chief 
chief value, 30 per centum ad va-| value, 15 per centum ad valorem. 
lorem. 

349. * * * bandings, belts, belt- 


ings,. bindings, cords, '* * *  rib- 
bons, tapes, webs, and webbings 
x * *; all of the foregoing com- 
posed wholly cr in chief value of cot- 
ten * .* * or other .xegetable 
fiber, or of cotton * * * or ether 
vegetable fiber and india rubber, or 
of cotton * * * or other vegetable 
fiber, india rubber, and metal, and not 
elsewhere specially provided for in 
this section, 60 per centum ad. va- 
lorem: Provided, That no article com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of one 
or more of the materials or goods 
specified in this paragraph, shall pay 
a less rate of duty than the highest 
rate imposed by this section upon any 
of the materials or goods of which the 
same is composed: And provided fur- 
ther, That no article or fabric of any 
description, composed of * * #* 
other vegetable fiber, or of which 
these materials or any of them is the 
component material of chief value, 
when embroidered by hand or ma- 
chinery, or having hand or machin- 
ery embroidery thereon, shall pay a 
less rate of duty than that imposed 
in this section upon any embroideries 
of the materials of which such em- 
broidery is composed. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This is the “small wares” paragraph of 
Schedule I, including fabrics and articles usually ornamented and 
for the most part made on ribbon loom and braiding machines. 

Banding, belting, and binding are narrow fabrics, either woven or 
braided. Banding is used. as hat and eap bands and as a border or 
girdle on dresses at the waist, wrists, and neck; also for inclosing 
cigars in bundles. Belting is used for making girdles or belts to be 
worn about the waist. Binding is used to secure the edges of cloth 
or of garments to impart strength and prevent fraying or raveling. 
Bone casings are narrow tubular fabrics, either woven or braided, 
used as a covering (casing) for corset and dress steels. Cords are 
made by braiding together three or more threads. ‘Tassels are 
pendant crnaments made by twisting or braiding together threads 
cut to a certain length and gathered together at one end. Cords and 
tassels are formed by securing tassels to cords. Garters, suspenders, 
and braces are articles made from narrow elastic fabrics woven with 
india-rubber threads inserted in the warp. Tire fabrics are woven 
from comparatively coarse yarns, usually combed, however, and 
made from long-staple cotton. They form the base of the finished 





v 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 419 


rubber tire. I’abrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width 
may be either elastic or nonelastic; this clause is inserted te cover 
ribbon-loom products not otherwise provided for. Spindie banding is 
used to drive a spindle and is usually made by braiding or twisting 
together rovings or yarns to form a cord; seme spindle banding is 
woven as a narrow tape. Wicking for lamps, oil-burning stoves, and 
candles may be either woven or braided. Loom harness consists of a 
flat frame with a number of heddles or healds—each with an opening 
or eye tied in the center—stretched thereon side by side; it is used on 
the leom and governs the order in which the warp threads are inter- 
woven with the filling to form the weave or design. Healds are made 
from harness twine and are constituent parts of the leom harness. 
OCollets are cords used to hold the loom harness in position on the loom 
and are made of either flax or cotton. Lacings may be round, flat, or 
tubular. They are usually made on the braiding machine and used 
for lacing boots, shoes, and corsets. Woven labels are made on a rib- 
bon loom with Jacquard attachment and are used on garments, etc. 
Belting for machinery is, in the narrow widths, made on webbing 
looms; the wider. widths differ from the other weven fabrics under 
this paragraph in that they are made on heavy fiy-shuttle looms. 

Production in 1914 shows 108 establishments, 6,598 operatives, a 
eapital of $11,764,495, and an eutput of “ cotton small wares” valued 
at $11,525,033. Tape and webbing accounted for $5,188,806 of these 
manufactures. Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts are 
the leading producers. 

Imports of all enumerated articles reached a maximum of $1,190,- 
283 in 1918. Of this amount “ belting for machinery ” was 49 per cent, 
and ‘“‘ bandings, belts, beltings, bone casings, cords, tassels, cords and 
tassels, garters, tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneumatic 
tires, suspenders and braces, and fabrics with fast edges not exceed- 
ing 12 inches in width ” constituted 48 per cent. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Artificial silk is not a vegetable fiber within the meaning of the 
term as used in this paragraph and in paragraph 319 of the act of 
1913. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 1918, following 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
86, 1910, holding artificial silk not to be a vegetable fiber within 
paragraph 314 of the act of 1897 for wearing apparel. “ composed of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable 
fiber is the compotent material of chief value.”) Cotton bandages in 
the piece in lengths of 50 yards and in widths of 40 to 58 inches and 
woven with three threads omitted at regular intervals throughout the 
length of the cioth to indicate where the threads are to be cut in order 
to produce surgical bandages, each side of the bandage having a speciai 
thread woven therein to prevent unraveling and the fabrics in their 
entirety not commercially suitable for any other use than to be cut 
into bandages, are dutiable as bandings under this paragraph and not 
under paragraph 252 as cotton cloth. (G. A. 8287, T. D.. 87938, of 
1919; 'T. D. 35952, of 1915.) ‘This paragraph has been construed to 
include blankets for cotton printing machinery (Abstract 87188, of 
1915), and cotton felt for making conveyor belts (G. A. 8036, T. D. 
37063, of 1917) as belting for machinery; narrow woven articles 
less than 1 inch in width with a finished pattern or design along one 
edge, cotton chief value, as bindings (Abstract 37682, of 1915) ; strips 


420 SUMMARY~ OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


of cotton cloth, approximately 4 inches wide and from 5 to 64 yards 
in length, as bandings (T. D. 34284, of 1914) ; elastic webbing in chief 
value of cotton as cloth fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 
inches in width (Abstract 87644, of 1915); and narrow woven cotton 
articles in lengths with loops on one edge for braid or tape to hold the 
ends of pillowcases together. (G. A. 7715, T. D. 85332, of 1915.) 

Articles of the same general description are provided for eo nomine 
in different schedules as folows: Schedule I, paragraph 262, “ cords 
tassels, cords and tassels,” 25 per cent; Schedule J, paragraph 278, 
“cords,” 830 per cent; Schedule K, paragraph 292, “ cords, cords and 
tassels,” 85 per cent; Schedule L, paragraph 316, “ cords, cords and 
tassels,” 45 per cent, and paragraph 319, “ cords, tassels,” 60 per-cent. 

Japanese toweling when 12 inches or less in width is dutiable at 25 
per cent under this paragraph; when wider than 12 inches, at 124 
per cent under paragraph 252. (See pars. 319 and 358.) 


PARAGRAPH 263. 


ACT OF i969. 


331. Cotton table. damask, 40 per 
centum ad valorem; manufactures of 
cotton table damask, or of which cotton 
table damask is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 40 per 
centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


263. Cotton table damask, and man- 
ufactures of cotton table damask, or of 
which cotton table damask is ‘the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
25 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Damask fabrics are mainly woven on 
Jacquard looms, some varieties on dobby looms, and show orna- 
mental patterns, elaborate in character, such as fruit, foliage, scrolls, 
and vases. The figures in the patterns are made by alternately ex- 
changing warp for filling surface and vice versa. The surface threads 
of the figures lie at right angles to the surface threads of the back- 
ground, and rays of light falling on the fabric are dispersed and the 
pattern is brought out in bold relief, even though the entire fabric 
is of only one color. Cotton table damask refers to the woven cloth; 
the principal manufactures are table covers, napkins, and doilies. 
The majority are white, but some are made in colors, the Turkey 
red damask, made of red and white yarns, being a staple article. 
Cotton table damask is cheaper than linen table damask, for which 
it is substituted, and is being made in this country in increasing 
quantities. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $503,341. Imports in 1918, due 
partly to higher prices and partly to the scarcity of linen table damask, 
rose to $1,088,278, with revenue of $272,070. 


+f INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “cotton table damask” includes completed articles as 
well as goods in the piece and is more specific than the provisions for 
cotton cloth. (150 Fed. 562, of 1906.) To come within this para- 
graph as cotton table damask the merchandise must be substantially 
wholly of cotton. Union damask table covers, a substantial portion 
of which is fiax, although cotton is chief value, is excluded from this 
paragraph. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1913.) Cotton damask table 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 491 
‘i & * 
runners are dutiable within the paragraph. (Abstract 30417, T. D. 
32926, of 1912.) (See also par. 258.) 
Cotton table damask, a finished weave of cotton cloth, carries a 
lower rate of duty than some cotton cloth. 


PARAGRAPH 264. 
AOT OF 1969. ¢ SERENA: ACT OF 1913. 


264. Towels, bath mats, quilts, 
blankets, polishing cloths, mop cloths, 
wash rags or cloths, sheets, pillow- 
cases, and batting, any of the. fore- 
going made of cotton, or of which 
cotton is the component material of 
chief value, not embroidered nor in 
part of lace and not otherwise pro- 
vided for, 25 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Towels and bath mats may be either plain 
or terry woven, the latter referring to loop piles made without the 
aid of wires. ‘Terry-woven towels are usually known as Turkish 
towels. Quilts, also termed bedspreads, coverlets, and counterpanes, 
are the familiar bed clothing. The four main types are known as 
erochet, Marseille, satin, and dimity. Blankets are napped fabrics, 
the nap being produced by a partial cutting and raising of the fibers 
on the surface of the cloth. Polishing cloths, mop cloths, and wash 
rags or cloths, are made in various qualities, but largely from 
low-grade cotton or waste. Sheets are made of plain-woven cloth, 
cut and hemmed in various sizes. Pillowcases are made of plain- 
woven tubular cloth, cut to appropriate lengths, sewed, and hemmed. 
Batting is cotton in thick but lightly matted sheets, used chiefly as 
a stuffing material in comforts, mattresses, etc. 

Production of “ toweling and terry weaves” in 1914 was 75,798,907 
square yards, valued at $9,805,232, other articles enumerated not being 
separately reported. North Carolina, Georgia, and Pennsylvania are 
the chief producers. , 

Imports of towels and bath mats were valued at $154,326 in 1914 
and at $91,778 in 1918; polishing cloths, mop cloths, wash rags or 
cloths, at $63,077 in 1914 and $9,998 in 1918; sheets and pillowcases, 
at $4,886 in 1914 and $14,596 in 1918; quilts and blankets, at $116,892 
in 1914 and $254,664 in 1918. | 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph includes towels of cotion woven on Jacquard looms 
(G. A. 7609, T. D. 34819, of 1914); Turkish towels (G. A. 7656, T. D. 
35019, of 1914, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 150, of 1917) ; bath mats and quilts 
of cotton cloth woven on Jacquard looms (G. A. T7748, T. D. 35577, of 
1915; cotton blankets woven on Jacquard looms (Abstract 37475, 
of 1915) ; cotton drawnwvork sheets and pillowcases not embroidered 
or in part of lace, but having at the edge of the hem threads drawn 
and additional threads inserted forming an ornamental openwork 
effect (Abstract 38774, of 1915); Turkish towels in the piece woven 
in patterns in such a manner that each towel is distinctly set forth 
and a few plain threads are inserted at regular intervals showing 
where the articles are to be cut apart (G. A. 7673, T. D. 35101, of 
1915); polishing cloths of cotton velvet (Abstract 41604, of 1917) ; 


422 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
and cloths reported by the appraiser as dust cloths found to be polish- 
ing cloths (Abstract 42786, of 1918). (See pars. 258, 266, and 302.) 
Coverings of ripple cloth to pretect blankets from dirt, are not 
‘“ sheets” (G. A. 7963, T. D. 36689, of 1916), and sanitary napkins, 
of batting and gauze, labeled “ Emergency towel” are not “ towels” 
(Abstract 37626, of 1915) within this paragraph. 
Specific provision might be made in this paragraph for dust cloths, 
which have been held dutiable as manufactures of cotton. (G. A. 
7803, T. D. 85847, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 265. 





ACT, OF 1969. 


351. Lace window curtains, * * * 


pillow shams, and bed sets, finished or 
unfinished, made on the Nottingham 
lace-curtain machine or on the Not- 
tingham warp machine, and composed 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
when counting five points or spaces 
between the warp threads to the inch, 
1 cent per Square yard; when count- 
ing more than 5 such points or spaces 
to the inch, 4 of 1 cent per square 
yard in addition for each 
point or space to the inck in excess 
of five; and in addition thereto, on 


such | 


ACT OF 1918. 


265. Lace window curtains, pillow 
shams, and bed. sets, finished or un- 
finished, made on the Nottingham lace- 
curtain machine, and composed of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, when 
eounting not more than six points or 
spaces between the warp threads to 
the inch, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
when counting more than six and not 
more than eight points or spaces to 
the ineh, 40 per centum ad yalorem 5 
when counting nine or more points or 
spaces to the inch, 45 per centum ad 
valorem. 


all the foregoing articles in this para- 
graph, 20 per centum ad valorem: | x 
Provided, That none of of the above- 
named articles shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 50 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—This paragraph includes curtains (also pil- 
lew shams and bed sets) made on the Nottingham lace-curtain ma- 
ehine, which is similar in basie principles to the Lever lace machine, 
but is wider, uses coarser yarns, and makes goods of larger mesh. 
_Nottingham lace curtains are usually made of yarns coarser than 
two-ply 100s and generally have less than 16 meshes to the inch, 
whereas fancy Lever laces are made largely of yarns finer than two- 
ply 100s and usually have more than 16 meshes to the inch. About 
60 per. cent of domestic curtain machines are of 8 point and coarser. 

In making a fabric on a lace-curtain machine it is necessary to 
have at least three sets of yarns—the main or ground warp yarn; 
the spool yarn, which interlaces with the warp; and the so-called 
“ brass-bobbia ” yarn, which acts as a binder between the warp and 
the spool yarns. For producing special types of curtains, an addi- 
tional beam warp or spool yarn may be used, The warp and spool 
yarns are carried on beams underneath the machine; they are drawn 
up vertically to intertwist with the brass-bobbin yarns as the latter, 
suspended from the beam at the top of the machine, swing like 
pendulums. ‘The spool yarns are of domestic spinning, as are also 
most of the warp yarns, but brass-bobbin yarns ef the required 
eharacter and finish are not produced in the United States. Therefore 
the lace-curtain manufacturers, who are the largest importers of cot- 
ton yarns, are dependent on the output of English mills for the “ pre- 
pared ”’ yarns. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 493 


Curtains made of cloth, of net or lace, and curtains (‘“ novelty ’’) 
of voile or marquisette and trimmed with lace, are excluded from 
this paragraph by the Nottingham machine qualification. 

Production of Nottingham lace curiains in 1914 was vaiued at 
$4,678,847 and of Nottingham icce-curtain nets at $1,258,307. The 
‘values of pillow shams and bed sets made on the Nottingham lace- 
curtain machines are not recorded separately. There are 10 Not- 
tingham lace-curtain manufacturers and about 500 machines (1918), 
450 located in Pennsylvania. The Nottingham lace-curtain industry 
is firmly established and experiences little competition from abroad. 

Imports of curtains, pillow shams, and bed seis were valued at 
$174,652 in 1914 and at $38,528 in 1918. Imported eurtains are 
largely made with 9 or more points, or spaces, to the inch. (The 
importation of non-Nottingham machine types of lace window cur- 
tains is several times larger.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The expression “made on the Nottingham lace-curtain machine” 
- does not cover a curtain made partially on such a machine and par- 
tially on some other machine. (G. A. 4641, T. D. 21942, of 1900.) 
Finished lace window curiains of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
made on the Nottingham machine and scalloped, come within this 
paragraph. (T. D. 35871, of 1915; Abstract 25029, T. D. 31380, of 1911. } 

Nottingham tace window curtains are dutiable at 35, 40, or 45 
per cent under this paragraph (T. D. 35871, of 1915); Nottingham 
lace in the piece, at 60 per cent under paragraph 358 (T. D. 34065, 
of 1914; G. A. 7782, T. D. 35748, of 1915.) (See pars. 258 and 358.) 

These articles might be classified like other lace articles (par. 358), 
with which they are comparable in material, construction, and value. 


PARAGRAPH 266. 


ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1918. 


332. All articles made from cotton 266. All articies made from cotton 
-eloth, whether finished or unfinished, | cloth, whether finished or unfinished, 
and all manufactures of cotton, or of | and all manufactures of cotton or of 
which cotton is the component ma-; whieh cotton is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially | terial of chief value, not specially pro- 
provided for in this section, 45 per | vided for in this section, 30 per centum 
centum ad valorem. ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—An important class of imports under this 
paragraph comprises table covers, centerpieces, and doilies made of 
plain-woven cloth and printed in indigo with typical Japanese pat- 
terns. Among other products of cotton included are twine, cordage, 
and rope; cotton bags; and knit goods, other than wearing apparel, 
such as Atlas cloth for glove manufacture, tubular webs, etc. 

Production.—it is impossible to make up an inclusive total of do- 
mestic output for contrast with imports under a basket clause. How- 
ever, production of cotton twine amounted to $6,268,291, and of 
cotton cordage and rope, to $3,442,057 in 1914. 

Imports were $1,622,258 in 1914, and $1,421,822 in 1918. 


4294 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The following articles have been held to come within this para- 
graph: Cotton bureau scarfs, from which warp threads on the sides 
and woof threads on the ends have been withdrawn, the loose threads 
remaining being bound together by an additional thread in such way 
as to leave irregular open spaces, the size of which is determined by 
the number of threads withdrawn and by the number of loose threads 
bound together, the additional threads per se forming no figure or 
design and accomplishing no other purpose than that of producing 
plain drawn work and figures or designs peculiar to plain drawn 
work, as articles made from cotton cloth and not under paragraph 
358 as “woven fabrics or articles from which threads have been 
omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after 
weaving forming figures or designs not including straight hemstitch- 
ing” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 385, of 1918); cotton fabrics in running 
lengths about one-third of an inch in width, woven for the sole pur- 
pose of making coat hangers and having ridges in the weave about 
38 inches apart to indicate the places for cutting into such hangers 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 110, of 1914); so-called bath-robe blankets, con- 
sisting of pieces of colored cotton cloth the raw edges of which have 
been whipped or bound, such whipping not being necessary to preserve 
the integrity of the fabric (G. A. 7821, T. D. 32240, of 1912); cotton 
Holland fabrics partly made into curtains (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 191, 

of 1912) ; Renaissance or Battenberg rings of cotton (Abstract 27705, 
’ 'T. D. 32224, of 1912) ; pulp in sheets made of cotton rags by a process 
not destroying the integrity or strength of the fibers (2 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 364, of 1911); so-called ladder tapes of cotton (38 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 878, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 1913; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
—; T. D. 87942, of 1919); cotton table damask in chief vaiue of cot- 
ton, but with a substantial portion of flax (4 Ct Cust. Appls., 430, of 
' 1918); cotton landing nets, minnow nets, ete. used by fishermen 
(G. A. 8109, T. D. 37410, of 1917); cotton bedspreads (G. A. 7961, 
T. D. 86687, of 1916; G. A. 7963, T. D. 386689, of 1916); dust cloths 
(G. A. 7803, T. D. 35847, of 1915); sponge bags of cotton and silk 
with rubber lining (Abstract 40838, of 1916; cotton and gum elastic 
bands used in the manufacture of corsets (Abstract 37990, of 1915); 
metal snap fasteners on cotton tape, cotton chief value (G. A. 8031, 
T. D. 87080, of 1917) ; lithographic print of an oil painting on cotton 
cloth (G. A. 7643, T. D. 34929, of 1914); felt saddle cloths (Abstract 
43324, of 1919) ; and railroad air hose composed of cotton duck, rubber 
gum, and other materials, chiefly iron, the cotton duck being more 
valuable than the other materials combined, the importer claiming 
that as the nonmetallic part of the article was known as “ rubber 
hose” the article should be regarded as composed of but two ma- 
terials, to wit, metal and so-called rubber hose, in determining the 
component of chief value (G. A. 8281, T. D. 38094, of 1919). 

In the act of 1918 a number of articles such as towels, quilts, ete., 
theretofore covered by the basket clause, were provided for eo 
nomine in paragraph 264. It might also be advisable further to re- 
duce the range of the basket clause by adding to the list of household 
furnishings under paragraph 264 table covers, centerpieces, doilies, 
not specially provided for. (See pars. 252, 253, 256, 347, 358, and 886.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


425 


TURES OF. 


SCHEDULE J. FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE, AND MANUFAC- 


PARAGRAPH 267, 


ACT OF 1969. 


358. Singie yarns made of jute, not 


ACT OF 19138, 


267. Single yarns made of jute, not 


finer than five lea or number, 1 cent 
per pound and 10 per centum ad 
valorem; if finer than five lea or 
number, 85 per centum ad valorem; 
yarns made of jute not otherwise 
specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem, 


finer than five lea or number, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; if finer than five 
lea or number and yarns made of jute 
not otherwise specially provided for 
in this section, 20 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Jute yarns may be divided into two 

classes (1) those made of long jute and (2) those of jute butts 
and rejections. The first are mostly used in making burlap, also in 
such goods as carpets, cordage, and twine. In manufacturing, the 
long jute is first opened, graded, and batched, then put through a 
softener, a breaker card, a finisher card, two draw frames, a roving 
frame, and then spun into yarn on a flyer or a ring spinning frame. 
The low-grade yarns made from jute butts go into cotton-wrapper 
bagging and similar coarse goods. 
+ Production.—Bengal, with a monopoly of jute growing; is also the 
largest manufacturer, but exports of yarn are small, as they are 
largely made into burlap or bags. Dundee, which ranks second 
only to Calcutta in manufacture, is the largest exporter of jute yarns. 
In 1914 American mills used 128,312,082 pounds of jute and 114,389,155 
pounds of jute butts, which, with oil and water, gave a production of 
jute yarns of approximately 240,000,000 pounds, used chiefly where 
spun. The sales, principally to the carpet industry, were 69,827,005 
pounds of jute yarns, valued at $7,357,888. 

Imports.—The jute yarns required in twines, cordage, carpets, 
and cotton-wrapper bagging, are mainly spun from jute and jute 
butts imported from Calcutta. The import of jute yarns in 1914 
amounted to 1,338,486 pounds, valued at $150,008, a fraction of 1 
per cent of the domestic production. Yarn imports come mainly from 
Dundee. These yarns are almost entirely in the single, and the bulk, 
in quantity at least, are not finer than 5 lea; that is, they weigh not 
less than 9.6 pounds per spindle of 14,400 yards. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Numbering of jute yarns—In manufacture and trade, here and 
abroad, jute yarns are numbered according to the weight in pounds 
of an arbitrary length of 14,400 yards, which is called a spindle. 
Four-pound yarn means that a spindle of 14,400 yards weighs 4 
pounds; 6-pound yarn means that a spindle weighs 6 pounds, etc. 
The higher the yarn number, therefore, the coarser the yarn, which is 
the reverse of yarn numbering systems like the cotton, the worsted, 
or wet-spun linen, which are based on a fixed weight instead of a 
fixed length. In the tariff laws, jute yarns are classified according 
to the “lea’’ system used for wet-spun flax yarns; .the count or lea 
referring to the number of 300-yard leas required to weigh 1 pound. 
The “lea” system and the “pound” system are inverse the one to 


426 


2 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


the other; thus 4pound yarn ts equivalent to 12-lea yarn, 6-pound 
yarn is equivalent to 8-lea yarn, ete. As a spindle of 14,400 yards 
is equal in length to 48 leas of 3800 yards, dividing 48 by pounds per 
spindle will give the equivalent in leas, or dividing 48 by the lea count 
will give the count in pounds per spindle. 

Since jute yarns are commercially numbered according to the 
“pound ” system, it would be more in accordance with custom to 
use this system in the tariff instead of the lea system, which is foreign 
to the jute industry. , 

Bags or sacks made from plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, 
etc., pay 10 per cent under paragraph 281, while single jute yarns 
from which such bags or sacks are manufactured are dutiable at 15 
per cent and 20 per cent under this paragraph. (See par. 384.) 


PARAGRAPH 268. 


ACT OF 1969. ACTF OF 19243. 





339. Cables and cordage, composed | 


of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal 
grass. or sunn, or a mixture of these 


268, Cables and cordage, composed 
of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, sisal 
grass or sunp, or a mixture of these 


or any of them, $ of 1 cent per 
pound; cables and cordage made of 
hemp, tarred or untarred, 2 cents 
per pound, 


or any of them, 4 cent per pound; 
eables and cordage made of hemp, 
tarred or untarred, 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term “ cordage” is used in a collective 
sense to include all sizes and varieties. of cords and ropes from har- 
vester twine to the largest cables, but anything less than one-eighth 
inch in diameter is not cordage in the usual acceptation of the term. 
Rope is cordage 1 inch or more in diameter. A cable is a strong rope 
not less than 10 inches in circumference, and is formed by twisting 
together three 3-strand ropes, the twist being the reverse of that used 
in making the constituent ropes. In 4-strand ropes and cables the 
strands, in being laid together, leave the center hollow; this holiow 
is usually filled with a thread of tow yarn, which is inserted as. the 
strands are being elosed. 

Manila is perhaps more extensively used in the manufacture of 
‘ables and cordage than any other fiber, as its great pliability and 
Strength make it particularly adaptable. Sisal and jute are largely 
used in the cheaper grades of cordage, istle (otherwise called. Tam- 
pico fiber) and sunn to a smaller extent. 

In the manufacture of rope the fibers are first spun into yarn. 
From 20 to 80 of these yarns are twisted into a strand and three or 
four strands twisted into rope. Ropes are made either by the old- 
fashioned method employed in making ropewalks or by ‘f house” ma- 
chines in up-to-date faetories. Compound rope machines are exten- 
sively used, by which the stranding of the yarn is combined with the 
closing of the strands into rope, the process. being essentially one of 
machine braiding. 

Hemp is also largely used in eables. and ecordage. The yarns. of 
tarred rope are passed through a tank of tar (heated to 220° F.), ren- 
dering the rope measurably impervious to water and enabling it to 
resist the ravages of weather. Russian hemp for tarred rigging has 
long been held superior for that purpose. Untarred hemp rope is 
preferred for elevators and dumb-waiters. 





A427 


Production.—-The manufacture of “ rope” in 1914 taken as equiva- 
lent to cables and cordage, ineluded, besides cotton, 104,909,172 pounds 
of manila; 53,432,402 pounds of sisal (inciuding henequen); and 
26,814,920 pounds of “all other,” of which the bulk was jute. Ap- 
parently the United States is the largest producer of cables and cor- 
dage, the United Kingdom ranking second. 

Imports in 1918 of cables and cordage of istle, Tampico fiber, 
manila, sisal grass, and sunn, amounted to 2,953,717 pounds, valued at 
$449,069, the larger portion from Cuba. The 1918 import of cables 
and cordage of hemp, tarred or untarred, amounted to 832,967 pounds, 
valued at $153,400, the bulk from the Philippine Islands, free. 

Exports of “cordage of vegetable fibers’’ reached a maximum in 
_ 1917—16,991,921 pounds, valued at $3,026,565. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Istle lariats are dutiable as cordage under this paragraph. (Ab- 
stract 23986, T. D. 30944, of 1910.) Mariine used for serving around 
wire ropes, cables, etc., is dutiable as hemp cordage under this para- 
graph and not as hemp twine. (Abstract 28429, T. D. 32488, of 1912.) 
Articles used for roping and for lacing the head and foot of small 
sails were also held dutiable as cordage. (Abstract 23985, T. D. 
80944, of 1910.) 

Steel-wire rope covered with hemp, used largely in connection with 
steamships, such as mooring, on board vessels, and work connected 
with boats, which was classified under paragraph 284 as a manu- 
facture in chief value of hemp, was held not to be dutiable as cables 
and cordage under this paragraph. (Abstract 38558, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 269. 


ACT OF 1908. ACT OF 1913. 


340. Threads, twines, or cords, made 
from yarn not finer than five lea or 
humber, composed of flax, hemp, or 
ramie, or of which these substances 
er either of them -is the component 
material of ehief value, 10 cents per 
pound; if made from yarn finer than 


269. Threads, twines, or cords, made 
from yarn not finer than five lea or 
number, composed of flax, hemp, or 
ramie, or of which these substances 
or any of them is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; if made from yarn finer 


five lea or number,-12 cents per 
pound, and #? of 1 cent per pound ad- 
ditional for each lea, or number, or 
part of a lea or number, in excess 
of five. 


than five lea or number, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Deseription and uses.—Threads, twines, and cords are made by 
doubling or cabling single yarns. 

Thread is a slender, well-rounded line, used principally fer sewing. 
Linen threads may be divided into domestric threads, usually sold at 
retail, consisting mainly of three-cord and six-cord (cabled) sewing 
thread; and manufacturing threads, used by garment makers, shoe- 
makers, saddiers, upholsterers, bookbinders, etc., made in a variety 
of ways, some being cabled and others of ordinary ply yarns. Thread 
may be polished, sized and lustered, or waxed. 

Twine, aS commonly known, is a string of two or more yarns or 
rovings twisted together. Its wide variations include lath, wrap- 
ping, patent, four-ply, gill and seine, and sewing twine (for sails). 


A98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
Cord is made of cable-laid yarns; it is larger than twine and 
smaller than rope, and used for sash cords, clotheslines, plow lines, ete. 
Production of “line thread” in 1914 was 5,707,668 pounds, valued 
at $3,409,186. The output has decreased since 1909, but the value re- 
mained stationary. Cotton thread is cheaper and more flexible than 
linen and has largely taken its place, but linen thread is still pre- 
ferred, especially where strength and durability are desired. The 
production of jlaw twine in 1914 was 3,958,622 pounds, valued at 
$1,051,684, and of hemp twine, 9,818,771- pounds, valued at $1,583,354. 
Imports of threads, twines, and cords of flax, hemp, or ramie were 
784,936 pounds, valued at $442,674, in 1914. ‘ 
Exports of “twine, other than binder,” including twine made of - 
jute, flax, hemp, ete., were normally around $500,000, but during the 
war amounted to more than $2,000,000. It is probable that these 
were largely of jute. y 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Thread, consisting of two strands of flax twisted together, known 
in trade both as thread and two-ply yarn, is dutiable as thread 
under this paragraph, rather than as a manufacture of flax not spe- 
cially provided for. (G. A. 4417, T. D. 21029, of 1899; 108 Fed., 799, 
of 1901.) 

The articles in this paragraph are made from materials mentioned 
in paragraph 270. <A reversal of their positions would give a more 
logical arrangement. 


PARAGRAPH 270. 





ACT OF 1969. 


341, Single yarns in the gray, made 
of flax, hemp, or ramie, or a mixture 
of any of them, not finer than eight 
lea or number, 6 cents per pound; 
finer than eight lea or number and 
not finer than eighty lea or number, 
40 per centum ad valorem; single 
yarns, made of flax, hemp, or ramie, 


ACT OF 1913. 


270, Single yarns, made of flax, 
hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any 
of them, not finer than eight lea or 
number, 12 per centum ad valorem; 
finer than eight lea or number and 
not finer than eighty lea or number, 
20 per centum ad-valorem; finer than 
eighty lea or number, 10 per centum 


or a mixture of any of them, finer 
than eighty lea or number, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; ramie sliver or 
roving, 385 per centum ad valorem, 


ad valorem ; ramie sliver or roying, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


SINGLE YARNS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE., 


Description and uses.—Flax, hemp, and ramie are stem or bast 
fibers, but differ in that the first two are obtained by retting and the 
last named by decortication. Flax, hemp, and ramie yarns are used 
in making thread, cordage, and fabrics. Flax yarns, from a finer 
fiber than hemp, are used here chiefly in making linen thread, and 
to some extent in woven fabrics, such as crash, toweling, and 
fire hose. Coarse hemp yarns go into sailcloth, canvas, carpets, cord- 
age, and rope, the finer yarn into fish nets and cordage, and, to a lim- 
ited extent, into fabrics finer than canvas. Ramie yarns, composed of — 
fibers having a greater tenacity and elasticity than flax or hemp, are 
made into dress goods, upholstery, underwear, tablecloths, toweling, 
,lace and knit goods, and gas mantles, Ramie and flax yarns are 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 429 


more or less interchangeable, and ramie may replace hemp in cordage 
and canvas. The fibers are spun on flax-working and similar ma- 
chinery, mostly from England. All flax and ramie used here is im- 
ported, but about one-half of the hemp is domestic. 

Production.—In 1914 the United States had only 67,412 spindles, or 
2 per cent of the world total, devoted to flax spinning. We have but 
one important spinner of ramie yarns, and only two spinning hemp to 
any considerable extent. 

Imports of single yarns of flax, hemp, and ramie reached a maxi- 
mum in 1916—2,999,340 pounds, valued at $1,148,076. 


RAMIE SLIVER OR ROVING. 


Description and uses.—Sliver is a loose rope of untwisted fibers; 
roving is a loose rope of fibers with a slight amount of twist. Both 
_are intermediate products in the manufacture of yarn. Ramie sliver 
and roving come from China, mainly prepared by hand. Germany 
was the largest consumer, followed by France and the United States. 
Flax and hemp sliver and roving are products of intermediate mechan- 
ical processes in a series ending with the spinning of the yarn. They 
are not usually articles of commerce, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Flax roving is dutiable by similitude to ramie roving under this 
paragraph. (T. D. 36845, of 1916.) ‘ 

Single hemp fibers, knotted together and put up in the form of 
skeins and balls for use in the manufacture of braids, although its 
use is that of yarn, is not in fact yarn inasmuch as it has not been 
spun and is not dutiable under this paragraph, but is dutiable as a 
manufacture of hemp. (Abstract 25330, T. D. 31498, of 1911.) 

(See par. 269.) 

PARAGRAPH 271. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


342. Flax gill nettings, nets, webs, 271. Gill nettings, nets, webs, and 
and seines shall pay the same duty | seines made of flax, hemp, or ramie, 
per pound as is imposed in this | or a mixture of any of them, or of 
schedule upon the thread, twine, or | which any of them is the component 
cord of which they are made, and | material of chief value, 25 per centum 
in addition thereto 20 per centum ad | ad valorem. 
valorem. 


GENERAL INKORMATION. 


2 
* 


Description and uses.—Gill netting is an open-mesh fabric of 
twine or other suitable material for gill nets. These are flat nets 
having meshes that allow the heads of fishes to pass, but catch in 
the gills when the fish seek to extricate themselves. Seines are large 
nets having one edge provided with sinkers and the other with floats; 
they are hung vertically in the water and the fish caught by the two 
ends being brought together or dragged ashore. Fishing nets, for- 
merly handmade, are now usually made by automatic machinery. 
Cotton is largely replacing flax in small nets, but flax is still pre- 
ferred for strong or durable nets. The term “ web” refers to a loose 
or open-mesh textile manufacture. 

Production of “ nets and seines” increased from $1,724,912 in 1904 
to $3,088,000 in 1914, probably largely of flax and cotton. 

Imports in 1918 reached a maximum of 66,644 pounds, valued at 
$64,320, about 2 per cent of the domestic production of nets, seines, etc. 


430 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Shrimp nets ef flax are dutiable as nets under this paragraph and 
not aS manufactures of flax or manufactures of jute. (G. A. 2804, 
T. D. 15410, of 1894.) : 

Tennis nets made from Russian hemp are dutiable under para- 
graph 284 as “ manufactures of hemp,” and not tnder this paragraph 
as “gill nettings, nets, webs, and seines.” ‘The word “nets,” under 
the ruie of ejusdem generis, is limited to those used in fishing and 
fisheries, and the word “ gill” before “ nettings ” also qualifies “ nets.” 
(Abstract 36875, T. D. 34920, of 1914; G. A. 7745, T. D. 35562, of 
1915.) 

PARAGRAPH 272. 


ACT OF 1569, ACT OF 1913. 


343. Floor mattings, plain, fancy, or 272, Floor mattings, plain, fancy, 
figured, manufactured from. straw, | or figured, including mats and rugs, 
reund or split, or other vegetable sub- | manufactured from straw, round or 
stances, not otherwise provided for | split, or other vegetabie substances, 
in this section, and having a warp of | not otherwise provided for in this 
cotton, hemp, or other vegetable sub- | section, and having a warp of cot- 
stance, including what are commonly {| ton, hemp, or other vegetable sub- 
known as China, Japan, and India | stances, including what are com- 
straw matting, 34 cents per square | monly known as China, Japan, and 
yard, India straw “matting, 24 cents per 

s square yard. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Floor mattings woven from straw are ex- 
tensively employed as a cheap, cool, and cleanly substitute for 
carpeting. The old-style common floor matting was wholly im- 
ported and encountered no domestic competition. China matting is 
usually woven in 2-yard to 5-yard pieces and these pieces united in 
40-yard rolls. Japan matting is woven in one 40-yard piece without 
joint. These maittings are made by hand on primitive looms, no 
shuttles being used. The process is: tedious and economically possi- 
ble only with Asiatic cheap labor. 

Floor matting of a superior type, made from wire grass growing. 
in swamps or marshlands, is an established domestic industry. These 
rugs are woven on power looms and stenciled in varied designs. 
They are of smooth finish, reversible, and in various sizes. ‘“ Crex” 
is often used as a generic name for such grass rugs, but properly 
applies only to rugs made by a particular manufacturer. Since 1913 
the Japanese have imitated the American article, using a twisted 
or crushed straw, but the joints have not been split. Both are made 
with warp of coarse-ply cotton yarn and the straw filling has a bind- 
ing thread of cotton yarn wound around it before use. 

Production.—Four domestic manufacturers of grass rugs report an 
annual output averaging $2,615,809 during the last five years. The 
excellence of the product, aided by skillful advertising, tends to a 
steady development. 

Imports come mainly from Japan. The record import consisted of 
51,219,244 square yards, valued at $3,663,365 in 1904. In 1914, with 
the inclusion of mats and rugs, imports amounted te 26,014,021 square 
yards, valued at $2,026,226; and in 1918 had declined to 11,471,115 
square yards, valued at $1,726,689. The revenue in 1918 amounted 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 431 


to $286,554, equivalent to 16.61 per cent ad valorem. The statistics 
do not distinguish the common Japan and China matting from the 
stenciled rugs of crushed or twisted straw which compete with 
American grass rugs. Domestic manufacturers claim that the addi- 
tion of “mats and rugs” to paragraph 272 permits the entry of 
Japanese imitations of American grass rugs at a low rate of duty. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Under the act of 1897 (par. 333) and the act of 1909 (par. 343), 
neither of which contained a provision for mats or rugs, mats and 
rugs of straw were classified as manufactures of straw. Straw was 
declared not to be a vegetable fiber within the paragraph. (G. A. 
4954, T. D. 23144, of 1901; Abstract 25327, T. D. 31498, and Abstract 
25688, T. D. 31624, of 1911.) After insertion of the words “ includ- 
ing mats and rugs” in the corresponding paragraph (272) of the 
act of 1913, rugs woven of rice straw crushed and twisted by ma- 
chinery into a string or targe cord in the weft and of cotton thread 
or cord in the warp, the straw, not having reached the fiber stage, 
‘still being intact, were held to be “manufactured trom straw, round 
or split,” within paragraph 272, and not as “rugs made of * * * 
vegetable fiber’? under paragraph 273. (G. A. 7610, T. D. 34820, of 
1914; Abstract 37244, of 1915.) Grass rugs with the body or filling 
of twisted grass or straw which also has not reached the fiber stage, 
were likewise classified. (Abstract 37621, of 1915.) Rush rugs, woven, 
the weft and warp beth being rush, are alse dutiable under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 8169, T. D. 37651, of 1918.) But mats made of 
braids of straw, sewn together with cotton, and having no warp of 
cotton, hemp, or other vegetable substances, are not dutiable under 
this provision, but as manufactures of straw under paragraph 368. 
The words, “and having a warp of cotton, hemp, or other vegetable 
substanees,” were restricted to mats and rugs of the same character 
as the straw matting, and the phrase “floor mattings, * * * in- 
cluding mats and rugs manufactured from straw, * * * and 
having a warp of cotton, hemp, or other vegetable substances,’ was 
restricted to such floor mattings, mats and rugs as have the warp 
designated in paragraph 272. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 379, of 1915.) 

(See pars. 273 and 368.) 


PARAGRAPH 273. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, 


344, Carpets, carpeting, mats and 273. Carpets, carpeting, mats and 

rugs made of flax, hemp, jute, or | rugs.made of flax, hemp, jute, or 
other vegetable fiber (except cotton), | other vegetable fiber (except cotton), 
valued at not exceeding 15 cents per | 80 per centum ad valorem. 
Square yard, 4 cents per square yard 
and 380 per centum ad valorem; 
valued above 15 cents per square 
yard, 8 cents per square yard and 
30 per centum ad valorem. 


393. Carpets and carpeting of 
Poe fax. (Fo ME or: ~eom= 
posed in part of any of them, not 
specialiy provided for in this sec- 
tion, 50 per centum ad valorem. 


432 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Deseription and uses.—Carpets, carpeting, mats and rugs of 
vegetable fiber (except cotton), are floor coverings made largely of 
jute or paper. Some are of flax or hemp, though the term “hemp 
carpet” is often used to designate those made of jute. Jute is rela- 
tively so cheap that where used as filling in carpets, such as the 
Venetian or the jute ingrain, or as backing in tapestry or other 
carpeting, the cotton or other material usually forms the component 
material of chief value. Only a portion, therefore, of the floor 
coverings into which jute enters are classable under this paragraph. 

In making fiber carpeting, a long-staple vegetable fiber is con- 
verted into paper, cut into long strips, and spun into threads, the 
width of the strip determining the size of the yarn. These twisted 
paper yarns are used as filling, in connection with a cotton warp, in 
weaving paper carpeting, ordinarily designated as “ fiber carpeting,” 
which is used as a substitute for carpets or rugs of wool or other 
material. Such rugs, however, if in chief value of paper (tissue) 
would be dutiable under paragraph 323 as a manufacture of tissue 
paper rather than under this paragraph. 

Production of jute carpets and rugs in 1914 was 4,862,302 square 
yards, valued at $1,172,257. Six. principal fiber-rug manufacturers 
state that their production in 1918 totaled over $5,000,000. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 656,876 yards, valued at $185,616, 
but were much smaller both before and since that year; they are 
confined mainly to jute rugs or carpeting, with some of flax, and 
compete with or supplement the manufactures of jute carpets. There’ 
is no foreign competition on fiber carpeting. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The primary distinction between paragraphs 272 and 273 is that the 
first relates to floor coverings made of vegetable substances, such as 
straw, and the second to floor coverings made of vegetable fibers, 
such as jute, flax, or hemp. : 

Rugs of coco fiber—Articles composed of coco fiber and definitely, 
uniformly, and generally known and recognized throughout the trade 
and commerce of this country as rugs, and never as mats, are dutiable 
under the provision in this paragraph for “rugs made of * * #* 
vegetable fiber (except cotton)” rather than under the provision in 
paragraph 871 for “mats made of coco fiber.” An established ad- 
ministrative practice can not overcome full proof of a commercial 
designation, in which sense tariff statutes are deemed to be enacted. 
(G. A. 8053, T. D. 87189, of 1917, which was followed in Abstract 
414*89, of 1917.) (See par. 272 for straw and grass rugs.) 


PARAGRAPH 274. 
ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1913. 


345. Hydraulic or flume hose, made 274. Hydraulic or flume hose, made 
in whole or in part of cotton, flax, | in whole or in part of cotton, flax, 
hemp, ramie, or jute, 15 cents per | hemp, ramie, or jute, 7 cents per 
pound. pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Hydraulic hose is a flexible tube for con- 
veying fluids; fire and garden hose are familiar examples. There 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 433 


are three main types of hydraulic hose: (1) Ordinary hose with 
insertion of canvas. In making this hose a long mandrel is put 
through a tube machine and covered with rubber; this is laid on 
a bench and strips of proofed cotton or hemp canvas, cut on the 
bias, are wound around it by hand, this being called insertion; the 
mandrel with rubber and insertion is passed through the tube again 
and the outer coat of rubber put on. ‘To increase its strength and 
elasticity, the hese is then vulcanized in a long tube, vulcanization 
being a process of treating crude india rubber with sulphur at a 
high temperature. (2) High-pressure hose with braided insertion 
of hemp, cotton, or brass wire. This is largely used for conveying 
water at high pressure and may be of relatively thinner substance 
than ordinary insertion hose. The process of manufacture is simi- 
lar, except that the insertion is braided into place, the tubular man- 
drel with its first coating of rubber being passed through the core 
of a horizontal braiding machine which uses, ordinarily, 48 to 60 
bobbins of yarn. (8) Canvas hose, with or without rubber lining. 
Canvas or duck hose is made of flax, hemp, or cotton yarn woven on 
a plain heavy loom into a seamless hose fabric. The interior of the 
fabrie is then coated with rubber and vulcanized. 

Imports of hydraulic or flume hose were valued at $84,299 in 1918 
and at $14,948 in 1915. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Hydraulic hose, in ordinary understanding, is hose manufactured to 
withstand artificial water pressure. The hose commercially known as 
“hydraulic mining hose,” which is a large hose 3 inches or more in 
diameter, composed of cotton or of cotton and rubber, and never made 
of flax, hemp, ramie, or jute, is not the only hydraulic hose provided 
for in this paragraph, for the provision covers hydraulic hose made 
of other materials than cotton, namely, “ flax, hemp, ramie, or jute”; 
flax fire hose is included. (G. A. 8015, T. D. 369380, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 275. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


346. Tapes composed wholly or in 
part of flax, woven with or without 
metal threads, on reels, spools, or 
otherwise, and designed expressly for 
use in the manufacture of measuring 
tapes, 40 per centum ad valorem, 


275, Tapes composed wholly or in 
part of flax, woven with or without 
metal threads, on reels, spools, - or 
otherwise, and designed expressly for 
use in the manufacture of measuring 
tapes, 20 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tape is woven on narrow fabric looms 


weaving several at a time. 
flax, cotton, or other material. 


Measuring tape may be made of steel, 
Flax is particularly suitable because 


the fiber is strong and unelastic; metal threads aid in keeping the 


tape of a uniform length. 


Imports of materials for making measuring tape in 1914 were 
valued at $10,421; in 1918, at $12,738. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Relatively small imports make questionable the value of this para- 


graph as a separate provision. 
184911°—20——-28 


434 


SUMMARY .OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 276. 


ACT OF 1909. 


347. Linoleum, corticine, and all 
other fabrics or coverings for floors, 
made in part of oil or any similar 
product, plain, stamped, painted, or 
printed, only, not specially provided 
for herein, if nine feet or under in 
width, 8 cents per square yard and 
15 per centum ad yalorem; over nine 
feet in width, 12 cents per square yard 
and 15 per centum ad valorem; and 
any of the foregoing of whatever 
width, the composition of which forms 
designs or patterns, whether inlaid or 
otherwise, by whatever name known, 


ACT OF 1913. 


276. Linoleum, plain, stamped, 
painted, or printed, including corti- 
cine and cork carpet, figured or plain, 
also linoleum known as granite and 
oak plank, 30 per centum ad valorem; 
inlaid linoleum, 85 per centum ad ya- 
lorem; oilcloth for floors, plain, 
stamped, painted, or printed, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; mats or rugs 
made of oilcloth, linoleum, corticine, 
or cork carpet shall be subject to the 
same rate of duty as herein provided 
for oilcloth, linoleum, corticine, or 
cork carpet. 


and cork carpets, 20 cents per square 
yard and 20 per centum ad valorem ; 
mats for floors made of oilcloth, lino- 
leum, or corticine shall be subject to 
the same rate of duty herein provided 
for oilcloth, linoleum, or corticine ; oil- 
cloth for floors, if nine feet or less in 
width, 6 cents per square yard and 
15 per centum ad valorem; over nine 
feet in width, 10 cents per square 
yard and 15 per centum ad va- 


te 


lorem S072 sas. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Floor oilcloth is composed of a foundation 
of jute burlap coated with a mixture of linseed oil, ocher, and benzine. 
Several coats are applied to attain the desired thickness, each coat 
in turn being dried and rubbed smooth with pumice stone. Floor oil- 
cloth may be plain or have designs stamped, painted, or printed on 
the smooth finished coating. Printed designs are now usually done 
by automatic machinery. 

Linoleum gets its name from linum (flax) and oleum (oil). A 
cement is made of solidified linseed oil, resin, and kauri gum; this is 
then mixed with cork dust, and the paste thus made rolled upon a 
foundation of jute burlap. If the fabric is to be plain (that is, of a 
uniform color), the coloring matter is added before rolling. In .in- 
laid or mosaic linoleum the colors go through and do not wear 
away as in printed or stenciled linoleum. JIJnlaid linoleum is made in 
several ways, but generally the process consists of cutting rolis of 
linoleum cement of various colors into separate pieces, fitting them 
into a design on a jute burlap foundation, and incorporating them into 
a fabric by means of hot rollers. Automatic machinery is used for 
eutting and assembling the vari-colored pieces. In some inlaid lin- 
oleums the fabric foundation is dispensed with. Granite linoleum is 
made from pastes of different colors. The colors remain separate in 
the completed fabric, but the assemblage and relation of these vari- 
ously colorec spots and masses are casual. Plank linoleuwms, oak 
plank linoleums, or plank inlaid linoleums are made by running two 
separate paste mixtures side by side upon the burlap foundation; the 
two pastes are not allowed to “ mix.” The effeet resembles an inlaid 
flooring. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 435 


Corticine is prepared like linoleum, but the linseed oil is oxidized 
differently and rubber is also employed in the composition. Cork 
carpet resembles plank linoleum and is made in the same way, except 
that the cork is not ground so finely and a larger proportion of cork 
is used in the mixture; the resuit is a softer, more spongelike sub- 
stance. 

Production of oilcloth and lincleum (made on jute) in 1914 was 
floor oilcloth, 7,536,379 square yards, valued at $1,483,731; linoleum, 
including cork carpet, 33,306,699 square yards, valued at $10,043,436; 
and inlaid linoleum, 8,479,202 square yards, valued at $4,725,837; total 
value, $16,253,004. The Census figures show a steady increase in 
linoleum, including the inlaid, but a decline in floor oilcloth. 

Imports of oilcloth and linoleum in 1911 were 5,317,652 square 
yards, normally coming mainly from the United Kingdom and Ger- 
many. Import values were $2,070,747 in 1911, $1,877,329 in 1914, and 
$30,256 in 1918. Imports were chiefly of linoleum, those of oilcloth 
being much less. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $60,403; in 1918, at $655,175. Pre- 
vious to the war Cuba was usually the largest purchaser. In 1918 the 
best markets were found in Canada, Australasia, China, and Japan. 

(See subsec. 5, par. J, Sec. IV.) 


PARAGRAPH 277. 


ACT OF 1909. 


348, Shirt collars and cuffs, a ee 
composed in whole or in part of linen, 
40 cents per dozen pieces and 20 per 


ACT OF 1913. 


277. Shirt collars and cuffs, com- 
posed in whole or in part of linen, 30 
per centum ad valorem, 


centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The manufacture of shirt collars and cuffs 
originated in America and imports never have been large. Imported 
linen cloth was formerly the chief material, but both collars and 
cuffs are now mainly of cotton, high-priced linen being little used. 
The use of detachable cuffs has been discontinued to a large extent 
and few are required, domestic or foreign. 

Production value in 1914 was $18,530,840, mainly of cotton; no 


figures are given as to linen. 


Troy, N. Y., is the principal producer. 


Imports of shirt collars and cuffs (linen) were 40,759 dozen, valued 
at $56,630 in 1914, and 17,618 dozen, valued at $33,417 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 278. 


a AE 1S Sh bands, bandings, 
belts, beltings, bindings, cords, * * * 
ribbons, tapes, webs, and webbings; 
* * * all of the foregoing, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of 
* * * flax, or other vegetable fiber, 
GLO. oct, fax, Of other. vege- 
table fiber and india rubber, or of 
* %*£ * flax, or other vegetable fiber, 
india rubber, and metal, and not else- 
Where specially provided for in this 
section, 60 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That no article composed 
wholly or in chief value of one or 
more of the materials or goods speci- 


278. Bands, bandings, belts, beltings, 
bindings, cords, ribbons, tapes, webs 
and webbings, all the foregoing com- 
posed wholly of fiax, hemp, or ramie, 
or of flax, hemp, or ramie and india 
rubber, and not otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, 30 per 
eentum ad valorem; wearing apparel 
composed wholly of flax, hemp, or 
ramie, or of flax, hemp, or ramie and 
india rubber, 49 per centum ad 
valorem. 


436 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


fied in this paragraph, shall pay a 
less rate of duty than the highest 
rate imposed by this section upon any 
of the materials or goods of which 
the same is composed: And provided 
further, That no article or fabric of 
any description, composed of flax or 
other vegetable fiber, or of which these 
materials or any of them is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, when 
embroidered by hand or machinery, 
or having hand or machinery em- 
broidery thereon, shall pay a less rate 
of duty than that imposed in this 
section upon any embroideries of the 
materials of which such embroidery 
is composed. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses—This paragraph includes small wares and 
_ wearing apparel. Small wares of cotton have been described under 
paragraph 262. Wearing apparel includes outer garments and un- 
derclothing, for both men and women, if made of flax, hemp, or ramie. 

Import values of small wares of flax, hemp, or ramie, were 
$39,790 in 1914 and $18,748 in 1918. The imports of wearing apparel 
of flax, hemp, or ramie, excluding collars and cuffs (par. 277) and 
ornamental wearing apparel (par. 358), amounted to $20,344 in 1914 
and to $24,850 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Flax knit underwear is dutiable at the rate of 40 per cent as wear- 
ing apparel composed wholiy of flax under this paragraph, rather 
than at 80 per cent aS wearing apparel made wholly or in part on 
knitting machines, ete., composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
under paragraph 261. (T. D. 36726, of 1916.) 

Men’s shirts, embroidered with initials, are dutiable under para- 
graph 858 as embroidered articles, rather than dutiable under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 36360, of 1914, following 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 186, 
of 1911.) 

The word “ cords ” was interpreted to have the meaning given under 
former acts and to include merchandise known as ‘“ Coronation 
cord,” an article imported in running lengths and having a lineal 
core or center composed of cotton threads around which mercerized 
cotton threads are spun in such a manner as to form at regular 
intervals small oval lumps about one-half inch in length. (5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 357, of 1914.) 

Some small wares are used in clothing, but many are not, and it 
is therefore suggested that, for the sake of clearness, it might be 
advisable to have a separate paragraph for “ bands, bandings, belts, 
beltings, bindings, cords, ribbons, tapes, webs and webbings,” ete., 
and for “ wearing apparel, composed wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie, 
or of flax, hemp, or ramie and india rubber.” The two groups have 
different rates of duty, and no reason is apparent for placing them 
in the same paragraph, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


437 


. PARAGRAPH 279. 


° ACT OF 1909. 


352, Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, by whatever name known, 
weighing not less than six ounces per 
square yard and not exceeding thirty 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, % of 1 cent per 


ACT OF 19138. 


279. Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, by whatever name known, 


bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, printed, or rendered nonin- 
flammable by any process, 10 per 


centum ad valorem, 


pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
if exceeding thirty and not exceeding 
fifty-five threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, Z of 1 
cent per pound and 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Unbleached plain-woven fabrics of single 
jute yarn, not processed, are imported in huge amounts under para- 
graph 408 of the free list. The importations of plain-woven fabrics 
of single jute yarn, rendered noninflammable, or that are other than 
in the gray, are comparatively small. Brattice cloth, a noninflam- 
mable jute fabric used as air shafts and fire curtains in mines, is the 
largest import. No imports of cotton bagging are reported under this 
paragraph, although domestic cotton bagging is usually rendered non- 
inflammable. Jute cloth is rarely bleached. A fair amount is dyed 
in art shades or printed or stenciled for wall decoration, though, 
owing to changes of fashion, imports of this are now negligible. A 
small amount (e. g., hop cloth on the Pacific coast) is “ colored,” that 
is, woven with stripes of dyed yarns. 

Imports of plain-woven fabrics of single jute yarns under this para- 
graph in 1918 were 1,140,862 pounds, valued at Gh 313, mainly from 
the United Kingdom. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Plain woven jute burlap in the piece, 40 inches wide, having a col- 
ored stripe 24 inches wide running lengthwise throughout the center 
of the fabric, the stripe being produced by colored warp threads, is 
dutiable as colored under this paragraph, rather than free of duty 
under paragraph 408. (Abstract 42798, of 1918.) Jute canvas with a 
double warp and single filling, each of single jute yarn, but which 
was not twilled or figured in any manner in the process of weaving, 
was held to bea plain woven fabric. (99 Fed., 262, of 1900.) Fabrics 
known as monk’s cloth, woven with both a double warp and a double 
weft, from jute yarns not advanced beyond the condition of singles, 
were also held to be plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns. (G. A. 
5269, T. D. 24191, of 1903.) Twilled burlaps of single jute yarns, 
woven in such a manner as to present a twilled effect, are not plain 
woven fabrics of single jute yarns. The term ‘“ plain woven” means 
plain as distinguished from twilled or figured effects produced in the 
process of weaving. (G. A. 5035, T. D. 23386, of 1901, applying 99 
Fed., 262, and G. A. 4785, T. D. 22560, of 1900.) 

A plain-woven cloth, composed of jute yarns advanced beyond the 
condition of singles, by grouping or twisting three or more single 
yarns together, is not within the provision for fabrics of single jute 
yarns. (G. A. 5035, T. D. 23386, of 1901.) In G. A. 5269, T. D. 24191, 


438 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

ef 1903, it is stated that the grouping spoken of in the last cited 
ease does not refer to the grouping of the threads or yarns in the 
process of weaving, but to the assembling and twisting together of 
strands or small yarns in making coarser yarns, or yarns advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles. In G. A. 5135, T. D. 23719, of 1902, it is 
indicated that a fabrie of two or more single yarns grouped or twisted 
together would be removed from the provision. 

(See pars. 283, 284, and 408.) 


PARAGRAPH 280. 


ACT OF 1909. 


All pile fabries, whether or 
not the pile covers the entire surface, 
composed of flax, or of which flax 
is the component material of chief 
value, and all artieles and manufae- 
tures made from such fabrics, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
60 per eentum ad valorem. 


Or\Q 
Vo. 


-ACT OF 1918. 


280. All pile fabrics, whether or not . 
the pile covers the entire surface, 
composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
of which flax, hemp, or ramie is the 
component material of chief vale, 
and all articles and manufactures 
made from such fabrics, not specially 
provided for in this seetion, 40 per 


eentum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Pile fabrics of flax, hemp, or ramie, usually 
have a cotton warp, and their production is not so extensive as that of 
pile fabrics of silk or mohair, the vegetable fibers not being so suit- 
able. As carpeting has a special paragraph, the pile fabries here 
included are mainly plush. There are also included articles and 
manufactures of such pile fabrics, embracing among others, portiéres 
of plush of which flax is the component material of chief value. 

Imports of pile fabries of flax, hemp, or ramie were valued at 
$230,222 in 1914 and $3,608 in 1918, and manufactures thereof were 
valued at $1,815 in 1914 and $181 in 1918. 

(For ‘“ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 257 and 314.) 


PARAGRAPH 281. 


281. Bags or sacks made from 
plain woven fabrics, of single jute 
| yarns, not dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, printed, or bleached, 10 per 


r centum ad valorem, 


354. Bags or sacks made from plain 
woven fabrics, of single jute yarns, 
not dyed, colored, stained, painted, 
printed, or bleached, and not exceed- 
ing thirty threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, 2 of 
1 cent per pound and 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This is one of the most important para- 
graphs of Schedule J from a revenue point of view. It includes the 
majority of the jute bags and sacks imported—those made from plain- 
woven jute cloth of single jute yarn. This cloth is mainly burlap, 
but. includes also double-warp bagging, as the double-warp construc- 
tion—meaning in this ease that, like duck, two ends are used as one 
in the warp—is counted as plain woven. The bags are used mainly 
for handling, storing, and shipping farm products, such as wheat, 
sugar, coffee, etc. 

Production.—Caleutta is the largest manufacturer of jute bags, 
and the best markets are Australia, the United States, Chile, and 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 439 


England. The United States is the largest user, but the greater por- 
tion of the bags are made here from imported burlap. It is estimated 
that three-fourths of the huge import of burlap is used for making 
bags and sacks. Some 40,000,000 or more Calcutta bags are required 
annually on the Pacific coast for sacking wheat, oats, and barley. 
East of the Rocky Mountains domestic manufacturers control the 
trade. 

Burlap, now free, can not be produced in this country in competi- 
tion with cheap Hast Indian labor, except under a prohibitive tariff, 
which would affect the farming interests adversely. 

Imports of jute bags and sacks in 1914 were 62,875,362 pounds, 
valued at $5,060,524; in 1918, 31,511,242 pounds, valued at $3,632,912. 
The tariff revenue in 1914 amounted to $750,420; in 1918, to $363,291. 
The leading import is a bag known as the “Standard 22 by 382 Cal- 
ecutta grain bag.” 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Second-hand bags made from plain woven jute fabrics, containing 
identification marks consisting of two or three letters stenciled thereon 
and covering an insignificant amount of the surface of the bags, are 
not dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, within this paragraph, 
and are dutiable thereunder, rather than as manufactures of vege- 
table fiber under paragraph 284. (G. A. 7705, T. D. 35268, of 1915.) 
Similar bags, stenciled with identification marks or with the words 
.“for drawback” with the name of the manufacturer (Abstract 
38362, of 1915) and having words, letters, and numbers stenciled 
thereon for identification only (Abstract 38434, of 1915) were also 
classified under this paragraph, However, jute bags having a swb- 
stantial portion of their surface dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, although by stenciling, and not for identification, are ex- 
eluded from this paragraph and are dutiable under paragraph 284, 
G. A. 5177, T. D. 23870, of 1902, cited. (G. A. 8058, T. D. 37158, of 
1917.) Bags with a brand covering about one-third of the surface 
and for other than mere identification were likewise excluded from 
this paragraph following the last-mentioned case.* (Abstract 42569, 
of 1918.)— 

Bags with a colored stripe down the center of each side composed 
of a single jute yarn of the warp, trivial in value and character and 
not constituting a necessary or substantial part of the article, were 
held not to be colored or dyed. (G. A. 5105, T. D. 23618, of 1902.) 
Bags with two stripes of colored yarns on each side, constituting 
about 7.5 per cent of the warp (G. A. 4997, T. D. 23286, of 1901) and 
bags with a colored stripe about 1 inch wide down the center of 
each side composed of five warp threads (G. A. 5105, T. D. 23618, of 
1902) were excluded from the provision ‘not dyed, colored, ete.” and 
are dutiable under paragraph 284. 

Twilled jute bags are not within this paragraph as made from plain 
woven fabrics, but are likewise dutiable under paragraph 284. (Ab- 
stract 37088, T. D. 35020, of 1914, following G. A. 6063, T. D. 26445, 
of 1905.) (See pars. 284, 408, and 566.) 


440 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 282. 


ACT OF 1909. 


356. Handkerchiefs 
flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which 
these substances, or either of them, 
is the component material of chief 
value, whether in the piece or other- 
wise, and whether finished or unfin- 
ished, not hemmed or hemmed only, 
50 per centum ad valorem; if hem- 
stitched, or imitation hemstitched, 
or revered, or with drawn threads, 
but not embroidered, initialed, or in 
part of lace, 55 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


composed of 


ACT OF 1913. 


282. Handkerchiefs composed . of 
fiax, hemp, or ramie, or of which 
these substances, or any of them, 
is the component material of chief 
value, whether in the piece or other- 
wise, and whether finished or un- 
finished, not hemmed or hemmed only, 
35 per centum ad valorem; if hem- 
stitched, or imitation hemstitched, 
or revered, or with drawn threads, 
but not embroidered, initialed, or in 
part of lace, 40 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—The plain hemmed or hemstitched linen 
handkerchief is in wide use by those who prefer its appearance 
and wearing qualities to the cheaper cotton article. The ordinary 
linen handkerchief displaces the finer grades of cotton handkerchiefs 
when prices are normal. Hemp and ramie fibers are not sufficiently 
fine or flexible to make satisfactory handkerchief cloth. Practically 
all of the imports under this paragraph are of linen. 

Production.—Linen handkerchiefs are made from “ shirting cloth,” 
a light, plain-woven linen cloth, usually bleached, and weighing less 
than 44 ounces per square yard. ‘The cloth suitable for making 
handkerchiefs comes chiefly from the north of Ireland. The finished’ 
fabric is cut to size, hemmed or hemstitched, ironed, folded, and 
boxed for sale. The estimated value of the domestie output of hand- 
kerchiefs of all kinds in 1914 was $15,000,000, of which plain linen 
handkerchiefs amounted to about $1,000,000. Statistics of cotton, 
linen, and embroidered handkerchiefs are usually combined in factory 
returns, rendering exact statement of linen-handkerchief production 
all but impossible. (See details under par. 255.) 

Imports.—From one-half to three-quarters of all the imports of 
linen handkerchiefs have consisted of “ fancy handkerchiefs ”’—em- 
broidered, initialed, of lace, or otherwise adorned—dutiable under 
paragraph 3858. Of the plain linen handkerchiefs imported, fully 90: 
per cent have been of the hemstitched type. The imports of linen 
handkerchiefs described as “ finished or unfinished, not hemmed or 
‘hemmed only,” have been slight. Import values of plain linen hand- 
kerchiefs have fluctuated in the last two decades from $500,000 to 
over $1,000,000, averaging about $800,000 a year, with no marked 
tendency to increase or decrease. Owing to the higher price of linen, 
the value of imports advanced during the war, reaching in 1918 a total 
of $1,240,183, with a revenue of $490,330. The chief source is the 
United Kingdom, principally the north of Ireland. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Flax handkerchiefs having the edges trimmed with a colored orna- 
mentation made by crocheting are not embroidered, but dutiable under 
this paragraph. (G. A. 7768, T. D. 35654, of 1915; Abstract 40094, of 
1916.) 

Handkerchiefs embroidered or scalloped are dutiable under para- 
graph 358 rather than under this paragraph or under paragraph 255 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


for handkerchiefs composed of cotton. 


44] 


Paragraph 858 was declared 


to take from other paragraphs for handkerchiefs all embroidered or 


scalloped handkerchiefs. 
(See pars. 255 and 315.) 


(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 30, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 283. 


ACT OF 1909. 


sote Woven-fabrics *.* * not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of 
chief value, weighing four and one- 
half ounces or more per square yard, 
when containing not more than sixty 


ACT OF 1913. 
283. Plain woven rot in-- 
cluding articles, finished or wunfin- 
ished, of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
of which these substances or any 
of them is the component material 
of chief value, including such as is 
known as Shirting cloth, 80 per cen- 
tum ad valorem, 


fabrics, 


threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, 12 cents per 
square yard; containing more than 
sixty and not more than one hun- 
dred and twenty threads to the square 
inch, 2 cents per square yard; con- 
taining more than one hundred and 
twenty and not more than one hun- 
dred and eighty threads to the square 
inch, 6 cents per square yard; con- 
taining more than one hundred and 
eighty threads to the square inch, 
9 cents per square yard, and in addi- 
tion thereto, on all the foregoing, 30 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That none of the foregoing * * * 
fabrics in this paragraph shall pay 
a less rate of duty than 50 per centum 
ad valorem. Plain woven fabrics, 
not including articles, finished or un- 
finished, of flax, hemp, or ramie, or 
of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of 
chief value, including such as is 
known as sSshirting cloth; weighing 
less than four and one-half ounces 
per square yard and containing more 
than one hundred threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
weighing less than four and one-half 
ounces per square yard and contain- 
ing not more than one _ hundred 
threads to the square inch, 80 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—Aside from a small amount of crash, there is brag 
tically no linen woven in the United States. 

Imports of plain-woven fabrics of flax, hemp, or ramie Mrotnce 
fine linens, such as cambric, lawn, batiste, grass cloth, shirting, bosom 
linen or fronting, and smaller amounts of the heavier qualities, such 
as sheeting, canvas, and duck of flax, and of plain-woven fabrics of 
hemp or ramie, They amounted to 81,840,068 square yards, valued 
at $12,104,538 in 1914, with revenue of $3,651,100; and to 25,496,039 
square yards, valued at $9,371,450 in 1918, with revenue of $2,811,205. 


449 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Card cloth in chief value of flax, known in the textile industry as 
a “plain double weave,” woven double by an intricate and elaborate 
method for the purpose of increasing its weight and strength, but 
presenting by its weave a plain, as distinguished from a figured or 
twilled effect, is dutiable under the provisions of this paragraph for 
“plain woven fabries” and not as ‘‘manufactures of flax” under 
paragraph 284. The test of whether or not a fabric is “ plain woven ” 
under this paragraph is the appearance its weave presents, and not 
the manner of its weaving. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 365, of 1916.) Flazr 
fabrics, with triple warp and double weft, not figured in any manner, 
having a perfectly plain appearance and the weave uniform through- 
out, are plain woven, and dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 
388771, of 1915, following 99 Fed. 262, of 1900, 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 327, 
of 1911, and 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, of 1912.) Flax canvas with 4 
double warp and a Single weft, having a perfectly plain appearance 
and the weave uniform throughout, was likewise classified. (Abstract 
39693, of 1916.) 

Chain-bordered crash or crash toweling so woven as to produce a 
distinctly discernable border the whole length of the piece, whether 
the border is in color or plain white, although each weave if alone 
employed would result in a plain woven fabric, is figured and not 
plain woven, and dutiable as a manufacture of flax under paragraph 
284. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 3882, of 1912; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 100, of 
1915, followed in Abstract 37996, of 1915, and Abstract 39051, of 
1916.) Bordered flax crash, however, where the weave is plain and 
the same in the border as in the body of the fabric, even though the 
border is colored, is plain woven within this paragraph and dutiable 
thereunder. (Abstracts 87996 and 388772, of 1915.) 

Huck toweling woven in such a manner that the weft threads 
appear at regular intervals in groups on the surface of the fabric, 
making a dotted or figured effect, is not a plain-woven fabrie. (Ab- 
stract 35653, T. D. 34468, of 1914, followed in Abstract 37000, T. D. 
84984, of 1914.) Neither is linen demask plain woven. (2 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 327, of 1911.) 

Plain woven flax fabrics under 12 inches in width are dutiable at 
30 per cent under this paragraph rather than at 25 per cent as 
fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width made of 
vegetable fiber, under paragraph 262. The provision of this para- 
graph is specific as to material, while the provision under paragraph 
262 is specific as to goods. The two provisions are equally specific, 
and the goods take the higher rate by virtue of paragraph 386. 
(Abstract 37256, of 1915, followed in Abstract 38774, of 1915.) 

Flax pillow tubing in 20 or 80 yard lengths is a fabrie within this 
provision rather than an article. (Abstract 34361, of 1913.) Flax 
scearfing, with a hem and hemstitching, is also not an article, but is 
advanced beyond the condition of a plain-woven fabric and is dutiable 
as a manufacture of flax. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1915.) 

(See pars. 279 and 284.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 443 


PARAGRAPH 284. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


or 


357. Woven fabrics and articles not 284. All woven articies, finished or 

specially provided for in this section, | unfinished, and all manufactures of 
composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or | flax, hemp, ramic, or other vegetable 
of which these substanees or any of | fiber, or of which these substances, 
them is the component material of | or any of them, is the component ma- 
chief value, weighing four and one- | terial of chief value, not specially 
half ounces or more per square yard, | provided for in this section, 85 per 
when containing not moré than sixty | centum ad valorem. 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, 13 cents per 
square yard; containing more than 
sixty and not more than one hundred 
and twenty threads te the square inch, 
2% cents per square yard; containing 
more than one hundred and twenty 
and not more than one hundred and 
eighty threads to the square inch, 6 
eents per square yard; containing 
more than one hundred and eighty 
threads to the square inch, 9 cents 
per square yard, and in addition 
thereto, on all the foregoing, 30 per 
centum ad vyalorem: Provided, That 
none of the foregoing articles or 
fabrics in this paragraph shall pay 
a less rate of duty than 50 per centum 
20 yarorem. *  * * 


358. All woven articles, finished or 
unfinished, and all manufactures of 
flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable 
fiber, or of which these substances, or 
any of them, is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 45 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


This paragraph, with paragraph 283, is the catch-all section of 
Schedule J. 

Imports.—Canada and the United Kingdom are the main sources. of 
manufactures. of vegetable fiber, other than cotton, n. s. p. f., the 
majority of the imports being flax. In 1918 they were valued at 
$6,455,125, of which $5,689,794 was for flax, $400,370 for jute, $305,411 
for hemp, and $109,550 for ramie. The revenue amounted to $2,200,- 
467. By far the largest item covered by this catch-all paragraph is 
table linen, such as tablecloths and napkins, of damask or other 


weaves. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Among articles held dutiable under this provision are the follow- 
ing: Jute bagging patches, striped and twilled, and not composed of 
single yarns (Abstract 39855, of 1916); ramie strips and hemp che- 
nille for making hat braids (Abstract 28275, T. D. 32455, of 1912; 
Abstract 43241, of 1919); Tagal thread (Abstract 31938, T. D. 85338, 
of 1913); vegetable fiber fender (Abstract 31517, T. D. 33242, 
of 1913); bumpers or fenders used for unloading beer barrels (Ab- 
stract 34119, T. D. 33913, of 1918; Abstract 38891, of 1915); jute 
padding, a plain woven fabric of cotton and jute, the jute chief value 


444 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


(G, A. 8124, T. D. 37492, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, of 1919; see 
also Abstract 37515, of 1915) ; union towels in chief value of flax (Ab- 
stract 88815, of 1915); “ hemp allover,’ a woven fabric of manila 
hemp, not plain woven (Abstract 41931, of 1918) ; chain bordered crash 
or crash toweling, not plain woven (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, of 1912; 6 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 100, of 1915, followed in Abstract 37996, of 1915 and 
Abstract 89051, of 1916); huck toweling, not plain woven (Abstract 
35653, T. D. 84468, of 1914; Abstract 87000, T. D. 34984 of 1914) ; 
flax card cloth, twilled (Abstract 37354, of 1915, followed in Abstract 
38037, of 1915) ; linen damask (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 827, of 1911) ; linen 
towels, having a zigzag pattern woven at each end, with open work 
effect (Abstract 88282, of 1915); hemstitched flax towels, with an 
additional row of spokestitching or openwork simulating hemstitch- 
ing, about 4 inches from the hem and commercially known as hem- 
stitching (G. A. 8056, T. D. 37142, of 1917); steel wire rope, hemp 
covered (Abstracts 38558, of 1915, and 39684, of 1916); unfinished 
flax articles consisting of woven pieces of linen with a stamped design 
for embroidering with a very small part of the outlined design filled 
in with embroidery thread (Abstracts 421538, of 1918, and 48017, of 
1919) ; and tennis nets made from Russian hemp (G. A. 7745, T. D. 
85562, of 1915). 

So-called seda-grass cord, made from split rush or sedge, was also 
held dutiable under this paragraph as a manufacture of vegetable 
fiber n. s. p. f. A fiber may be either the individual threadlike part of 
a vegetable or other substance, or a coarser part thereof which may be 
capable of separation into threads, for spinning, weaving, ete. (G. A. 
8254, T. D. 88010, of 1919.) 

For the reason above stated, separate provision might be made for 
table linen and manufactures thereof. 

(See par. 279, for jute burlaps, twilled, or of yarns advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles, held dutiable under this provision and 
par. 281 for twilled and colored jute bags likewise classified ; see, also, 
pars. 283 and 408.) i 

PARAGRAPH 285. 


& ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

359. Istle or tampico, when dressed, 285, Istle or tampico, when dressed, 
dyed, or combed, 20 per centum ad | dyed, or combed, 20 per centum ad 
valorem, valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—ZIJstle is described under paragraph 497. 
Dressed (combed) istle has been subjected to a combing process 
paralleling the fibers and removing the shorter ones. 

Imports of istle, dressed, dyed, or combed, are normally unim- 
portant; the maximum was $18,810 in 1915. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bassine or Palmyra fibers, in material, quality, texture, or the use 
to which they may be applied, are not sufficiently similar to the istle 
or Tampico, dressed, dyed, or combed, of this paragraph, to be dutia- 
ble thereunder by similitude, nor is their quality such as to warrant 
such assessment. They are dressed goods and are dutiable as un- 
enumerated manufactured articles under paragraph 385. (6 Ct. Cust. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 445 


Appls., 263, of 1915.) Merchandise invoiced as vegetable fiber, African 
fiber, African bass, and piassava of Africa, was also held not dutiable 
by similitude under this paragraph, but dutiable as unenumerated 
manufactured articles. (Abstract 38689, of 1915.) (See par. 497.) 

Since dressed flax and dressed hemp are on the free list, it is not 
apparent why dressed istle, relatively insignificant, is made dutiable 
and given a special paragraph. 


SCHEDULE K. WOOL AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH 286. 


ACT OF 1909. 


375. On combed wool or tops, made 
wholly or in part of wool or camel’s 
hair, valued at. not more than 20 cents 
per pound, the duty per pound shall 
be two and one-fourth times the duty 
imposed by this schedule on one pound 
of unwashed wool of the first class; 


ACT OF 19138. 


286. Combed wool or tops ard rov- 
ing or roping made wholly or in part 
of wool or camel’s hair, and on other 
wool and hair which have been ad- 
vanced in any manner or by any proc- 
ess of manufacture beyond the washed 
or scoured condition, not specially pro- 


vided for in this section, 8 per centum 
ad valorem, 


valued at more than 20 cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be 
three and one-third times the duty im- 
posed by this schedule on one pound 
of unwashed wool of the first class; 
and in addition thereto, upon all the 
foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


3876. Wool and hair which have been 
advanced in any Manner or by any 
- process of manufacture beyond the 
washed or scoured condition, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
shall be subject to the same duties as 
are imposed upon manufactures __ of 
wool not specially provided for in this 
section, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


TOPS OF WOOL. 


Description and uses.—In the worsted industry scoured wool is 
carded or prepared and then put through a combing machine, which 
removes the shorter fibers and lays the longer ones substantially 
parallel. The product, a large, continuous strand of wool, is called a 
“top,” and appears extensively in commerce. It is used almost ex- 
clusively for conversion into worsted yarns. 

Production of tops in 1914 was estimated at 200,000,000 pounds, 
valued at approximately $110,000,000, over 25 per cent of the value of 
all wool manufactures. Tops are produced mainly in yarn mills, but 
production outside has been growing, increasing from 20,828,245 
pounds in 1909 to 29,106,307 pounds in 1914. These are the figures 
for tops purchased. Tops produced for sale in 1914 amounted to 
8,985,170 pounds, valued at $4,926,929. ‘The apparent discrepancy 
between tops bought and tops sold is explained partly by imports, but 
more largely by the fact that the output by commission combers was 
not recorded by the Census. 

Imports prior to 1914 were negligible and in the last half of that 
fiscal year only 3.2 per cent of the quantity consumed in domestic 
worsted spinning. The figures since 1914 follow; For the first half 


446 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


of the fiscal year 1914, 4,680 pounds, valued at $2,093; and in the last 
half, 3,228,237 pounds, valued at $1,453,287. For 1915 the imports 
were 3,412,250 pounds, valued at $1,770,917, since when they have 
greatly decreased. In 1918 imports were 69,161 pounds, valued at 
$98,108. Tops of camel’s hair are a relatively small item in these 
figures. The chief source is Great Britain. 


ROVING OR ROPING, 


Description and uses.—In the worsted industry, after tops are 
made the process of drawing, by either the English or the French 
system, follows. Under the English system the top is elongated, 
decreased in diameter, and given a twist, yielding a comparatively 
Slender strand of wool called roving. Under the French system the 
top is elongated and decreased in diameter without imparting a twist, 
and the product, while often called roving, is more properly known as 
sliver. In the woolen industry, the scoured wool is carded and 
delivered by the condenser in numerous small strands, usually known 
as rovings. Rovings from either the worsted or the woolen process 
are rarely dealt in commercially. 


WOOL ADVANCED BEYOND THE SCOURING STAGE, N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—Besides tops and rovings, this paragraph 
covers all partial manufactures of wool between the scoured state 
and the yarn condition. Except for tops, these are not common in 
trade. Carbonized wool has been subjected to a bath of sulphuric or 
other acid to eliminate burs, etc. Slubbing is intermediate between 
tops and roving, being the product of the initial operation incident to 
the drawing process. 

Imports in 1914 were 22,592 pounds, vaiued at $25,305; in 1918, 
14,931 pounds, valued at $8,576. These figures cover all items dutiable 
except tops and, for the second half of 1914, rovings. 


. 


INTERMEDIATES OF CAMEL AND OTHER HAIR. 


Description and uses.—Camel’s hair is converted into rough yarns 
by the same process as wool into worsted yarns, and the partially 
manufactured products of each process before spinning are dutiable 
under this paragraph. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Wool tops, imported with a scouring machine to be used for cov- 
ering the top rollers thereof and not an essential part of the machine, 
are dutiable as wool tops and are not to be considered with the ma- 
chine as an entirety. (Abstract 27169, T. D. 32031, of 1911.) Hair 
tops made of Chinese human hair are not to come within this para- 
graph. (Abstract 38842, of 1915.) 

The word “roping” is synonymous with “roving” and might be 
omitted. 

Rovings produced by the English system are slightly twisted, and 
sometimes are indistinguishable in appearance from loose twisted 
yarns coming under paragraph 287. 

(See pars. 287 and 348.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION: AA 


PARAGRAPH 287. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


287. Yarns made wholly or in chief 
value of wool, 18 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


377. On yarns made wholly or in 
part of wool, valued at not more than 
30 cents per pound, the duty per | 
pound shall be two and one-half times | 
the duty imposed by this section on 
ene pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, and in addition thereto 35 
per centum ad yalorem; valued at 
more than 50 cents per pound, the. 
duty per pound shall be three and one- 
half times the duty imposed by this 
section on one pound of unwashed 
wool of the first class, and in addition 
thereto 40 per centum ad valorem. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The principal types of wool yarns are 
woolen or carded yarns, and worsted or combed yarns. Briefiy, 
the difference is that in woolen yarns the fibers are crossed and in- 
termixed, while in worsted yarns the fibers are drawn parallel. 
Woolen yarn makes cloth of a thicker, fuller, rougher effect, and 
the individual fibers are often raised by teaseling to give a napped 
surface. It is used for a variety of purposes, both fine and cheap 
eloths, blankets, flannels, carpets, and knit goods. The worsted yarn 
produces a smoother, firmer fabric without nap and with weave 
structure and colors more sharply defined. It is used more particu- 
larly in fabrics for the manufacture of clothing, such as suitings and 
dress goods. 

Production in 1914 was 454,185,600 pounds, classified as follows: 


For use in 
same 
Total. For sale. eatabtich= 
ment. 
IA RT REE als oho ny Ea a gd cima ia wi dt ad Digit intn emnare aie wie 205, 746, 745 26, 947, 681 178, 799, 064 
Bee Eee cnr 8 ee ino ee sides ob S 174, 099, 950 86, 998, 805 87,101, 145 
Merino (union of wool with other fiber).......-.-. 74, 338, 905 10, 705, 510 63,633, 395 
rae, 2 Se es cy a5 sce S ea aee se ee 454,185,600 | 124,651, 996 329, 533, 604 





Of worsted yarns, one-half were manufactured for sale, carpet and 
knit-goods industries taking less than one-half, the bulk going into 
worsted cloth for men’s and women’s wear. Only one-eighth of the 
woolen yarns were for sale, nearly all being taken by the carpet and 
knit-goods industries. 

Prior to 1910 the proportion of worsted yarns to the total wool 
yarns tended to increase. Subsequently, however, they declined—from 
43.3 per cent in 1909 to 38.3 per cent in 1914, and in 1917 to 33 per 
eent, the Army demand being predominantly for woolens. 

Imports from 1910 to 1913 averaged 199,545 pounds. In the cailen- 
dar year 1914 the imports were 4,760,610 pounds, valued at $3,344,478, 
only about 1.1 per cent of the total domestic production, and but 2.7 
per eent of the worsted-yarn production ; in 1917, only 41,907 pounds. 
valued at $57,985; in 1918, on account of war demand, 688,984 pounds, 


448 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
valued at $1,165,589, 636,044 pounds from Canada. Before the war 
Germany was the principal source of yarns, followed by England and 
France. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Yarn made of hair of the common goat was held dutiable as a wool 
yarn by similitude under paragraph 277 of the tariff act of 1909, 
rather than as a nonenumerated manufactured article. (Abstract 
25370, T. D, 31524, of 1911.) Wool yarn, imported with roughly em- 
broidered cushion covers, which is suitable for completing the em- 
broidery thereon is dutiable as wool yarn under this paragraph. 
(G. A. 8105, T. D. 87402, of 1917.) Roving yarn, slightly twisted, but 
which is capable of further twisting or elongation and has not been 
on the spinning frame, was held dutiable as roving or roping under 
paragraph 286, rather than as yarn under this paragraph. (G. A. 
7958, T. D. 36675, of 1916.) Under instructions from the Treasury 
Department, however, merchandise of this character is being as- 
sessed with duty as wool yarn under this paragraph pending the 


making of a new case. 


(T. D. 37148, of 1917.) 


As loose twisted yarns are indistinguishable from rovings (par. 
286), rovings might be included in this paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 288. 


ACT OF 1909. 


378. On cloths, knit fabrics, and all! 
manufactures of every description 
made wholly or in part of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
valued at not more than 40 cents 
per pound, the duty per pound shall 
be three times the duty imposed by 
this section on a pound of unwashed 
wool of the first class; valued at 
above 40 cents per pound and not 
above 70 cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall be four times the duty 
imposed by this section on one pound 
of unwashed woo! of the first class, 
and in addition thereto, upon all the 
foregoing, 50 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at over 70 cents per pound, 
the duty per pound shall be four times 
the duty imposed by this section on 
one pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class and 55 per centum ad 
valorem, 

382. * * * felts not woven, and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, composed wholly or in part of 
wool, the duty per pound shall be four 
times the duty imposed by this section 
on one pound of unwashed wool of 
the first class, and in addition thereto 
60 per centum ad valorem. 


443. Plushes and woven fabrics (ex- 
cept crinoline cloth and hair seating) 
and manufactures thereof, composed 
of the hair of the camel, * * * or 
any animal, combined with wool, vege- 
table fiber, or silk, shall be classified 
and dutiable as manufactures of wool, 


ACT OF 1913. 


288. Cloths, knit fabrics, felts not 
woven, and all manufactures of every 
description made, by any process, 
wholly or in chief value of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem; cloths if 
made in chief value of cattle hair or 
horse hair, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem ; plushes, velvets, and all other 
pile fabrics, cut or uncut, woven or 
knit, whether or not the pile covers 
the entire surface, made wholly or 
in chief value of wool, and articles 
made wholly or in chief value of such 
plushkes, velvets, or pile fabrics, 40 
per centum ad valorem; stockings, 
hose and half bose, made on knitting 
machines or frames, composed wholly 
or in chief value of wool, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; stockings, hose 
and half hose, selvedged, fashioned, 
narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part 
by knitting machines or frames, or 
knit by hand, including such as are 
commercially known as seamless stock- 
ings, hose and half hose, and clocked 
stockings, hose and half hose, gloves 
and mittens, all of* the above, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of wool, 
if valued at not more than $1.20 per 
dozen pairs, 30 per centum ad 
valorem ; if valued at more than $1.20 
per dozen pairs, 40 per centum ad 
valorem; press cloth composed of 
camel’s hair, not specially provided 
for in this section, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 449 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
WOOL CLOTHS, 


Description and uses.—The term ‘“ wool cloths” signifies woven 
fabrics destined for men’s suits, trousers, overcoats, etc, and for 
women’s cloaks. Cloths are ordinarily heavier than dress goods (par. 
290), are firmer, of greater strength, and without the draping quality. 

Wool cloths are of two general classes (1) woolens, woven of 
carded yarns, and (2) worsteds, woven of combed yarns (par. 287). 
The weave structure in woolen cloth is usually more or less concealed 
by a nap or protrusion of fiber ends, and the colors thereby somewhat 
softened and intermerged. In worsted cloth the weave structure and 
colors are more ‘sharply defined, and the surface is smoother and 
firmer. Only new. wools of long or medium lengths can be utilized in 
making worsteds; in making woolens, not only short fibers, but shoddy 
and waste also are utilized. Typical woolens are broadcloths, cassi- 
meres, tweeds, and meltons; typical worsteds are serges, unfinished 
worsteds, and fancy trouserings. 

Production.—Separate statistics for wool cloths are unobtainable, 
the Census including them with dress goods. In 1914 production under 
this classification amounted to 455,079,326 square yards, valued at 
$238,342,226, made up of 175,895,450 square yards of woolens, valued 
at $81,001,092, and 279,183,876 square yards of worsteds, valued at 
$157,341,184. The tendency for decades has been to a larger propor- 
tion of worsteds in the cloth and dress goods output, but from 1909 
to 1914 woolen production increased slightly, while worsted declined, 
chiefly in cotton warp and worsted filled goods; the combined pro- 
duction of worsteds and woolens also showed a slight decrease. Dur- 
ing the war, on account of the great Army demand for woolens, there 
was an abnormally large production. 

There were 799 manufacturers of woolen and worsted fabrics (in- 
cluding blankets, flannels, ete., as well as cloths and dress goods), 
with a capital of $389,652,578, and 164,233 employees. In the woolen 
industry alone there were 501 manufacturers, a capital of $107,871,742, 
and 51,315 employees; in the worsted, 298 establishments, a capital 
of $281,780,836, and 112,918 employees. 

Imports (including cloths of hair of the Angora goat, the alpaca, 
and other like animals) from 1910 to 19138 averaged 4,742,081 pounds, 
valued at $5,164,287. In the first half of 1914 imports were 1,984,689 
pounds, valued at $2,298,765. Thereafter cloths made of the hair of 
the Angora goat, etc, are given separately. With such fabrics 
omitted, imports of wool cloths for the second half of 1914 were 9,474,- 
620 pounds, valued at $9,725,041; for the calendar year 1914 they 
amounted to 16,439,655 pounds, valued at $16,107,505. Then came a 
decline to only 2,655,738 pounds, valued at $4,535,487 in 1918. For 
1910-1913 imports of cloths and dress goods averaged about 4 per 
cent of domestic production; for the calendar year 1914 they were 
approximately 11.2 per cent (imports of mohair, etc., included). The 
increase in 1914 was largest for narrow goods (under 54 inches) and 
mixed goods. 

Imports under the older tariffs, and to a considerable extent under 
the present tariff, generally have been of fine goods, fancy weaves, 
and specialties—cloths, largely for the best custom tailors, such as 

184911°—20 29 





450 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Scotch and Irish tweeds, superior faced goods, etc. Some imports of 
shoddy cloths appeared in 1914, but were checked by the war without 
their acceptability to American consumers being ascertained. The 
ready-to-wear trade has never utilized imported cloths to any great 
extent. 

In prewar years from 50 to 60 per cent of the importations came 
from the United Kingdom and 25 to 33.3 per cent from Germany and 
Belgium. During the war almost the entire import, except a small 
increase from Canada in 1918, came from the British Isles. 

Exports.—Until 1918 separate figures for wool woven fabrics are 
unobtainable, and then cloths and dress goods are shown together. 
Under the designation “ wool manufactures, all other” (including 
carpets and rugs, blankets, etc., aS well as cloths and dress goods), 
exports before 1914 were usually under $1,000,000, decreasing after 
1909. In 1914 they amounted to $1,668,199; in 1916 they reached 
$33,331,873, declining to $18,435,946 in 1918, of which $7,009,554 were 
for cloths and dress goods. The principal recipients were Canada, 
Cuba, Argentine, Brazil, Chile, and Norway. 


NLD GOODS, IN.) Soba. 


Description and uses.—Some of the more important items are 
jersey cloth and stockinette, astrakhan, and similar fabrics. Besides 
these a variety of miscellaneous knitted products are used for uphol- 
stery, ete. 

Imports were 13,666 pounds, valued at $14,923 in 1914, and 3,753 
pounds, valued at $11,564 in 1918. 


FELTS NOT WOVEN. 


Description and uses.—In its simplest form “ unwoven felt” is a 
layer of wool, the component fibers being pressed and tangled into 
unity. It is the hygroscopic nature of the fibers, their curliness and 
flexibility, and the serrated character of their surfaces which permit 
this fabrication through moisture, heat, and pressure. Felts are used 
for jackets for steam boilers, linings, carpets, and upholstery; and 
the better grades for piano covers, hats, ete. 

Production in 1914 of felt goods, exclusive of felt hats, endless 
belts, and hair felting, was valued at $9,075,158. , 

Imports were 88,864 pounds, valued at $105,624 in 1914, and 96,897 
pounds, valued at $189,013 in 1918. 


WOOL MANUFACTURES, N. S. P. F, 


This part of the present paragraph is the catch-all clause for 
manufactures of the wool schedule. 

Production figures for all the articles are unobtainable. In 1914 
the value of carriage robes and cloths was $1,676,778; of wpholstery 
goods and sundries, $2,042,029; of endless belts, mostly paper maker’s 
felts, $4,164,186. 

Imports.—The average value per year for 1910-1918 was $339,634; 
while 1914 totaled $771,521, the yearly average for 1915-1918 was 
only $358,646, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 45] 


CLOTHS OF CATTLE OR HORSE HATR. 


Description and uses.—Cattle and horse hair are materials for mak- 
ing carpets, automobile robes, horse blankets, imitation fur, and cheap 
felt used for a variety of purposes. Usually a vegetable fiber or wool 
is the component material of chief value; but (except haircloth, s. p. f., 
par. 353) where cattle or horse hair is the component of chief value 
of any cloth, as in the case of cheap hair felt, it is dutiable here- 
under. 

Production in 1914 of cattle-hair felt was 1,350,436 square yards, 
valued at $635,041, more than double the output in 1904. 

Imports for the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 339,857 
pounds, valued at $87,366; in 1918, 3,861 pounds, valued at $7,429. 


PILE FABRICS AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF. 


Description and uses.—Wool plushes, velvets, and other pile fabrics 
compose a minor branch of wool manufacture. They are used 
chiefly for upholstery and as imitation fur, but the pile is not as 
satisfactory as that of corresponding products made wholly or chiefly 
from mohair and similar fibers. They are in the main produced on a 
~ymachine which weaves simultaneously two fabrics with interlacing 
threads, and subsequently cuts between the two fabrics, leaving the 
cut threads upstanding to form the pile. (I"or terry method, see par. 
264. ) 

Imports of pile fabrics in the second half of 1914 were 32,868 
pounds, valued at $35,921; manufactures of pile fabrics amounted to 
$12,919. In 1918 the imports of fabrics were 701 pounds, valued at 
$1,537, and manufactures thereof, $17,598. 


" : HOSIERY. 


Description and uses.—The three classes of wool hosiery are 
covered by this paragraph. By “stockings, etc., made on knitting 
machine or frame” is meant the cheaper kind made by sewing to- 
gether “blanks” cut out of long, tubular, knitted webs made on large 
circular knitting machines. By ‘stockings, ete, * * * fashioned, 
ete.,” is meant full-fashioned hosiery, made by stitching together the 
edges of “blanks” specially knitted on a flat knitting machine, or a 
succession of flat knitting machines, called ‘‘ full-fashioned ”’ because 
on the successive machines stitches are dropped or added to 
conform the stocking to the shape desired. ‘‘ Seamless” hosiery is 
usually completed on a circular knitting machine, except for a short 
seam at the toe. Full-fashioned hosiery is the more elastic and better 
fitting, but the seamless is cheaper. 

Production of all-wool hosiery declined from 2,393,659 dozen pairs, 
valued at $5,607,486 in 1904, to 1,985,833 dozen pairs, valued at 
$3,875,486 in 1914; while the output of wool-mixed, or merino hosiery, 
increased from 2,357,292 dozen pairs, valued at $3,396,842, to 3,059,294 
dozen pairs, valued at $4,798,949. 

Imports of wool hosiery in the second half of the fiscal year 1914 
avere 28,827 dozen pairs, valued at $63,310; in 1918, 418,644 dozen 
pairs, valued at $2,149,060. The large increase for 1918 was due to 
Army demands; the bulk came from Canada. The 1914 and 1918 
imports were classified as follows: 


452 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


1914 1918 


Dozen pairs.| Value. Dozen pairs.| Value. 


Made on knitting machine, etc........ 375 $490 811 $4, 188 
Fashioned and seamless: 
Valued at not more than $1.20 


Der GOzEN ‘pails 7... sce ses ee 4,608 4,695 1,120 1,219 
Valued at more than $1.20 per 
Gozén pairs Clk. bo. ewe teach 23, 843 58, 124 ‘416,713 2, 144, 253 





KNIT GLOVES AND MITTENS. 


Description.—Gloves and mittens are made on knitting machines 
which are now so perfected that little hand labor is required. 

Imports in the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 26,126 dozen 
pairs, valued at $40,842; for the calendar year 1914, 165,243 dozen 
pairs, valued at $245,980. In 1918 imports reached 204,554 dozen 
pairs, valued at $1,492,352. For the last half of the fiseal year 1914 
and for the fiscal year 1918 imports were: 


1914 1918 





Dozen pairs. Value. Dozen pairs. Value. 


Palle Fa. 8ec Pete eee. eee ee 11, 808 $12, 491 312 $360 
Valued at over $1.20 per dozen pairs... 14,318 27, 851 204, 242 1, 491, 992 
PRESS CLOTH OF CAMEL’S HAIR. e 


Description and uses.—This cloth is employed in expressing oil 
and for pressing purposes in the chocolate, stearic acid, and mustard 
industries. 

Imports in 1914 (Jan. 1 to June 30) were 14,232 pounds, valued at ~ 
$5,984; in 1918, none. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cattle-hair cloth containing a small percentage of mohair is dutiable 
at the rate of 25 per cent ad valorem under this paragraph. (T. D. 
34624, of 1914.) Cattle-hair cloth teaseled composed of cattle hair and 
cotton with a plush effect produced on the surface by teaseling, is 
dutiable as cloth made of cattle hair under this paragraph, the fabric 
not coming within the definition of pile fabrics. (Abstract 38294, of 
1915.) Woven felt of cattle hair and jute, consisting of woven jute 
fabrics with a cattle-hair facing and backing, the felt being placed on 
the jute while in a dampened condition, is likewise classified. (T. D.. 
34614, of 1914.) Cattle-hair robes consisting of two pieces of cattle-hair 
cloth sewn together and trimmed with braid is dutiable either directly 
or by similitude or under the mixed-material clause as cloths in chief 
value of cattle hair or horsehair under this paragraph. (G. A. 7974,. 
T. D. 36743, of 1916.) Cattle-hair felt, a felted fabric in chief value: 
of cattle hair, used for undercarpeting, is also dutiable as cloths in 
chief value of cattle hair under this paragraph and not under the 
provision of the-same paragraph for “felts not woven * * * 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 453 


wholly or in chief value of wool.” (G. A. 7944, T. D. 36587, of 1916.) 
Horsehair hats were held dutiable by similitude as articles of artificial 
horsehair under paragraph 405 of the act of 1909. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
87, of 1912.) “ Patent felt jackets,” a felt used by paper makers on 
paper machines to cover or bind parts of the machinery, were held 
dutiable as “ felts not woven” under paragraph 382 of the act of 1909, 
the term including other felts besides felt wearing apparel. (Abstract 
35266, T. D. 34821, of 1914, citing 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 389, of 1912.) 

fair press cloth, in chief value of camel’s hair, was held dutiable 
as press cloth composed of camel’s hair under this paragraph. (Ab- 
stract 38425, of 1915.) Camel’s-hair press-cloth mats are dutiable as 
manufactures of wool under this paragraph; and combination goat’s- 
hair and camel’s-hair mats as a nonenumerated manufactured article 
under paragraph 885 when goat hair is the element of chief value. 
(T. D. 34285, of 1914.) 

Certain powder pads or puffs were held dutiable as articles com- 
posed in chief value of wool pile fabrics under this paragraph. (Ab- 
stract 38348, of 1915.) ‘“ Mantling curls,” consisting of cloth with a 
woolly or curly effect produced through shrinking the cloth after it is 
knitted, are not dutiable as wool pile fabrics under this paragraph, 
but as wool cloths or knit fabrics under the same paragraph or dress 
goods under paragraph 290. (Abstract 40775, of 1917.) Pulp felt 
manufactured from wool for use on pulp rollers in the manufacture 
of paper, after being discarded, assessed as manufactures of wool 
under this paragraph, was held not to be wool waste within the 
meaning of paragraph 651. (G. A. 8262, T. D. 38052, of 1919.) An 
appeal is pending from this decision. 

Cloth of mohair and wool invoiced as “sateen” or “ standard,” 
with the warp yarn of wool and the weft yarn of mohair and wool, 
and the wool in the two yarns being more valuable than the mohair, 
is dutiable under this paragraph as cloth in chief value of wool and 
not under paragraph 308 as cloth in chief value of the hair of the 
Angora goat. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 332, of 1916.) 

Green-baize wool cloth, 36, 45, 54, and 72 inches wide and about 30 
yards long, claimed to be dutiable as bockings, was held dutiable as 
wool cloth under this paragraph, the testimony being. insufficient to 
establish a commercial definition of the term “ bockings” in para- 
graph 301. (Abstract 39848, of 1916.) 

Textile fabric, the distinguishing feature of which is a fine, un- 
broken surface, ornamented in the making with figures and designs in 
colored threads or yarns, is tapestry and is dutiable as cloths or 
manufactures of wool under this paragraph and not as embroidery 
under paragraph 358. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 463, of 1917.) Wool cloth 
teaseled is also dutiable as wool cloth. (Abstract 40293, of 1916.) 

Knitted wool leggings, found to be dealt in in the trade as footless 
golf hose, were held properly classified under the hosiery provision 
of this paragraph. (Abstract 438007, of 1919.) The court can not take 
judicial notice that exhibits of wool half hose are not “ selvedged, 
fashioned, narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines 
or frames, or knit by hand,” or “ commercially known as seamless,” 
and in the absence of other evidence the collector’s classification of 
them as such under this paragraph was sustained, overruling the 
claim that they were dutiable as knit woolen half hose under the 
same paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D, 37977, of 1919.) 


454 


This paragraph provides for cloth of horsehair but not for other 
articles of horsehair, which have been classified as assimilating to 
articles of artificial horsehair, 

Specific provision might be made for footless hose, and a semicolon 
instead of a comma inserted after “ hose and half hose” and before 
“ sloves and mittens,’ which are not clocked. 

Because of the extensive use of heavier fabrics for suits and skirts, 
which have largely supplanted dresses, the term ‘ dress goods” has 
lost its original significance as a light-weight fabric, and a dividing 
line can not be easily or certainly drawn between cloths and dress 
goods on the basis of weight, process of manufacture, or cost of pro- 
duction. The two classes of fabrics, moreover, carry the same rate of 
duty in the act of 1918. The provision for dress goods might, there- 
fore, be transferred to the paragraph for cloths. 

(See pars. 286, 287, 289, 290, 353, 358, and 422.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 289. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


379. On blankets, and flannels for 
underwear composed wholly or in part 


289. Blankets and fiannels, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of wool, 


of wool, valued at not more than 40 
cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be the same as the duty imposed 
by this section on two pounds of un- 


25 per centum ad valorem; flannels 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
wool, valued at above 50 cents per 
pound, 80 per centum ad valorem, 


washed wool of the first class, and 
in addition thereto 30 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than 40 
eents and not more than 50 cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be’ 
three times the duty imposed by this 
section on one pound of unwashed 
wool of the first class, and in addition 
thereto 385 per centum ad valorem. 
On blankets composed wholly or in} 
part of wool, valued at more than 50 
cents per pound, the duty per pound | 
shall be three times the duty imposed 
by this section on one pound of un- | 
washed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto 40 per centum ad va- 
lorem. FElannels composed wholly or 
in part of wool, valued at above 50 
cents per pound, shall be classified and 
pay the same duty as women’s and 
children’s dress goods, coat linings, 
Italian cloths, and goods of similar | 
character and description provided by 
this section: Provided, That on blank- 
ets over three yards in length the same 
duties shall be paid as on cloths. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BLANKETS. 


Description.—Blankets covered by this paragraph are made of 
woolen yarns, or of cotton and woolen yarns, fulled or shrunken 
to a high degree, and napped on both sides of the cloth. Blanket 
cloth is usually woven of coarse yarns with a plain or twill weave; 
it is then put into a large, closed box where it is sonked with water, 
or water and soap, and passed between rollers or under a heavy 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 455 


hammer. By this operation the area of the cloth may be re- 
duced from 20 to 25 per cent, and the weave compressed or even 
obliterated. Thereafter the cloth goes to the napping machine, in 
which the individual fibers are raised to a thick nap by the fine teeth 
on the cylinders. 

Production in 1914 of bed and horse blankets amounted to 36,- 
565,645 square yards, valued at $11,282,540, divided as follows: 








Bed blankets, Horse blankets. 
Square yards. Value. Square yards. Value. 
SETS AL 0s. Fick Sirti ce scdukn 6,489,689 | $4, 186,754 102, 205 $82, 398 
Moniga ar mixed, 22122... 5.42.2. 3, 937, 463 2, 067, 934 2,231, 162 395, 858 
SS 5 ne 17, 973, 821 3, 010, 070 5, 831, 305 1, 539, 526 
a Re Rs I A, a 28, 400, 973 | 9, 264, 758 | 8, 164, 672 2, 0:7, 782 











The tendency has been toward an increase in cotton-warp and 
merino blankets, though when termed “all wool,” frequently noils, 
waste, and shoddy are used. Recently the all-cotton blanket has be- 
come a strong competitor. 

Imports in 1914 were 84,384 pounds, valued at $71,284; in 1918, 
5,206,613 pounds, valued at $5,839,921. The latter abnormal imports 
were due to tremendous Army requirements. 

Exports in 1918 were valued at $2,444,460, going to Italy, France, 
Mexico, Cuba, and Canada. Blankets were not listed separately prior 
to 1918. 

FLANNELS. 


Description and uses.—A flannel is a loosely woven fabric, largely 
of wool, and of light weight, having a soft, “smooth” finish, the tex- 
ture being practically the same as when it leaves the loom. It is 
usually made of woolen yarns. Flannels are of three general classes— 
for underwear, shirtings, and outer garments. Only underwear and 
shirtings are clearly defined. Flannels for outer wear are hard to dis- 
tinguish from other fabrics; in the garment trade it has come to 
signify a cloth with a feel similar to flannel for underwear—a soft, 
springy feel, despite the absence of nap and of high finish. This feel, 
however, can be given to many cloths. 

Production of flannels for underwear in 1914 was 7,171,839 square 
yards, valued at $1,970,155; of flannels for shirts, 16,092,266 square 
yards, valued at $2,814,054. In Census reports, flannels for outer 
garments are not differentiated from cloths and dress goods. Flannels 
for underwear 20 or 30 years ago were the chief manufacture of the 
group of cloths which come under the general term of “ flannels.” 
By the competition of knitted underwear made chiefly of cotton, and 
of woven cotton and silk garments, this portion of the flannel pro- 
duction declined over 50 per cent from 1899 to 1914. The present 
output for’this purpose consists chiefiy of the finer qualities, especially 
“of cloths suitable for infants’ underwear. On the other hand, 
‘flannels for shirtings aad for outer garments have shown a consider- 
able increase. The former are usually made with a cotton or silk 
warp and are sometimes called domett or outing flannels, and the lat- 


456 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ter are either white fabrics for trouserings and women’s skirts or 
dress goods with a flannel finish. 

Imports.—Statistics, prior to the second half of the fiscal year 
1914, pertain only to flannels for underwear, of which the average 
annual importation from 1910 to 1913, inclusive, amounted to $108,746 
in value, or about 5.5 per cent of domestic production in 1914. Not- 
withstanding widening of the paragraph and a lowering of the duty, 
imports for the second half of the fiscal year 1914 amounted to only 
193,222 pounds, valued at $160,668; in 1918, 47,228 pounds, valued at 
$89,409, divided as follows: 





1914 1918 
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 
Valued at not above 50 cents per pound... 53, 048 $16, 449 135 $63 
Valued at above 50 cents per pound....-.- 140, 174 144, 219 47, 093 89, 346 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Lap robes, steamer rugs, ete., used as coverings at seacoast resorts, 
in automobiles and carriages, on couches, and in hospitals and sani- 
tariums, are not dutiable as blankets under this paragraph, but as 
woolen manufactures under paragraph 288. The word ‘“ blanket” is 
used aS meaning a heavy cover, with a thick, soft nap on both sides, 
for a bed or a horse. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 116 of 1917.) Mewxican 
woolen blankets called “Zerapes”’ which, although fancy and decora- 
tive in character, are used principally as couch and bed covers and 
by Indians as garments, were held properly classified as blankets 
under this paragraph and not as manufactures ‘of wool under para- 
graph 288. (G. A. 8113, T. D. 37484, of 1917; but see Abstract 434387.) 

The omission from this paragraph of the words “ for underwear ” 
following the word “ flannels” in paragraph 379 of the act of 1909, 
has given rise to considerable litigation. Woolen flannel material 
used for outer garments and also for pajamas, ete., was held to be 
within the commercial meaning of the term flannels in this paragraph, 
and not dutiable as manufactures of wool under paragraph 288, nor 
as wool dress goods under garagraph 290.. The testimony showed 
“flannel” to be defined as a fabric composed of wool, or cotton and 
wool, or wool and silk, woven in a certain way and having a certain 
finish, used for skirts and underwear, dressing sacks, and possibly for 
infants’ wear, including also pajamas and trousers. (G. A. 7772, T. D. 
35703, of 1915 and Abstract 38781, of 1915.) Woven woolen fabrics, 
reported to be of the character used for women’s dress goods (Ab- 
stract 38489, of 1915), and French fiannels used for underwear and 
infants’ wear (Abstract 88782, of 1915) were likewise classified as 
flannels, following T. D. 35703 (supra). MShirting flannels used for 
waists, shirts, and infants’ wear were also held so classable. (Ab- 
stract 39393, of 1916, followed in Abstract 40295, of 1916.) 

However, certain wool cloth was held dutiable under paragraph 288, 
the record not showing that the merchandise was included within the 
commercial meaning of the term “ flannels” as found in T. ). 35703 
(supra). (Abstract 38441, of 1915.) Wool suitings, distinguishable in — 
their characteristics and texture from those found to be flannels in 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 457 


2. Ei 35703 and Abstract 393938, and no commercial designation being 
shown, were also held dutiable as manufactures of wool under para- 
graph 288. (G. A. 7992, T. D. 36837, of 1916.) Wool suitings for 
trousers, ete., were likewise classified. The Board pointed out that 
the sharp conflict in the testimony argued against the existence of a 
commercial designation which is definite, uniform, and general. 
While the distinguishing characteristics between flannels and other 
woolen fabrics were indicated by witnesses, the Board said, ‘‘ Yet it 
seems that these distinguishing characteristics and differences be- 
tween goods that are flannels and goods that are not flannels are not 
apparent from an examination of a particular sample except to an 
expert in the trade. It would seem, then, in general that no definite 
or fixed rule or test can be applied to ‘determine whether or not a 
certain fabric is a flannel, but each case must depend on the particu- 
lar testimony presented therein.” (Abstract 40403, of 1916.) In a 
later case certain wool fabrics were held properly classified as wool 
cloth under paragraph 288 or as dress goods under paragraph 290, 
rather than as flannels under this paragraph, they being held not to 
be commercially known as flannels upon the record showing substan- 
tial conflict of testimony between the commercial witnesses, although 
the preponderance of such testimony might make to that end. The 
views of individual Senators in discussing this provision can not be 
resorted to to determine whether the term “ flannels” is descriptive 
of the goods in question. (G. A. 8211, T. D. 37829, of 1918.) An ap- 
peal from this decision is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals. 

Slasher flannel, used in cotton mills on slasher machines, and 
clearer cloth on spinning machines was found not to come within the 
meaning of the term “ flannels,” they having no relation to clothing 
and being used entirely in connection with machinery. (Abstract 
39970, of 1916.) 

Owing to the administrative difficulties with reference to flannels, 
it is suggested that the words ‘for underwear and shirts” be in- 
serted after the word “ flannels,’ or the provision be omitted, leav- 
ing them to be classified as cloth or dress goods. ‘The rising price has 
made the dividing line of 50 cents per pound one of little significance, 
and such division might be eliminated. 


PARAGRAPH 290. 


f ACT OF 1913. 


ACT OF 1909. 
290. Women’s and children’s dress 


380. On women’s and children’s dress | goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and | bunting, and goods of similar descrip- 
goods of similar description and char- | tion and character, composed wholly 
acter of which the warp consists | or in chief value of wool, and not spe- 
wholly of cotton or other vegetable | cially provided for in this section, 35 
material with the remainder of the |} per centum ad valorem. 
fabric composed wholly or in part of 
wool, valued at not exceeding 15 cents 
per square yard, the duty shall be 7 
cents per square yard; valued at more 
than 15 cents per square yard, the 
duty shall be 8 cents per square yard; 

‘and in addition thereto on all the 
foregoing valued at not above TO 
cents per pound, 50 per centum ad va- 
lorem; valued above 70 cents per 
pound, 55 per centum ad valorem: 


458 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF i1909—Continuced. ACT OF 1913. 





Provided, That on all the foregoing, 
weighing over four ounces per square 
yard, the rates of duty shall be 5 per 
centum less than those imposed by 
this schedule on cloths. 


881. On women's and children’s dress 
goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
bunting, and goods of similar descrip- 
tion or character composed wholly or 
in part of wool, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, the duty 
shall be 11 cents per square yard; and 
in addition théreto on all the forego- 
ing valued at not above 70 cents per 
pound, 50 per centum ad valorem; 
valued above 7@ cents per pound, 55 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That on all the foregoing, weighing 
over four ounces per square yard, the 
duty shall be the same as imposed by 
this schedule on cloths. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
DRESS GOODS. 


Description and uses.—Dress goods are woven fabrics, usually of 
light weight and mainly of a soft draping character, used in making 
women’s and children’s outer garments. (For differentiation from 
wool cloths, see par. 288.) It is noteworthy that a large proportion 
of dress goods are woven on cotton warps. 

Production.—The Census classifies dress goods with cloths. (For 
the inclusive figures, see par. 288.) 

Imports of all articles covered by this paragraph amounted to 
$6,907,168 in the fiscal year 1914 and to $10,100,686 for the calendar 
year 1914. The average for 1910-1913 was $5,491,115. In 1916 dress 
goods amounted to 6,478,180 square yards, valued’ at $1,639,935, out 
of a total of 9,969,222 square yards, valued at $2,356,689; in 1918, 
1,087,095 square yards, valued at $516,204 out of 2,414,381 square 
yards, valued at $970,096. (For general nature of the imports, see 
par. 288.) 

COAT LININGS AND ITALIAN CLOTHS. 


Description and uses.—Wool coat linings are light fabrics, usually 
woven on cotton warp with lustrous wool filling. They are, for the 
most part, dyed black. Jtalian cloths are a high grade of lining made 
of merino wool, generally with a cotton warp. 

Imports in 1916 were 3,491,030 square yards, valued at $716,747; 
in 1918, 1,806,287 square yards, valued at $441,658. 


BUNTING. 


Description and uses.—Bunting is a light, loosely woven fabric, 
used for light garments, fancy costumes, flags, and decorative pur 
poses. a 

Imports in 1916 were 12 square yards valued at $7; in 1918, 20,999 
square yards, valued at $12,234. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 459 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The deduction of 5 per cent on goods weighing over 4 ounces per 
square yard in the proviso to paragraph 380 of the act of 1909 was 
held to be one-twentieth of the duties and not 5 per cent ad valorem. 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 481, of 1912.) Pekin melange were held dutiable 
as wool dress goods under paragraph 380 of the act of 1909 rather 
than as manufactures of wool under paragraph 378. (Abstract 26267, 
T. D. 31813, of 1915.) Canton cloth, described as “Fawn cloth,” con- 
sisting of a cloth with a wool weft and cotton warp, generally used 
in the manufacture of waterproof cloth, was held dutiable under para- 
graph 380 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 30639, T. D. 32997, of 1912, 
following Abstract 26270, T. D. 31813, of 1911.) Automobile cloth, 
which is also adaptable for use as dress goods and is in fact some- 
times so used, was held properly dutiable as “ goods of similar de- 
scription and character” to women’s dress goods under paragraph 
380 of the act of 1909 and not as wool cloth under paragraph 3878. 
(G. A. 7544, T. D. 343038, of 1914.) (See pars. 288, 289, 308, and 310.) 


PARAGRAPH 291. 


ACT OF 1909. 


382. On clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, including shawls whether 
knitted or woven, and knitted articles 
of every description made up or man- 
ufactured wholly or in part * * * 
and net specially provided for in this 
section, composed wholly or in part 
ot wool, the duty per pound shall be 


ACT OF 1918, 


291. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- 
ticles of wearing apparel of every de- 
seription, ineluding shawls whether 
knitted or woven, and knitted articies 
of every description made up or man- 
ufactured: wholly or in part, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
wool, 35 per centum ad valorem. 


four times the duty imposed by this 
section on one pound of unwashed 
wool of the first class, and in addi- 
tion thereto 60 per centum ad yva- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers, in a general way, all 
articles of wearing apparel, whether wholly or in part ready-made, or 
otherwise made up or manufactured, composed wholly or in chief 
value of wool, except hose and half-hose, gloves and mittens (par. 
287), various small wares enumerated in paragraph 292, articles em- 
broideried, tamboured, etc., or made in whole or in part of lace (par. 
358), and articles made of hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other 
like animals (par. 308). Seme widely used apparel included in this 
paragraph, in addition to garments made from wool cloth, are wool- 
felt hats, shawls, scarfs, hoods, underwear (whether knitted or woven 
of wool yarns), and wool sweaters, 

Wool-felé hats, usually of an inferior quality, are manufactured on 
the felting principle that wool fibers are serrated and, when rolled 
out under pressure, mat together and make felt. The better grades 
of hats are made from rabbit and similar hair, and are known as fur- 
felt hats. (See par. 354.) . 
_ Production figures of all articles covered by this paragraph are 
not available. In 1914 the output of some particular articles was 
wool-felt hats, valued, at $2,082,406, and knitted wool underwear, at 
$20,874,178. The Census does not differentiate articles made of wool 


460 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


from similar articles made of other materials. For wearing apparel 
known to be made to a predominate degree of wool, the 1914 figures 
are: Knit hoods, scarfs, ete., $3,456,326; sweaters, etc., $26,195,002 ; 
shawls, $718,545; and men’s clothing, $458,210,985. This last classifica- 
tion includes all ready-made outer garments for men and boys. There 
were 4,830 establishments, not including custom or to-order concerns, 
with a capital of $224,050,401 and 194,688 employees. Women’s suits, 
skirts, and cloaks, valued at $229,489,784, were made by 2,684 con- 
cerns, not including custom or to-order concerns, with a capital of 
$65,773,079 and 76,842 employees. 
_Imports.—No comprehensive comparison can be made of imports 
under the present paragraph with those of paragraph 382 of the 1909 
law because of material changes. In 1915 imports were valued at 
$1,516,071; in 1917, at $1,548,464; in 1918, at $5,236,778. In 1919 
imports fell off considerably, as indicated by the fact that the total 
value of all-wool wearing apparel (including hosiery and gloves under 
paragraph 288) declined from $8,832,296 in 1918 to $4,421,969 in 1919, 
the great imports in 1918 being due to abnormal war demands. The 
increase came entirely from Canada, imports of all sorts of wearing 
apparel from that source advancing from $15,102 in 1916 and $135,001 
in 1917, to $7,580,207 in 1918. Imports from England and France, 
showed a decrease, and from Germany they ceased. 
The imports are classified as follows: 


1915 1918 
Fats. of wooks qn 3. - a2 <P as ted ee ees sla ae hae ee ee ee ee $49, 081 $103, 096 
KpitiPOOGS IVS o De hee aclcte = Meee a ae Oeste ch 5: en ee ee ee 136, 059 570, 783 
BS Wis. on is ae ee pie sn emai mae ok oe wks win do oe de i eee 11, 146 55 
All other wearing apparel n<'8. p.f2- 0. fo = see eee eee eine ee 1,319,785 4, 562, 844 





Figures for hats of wool and for shawls are comparable with years 
previous to 1915. In 1914 imports of hats were valued at $57,891, and 
shawls at $28,985. 

Imports under this paragraph usually are only a small percentage 
of the domestic production. Fashion is a controlling factor, inducing 
or discouraging imports. The styles are often originated abroad, 
and arrive before domestic production begins. However, foreign 
styles are often modified before generally accepted, thus giving Ameri- 
can manufacturers the important advantage of closer touch with 
consumers. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $2,148,235; in 1918, at $3,301,525. 
Figures are not comparable with imports under this paragraph, be- 
cause exports include hosiery and gloves of paragraph 288. About 
half the exports are to Canada. Women’s and children’s skirts and 
suits, men’s and boys’ clothes, and knit goods, especially hosiery, form 
the bulk of the exports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Wool wearing apparel in part of braid, ornaments, or trimmings, . 
have been held more specifically provided for as wool wearing apparel, 
under this paragraph than as articles in part of braid, ete., under 
paragraph 358 as follows: Coats, vests, trousers, etc., in part of braid 
(G. A, 7597, T. D. 84755, of 1914; Abstract 373856, of 1915; and Abstract 








¢ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 461 


38912, of 1915) ; and women’s jackets and other wearing apparel (Ab- 
stract 38636 and 38718, of 1915) ; knitted wool caps, ornamented with 
rosettes composed of silk ribbon (T. D. 34985, of 1914); woolen cos- 
tumes, in part of braid or silk and fur trimming (Abstract 37223, of 
1915) ; women’s jackets (Abstract 38636, of 1915) ; fringed hoods (Ab- 
stract 38922, of 1915). These rulings are in accordance with the 
principle laid down (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1915) relative to shirt 
bosoms of tucked cotton material. 

Slippers, where the cattle-hair and wool components together would 
be of greater value than the leather component, are not to be classified 
as wool chief value by treating the cattle hair as wool by construction 
and adding it to the wool component, but the three single components 
must be separated. The articles were held classable as in chief value 
of leather. (G. A. 7939, T. D. 36582, of 1916.) 

Under the act of 1909 the following articles were held dutiable as 
ready-made clothing or wearing apparel, including shawls, wholly or 
in part of wool: Cosmanos, consisting of small head shawls, composed 
entirely of wool (Abstract 37618, of 1915); hair rolls or “rats” in 
part of wool (G. A. 7173, T. D. 313815, of 1911) ; Russian tunics com- 
posed of cotton and trimmed with wool (Abstract 81178, T. D. 33145, 
of 1918) ; silk hats in part of wool (T. D. 88008, of 1912; G. A. 7578, 
T. D. 34600, of 1914) ; boys’ swits in chief value of cotton and in part 
of wool (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 261, of 1914); slippers containing wool 
not exceeding 2 per cent (Abstract 30702, T. D. 33018, of 1912). 

All the other clothing paragraphs, cotton (par. 256), flax (par. 
278), and silk (par. 3817), provide for combinations of the material 
and rubber irrespective of which is of chief value. If the paragraph 
covering wool clothing. contained a like clause, it would simplify 
classification and much litigation would be avoided on waterproofed 
wearing apparel. (See par. 386.) 


PARAGRAPH 292, 


ACT OF 1969. 


383. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, 
braces, bandings, beltings, bindings, 
7 )5*.* fringes, gimps, cords, cords 
and, tassels, ribbons, |/* .* *, and 
manufactures -of wool ornamented 
with beads or spangles of whatever 
material composed, any of the fore- 
going made of wool or of which wool 
is a component material, whether con- 


ACT OF 19138. 


292. Webbings, suspenders, braces, 
bandings, belts, beltings, bindings, 
cords, cords and tassels, and ribbons; 
any of the foregoing made of wool 
or of which wool or wool and india 
rubber are the component materials 
of chief value, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 


taining india rubber or not, 50 cents 
per pound and 60 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers a miscellaneous 
group of small wares, which, except for webbings, are described in 
paragraph 262, the only difference being that those mentioned here 
“are made of wool instead of cotton. Webbing is a stout, close woven, 
narrow fabric, elastic or nonelastic, used in making suspenders, 
braces, supporters, bandages, ete. 

Imports.—Changes in the act of 1913 prevent comparison of im- 
ports in 1914 and preceding years with succeeding years. In 1915 
imports were valued at $5,781; in 1918, at $9,062. 


462 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 293. 


ACT OF 1969. 


884. Aubusson, Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured or 


plain, and all carpets or carpeting of : 
like character or description, 60 cents ; 


ACT OF 1913. 


293. Aubusson, Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured 
or plain, and all carpets or carpet- 
ing of like character or description, 


per square yard and in addition | 35 per centum ad valorem. 


thereto 40 per centum ad valorem. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Aubusson is a real tapestry product of the 
French hand loom, made by inserting a woolen pile filling in a cot- 
ten warp by hand. It is a luxury, and among the most expensive of 
floor coverings, like the Savonnerie, another French tapestry hand- 
loom product. Awminster was originally a handmade carpet, having 
a warp of linen threads with a pile of woolen tufts tied in by hand 
in oriental fashion. In Europe it is still made in this way for the 
luxury trade, but the bulk is now machine-made, with a ribbed back 
of coarse vegetable fiber. Machine-made Axminsters are generally 
moquetie or royal Axminsters and chenille or patent Axminsters. 
In moquette carpet the pile is made directly from the wool yarn by 
an ingenious power loom which ties the tufts of wool into the warp 
like the fingers of the hand weaver. In chenille carpet the filling 
pile is made from a sort of tufted yarn, manufactured by twisting 
strips from specially woven cloth. 

Production of Aubusson and handmade Axminster carpets is wholly 
by foreign countries. Machine-made Axminsters, exclusive of rugs 
covered by paragraph 3800, produced in the United States in 1914, 
amounted to 1,451,752 square yards, valued at $1,848,528. In the 
manufacture of carpets and rugs (other than rag carpets and rag 
rugs) having wool as the component material of chief value, there 
were, in 1914, 97 establishments, with a capital of $85,153,828 and 
33,029 employees. The output was 66,340,274 square yards, valued at 
$64,685,822—rugs, 49,028,657 square yards, valued at $49,496,532; 
carpets 17,811,347 square yards, valued at $15,186,790. In quantity, 
Axminster and moquette carpeting led, with 23.7 per cent; tapestry 
Brussels, 20.5 per cent; tapestry velvet, 19.9 per cent; ingrain car- 
pets and art squares, 13.5 per cent; and Wilton, 8.5 per cent. New 
York and Pennsylvania are the chief producers, followed by Massa- 
chusetts. 

Imports under this paragraph in 1914 were 37,710 square yards, 
valued at $87,225; in 1918, 80,426 square yards, valued at $381,478. 
Even during the war these imports tended to increase. However, the 
largest import (in 1917) was only 5.5 per cent of the domestic yardage 
in 1914. 

Exports of carpets and rugs are not separately listed; Canada is 
reported to be the best market, Canadian import statistics showing 
“our export to be most largely of rugs, but including also some ma- 
chine-made Axminster, Wilton, tapestry velvet, and tapestry Brus- 
sels carpets. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Aaminster chenille carpeting, 12 by 75 feet, in rolls, to be cut after 
importation to a particular size demanded by the purchaser, is duti- 
able under this paragraph and not as “carpets * * * woven 





SUMMARY ‘OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 4638 


whole for rooms” under paragraph 300. (G. A. 7868, T. D. 36216, 

of. 1916; followed in Abstract 40666, of 1917.) Agminster carpets 

woven whole for rooms and Axminster rugs were held properly 

classified under paragraph 300. (Abstracts 40666 and 40667, of 1917.) 
(See pars. 300 and 303.) 


PARAGRAPH 294, 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


385. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay 294. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay 
velvet carpets, figured or plain, and | velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all 
all carpets or carpeting of like char- | carpets or carpeting of like character 
acter or description, 60 cents per] or description, 30 per centum ad 
square yard and in addition thereto | valorem. 

40 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Wilton carpets and rugs, both dutiable 
under this paragraph (see par. 303), are made with two warps and 
one filling. The filling and one warp are of vegetable fiber and com- 
pose the foundation; the other warp is of worsted or woolen, woven 
over wires with sharp blades so arranged that when the wires are 
drawn out the blades cut the loops, leaving a velvetlike surface. The 
Wilton is one of the finest and most expensive machine-made carpet 
and rug materials in general use. 

Saxony is sometimes applied to carpets of the Wilton type woven 
from woolen rather than from worsted yarns, and sometimes to those 
made in oriental patterns. Separate data are lacking. 

Tournay carpet is a fine quality of tapestry velvet. (See-par. 296.) 

Production of Wilton carpets and rugs amounted to 5,616,263 square 
yards, valued at $11,929,605 in 1914, of which carpets were 1,900,948 
square yards, valued at $3,546,840; seamed rugs, 3,574,464, valued at 
$8,015,747; and seamless rugs, 140,851, valued at $367,378. Wiltons 
formed 2.9 per cent of the total carpet and rug production in 1904 and 
8.5 per cent in 1914. 

Imports of Wilton carpets in 1914 were 34,607 square yards, valued 
at $64,851 ; in 1918, 35,486 square yards, valued at $121,367. The 1914 
_ figures did not include rugs. Imports for 1910-1915 averaged 15,035 
Square yards. The largest import under the existing tariff was 
115,312 square yards in 1915. 

Exports.—See paragraph 293. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Seamless Wilton rugs, machine-made, are dutiable under this para- 

graph by virtue of paragraph 303 and not under the provision of para- 


graph 300 for “Oriental, Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and similar 
rugs” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 356, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 239, 240, 


409, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37900, of 1919), nor under 
paragraph 300 as “carpets * * * woven whole for rooms” (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37939, of 1919.) 


Tournay velvet carpets are specially provided for in this paragraph. 
There is a provision in paragraph 296 for “ velvet and tapestry velvet 
carpets, figured and plain.” (See pars. 300 and 303.) 


464 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. “ 


PARAGRAPH 295. mi 


ACT OF 1909. 


386. Brussels carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of 
like character or description, 44 cents 
per square yard and in addition thereto 


ACT OF 1913. 


295. Brussels carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of 
like character or description, 25 per 
centum ad valcrem. 


40 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Brussels carpets are like Wiltons, except 
that the wool yarn is woven over plain wires that do not cut the loops 
when removed, but leave a looped pile surface; also, the pile on Wil- 
tons is longer and thicker than on Brussels carpets. Brussels‘ are 
somewhat more durable, but less elegant. 

Production in 1914, including rugs dutiable under this paragraph, 
was 2,698,840 square yards, valued at $3,995,626; of carpets, 693,827 
Square yards, valued at $1,030,398; seamed rugs, 2,000,819 square 
yards, valued at $2,956,198; and seamless rugs, 4,194 square yards, 
valued at $9,030. The total yardage is little above that of 1899— 
2,686,493 square yards. From 1899 to 1909 there was an increase of 
4,486,357 square yards; since then decrease has been rapid. In 1914 
only 4.1 per cent of the total carpet and rug production was of 
Brussels. 

Imports of Brussels carpets in 1914 amounted to 6,760 square 
yards, valued at $8,110; in 1918, 2,828 square yards, valued at $6,502. 

Exports.—See paragraph 293. 

(For ‘ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 300 and 303.) 


PARAGRAPH 296. 


387. Velvet and tapestry velvet 296. Velvet and tapestry velvet 


carpets, figured or plain, printed on 
the warp or otherwise, and all carpets 
or carpeting of like character or de- 


carpets, figured or plain, printed on 
the warp or otherwise, 4nd all carpets 
or carpeting of like character or de- 


scription, 40 cents per square yard 
and in addition thereto 40 per centum 
ad valorem, 


scription, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Velwet and tapestry velvet are used synony- 
mously to designate carpets similar in appearance to Wilton carpet, 
and with a somewhat similar structure of the foundation fabric and 
method of cutting the loops of the wool-pile warp. The chief differ- 
ence is that in velvets the pile or surface warp is, before weaving, 
printed with the various colors required for the pattern and all the 
threads appear alternately under and above the surface; in Wiltons 
the yarns are dyed and those not needed at any given time to produce 
the pattern on the surface sink into the body, thus making the carpet 
heavier and firmer. Velvet carpets are less durable than Wilton, but 
cheaper. ’ 

Production of velvet carpets and rugs, judicially included in this 
paragraph, has been increasing rapidly. From 4,280,066 square yards, 
valued at $3,743,353 in 1899, the increase was to 138,227,819 square 
yards, valued at $12,867,635 in 1914. In 1899 production was 5.6 per 
cent of domestic carpet and rug yardage; in 1914, 19.9 per cent. In 
1914 carpets formed 4,856,066 square yards of the output, valued at 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


465 


$4,813,992; seamed rugs, 2,918,657 square yards, valued at $2,437,296; 
and seamless rugs, 5,458,096 square yards, valued at $5,616,347. 
Imports of velvet carpets in 1914 were 41,468 square yards, valued 


at $88,050; in 1918, 12,114 square yards, valued at $53,462. 


The 


average for 1910-1914 was 29,088 square yards and the largest import 
since then was 56,167 square yards in 1915. 
(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 300 and 303.) 


PARAGRAPH 297. 


ACT OF 1909. 


388. Tapestry Brussels carpets, fig- 
ured or plain, and all carpets or 
earpeting of like character or de- 
scription, printed on the warp or other- 
wise, 28 cents per square yard and in 


ACT OF 19138. 


297. Tapestry. Brussels carpets, fig- 
ured or plain, and all carpets ‘or 
carpeting of like character or descrip- 
tion, printed on the warp or otherwise, 
20 per centum ad valorem, 
valorem. 


addition thereto 40 per centum ad 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tapestry Brussels carpets bear the same 
relation to Brussels (par. 295) as tapestry carpets bear to Wiltons 
(pars. 296 and 294). They are uncut pile fabrics, made with printed 
warp, and are cheaper and less durable than Brussels. 

Production in 1914 was 18,614,354 square yards, valued at $9,852,- 
647; in 1909, 17,078,476 square yards, valued at $12,999,333; in 1899, 
8,756,199 square yards, valued at $5,529,665. In 1914 it was 20.5 per 
cent of the total domestic carpet and rug yardage as compared with 
21 per cent in 1909 and 11.5 per cent in 1899. In 1914 carpets ac- 
count for 2,612,947 square yards, valued at $1,706,103; seamed rugs, 
for 2,727,734 square yards, valued at $1,877,070; seamless rugs, for 
8,273,673 square yards, valued at $6,269,474. 

Imports of tapestry Brussels carpets in 1914 were 8,730 square 
yards, valued at $7,083; in 1918, 17,492 square yards, valued at 
$19,703. Between these dates rugs were placed under this paragraph 
by the courts. The average imports for 1910-1913 were less than 300 
square yards, rising to 287,308 square yards in 1915, only 1.8 per cent 
of domestic production. (See par. 293 for exports.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tapestry Brussels rugs, machine-made, are dutiable under this para- 
graph by virtue of paragraph 303, and not under the provision in 
paragraph 300 for “ Oriental, Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and similar 
rugs.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 356, of 1916.) (See pars. 300 and 303.) 


PARAGRAPH 298. 


389. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and 
all chain Venetian carpets, 22 cents 
per square yard and in addition 
thereto 40 per centum ad valorem. 


298. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and 
all-chain Venetian carpets, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The primary meaning of the term “in- 
grain” is ‘“‘dyed in the grain,” that is, yarn-dyed. Jngrain carpets 
are composed of two or more woven webs, each with its own warp 
and filling, and each web or each warp and filling of a separate color. 
The superimposed webs are interlaced in weaving and the design is 

184911°—20——_-30 


466 


secured by bringing to the surface, from either of the webs, the celor 
required for the pattern. Usually the warps are worsted and the 
fillings woolen. Ingrain carpets have no pile, and in general are not 
so fine and are less valuable than pile carpets. <A treble (or three-ply) 
ingrain has three sets of warp and filling interwoven. it is possible 
in this type to have six colors, a different one for each warp and 
filling, instead of only four, as in two-ply. Venetian is an inexpensive 
ingrain carpet made with a worsted or cotton warp and jute filling 
and used only for stairs and halls. The warp predominates on the 
face of the fabric to such an extent that it is sometimes known as 
“all-chain” (meaning “all-warp’) Venetian. 

Production of both two-ply and three-ply ingrain carpet and rugs 
(including art squares), judicially placed in this paragraph, bas de- 
clined markedly. In 1899 it was 42,648,172 square yards, valued at 
$15,544,881; in 1914, 8,973,870 square yards, valued at $3,406,381. 
The decrease would have been greater but for the increased produc- 
tion of rugs, from 2,722,323 square yards in 1899 to 8,177,563 square 
yards in 1914. Carpets alone decreased from 39,920,849 to 5,795,807 
square yards. In 1899 ingrain production was 55:8 per cent of the 
domestic output of rugs and carpets; in 1914, only 13.5 per cent. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 9,190 square yards, valued at $10,302; 
in 1918, to 5 square yards, valued at $8. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 300 and 803.) 


PARAGRAPH 299. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 19069. ACT OF 1913. 


390. Wool Dutch and twe-ply in- 
grain carpets, 18 cents per square 
yard and in addition thereto 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 


299. Wool Dutch and two-ply in- 
grain carpets, 20 per centum .ad-yva- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Two-ply ingrain differs in structure from 
three-ply ingrain carpet only by the interlacing of two instead of 
three sets of warp and filling. It is lighter and less durable than the 
three-ply. Wool Dutch is a coarse, heavy carpet, woven in stripes 
and similar in appearance to ingrain. It is not extensively used in 
this country and the imports are practically negligible. 

Imports in 1914 were 183 square yards, valued at $179; in 1918, 
8 square yards, valued at $6. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Wool Dutch carpets are obsolete. Paragraph 298 might be reworded 
to include “ ingrain carpets,” whether two-ply. or three-ply. 


PARAGRAPH 300. 


391. Carpets of every description, 300. Carpets of ‘every description, 


voven whole for rooms, and Oriental, 
Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, 
similar rugs, 10 cents per square foot 


and 40 per centum ad valorem: Pro-. 
vided, That in the measurement of 
earpets and similar | 


all mats, 
articles, 


rugs, 


of whatever material -com- 


posed, the selvage, if any, shall be in- 


cluded. 


and | 


woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, 
Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and 
similar rugs, 50 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 467 


GENERAL. INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Awbusson and Axminster rugs are similar 
to the earpet under those names (par. 298). Smyrna rugs are machine- 
made chenille Axminsters woven with two faces, the wool being on 
both sides instead of one. Berlin rugs are a handmade German 
product. Oviental rugs, well known for their artistic designs, are 
usually made with a linen or hemp foundation warp and filling, and a 
pile consisting of tufts of colored wool knotted around by the weaver’s 
fingers. They are classed as Turkish, Persian, Indian, and Daghestan. 
In quantity the machine-made Axminsters are the most important 
type of rug covered by this paragraph. However, in value and method 
of production they are more closely similar to Wilton and other 
machine-made rugs than to the handmade rugs of this paragraph. 

The phrase “ carpets woven whole for rooms” seemingly covers only 
carpets woven whole for particular rooms (see par. 303). These are 
not differentiated in the import figures, and are of minor significance. 
Separate figures are lacking. 

Production.—Only the various types of machine-made Axminsters 
come under this paragraph. In 1914 these amounted to 15,291,291 
square yards, valued at $18,315,859—31.2 per cent of the domestic 
rug yardage and 23 per cent of that of carpet and rugs combined. 
The production is classified as follows: 




















Seamed. Seamless. 
Square r Square 
yards. Value. yards. Value. 
(eee eS SRA ape = 9,637,852 | $10,659,397 | 4,653,231 | $6,070,773 
TE eATATILNIG 500 Se ow we wa nne og cine oc nchncrecacscess ice eis aie a see 178, 058 714, 798 
EE gk TI Se ee 2 ee Be OS RS Se Ba ee a 822, 150 870, 891 
Pieces: Sea. OLS. chek. em | 9,637, 852 10, 659, 397 |» 5,653, 439 7, 656, 462 


Imports include handmade and machine-made rugs, and are not 
comparable with the Census figures; nor, on account of court de- 
cisions, are the imports for 1914 and 1918 comparable. In 1914 the 
imports were 993,413 square yards, valued at $4,437,433; in 1918, 
401,407 square yards, valued at $2,157,850. The decrease was largely 
due to war conditions. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph relates to rugs that are handmade or hand tufted, 
and to machine-made Axminsters. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 356, of 1916; 8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 239, 240, 409, 428, of 1918; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, 
T. D. 37900, of 1919.) Aaminster rugs, machine-made, are dutiable 
eo nomine under this paragraph. Though formerly Axminster rugs 
were handmade, the evidence is to the effect that the term “Axmin- 
ster” is generally and commonly understood to cover and include 
the machine-made as well as the handmade product, and that the 
handmade article constitutes but a small part of the commerce in 
Axminster rugs. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 409, 428, of 1918.) Rugs im- 
ported from Japan, found to be composed of cotton, jute, and cattle 
hair, cattle hair chief value, there being no evidence from which to 


468 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


determine whether they are handmade or hand tufted, were held 
dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 42280, of 1918.) The pro- 
vision in paragraph 300 for “carpets * * * woven whole for 
rooms’? does not include all rugs which are woven whole, nor can the 
question whether or not a rug is classable under this paragraph be 
determined by the size of the rug. It refers to a carpet which has 
been specially woven for a particular room. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, 
T. D. 37939, of 1919.) Samples of rugs, showing qualities and patterns 
from which to take orders and to be disposed of at a comparatively 
small price, having a commercial value, were held dutiable under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 39535, of 1916.) 

There is slight apparent reason for retention of the phrase “* woven 
whole for rooms.” As interpreted, it is of negligible revenue im- 
portance, and the term “rug” would include such fabrics. 

(See pars. 298, 294, 297, and 308.) 


PARAGRAPH 301. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
392. Druggets and bockings, print- 301. Druggets and bockings, print- 
ed, colored, or otherwise, 22 cents per | ed, colored, or otherwise, 20 per 
square yard and in addition thereto | centum ad valorem, e 


40 per centum ad valorem, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Druggets and bockings are coarse woolen 
cloths, felted or woven, either piece-dyed or printed. ‘They are used 
either as carpet coverings or as carpets. 

Imports of druggets and’ bockings in 1914 amounted to 26,519 
square yards, valued at $18,635; in 1918, 8,661 square yards, valued 
at $9,409. The average for 1910-1913 was 25,283 square yards. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Green-baize wool cloth, 36 to 72 inches wide, and about 380 yards 
long, claimed dutiable under this paragraph, was held dutiable as 
wool cloth under paragraph 288, the testimony being insufficient to 
establish a commercial definition of the term “ bockings.” The chief 
use of this cloth was stated to be for covering tables. (Abstract 
39848, of 1916.) 

PARAGRAPH 302, 


6 


393. Carpets and carpeting of wool, 302, Carpets and carpeting of wool 
* %* * or cotton, or composed in|} or cotton, or composed in part of 
part of any of them, not specially | either of them, not specially provided 
provided for in this section, and mats, | for in this section, and on mats, 
matting, and rugs of cotton, 50 per | matting, and rugs of cotton, 20 per 
centum ad valorem, centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph covers felt, rag, and other 
types of carpet made in whole of cotton or wool or a mixture of 
them, n. s. p. f.; also wool and paper rugs and other rugs in whole 
or in part of wool, n. s. p. f., rag rugs of wool or cotton, and mats 
and rugs in whole or in part of cotton, except cotton and straw mats 
and rugs covered by paragraph 272. 

Production.—On account of the somewhat indeterminate char- 
acter of the carpets and rugs covered by this paragraph, the value 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 469 


and volume of the domestic output are uncertain.. The value of rag 
rugs produced in 1914 was $2,786,489; of wool and paper rugs, 
4,168,954 square yards, valued at $1,543,079; of “all other rugs,” 
1,297,631 square yards, valued at $923,967. 

Imports of wool or cotton carpets in 1914 (including carpets of flax 
for six months under the law of 1909) were 30,024 square yards, 
valued at $47,904; in 1918, 4,022 square yards, valued at $7,784. In 
1914 the imports of felt carpeting were 5,367 square yards, valued at 
$8,348 ; in 1918, 14 square yards, valued at $13. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sundour rugs, found to be used as floor coverings, were held dutiable 
as rugs of cotton under this paragraph rather than as cotton bath 
mats under paragraph 264. (Abstract 37303, of 1915, followed in Ab- 
stract 38314, of 1915.) Cotton rugs made with a Wilton weave in- 
voiced as “ washable cotton bath mats” were found to come within 
the ordinary definition of the term “rugs,” the evidence showing that 
they are known in trade and commerce as bath rugs rather than as 
bath mats, and were held dutiable under this paragraph rather than 
paragraph 264. (Abstract 38503, of 1915, followed in Abstract 40411, 
of 1916.) 

The provision for carpets and carpeting, wholly or in part of cotton, 
and for rugs, matting, and mats of cotton, might be transferred to 
Schedule I (cotton) and changed to read: ‘‘ Carpets, carpeting, mats, 
matting, and rugs, wholly or in chief value of cotton.” <A like change 
of language should then be made in this paragraph for carpets and 
carpeting, wholly or in chief value of wool. 

(See pars. 293, 294, 297, 300, and 303.) 


PARAGRAPH 303. 


ACT OF 1909. 


394. Mats, rugs for floors, screens, 
covers, hassocks, bedsides, art squares, 
and other portions of carpets or car- 
peting made wholly or in part of wool, 
and not specially provided for in this 
section, shall be subjected to the rate 
of duty herein imposed on carpets or 
carpetings of like character or descrip- 
tion, 


ACT OF 1913. 


303, Mats, rugs for floors, screens, 
covers, hassocks, bed sides, art squares, 
and other portions of carpets or car- 
peting, composed wholly or in part of 
wool, and not specially provided for 
in this section, shall be subjected to 
the rate of duty herein imposed on 
carpets or carpeting of like character 
or description, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Rugs are of two general classes, handmade 
and machine-made. Hach handmade rug is woven alone and whole 
in one piece. Machine-made rugs, on the contrary, are usually woven 
in continuous rolls, ordinarily of 40 to 60 yards, divided into sections, 
known as rug parts, which are separated by “drop leas,” and are 
short lengths of plain cloth without pile or, in the case of fringed 
rugs, short lengths of unfilled warp. When completely woven the 
roll is divided into individual rug parts by cutting each drop lea 
half way between the two rugs. A roll may be woven for seamless 
rugs, each rug part forming a complete pattern and finished into a 
whole rug; or it may be woven for use in making seamed rugs, sev- 
eral rolls being specially woven to match, so that when individual rug 
parts are assembled they form a unified pattern, Cheap seamed rugs 


4°70 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


are sometimes made by cutting strips of ordinary earpeting into 
pieces and sewing them together into a carpet rug. Mats are small” 
rugs not longer than 86 inches and not wider than 18 inches. A 
hassock is a thick, hard cushion used as a footstool. A small rug 
or mat for use at the side of a bed is a bed side. Art squares are 
ingrain rugs woven in one piece. 

Production of each class of rugs covered by this paragraph is 
given in the notes on the paragraph to which it is referred by virtue 
of the provisions of this paragraph; for example, Wilton rugs under 
paragraph 294. The production in 1914 of all classes so covered 
(Axminsters being excluded by reason of par. 300) was 33,737,636 
square yards, valued at $31,180,673—68.8 per cent of the total domestic 
rug yardage of 49,028,657 square yards, valued at $49,496,532, and 
50.8 per cent of the total rug and carpet yardage of 66,340,274 square 
yards, valued at $64,683,322. 

Imports of rugs under this paragraph are given in paragraphs 
294 to 299, inclusive, and in 302. Rugs are dutiable by similitude 
at the same rate as carpets. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Rugs, made up of carpets or carpeting, were held dutiable under 
the appropriate paragraph for carpeting rather than under paragraph 
391 of the act of 1909 or 300 of the act of 1913. (G. A. 7606, T. D. 
34816, of 1914, and T. D. 35062, of 1915.) 

Paragraphs 300 and 303 are obscure and ambiguous, the language of 
the law not being revised to meet the change in methods of produc- 
tion. Formerly seamless rugs were almost entirely handmade, while 
seamed rugs were made from pieces of ordinary carpeting sewed | 
together with mitered borders. Under these conditions the division 
between paragraphs 300 and 303 was clearly defined; but rugs in one 
piece are now made to a predominant extent by machinery, and 
seamed rugs are made of rolls of rug parts rather than of ordinary 
carpeting, and confusion has arisen as to the meaning of the phrase 
“similar rugs” in paragraph 300 and the phrase “of carpets or 
earpeting”’ in paragraph 308. Litigation has resulted. According to 
the decisions, only handmade rugs are similar to oriental, Berlin, 
Aubusson, and Axminster rugs, but machine-made Axminsters have 
been adjudged dutiable under paragraph 300 by specific enumeration, 
whereas they are, as to conditions and cost of production, more simi- 
lar to machine-made rugs, such as Wiltons. On the other hand, the 
phrase “of carpets or carpeting” in paragraph 803 may be ex- 
tended to include rolls of rug parts, and rugs, whether seamed or 
seamless, made therefrom; and if not Axminster, seemingly to ma- 
chine-made rugs woven whole independently, thus, as is done in Eng- 
land, construing “‘ carpets and carpeting” in the wide generic sense 
that includes rugs. The present paragraph, then, apparently conflicts 
with “carpets of every description, woven whole for rooms” provided 
for in paragraph 300, unless, as seems to be the case, the provision in 
paragraph 300 be construed to refer only to carpet (or rug) woven 
specially to order, in one piece, to cover the whole floor of a particular 
room. (See par. 300,) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


471 


PARAGRAPH 304, — 


ACT OF 19009. 


o95. Whenever, in any schedule of 
this Act, the word ‘ wool’’ is used in 
connection with a manufactured ar- 
ticle of which it is a component mate- 
rial, it shall be held to include wool 
or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, al- 
paca or other animal, whether manu- 
factured by the woolen, worsted, felt, 


_ ACT OF 1918. 


304, Whenever in this section the 
word ‘‘ wool” is used in connection 
with a manufactured article of which 
it is a component material, it shall be 
held to include wool or hair of the 
sheep, camel, or other like animals, 
whether manufactured by the woolen, 
worsted, felt, or any other process, 


or any other process. 


INTERPRETATION ARD COMMENTS. 


Wool defined.—The language of successive tariff acts shows that 
Congress always has considered the hair of the Angora goat not 
to be wool, or has thought it best, for purposes of greater certainty, 
to refer to it specially and treat it independently of wool as a subject 
of classification. In the tariff acts of 1897 (par. 883) and 1909 (par. 
395) it was provided that when the word “ wool” is used in connection 
with a manufactured article of which it is a component material, it 
shall be held to include the wool or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, 
alpaca, or other animal. The corresponding provision in “the tariff 
act of 1913 (par. 804) omits the words “ goat, alpaca,” and changes 
the broad provision “ other animal” to the narrower one ‘ other like 
animals.” To hold that a manufacture of wool, under the tariff act 
of 1913, includes a manufacture of Angora goat hair would be to deny 
any meaning to this change in legislative language. Paragraphs 305 
and 309, inclusive, tariff act of 1913, levy duty upon the hair of the 
Angora goat and its products, fabrics, and manufactures. If the 
term ‘‘ wool,” as used in the act in connection with manufactures, in- 
cludes Angora goat hair, these provisions are unnecessary. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 213, of 1916.) Dressed animal skins with the wool or 
hair om are not, when it is not profitable to separate the wool or hair 
from the skin and use it for wool or hair purposes, within the terms 
“wools” or “hair” (pars. 650, 286, and 304), tariff act of 1913. (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 87, of 1917.) Hair which is so short that it is com- 
mercially unfit to be spun into yarn or for the making of textiles, and 
is chiefly employed in the making of furs or fur garments, or for other 
fur uses, is that kind of hair which is known as fur, though it be 
taken from the back of a sheep. Hair which possesses all the char- 
acteristics of fur, but is so long and of such quality that it can be 
spun into yarn and converted into cloth and is chiefly used for that 
purpose, should be classified as a wool or as hair other than fur. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) (See par. 307.) 3 


PARAGRAPH 305. 


Brau Al °* . *.. * > hair ef ‘the : 
* * * goat, alpaca, and other Tike ' 
animals shall ‘be divided, for the pur- « 
pose of fixing the duties to be charged | 
thereon, into the three following 
classes: 


305. Hair of the Angora goat, al- 
paca, and other like animals, and all 
hair on the skin of such animals, 15 
per centum ad valorem, 


362. Class two, that is to say, 
7 * hair iof the 9) o* >). Amzern i 
goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 


472 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


369.:The duty upon  * * * = ail 
* %* * hair of the second class 12 
cents per pound. 


368. The duty upon * * * hair 
of the * * * Angora goat, alpaca, 
and other like animals, of * * * 
class two, which shall be imported in 
any other than ordinary condition, or 
which has been sorted or increased in 
value by the rejection of any part of 
the original fleece, shall be twice the 
duty to which it would be otherwise 
subject::.*. * .*» The duty..upon 
Pe aS Ore OF. LOG eee kee See tlc 
gora goat, alpaca, and other like ani- 
mals of any class which shall be 
changed in its character or condition 
for the purpose of evading the duty, 
or which shall be reduced in value by 
the admixture of dirt or any other for- 
eign substance, shall be twice the duty 
to which it would be otherwise sub- 
ject. When the duty assessed upon 
any wool equals three times or more 
that which would be assessed if said 
wool was imported unwashed, the duty 
shall not be doubled on account of the 
wcol being sorted. If any bale or 
package of wool or hair specified in 
this Act invoiced or entered as of any 
specified class, or claimed by the im- 
porter to be dutiable as of any speci- 
fied class, shall contain any wool or 
hair subject to a higher rate of duty 
than the class so specified, the whole 
bale or package shall be subject to the 
highest rate of duty chargeable on 
wool of the class subject to such 
higher rate of duty, and if any bale or 
package be claimed by the importer to 
be shoddy, mungo, flocks, wool, hair, 
or other material of any class speci- 
fied in this Act, and such bale con- 
tain any admixture of any one or 
more of said materials, or of any other 
material, the whole bale or package 
shall be subject to duty at the highest 
rate imposed upon any article in said 
bale or package. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Mohair is from the Angora goat, native to Asia 
Minor, This fiber is soft and silky, white and lustrous, and twelve- 
month growths are from 6 to 12 inches in length. Mohair from the 
Southwestern States is usually shorter, as the goats are sheared twice 
a year; if this is not done, the hair is shed on account of the warm 
climate. The average weight of an Angora fleece is about 3 pounds, 
much below that of the sheep. Alpaca hair, from the animal of that 
name (found in Peru and Bolivia), is 10 to 16 inches in length, and 
finer, softer, but less lustrous than mohair, though much like it in the 
better grades. The reddish brown hair is superior to the white. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 473 


Vicuna is a fine and soft fiber, reddish brown, and much like the 
alpaca, but shorter and softer. Zlama hair is closely allied to alpaca, 
though usually somewhat coarser. The hair of goats other than the 
Angora (the Cashmere, for example) is also included in this para- 
graph. 

Uses.—These hairs are used for making coat linings, dress goods, 
automobile tops, rugs, carriage robes, imitation furs, plush for car 
seats, and for upholstering furniture, etc. The market is subject to the 
demands of changing fashions. Most manufacturers agree that the 
domestic mohair is not as lustrous and does not spin so well as the 
Turkish hair, although it has improved both in length and in quality. 

Production.—There is no domestic production of alpaca, vicuna, 
or llama hair. The amount of mohair sheared here in 1900 was 
961,000 pounds, valued at $268,000; in 1910, 3,779,000 pounds, valued 
at $902,000; in 1914 (estimated), 4,500,000 pounds; and 1915 to 1919, 
about 6,000,000 pounds per year, mainly from Texas, Oregon, New 
Mexico, California, and Arizona. Kansas City is our leading goat 
market. South Africa leads with 4,000,000 Angoras, exceeding even 
Asia Minor. Turkey and South Africa prohibit exportation, but 
previously we had imported many valuable goats. The annual 
clip of South Africa is estimated at 25,000,000 pounds; of Turkey, at 
_ 12,000,000 pounds. Bradford, England, is an important mohair manu- 
facturing center. 

Imports.—The imports of mohair, alpaca, ete., in 1910 were 
1,969,919 pounds, valued at $682,014, or 52 per cent of our production ; 
in 1914, 8,555,950 pounds, valued at $1,160,391; in 1917, 9,367,801 
pounds, valued at $3,501,808. Most of the total imports of this class 
consist of mohair, principally from Turkey and South Africa; in 
normal times the greatest amount comes as a reexport from Great 
Britain. Alpaca averages about 1,000,000 pounds, but only small 
quantities of llama or vicuna come to the United States. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cashmere goat hair or fleece is dutiable at the rate of 15 per cent 
ad valorem under this paragraph as hair similar to the hair of the 
Angora goat, and is not free of duty as wool under paragraph 650. 
(T. D. 34410, of 1914; Abstracts 38198, of 1915 and 396738, of 1916.) 
Cape Angora goat hair on the skin is dutiable under the provision of 
this paragraph for “hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like 
animals, and all hair on the skins of such animals” and is not free of 
duty with the skins as entireties under paragraphs 603, 604, and 650. 
The phrase “ other like animals” refers to resemblance in the growth 
on the skins and not to the other physical characteristics of the 
animals. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls. 288, of 1918, followed in Abstract 
42323, of 1918, and G. A. 8245, T. D. 37960, of 1919, affirmed upon 
stipulation.) Chinese goat hair is not dutiable under this paragraph 
as hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals, but is free 
of duty under paragraph 508. (G. A. 8178, T. D. 87689, of 1918, 
citing 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 500, of 1915.) (See pars. 804 and 307.) 

It is the practice, however, to assess duty on hair of the Chinese 
goat of Cashmere origin, under this paragraph. 

The words “and Cashmere” might be added after “Angora” and 
“goat”? changed to “goats”; and “llama, guanaco, vicuna” might 


474. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


be added after ‘ alpaca,” to avoid possible conflict with paragraph 650, 
which provides for “ wool of the sheep, hair of the camel, and other 
like animals.” 


PARAGRAPH 306. 


ACT OF 1909. : ACT OF 19153. 
375. On * * * tops, made wholly 306. Tops made from the hair of the 
or in part -ef wool * ™* *, valued { Angora goat, alpaca, and other Tike 


at not more than 20 cents per pound, | animals, 20 per centum ad valorem, 
the duty per pound shall be two and: 
one-fourth times the duty imposed by 
this schedule on ene pound of un- 
washed wool of the first class; valued 
at more than 20 cents per pound, the» 
duty per pound shall be three and one- . 
third times the duty imposed by this 
schedule on one pound of unwashed ° 
wool of the first class; and in addition 
thereto, upon all the foregoing, 80 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—In the production of mohair and alpaca yarns, these 
hairs, after carding or preparing, are combed and the shorter fibers 
or “noils” are removed. The process in substantially the same as for 
wool top in the worsted industry, and the continuous strand of long 
fiber thus produced is likewise known as “ top.” 

Production.—Over 12,000,000 pounds of Angora geat, alpaca, and 
vicuna hair were consumed in 1914, but figures fer tops are lacking. 

Imports of mohair and similar tops were not classified separately 
prior to 1914. For the first six months they were 33,165 pounds, 
valued at $11,356; in 1915, 66,723 pounds, valued at $25,663; in 1916, 
765,621 pounds, valued at $266,308 ; and in 1918, 12,363 peunds, valued 
at $9,901. 

PARAGRAPH 307. 


877. On yarns made wholly er in 307. Yarns made of ‘the hair of the 

part of wool, valued at not more ‘than | Angora goat, alpaca, and other like 
30 -cents per pound, the duty per pound | animals, 25 per centum ad valorem. 
shall be two and one-half times the, 

duty imposed by this section on one ~ 

pound of unwashed wool of the first * 

«class, «and in addition thereto 35 per 

-ccentum ad valorem; valued at more- 

than 30 cents per pound, the duty per 

pound shall be three and one-half 

‘times the duty imposed by this section 

on one pound of unwashed wool -of the 

first class, and in addition thereto 40 

per centum ad valorem. 


‘GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Yarn made from the hair of the Angora 
goat, alpaca, or other like animals is produced substantially in the 
Same manner as worsted yarn, the top (see par. 306) being elongated, 
diminished in diameter, and twisted, in the drawing and spinning 
processes, into a fine strand of fibers. 

Production in 1914 was 8,844,234 pounds of ‘ mohair and similar 
yarns” for sale, not including yarns consumed in mills where pro- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 475 


duced—probably exceeding the sales. 
yarn made from camel’s hair. 

Imports of mohair and similar yarns were not separately classified 
prior to 1914, when from January to July they were 465,012 pounds, 
valued at $266,883; in 1915, 583,383 pounds, valued at $356,552; and 
in 1918, 85,599 pounds, valued at $172,078. 


The figures apparently include 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Angora rabbit-hair yarn, commercially known as Angora wool yarn, 
is not dutiable as a manufacture of fur under paragraph 348. It is 
more specifically described in paragraph 307 as “yarns made of the 
hair of the Angora goat, alpaea, and other like animals” than by the 
definition of ‘‘ wool” in paragraph 304, “ wool or hair of the sheep, 
camel, or other like animals,” and is dutiable accordingly. The mak- 
ing of yarns is not properly speaking a fur use, and the yarn made 
of hair can not be a manufacture of fur. Angora rabbit hair resem- 
bles that of the Angora goat or alpaca more nearly than it does that 
of the sheep or camel. Hair which is so short that it is commercially 
unfit to be spun into yarn or for the making of textiles and is chiefly 
employed in the making of furs or fur garments or for other fur uses, 
is a kind of hair which is known as “ fur,” though it be taken from 
the back of a sheep. Hair which possesses all of the eharacteristies 
of fur, but is so long and of such quality that it ean be spun into yarn, 
and converted into cloth, and is chiefly used for that purpose, should 
be classified as a wool or as hair other than fur. “ Other like ani- 
mals” used in paragraphs 304 and 307 with reference to wool and 
hair regards similarity in the hair and not in the animals themselves. 


(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) 


(See par. 304.) 


PARAGRAPH 308. 


ACT OF 1909. 


878. On cloths, * * *, and all 
manufactures of every description 
made wholly or in part of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
yalued at not more than 40 cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be 
three times the duty imposed by this 
section on a pound of unwashed wool 
of the first class; valued at above 40 
cents per pound and not above 70 
cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be four times the duty imposed 
by this section on one pound of un- 
washed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto upon all the fore- 
going, 50 per centum ad valorem; 


valued at over 70 cents per pound, the } 
duty per pound shall be four times the | 


duty imposed by this secticn on one 
pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class, and 55 per centum ad valorem, 





ACT OF 19353. 


308. Cloth and all manufactures of 
every description made by any process, 
wholly or in chief value of the khair of 
the Angora goat, alpaca, and otter 
like animals, not specially provided 
for in this section, 40 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cloths made from these hairs are chiefly 
of a lustrous appearance and of light weight, such as brilliantines, 
sicilians, and granadas, and nearly always woven on a cotton warp. 
So-called ‘lining,’ made of cotton warp and alpaca filling, is also 

ey) 


476 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. - 


an important item. Other cloths include women’s dress goods, 
mohair cloth for men’s summer suits, and automobile tops. ‘“ Other 
manufactures” include shawls, lastings, bindings, braids, couch and 
table covers, portiéres, and miscellaneous products. 

Imports were not separately stated prior to 1914. During the 
succeeding six months imports of cloth amounted to 920,866 pounds, 
valued at $958,518 ; in 1915, 1,198,319 pounds, valued at $1,266,099 ; and 
in 1918, 399,474 pounds, valued at $658,954. Imports of “ manu- 
factures”’ n. s. p. f. in the first six months of 1914 were $53,404; in 
1915, $95,270; and in 1918, $116,590. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Angora goat hair coat linings, in the piece, not cut to form or shape, 
are dutiable as a manufacture of Angora goat hair under this para- 
graph and not as coat linings of wool under paragraph 290. Para- 
graphs 3805 to 309, inclusive, of the act of 1918, levy duty upon the 
hair of the Angora goat and products, fabrics, and manufactures of 
it. If the term ‘ wool,” as used in the act in connection with manu- 
factures, includes Angora goat hair, these provisions are unnecessary. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 218, of 1916, followed in Abstract 40331, of 1916.) 
Mohair dress goods are dutiable as cloth or manufactures of goat 
hair under this paragraph rather than as wool cloth under paragraph 
288 or wool dress goods under paragraph 290. (Abstracts 40013, 40107, 
40188, 408382, 40389, of 1916.) Cashmere wearing apparel such as 
scarfs, waistcoats, and trousers, composed of the wool of the Cash- 
mere goat, alpaca, and other like animals, are dutiable under this 
paragraph as manufactures in chief value of hair of the alpaca and 
other like animals, rather than under paragraph 291, as wearing 
apparel in chief value of wool. (Abstract 40784, of 1917.) Woven 
fabrics in chief value of Angora goat hair having a teaseled surface 
imitating plush are dutiable as cloth or manufactures wholly or in 
chief value of the hair of the Angora goat under this paragraph, 
rather than as plushes, velvets, and other pile fabrics under paragraph 
309. (G. A. 7906, T. D. 36403, of 1916, followed in Abstracts 40293, 
40308, 403842, of 1916. See also T. D. 34624, of 1914 and Abstract 
38148, of 1915.) (See par. 288.) 


PARAGRAPH 309. 





ACT OF 1909. 


443. Plushes and woven fabrics 
(except crinoline cloth and hair seat- 
ing) and manufactures thereof, com- 
posed of the hair of the * * *% 
goat, alpaca, or any animal, combined 
with wool, vegetable fiber, or silk, 
shall be classified and dutiable as 
manufactures of wool. 


ACT OF 19138. 


309. Plushes, velvets, and all other 
pile fabrics, cut or uncut, woven or 
knit, whether or not the pile covers 
the entire surface, made wholly or 
partly of the hair of the Angora goat, 
alpaca, or other like animals, and 
articles made wholly or in chief value 
of such plushes, velvets, or pile fab- 
rics, 45 per centum ad valorem. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These plushes and pile fabrics (of mohair, 
alpaca, etc.) are used in covering furniture (especially seats in railway 
cars and closed automobiles) and as an imitation fur for women’s and 
children’s cloaks, rugs (the plush sewed to a stiff jute backing), and 
** teddybears.” . 


ey 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 477 


Imports were first separately stated in 1914, the first six months 
showing 214,385 pounds, valued at $239,861; in 1915, 151,978 pounds, 
valued at $191,536; and in 1918, 13,233 pounds, valued at $17,909. 
Imports of articles made from pile fabrics, during the first six months 
of 1914, were $23,578 ; in 1915, $52,975; and in 1918, $10,065. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Rugs made by sewing plush, composed in chief value of the hair of 
the Angora goat, to a stiff jute backing are dutiable as articles made 
wholly or in chief value of plushes, wholly or partly of the hair of 
the Angora goat, under this paragraph and not under the provision 
for carpets or carpeting under paragraphs 303 and 296 or 302. (G. A. 
7751, T. D. 35588, of 1915.) Wearing apparel composed of plushes 
made from mohair in part of braids, ornaments, or trimmings was 
held dutiable under this paragraph rather than under paragraph 358. 
(Abstract 40478, of 1916, following Abstract 38951, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 310. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


310. The provisions of this sched- 
ule (K) shall be effective on and 
after the first day of January, nine- 
teen hundred and fourteen, wuntil 
which date the rates of duty now 
provided by Schedule K of the exist- 
ing law shall remain in full force and 
effect. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


To enable the domestic wool manufacturers to accommodate them- 
selves, with a minimum of loss, to the new basis established by the 
act of 1918, it was decided that they be given a period of time 
sufficient to enable them to consume the stocks of raw wool which 
they had purchased in a protected market and to dispose of the 
manufactures into which these stocks entered, before paragraph 650, 
placing raw wool on the free list, and Schedule K, providing for 
lowered rates on manufactures, became effective. In order further 
to reduce losses, it was necessary that the provision for free wool go 
into effect sufficiently in advance of Schedule K to allow manufac- 
turers to begin producing on a free-wool basis in time to meet com- 
petition under the lowered rates on manufactures provided for in 
that schedule. Accordingly, it was provided that paragraph 650 should 
be effective on December 1, 1913, and that Schedule K should be 
effective on January 1, 1914. 

Were a duty on wool and consequent higher duties on its manu- 
factures to be levied, the reverse of this situation would result. In 
that event the interim legislation recommended by the United States 
Tariff Commission would be applicable especially to protect the Fed- 
eral revenue. (See report to the Ways and Means Committee. ) 

Wool and silk dress goods.—The provisions of this paragraph kept 
in full force and effect until January 1, 1914, not only the rates but 
also the enumerations of Schedule K, tariff act of 1909, except as 
otherwise specifically provided by the act of 1918. Consequently the 
provision of paragraph 381 of the tariff act of 1909 in relation to 
“ women’s and children’s dress goods * * * composed wholly or 


478 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


in part of wool” remained in full force and efiect until January 1, 
1914. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 371, of 1916.) Silk hats in part of wool, 
silk chief value, were held dutiable under the act of 1909, paragraph 
382, as wearing apparel in part of wool rather than as silk wearing 
apparel under paragraph 317 of the act of 1913 (G. A. 7578, T. D. 
34600, of 1914),-and embroidered articles made of wool under para- 
graph 383 of the act of 1909 rather than paragraph 358 of the act of 
1913, the fact that Schedule K of the act of 1913 does not mention 
among its provisions embroidered articles being held not to affect the 
situation (G. A. 7577, T. D, 34599, of 1914). 


SCHEDULE L. SILKS AND SILK GOODS. 
PARAGRAPH 311. 





ACT OF 1909. 


396. Silk partially manufactured 
from cocoons or from waste silk, and 
not further advanced or manufac- 
tured than carded or combed silk, 35 
cents per pound. 


ACT OF 19158. 


311. Silk partially manufactured 
from cocoons or from waste silk and 
not further advanced or manufac- 
tured than carded or combed silk, 
and silk noils exceeding two inches in 


length, 20 cents per pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


RAW SILK PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. 


Description.—Raw silk passes through only a few stages in the 
eourse of its manufacture into thrown silk, therefore possible imports 
of silk partially manufactured from cocoons are practically limited to 
silk wound on spools or tubes. 

Production.—The winding of silk on spools or tubes in the United 
States is a preliminary operation to “throwing” (see par. 313), 
hence practically none is offered for sale. 


SILK WASTE PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. 


Description and use.—Where silk waste (par. 599) has gone 
through any or all of the processes up to and including combing or 
“ dressing,” but not the further processes incident to making spun 
silk, it is dutiable under this paragraph. This combed silk, known as 
peignée or dressed silk, is useful only in the further processes of silk 
spinning, and is the main article covered by this paragraph. 

Production.—The combing of silk is a complicated and extremely 
technica] process requiring highly skilled labor. Domestic spinners 
prefer to make their own combed silk, but do not produce it for sale. 
Nearly 4,000,000 pounds (estimated) of combed silk, including carded 
silk and long noils, were produced here in 1917. In Europe a combi- 
nation called the “ Dreibund ” almost entirely controls silk combing 
as well as silk spinning (par. 312), and very little peignée is produced 
above its spinning needs. Production in Japan was small until the 
war. Japanese producers have recently increased their combing 
capacity without proportionately increasing spinning facilities. 

Imports prior to 1917 were less than 1,000 pounds annually. With 
the war.came an enormous Government demand for cartridge-bag 
cloth, made from noil yarn or coarse spun-silk yarn, causing a shortage 
of combed silk. As low-grade coarse yarn was needed, the combed 
silk furnished by the newly expanded Japanese industry was used. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 479 


In 1918, therefore, 151,106 pounds of partially manufactured silk 
(made up to a considerable extent of long noils), valued at $324,952, 
were imported, almost exclusively from Japan. 


LONG SILK NOILS. 


Description and use.—Silk noils ‘are the short fibers removed when 
silk waste is combed. Those above 2 inches in length are Known as 
long silk noils and capable of being recombed or made into rough yarn; 
shorter lengths can not be so used, and are admitted free as silk waste. 
(See par. 599.) 

Production.—Noils are produced as a by-product of combing: 

Import figures are not available. Except in 1918 they were 
negligible. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Silk which has been advanced by winding from the skeins onto 
spools or tubes, or by other process, but which has not yet been thrown 
into yarn (see par. 318), comes under this paragraph. (189 Fed., 606, 
of 1905.) 

This paragraph embraces combed silk which has falien from or 
been caught in the machines (154 Fed., 1003, of 1907), but noils not 
having in appreciable proportion fibers exceeding 2 inches in length 
are excluded (Abstract 39083, of 1916). 

In order to include under the present paragraph all partially manu- 
factured silk, between the stages of raw silk (silk reeled from the 
cocoon) and thrown silk, and between the stages of waste silk and 
spun silk, it is suggested that the wording be changed to read: Silk 
partially manufactured from raw silk or from waste silk, including 
combed silk, carded silk, and silk noils exceeding two inches in length, 
[rate]. 

PARAGRAPH 312. 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1913. 


397. Spun silk or schappe silk yarn, 
valued at not exceeding $1 per pound, 
whether in singles, or advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles by 
grouping or twisting two or more 
yarns together, 35 cents per pound; 
if valued at exceeding $1 per pound, 
in the gray, in skeins, warps, or cops, 
if in singles or not advanced beyond 
the condition of singles by grouping 
or twisting two or more yarns to- 
gether, on all numbers up to and in- |: 
cluding number two hundred and five, |) 
45 cents per pound, and in addition } 
thereto #% of 1 cent per number per }- 
pound; exceeding number two hundred } 
and five, 45 cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto 7°; of 1 cent per } 
number per pound; if advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles by } 
grouping or twisting two or more} 
yarns together, on all numbers up to 
and including number two hundred 
and five, 50 cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto #2, of 1 cent per 
number per pound; exceeding number 


312, Spun silk or schappe silk yarn, 
85 per centum ad valorem, 





480 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


two hundred and five, 50 cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto 1% 
of 1 cent per number per pound; if 
valued at exceeding $1 per pound, in 
the gray, on bobbins, spools, or beams, 
if in singles or not advanced beyond 
the condition of singles by grouping 
or twisting two or more yarns to- 
gether, on all numbers up to and in- 
cluding number two hundred and five, 
and in addition thereto #% of 1 cent 
per number per pound; exceeding 
number two hundred and five, 55 cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto # 
of 1 cent per number per pound; if 
advanced beyond the condition of 
singles by grouping or twisting two 
or more yarns together, on all num- 
bers up to and including number two 
hundred and five, 60 cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto ~% of 1 cent 
per number per pound; exceeding 
number two hundred and five, 60 cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto Toy 
of 1 cent per number per pound; if 
valued at exceeding $1 per pound, col- 
ored, bleached, or dyed, in skeins or 
warps, if in singles or not advanced 
beyond the condition of singles by 
grouping or twisting two or more 
yarns together, on all numbers up to 
and. including number two hundred 
and five, 55 cents per pound, and 
in addition thereto 39 of 1 cent 
per number per pound; exceeding 
number two hundred and five, 55 
cents per pound, and in addition 
thereto #5 of 1 cent per number per 
pound; if advanced beyond the condi- 
tion of singles by grouping or twisting 
two or more yarns together, on all 
numbers up to and including number 
two hundred and five, 60 cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto ¥% 
of 1 cent per number per pound; ex- 
ceeding number two hundred and five, 
60 cents per pound, and in addition 
thereto ~% of 1 cent per number per 
pound; if valued at exceeding $1 per 
pound, colored, bleached, or dyed, on 
bobbins, cops, spools, or beams, if in 
Singles or not advanced beyond the 
condition of singles by grouping or 
twisting two or more yarns together, 
on all numbers up to and including 
number two hundred and five, 65 cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto 
res 4=4Of 1 cent per number per pound; 
exceeding number two hundred and 
five, 65 cents per pound,-and in addi- 
tion thereto 7% of 1 cent per num- 
ber per pound; if advanced beyond the 
condition of singles by grouping or 
twisting two or more yarns together, 
on all numbers up to and including 


ACT OF 1913. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 481 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. 


number two hundred and five, 70 cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto 
2% of 1 cent per number per pound; 
on all numbers exceeding number two 
hundred and five, 70 cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto #5 of 1 cent 
per number per pound. In assessing 
duty on all spun silk or schappe silk 
yarn, the number indicating the size 
of the yarn shall be taken according 
to the metric or French system, and 
shall, in all cases, refer to the size of 
the singles: Provided, That in no case 
shall the duty be assessed on a less 
number of yards than is marked on 
the skeins, bobbins, cops, spools, or 
beams. But in no case shall any of 
the goods enumerated in this para- 
graph pay less rate of duty than 35 
per centum ad valorem, 

404. In ascertaining the weight of 
silk under the provisions of this 
schedule, either in the threads, yarns, 
or fabrics, the weight shall be taken 
in the condition in which found in the 
goods, without deductions therefrom 
for any dye, coloring matter, or other 
foreign substance or material. The 
number of single threads to the inch 
in the warp provided for in this 
schedule shall be determined by the 
number of spun or reeled singles of 
which such single or two or more ply 
threads are composed. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Spun silk or schappe yarns are manu- 
factured from silk waste by combing (see pars. 311 and 599) and 
spinning. Spun-silk yarn is employed chiefly in velvets and plushes, 
knit goods, and piece-dyed and wool-mixed fabrics, and its use is rap- 
idly extending. A low grade of spun-silk yarn, called noil yarn 
(par. 311), is used in making cartridge-bag cloth and In various wool 
and silk goods; a shortage of noil yarn during the war caused the 
substitution of coarse spun-silk yarns. 

There are two general systems for numbering spun silk. In the 
metric system, used on the Continent, the count indicates the number 
of thousand meters per kilogram, and is based on the singles. In 
the English system, which is more generally used in this country, the 
count indicates the number of 840-yard hanks to the pound. The 
latter is similar to the cotton-yarn numbering so far as single yarn 
is concerned, but is different for folded yarns, where cotton is based 
on the singles and spun silk on the finished yarn, 

Production.—Silk waste, imported free, constitutes at present prob- 
ably about two-thirds of the total cost of spun silk. Conversion is a 
complicated process requiring much skilled labor; however, in five 
years the industry, almost wholly in the hands of seven large pro- 
ducers, has forged ahead rapidly. In 1914 the output for sale was 
1,607,416 pounds, but including that for the manufacturer’s own use, 

184911°—20——31 3 


482 SUMMARY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


the total production was roughly estimated at 3,500,000 pounds. This 
increased to 4,500,000 pounds in 1918 (estimated), supplying two- 
thirds of domestic consumption. Until recently American spinners 
have manufactured yarns almost exclusively of coarse or medium size 
from high-grade waste, requiring less skill and labor per unit than the 
production of fine yarns or yarns from low-grade waste, but they are 
now developing the manufacture of fine yarns on a commercially 
significant scale. 

Other leading producers are France, the United Kingdom, Switzer- 
land, Germany, Italy, and Japan; production in France, Switzerland, 
and Italy is largely by a combination called the “ Dreibund,” which 
controls prices in the countries where it operates, and has supplied 
the bulk of American imports. The war greatly stimulated low-grade 
and coarse-silk spinning in Japan. 

Imports, in a large measure, have been supplementary rather than 
competitive. From 1910 to 1917 imports increased from 3,159,595 
pound to 3,580,188 pounds, and in value from $5,054,174 to $10,381,831. 
In 1918 imports decreased to 2,502,157 pounds, valued at $7,429,616, 
Japanese imports increasing, however. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In determining the size or number of schappe silk yarn according 
to the metric or French system, pursuant to paragraph 397 of the act 
of 1909, the absolutely dry weight of the yarn should be ascertained 
and 11 per cent added for moisture. The usage of the trade in buying 
or selling schappe silk yarn disregarding a variation of 24 per cent 
in the number of the yarn, either above or below a recognized com- 
mercial number, was followed. The provision in paragraph 404 that, 
in ascertaining the weight of silk, no deductions should be made for 
“any dye, coloring matter, or other foreign substance or material” 
was declared inapplicable to the ascertainment of the weight of the 
yarn for the sole purpose of determining the number according to the 
metric or French system. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 227, of 1911; G. A. 7046, 
T. D. 30724, of 1910.) 

The number was restricted to the number of the yarn in the gray 
or original condition before being dyed. It was held impracticable 
to ascertain the number in the gray after dyeing the yarn, and the 
word “number” was held, when applied to dyed schappe silk yarn, 
to mean the weight in kilograms divided into the length in meters 
of the piece weighed. (G. A. 7295, T. D. 32002, of 1911.) 

Spun-silk yarn in the gray wound upon cylindrical paper tubes, 
measuring about 4% inches in length and having a uniform diameter 
of about one-half inch, which tubes were recognized in trade under 
the general name “ bobbins,” was held dutiable as spun-silk yarn “on 
bobbins,” rather than as spun-silk yarn in “ skeins, warps, or cops,” 
according to its value per pound, condition, and number, under para- 
graph 397 of the act of 1909. (G. A. 7312, T. D. 32123, of 1911.) 

Wooden beams wound with spun silk were, upon the record in one 
case, held to be subject to separate duties under subsection 18 of 
section 28 of the act of 1909, whether or not properly described as 
containers. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 62, ‘of 1912.) In a later case the 
spun silk and the beam were held dutiable as entireties, namely, as 
spun silk on beams. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 47, of 1914.) Wooden spools 


“ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 483 


with silk yarn wound thereon were also held dutiable as a part of 
the merchandise imported thereon under this paragraph. (Abstract 
36341, of 1914, following 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 355, of 1918, holding such 
spools having artificial silk yarn wound thereon so dutiable when 
entering into the value of the contents.) 

Spun silk invoiced as “ progress sewing silk,” and not commercially 


known as sewing silk, is also within this paragraph. (Abstract 
38272, of 1915.) (See pars. 318 and 3819.) 
! PARAGRAPH 313. : 


ACT OF 1909. 


398. Thrown silk in the gum, if 
Singles, 50 cents per pound; if tram, 
75 cents per pound; if organzine, $1 
per pound; and if ungummed, wholly 
or in part, or if further advaneed by 
any process of manufacture, in addi- 


ACT OF 1913. 


513. Thrown silk not more advanced 
than singles, tram, or organzine, sew- 
ing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads 
or yarns of every description made 
from raw silk, 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


tion to the rates herein provided, 50 
cents per pound. Sewing silk, twist, 
floss, and silk threads or yarns of 
any deseription made from raw silk, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, if in the gum, $1 per pound; if 
ungummed, wholly or in part, or if 
further advanced by any process of 
manufacture, $1.50 per pound: Pro- 
vided, That in no case shall duty be 
assessed on a less number of yards 
than is marked on the skeins, bobbins, 
cops, spools, or beams, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


THROWN SILK. 


Description and uses.—Thrown siik is yarn made from raw silk, 
usually doubled, by the insertion of twist. Thrown silks are known, 
according to the method of manufacture, as “organzine”’ (used 
mainly for warp), as “tram” (used mainly for filling), or as “ sin- 
gles” (silk twisted without doubling). Crépe yarn is a special va- 
riety produced by the insertion of excessive twist. In the United 
States, as in Engiand, thrown silk is usually numbered according to 
the weight in drams of a hank 1,000 yards in length; in continental 
Hurope thrown silk is numbered the same as raw silk, which is usually 
according to the weight in deniers of a hank 450 meters long. To 
reduce denier counts to dram counts, divide the deniers by 17.44. 
Thus four-thread tram of 16/18 denier size is 17X4=68+17.44=3.90 
drams. There are 256 drams to the pound avoirdupois. 

Production.—In 1914 a total of 18,869,293 pounds of raw silk were 
thrown on contract by commission throwsters and 4,070,401 pounds 
for sale. From 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 pounds were thrown by 
weavers or woven unthrown. At the present time throwing for sale 
and throwing by weavers appear to be developing more rapidly than 
throwing on commission. ‘The United States is the greatest thrown-silk 
producer, with an increasing output; yet so rapidly has silk weaving 
increased, and so great has become the demand for georgette and other 
crépe fabrics requiring hard-twisted yarn, that thrown-silk production 
remains inadequate. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


_ 


Imports of thrown silk since 1900 have averaged 33,000 pounds, a ~ 
fraction of 1 per cent of domestic production. In 1914 imports were 
64,389 pounds, valued at $270,933; in 1918, 67,319 pounds, valued at 
$461,982. The record year was 1917 with 125,495 pounds, valued at 
$570,675—an increase probably due to inability of the thrown-silk 
producers to meet spinners’ demands. Much of this import was tussah 
silk—rough, uneven, and very hard and costly to throw. 


A484 


‘ 


SEWING SILK, TWIST, FLOSS, AND EMBROIDERY SILK. 


Description and uses.—Sewing silk is a thread made by winding 
and doubling silk, giving it a hard twist, and doubling and twisting 
again in reverse direction under a strong tension; it is used for hand 
sewing. Twist is a thread resembling sewing silk but is three-ply 
instead of two-ply ; it is used for both machine and hand sewing, prin- 
cipally the former. Hmbroidery silk consists of numerous slackly 
twisted singles, doubled and again slightly twisted in the reverse di- 
rection. Floss silk is a variety of embroidery silk composed of a 
large number of singles only slightly twisted. 

Production.—Silk-thread production is the oldest branch of the 
domestic industry, long supplying the bulk of domestic needs. It is 
carried on largely by automatic machinery. In 1914 the output of 
all kinds of silk and embroidery threads was 1,562,039 pounds, valued 
at $9,681,618. . 

Imports in 1910 were 43,624 pounds (about 24 per cent of domestic 
production), valued at $89,868. Since then imports have been unim- 
portant—3,031 pounds (about 0.2 per cent of the domestic production) 
in 1914 and 1,113 pounds, valued at $4,578, in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Organzine damaged in dyeing comes within this paragraph. 
Fed., 634, of 1910.) 
Silk thread made from raw silk is provided for in this paragraph, 


(180 


but there is no specific provision for spun-silk thread. It is the 
practice to classify it under paragraph 312. 
- PARAGRAPH 314. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
399. Velvets, chenilles, and other 314, Velvets, plushes, chenilles, 


pile fabrics, not specially provided for 
in this section, cut or uncut, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of silk, 
weighing not less than five and three- 
fourths ounces per square yard, $1.50 
per pound; weighing less than five and 
three-fourths ounces per square yard, 
but not less than four ounces, or if 
all the filling is not cotton, $2.75 per 
pound; if all the filling is cotton, $2 
per pound; all the foregoing weighing 
less than four ounces to the square 
yard, $4 per pound. Plushes, cut or 
uncut, composed wholly or in chief 
value of silk, weighing not less than 
nine and one-half ounces per square 
yard, $1 per pound; weighing less 
than nine and one-half ounces per 
square yard, $2.40 per pound, 


velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile 
fabrics, composed of silk or of which 
silk is the component material of chief 
value, 50 per centum ad valorem. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. A85 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


Measurements to ascertain widths of 
goods for determining weight per 
square yard of the foregoing articles 
shall not. include the selvedges, but 
the duty shall be levied upon the total 
weight of goods, including the sel- 
vedges, The distinction between 
“plushes’? and “ velvets’? shall be 
determined by the length of the pile; 
those having pile exceeding one-seventh 
of one inch in length, to be taken as 
“plushes’’?; those having pile one- 
seventh of one inch or less in length, 
shall be taken as ‘‘ velvets.’’ The dis- 
tance from the end of the pile to the 
bottom of the first binding pick shall 
be considered as the length of the pile. 
Velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile 
fabrics not over twelve inches and not 
less than three-fourths of one inch in 
width, cut or uncut, of which silk is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, containing no silk except that in 
the pile and selvedges; if black, $1.60 
per pound; if other than black, $1.75 
per pound; if containing silk other 
than that in the pile and selvedges; 
if black, $2 per pound; if other than 
black, $2.25 per pound; for each one- 
fourth of one inch or fraction thereof, 
less than three-fourths of one inch in 
width, there shall be paid in addition 
to the above rates, 40 cents per pound. 
* %* * But in no case shall any 
goods made on Jacquard looms or any 
goods containing more than one color 
in the filling, or any of the goods 
enumerated in this paragraph, includ- 
ing such as have india rubber as a 
component material, pay a less rate of 
duty than 45 per centum ad valorem. 


- GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Silk-pile fabrics include cloths and ribbons 
composed of a woven ground of silk or other material more or less 
completely concealed by a covering of short silk threads, or pile, which 
project from it as cut ends or, in a few fabrics, as loops. Silk-pile 
cloths are mainly velvets and plushes, which differ principally in that 
the pile of velvet is shorter. Silk-pile ribbons are almost-invariably 
velvet. Velvets and plushes are usually woven as double-pile fabrics, 
i, e., two cloths are woven one above the other, connected by the inter- 
lacing of pile warp threads. <A knife traveling from side to side cuts 
the pile halfway between the two cloths leaving each with its half of 
the pile. Silk velvets are used chiefly for women’s garments and 
millinery purposes. Plushes are used for upholstery and decorative 
purposes and for ladies’ garments, especially imitation sealskins and 
other furs. 

Chenille yarn is made by cutting a specially woven cloth into narrow 
strips and twisting the strips to produce a rough yarn from which the 
cut thread ends stick out in every direction. Fabrics woven of chenille 


486 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


yarn are used for curtains, rugs, upholstery, and as fringes for 
women’s wear. Chenilles are a minor product. 

Production.—From 1904 to 1914 production of silk-pile goods in- 
ereased from 7,262,315 pounds, valued at $3,161,206, to 16,818,135 
pounds, valued at $8,570,022; plushes, from 2,547,367 pounds, valued 
at $1,340,815, to 9,114,992 pounds, valued at $10,135,842. The industry 
is conducted by about 27 concerns. In 1914 looms numbered 2,524 
with 1,804 weavers. The great majority of the pile fabrics are made 
with cotton back or ground and spun-silk pile; some all-silk velvets 
are made, mainly light draping velvets.- Velvet-ribbon production is 
comparatively small, varying demand making profit in manufacture 
dubious. 

Exports.—A small export trade has grown up in broad pile fabries 
(data are lacking), especially since the war, but its survival after 
war conditions cease is questioned in the trade. 

Imports are mainly high-grade velvet specialties, often handmade, 
which American firms generally do not preduce. In 1914 all pile- 
fabric imports were valued at $4,171,390; in 1918, at $942,555. Broad 
pile goods declined from 600,491 pounds in 1914 to 116,390 in 1918 and 
values from $2,421,644 to $781,244. The 1914 import value of broad 
pile fabrics was about 13 per cent of domestie production, since de- 
creasing. Pile ribbon imports were valued at $1,915.813 in 1914 and 
$161,311.in 1918, These are of the two extremes, largely all-silk velvet 
ribbons of high grade, with a fair amount of the cheapest cotton-back, 
schappe-pile varieties. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “ whether or not the pile covers the entire surface” was - 
added in 1909 to the cotton and flax paragraphs (325 and 353) but 
not to the provision for silk-pile fabrics in paragraph 399; neverthe- 
less, upon proof of commercial designation as “ pile fabrics,” woven 
fabrics in chief value of silk and with silk constituting more than 45 
per cent in weight, designed for use as upholstery or decorative ma- 
terials, were held to come within paragraph 899 although only par- 
tially pile-surfaced. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 301, of 1912.) A like con- 
clusion was reached under the act of 1913, (Abstracts 838279, of 1915 
and 89907, of 1916.) 

Plush and velvet distinguished—Prior to the act of 1909, when 
there was no statutory line or demarcation, whether an importation 
was classable as plush or as velvet was determined upon the evidence 
in each case. (153 Fed., 965, of 1907; 164 Fed., 912, of 1908.) . A rule 
suggested by the court in the former case and incorporated in para- 
graph 3899 of the act of 1909, was omitted from the act of 1913, as all 
pile fabrics were given one inclusive rate. 

Silk plush is dutiable at 50 per cent under this paragraph and cot- 
ton plush is dutiable at 40 per cent under paragraph 257, but hatter’s 
plush, made from specially woven silk-and-cotton plush by ironing the 
pile flat, is given a preferential rate of 10 per cent under paragraph 
882. 

Silk velvet is dutiable at 50 per cent under this paragraph, while 
articles of silk velvet are dutiable at 45 per cent as manufactures of 
silk under paragraph 818. (See par. 318.) 


SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 


487 


PARAGRAPH 315. 


ACT OF 1909. 


400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of silk, 
finished or unfinished, if cut, not 
hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay 60 
per centum ad valorem, if such hand- 
kerehiefs or mufflers are hemstitched 
or imitation hemstitched, or revered, 
or have drawn threads, * * * 50 
per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


315. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of silk, 
finished or unfinished; if cut, not 
hemmed or hemmed only, 40 per 
centum ad valorem; if hemstitched or 
imitation hemstitched, or revered, or 
having drawn threads, but not em- 
broidered in any manner with an in- 
itial letter, monogram, or otherwise, 


50 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Plain hemmed or hemstitched silk hand- 
kerchiefs are universally used by women and to some extent by men. 
In the bandanna size they are worn as mufiers. Silk handkerchiefs 
printed with flags, etc., are extensively made as souvenirs. 

Production.—Silk handkerchiefs may be woven in the loom, two 
or three to the breadth, and then cut and finished; or they may be 
cut from silk cloth and hemmed or hemstitched, ironed, folded, and 
boxed for the trade. The material is chiefly habutai (Japanese), a 
pure, soft, plain-woven, unthrown silk that washes and wears well. 
Sik handkerchiefs are produced mainly by milis devoted chiefly to 
broad silks, no estimate of the output being available; including 
mufflers, they were valued at $267,910 in 1909. 

Imports of embroidered and other fancy silk handkerchiefs, 
formerly included under this paragraph at the same rates as hem- 
stitched, but now covered by paragraph 358, have been slight. The 
plain hemstitched silk handkerchief has been the chief grade imported, 
occasionally over 80 per cent of the total. Imports of silk handker- 
chiefs ‘‘cut, not hemmed or hemmed only,” seldom equaled 10 per 
cent of the total until 1916, but since then have increased noticeably. 
Prior to 1916 import values of silk handkerchiefs remained fairly 
stationary at between $300,000 and $400,000 a year, despite reduced 
duties on the principal grade (hemstitched). Since 1916 the imports 
under this paragraph have neariy trebled, reaching a value of $1,123,- 
$19 in 1918, with a revenue of $521,620 at an average ad valorem duty 
of 46 per cent. a. 

Japan is the chief source of supply. Japanese statistics show 
1,282,704 dozens, valued at $1,155,484, exported to the United States 
during the calendar year 1917; this was about one-half of the total 
to all countries. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Kit silk miufilers—Paragraph 400 of the act of 1909 was held 
not restricted to mufflers that are handkerchiefs or that are similar 
to handkerchiefs, but to include both knit and woven mufflers “ fin- 
ished or unfinished, if cut, not hemmed, or hemmed only.” (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 38, of 1918.) A muffler, as commonly understoud, was ~ 
declared to be something worn around the neck or throat, perhaps 
mainly for warmth, and not something worn about the shoulders. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 3, of 1913.) Knit mufflers with a fringe effect 
formed with threads necessary to complete the hemming process or 
its equivalent, and not advanced beyond the condition of “ finished or 


488 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


unfinished, if cut, not hemmed, or hemmed only,”-were held dutiable 
under paragraph 400 of the act of 1909, the overwhelmed and over- 
lapped edges held in place by the threads being declared not to make 
the mufflers more than hemmed. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 552, of 1915; 
followed under the act of 1913 in Abstracts 37907, of 1915, 39127, of 
1916, 41544, of 1917, and various other decisions.) Drawnwork adds 
10 per cent to silk handkerchiefs (par. 815) ; 5 per cent to flax (par. 
282); and nothing to cotton handkerchiefs (par. 255). (Abstract 
40457, of 1916.) 

Silk handkerchiefs, not hemmed or hemmed only, are dutiable at 40 
per cent under this paragraph and silk cloth, from which such hand- 
kerchiefs are made, is dutiable at 45 per cent under paragraph 318. 

Necktie squares, from which neckties are cut, are the same size and 
shape aS woven muffiers unhemmed or hemmed only, and are some- 
times used as mufflers. The necktie square pays 45 per cent under 
paragraph 818 and the muffler pays 40 per cent under this paragraph, 
although they are practically the same article. (See par. 358.) 


PARAGRAPH 316. 





ACT OF 1909. 


401. Ribbons, bandings, including 
hatbands, beltings, bindings, all of 
the foregoing not exceeding twelve 
inches in width, and if with fast 
edges, bone casings, braces, cords, 
cords and tassels, garters, gorings, 
suspenders, tubings, and webs and 
webbings, composed wholly or in chief 
value of silk, and whether composed 
in any part of india rubber or other- 
wise, if not embroidered in any man- 
ner, by hand or machinery, 50 per 
centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1913. 


316. Ribbons, bandings, including 
hatbands, belts, beltings, bindings, atl 
of the foregoing not exceeding twelve 
inches in width and if with fast 
edges, bone casings, braces, cords, 
cords and tassels, garters, suspenders, 
tubings, and webs and webbings; all 
the foregoing made of silk or of which 
silk or silk and india rubber are the 
component materials of chief value, if 
not embroidered in any manner, and 
not specially provide® for in this sec- 
tion, 45 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
RIBBONS. 


Description.—Ribbons are narrow, woven fabrics with straight 
selvages. This paragraph applies only to ribbons wholly or in chief 
value of silk, or of silk and india rubber, with fast selvages, not over 
12 inches in width, not embroidered, and not covered with pile. (See 
par. 314.) 

Production of ribbons in 1914 was valued at $38,201,298, including 
a small amount of velvet and plush ribbons. Since 1899 the ratio 
of domestic production to domestic consumption of all ribbons in- 
creased from 83 to 93 per cent. Ribbon looms in operation in 1914 
numbered 11,554, and weavers 7,887. 

Imports averaged $676,000 in value between 1910 and 1918; in 1914 
the value was $2,146,988; in 1918, $105,483. Fashion is the principal 
cause of variations in imports, mainly extreme novelties, goods of 
complicated, multicolored weave, or with metal threads and similar 
articles in which the element of hand labor is exceptionally high, 
and required in quantities so small that American manufacturers do 
not care to bother with them, These imports are for the most part 
supplementary rather than competitive. Ribbons made from low-grade 
silk, though not produced here, are not extensively imported, their 
prices, plus the duty, equaling those of better grade domestic ribbons. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. | 489 


Exports.—Small quantities of ribbons are exported, principally to 
Canada and Latin America. 


SILK SMALL WARES, 


Description.—These include practically all products of ribbon looms 
if made in whole of silk, or if silk or silk and india rubber are the 
component materials of chief value, but not over 12 inches in width, 
and not embroidered. (See par. 262 for more detailed descriptions. ) 

Production statistics are only partially comparable. In 1914 silk 
braids and bindings, valued at $3,073,648, were reported; trimmings, 
cords, tassels, ornaments, etc., other than military and tailor’s trim- 
mings, valued at $1,674,399 ; labels, at $971,789 ; hatbands, at $607,204; 
and fishlines, at $177,150. 

Imports were almost entirely from Germany, mainly specialties, and 
were small compared with domestic production. During 1910-1914 
the average import was valued at $567,000; in 1914, at $527,100; in 
1918, at $147,461. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 262 and 358.) 


PARAGRAPH 317. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


402. * * *, clothing, ready-made, 317. Clothing, ready-made, and ar- 
and articles of wearing apparel of | ticles of wearing apparel of every de- 
every description, including knit | scription, including knit goods, made 


goods, made up or manufactured in 
whole or in part by the tailor, seam- 
stress, or manufacturer; all of the 
foregoing composed of silk, or of silk 
and metal, or of which silk is the 
component material of chief value, 
whether in part of india rubber or 


up or manufactured in whole or in 
part by the tailor, seamstress, or 
manufacturer; all the foregoing com- 
posed of silk or of which silk or silk 
and india rubber are the component 
materials of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, 50 per 


otherwise, * * * not specially | centum ad valorem, 


provided for in this section, and silk 
goods ornamented with beads or span- 
gles, 60 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That articles composed wholly 
or in chief value of any of the ma- 
terials or goods dutiable under this 
paragraph shall pay not less than the 
rate of duty imposed upon such ma- 


terials or goods by this section 
* %* ca 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Production of ready-made clothing and other wearing apparel 
supplies all but a small percentage of domestic consumption, ‘The 
manufacture of knit wear has recently become a very important branch 
of the American silk industry, particularly the production of hose 
and half hose. In 1904, 42,065 dozen pairs, valued at $522,303, were 
produced; in 1914, 3,660,440 dozen pairs, valued at $18,553,220. The 
use of silk in other knit goods, such as underwear, gloves, and sweat- 
ers, is increasing, but is small compared with its use in hosiery. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,788,731, including corsets, $8,463 ; 
knit goods, $181,135; and ready-made clothing and articles of wearing 
apparel, $2,599,133. Imports in 1918 were vaiued at $1,028,434, of 
which corsets amounted to $3,809, knit goods to $60,574, and ready- 
made clothing and articles of wearing apparel to $964,051. 


490 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Fringed scarfs of silk are dutiable at 50 per cent under this para- 
graph and articles fringed by withdrawal of threads, and the fringe 
tied in designs with separate threads introduced, at 60 per cent under 


paragraph 358. 


(Abstract 39633, of 1916, and T. D. 35166, of 1915.) 


The words “ by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer” might be 
“ 


omitted from this paragraph as unnecessary. 


(See par. 256.) 


PARAGRAPH 318. 


ACTF OF 1909. 


oe as 
piece, composed wholly or in chief 
value of silk, not specially provided 
for in this section, weighing not more 
than one-third of one ounce per square 
yard, $4 per pound; weighing more 
than one-third of one ounce, but not 
more than two-thirds of one ounce per 
square yard; it in the gum, $3 per 
pound; if unsgummed, wholly or in 
part, $3.25 per pound; if further ad- 
vanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in 
the piece, $3.50 per pound; if weigh- 
ing more than two-thirds of one ounce 
but not more than one ounce per 
square yard; if in the gum, $2.65 per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in 
part, $3 per pound; if further ad- 
vanced by any process of manufac- 
ture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed 
in the piece, $3.25 per pound; if 
weighing more than one ounce but not 
more than one and one-third ounces 
per square yard; if in the gum, $2.50 
per pound; if ungummed, wholly or 
in part, $2.85 per pound; if further 
advanced by any process of manufac- 


ture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed |} 


in the piece, $3.10 per pound; if 
weighing more than one and one-third 
ounces, but not more than two and 
one-half ounces, and if containing not 
more than 20 per centum in weight of 
silk, if in the gum, 70 cents per pound; 
if ungummed, wholly or in part, or 
if further advanced by any process of 
manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed 
or printed in the piece, 85 cents per 
pound; if containing more than 20 
per centum, but not more than 30 per 
centum in weight of silk; if in the 
gum, 85 cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if fur- 
ther advanced by any process of manu- 
facture or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $1.10 per pound; 
if containing more than 30 per centum, 
but not more than 40 per centum in 
weight of silk; if in the gum, $1.05 
per pound; if ungummed, wholly or 
in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, 


Woven fabrics in the | 


ACT OF 19158. 


318. Woven fabrics, in the piece or. 
otherwise, of which silk is the com- 
ponent material of chief valve, and 
all manufactures of silk, or of which 
silk or silk and india rubber are the 
component materials of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 45 per centum ad valorem, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 48309—Continued. 


or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
$1.25 per pound; if containing more 
than 40 per centum, but not more than 
. 50 per centum in weight of silk; if in 
the gum, $1.25 per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if fur- 
ther advanced by an'y process of manu- 
facture or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $1.50 per pound; 
if containing more than 50 per centum 
in weight of silk or if wholly of silk; 
if in the gum, $2.50 per pound; if 
ungummed, wholly or in part, or if 
further adyanced by any process of 
manufacture or ctherwise, or if dyed 
or printed in the piece, $3 per pound; 
if weighing more than two and one- 
half ounces, but not more than eight 
ounces per square yard, and if con- 
taining not more than 20 per centum 
in weight of silk; if in the gum, 57% 
cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly 
or in part, or if further advanced by 
any process of manufacture or other- 
wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
70 cents per pound; if containing 
more than 20 per centum, but not more 
than 30 per centum in weight of silk; 
if in the gum, 75 cents per pound; if 
ungummed, wholly or in part, or if 
further advanced by any process of 
manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed 
or printed in the piece, 90 cents per 
pound; if containing more than 30 
per centum, but not more than 40 
per centum in weight of silk; if in 
the gum, 90 cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if fur- 
ther advanced by any process of manu- 
facture or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $1.10 per pound; 
if containing more than 40 per centum, 
but not more than 50 per centum in 
weight of silk; if in the gum, $1.10 
per pound; if usgummed, wholiy or 
in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, 
or if dyed or printed in the piece, $1.80 
per pound; if containing more than 
50 per centum in weight of silk, or if 
wholly of silk; if in the gum, $2.25 
per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in 
part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture, cr otherwise, 
or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
$2.75 per pound. Woven fabrics in 
the piece, composed wholly or of chief 
value of silk, if dyed in the thread 
or yarn, and the weight is not in- 
ereased in dyeing beyond the original 
weight of raw silk, if containing less 
than 30 per centum in silk, $1.25 per 
pound; if containing more than 30 
per centum but not more than 45 per 
centum in weight of silk, $1.60 per 


ACT OF 1913. 


491 


492 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


pound; if containing more than 45 
per centum in weight of silk, $3 per 
pound; if weight is increased in dye- 
ing beyond the original weight of raw 
silk; if weighing more than one-third 
of one ounce, but not more than one 
ounce, per square yard; if black (ex- 
cept selvedges), $2.25 per pound; if 
other than black, $38 per pound; if 
weighing more than one ounce, but 
not more than one and _ one-third 
ounces per square yard; if black (ex- 
cept selvedges), $2 per pound; if other 
than .» black, "$2.75 “‘per™,pound <*" if 
weighing more than one and one-third 
but not more than one and two-thirds 
ounces per square yard; if black (ex- 
cept selvedges), $1.80 per pound; if 
other than black, $2.50 per pound; 
if weighing more than one and two- 
thirds but not more than two ounces 
per square yard; if black (except 
selvedges), $1.65 per pound; if other 
than black, $2.25 per pound; if weigh- 
ing more than two but not more than 
eight ounces per square yard, and if 
containing not more than 3:0 per 
centum in weight of silk; if black 
(except selvedges), 75 cents’ per 
pound; if other than black, 90 cents 
per pound; if containing more than 
30 per centum but not more than 45 
per centum in weight of silk; if black 
(except selvedges), $1.10 per pound; 
if other than black, $1.30 per pound; 
if containing more than 45 per centum 
in weight of silk but not more than 
60 per centum; if black (except sel- 
vedges), $1.40 per pound; if other 
than black, $1.60 per pound; if con- 
taining more than 60 per centum in 
weight of silk, or if composed wholly 
of silk, and if having not more than 
four hundred and forty single threads 
to the inch in the warp; if black (ex- 
cept selvedges), $1.50 per pound; if 
other than black, $2 per pound; if 
having more than four hundred and 
forty, but not more than six hundred 
single threads to the inch in the warp; 
if black (except selvedges), $1.65 per 
pound; if other than black, $2.25 per 
pound; if having more than six hun- 
dred, but not more than seven hun- 
dred and sixty single threads to the 
inch in the warp; if black (except 
selvedges), $1.80 per pound; if other 
than black, $2.50 per pound; if hay- 
ing more than seven hundred and 
sixty, but not more than nine hundred 
and twenty single threads to the inch 
in the warp; if black (except sel- 
vedges), $2 per pound; if other than 
black, $2.75 per pound; if having 
more than nine hundred and twenty 


ACT OF 1913, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 493 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 19138. 


single threads to the inch in the warp ; 
if black (except selvedges), $2.25 per 
pound; if other than black, $3 per 
pound; if printed in the warp and 
weighing not more than one and one- 
third ounces per square yard, $3.50 
per pound; weighing more than one 
and one-third, but not more than two 
ounces per square yard, $3.25 per 
pound; weighing more than _ two 
ounces per square yard, $2.75 per 
pound. But in no case shall any 
goods made on Jacquard looms or any 
goods containing more than one color 
in the filling, or any of the goods 
enumerated in this paragraph, includ- 
ing such as have india rubber as a 
component material, pay a less rate 
of duty than 45 per centum ad 
valorem, 

403. All manufactures of silk, or 
of which silk is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, including such 
as have india rubber as a component 
material, not specially provided for 
in this section, 50 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all manu- 
factures of silk enumerated under any 
paragraph of this schedule, if com- 
posed in any part of wool, shall be 
classified and assessed for duty as 
manufactures of wool. 

404. In ascertaining the weight of 
silk under the provisions of this 
schedule, either in the threads, yarns, 
or fabrics, the weight shall be taken 
in the condition in which found in the 
goods, without deductions therefrom 
for any dye, coloring matter, or other 
foreign substance or material. ‘Fhe 
number of single threads to the inch 
in the warp provided for in this 
schedule shall be determined by the 
number of spun or reeled singles of 
“which such single or two or more ply 
threads are composed. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—In value of imports and in revenue derived, 
this is by far the most important paragraph of the silk schedule. All 
broad silks (i. e., woven silks over 12 inches in width) of which silk 
is the component material of chief value are included in paragraph 
318, unless embroidered (par. 358), cut up into button forms (par. 
838), made into clothing (par. 317) or handkerchiefs (par. 315); 
unless it is a veiling or similar open-weave (par. 358) or bolting cloth 
(par. 422) ; or unless its surface is covered by a “pile” of thread 
ends or loops (par. 314). ‘“ Broad silks” are used for almost every 
purpose for which cloth can be used, but principally for women’s dress 
goods, linings, shirtings, tie materials, underclothing, and furniture 
coverings. 


494 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—Broad silk manufacture, it is estimated, consumes at 
least 50 per cent of the raw-silk imports (par. 600) and also con- 
siderable quantities of spun-silk yarns for satins and other fabrics. 
The broad-silk and ribbon industry used 18 per cent of the domestic 
artificial silk production in 1918. Cotton (mercerized and unmercer- 
ized), wool, and worsted yarns are used in mixed fabrics, which in 
1914 amounted to 73,320,337 of the total of 216,033,696 yards of broad 
woven goods produced. The output of all broad silks in 1914 was 
valued at $1387,719,564, or 54 per cent of the total silk manufactures. 
The yardage increased 73 per cent from 1904 to 1914; the value, 
105 per cent. The industry employed 70,980 looms and 28,425 weavers 
in 1914. In making woven-silk fabrics skilled labor is essential. 
Domestie production is largely confined to goods of standard weave, 
made from high-quality silk, not exceptionally fine in size, permitting 
most machine manipulation, and requiring the least skilled labor. 

Export values of woven silk dress goods were $5,824,966 in 1918 
(the first figures available), greatly exceeding exports prior to the 
war, when they consisted principally of specialties and goods sold for 
‘quick delivery,” which did not attest American ability to compete 
with similar goods in neutral markets. 

Imports of broad silks in 1914 were 2,469,291 pounds, valued at 
$11,984,847, about an average since 1900. In 1918 they were 1,950,773 
pounds, valued at $11,410,691; revenue amounted to $5,133,368. Im- 
ports vary widely from year to year and independent of tariff changes. 
The general tendency is for domestic production to supply an increas- 
ing proportion of domestic consumption. In 1914 imports were 9 per 
cent in value of the domestic output; in 1918, 6 per cent (estimated). 

Imports from Europe are chiefly goods demanded because of style, 
unique design, or construction; because desired in small amounts; or 
because of complicated weave, requiring exceptional labor, frequently 
hand weaving. In general they are supplemental rather than competi- 
tive. Imports from Japan and China, mostly goods of simple weave, 
made from extremely fine or coarse silk filaments, are increasing. 
The Japanese silks are mainly habutai, unweighted fabrics woven of 
pure raw silk, while the Chinese are mainly pongees woven in the 
gum from wild tussah silk. As domestic machinery to handle rough > 
wild silk and very fine filaments is being developed, and as machine 
methods are making headway, imports from the East become more 
competitive. Previous to 19183 Japanese imports were decreasing, even 
more rapidly than French imports, but imports from Japan began to 
increase rapidly after the war. Their value in 1914 was $3,031,404; 
in 1918, $9,560,992. In the same years imports from France fell from 
$6,375,806 to $1,285,154. Both changes were due largely to war con- 
ditions. The Japanese industry seems to have gained in competitive 
strength since 1914. ; 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Much of the litigation under this paragraph has been upon the ques- 
tion of chief value, whether silk, cotton, wool, or other material; a 
question of fact determined upon the evidence in the particular case. 

Apart from the foregoing, the provision for manufactures of silk 
not specially provided for has been held to apply to such articles as 
strings of catgut wound with silk, in chief value, for musical instru- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 495 


ments, claimed to be parts of musical instruments (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
443, of 1915) ; sili: quilts, down filled, claimed to be quilts of down (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 148, of 1917) ; small silk purses, claimed to be toys 
(Abstract 39246, of 1916); doilies or table sets of thin silk gauze, 
hand painted in floral designs or produced in part by stencil, claimed 
to be works of art (Abstract 396384, of 1916); and Japanese obi or 
sashes of silk and cotton, having a selvage on either side, about 43 
yards in length and 28 inches in width, used chiefly as furniture covy- 
erings or for household decorations, claimed to be silk wearing ap- 
parel under paragraph 317 (Abstract 438270, of 1919). 

Silk umbrellas are dutiable at 35 per cent under paragraph 383, 
whereas the silk from which they are made pays 45 per cent under 
this paragraph. (See pars. 175, 310, 324, and 358.) 


PARAGRAPH 319. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


319. Yarns, filaments of 


405. Yarns, threads, filaments of 
artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- 
ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- 
ever name known, and by whatever 
process made, if in the form of sin- 
gles, 45 cents per pound; if in the 
form of tram, 50 cents per pound; 
if in the form of organzine, 60 cents 
per pound: Provided, That in no case 
shall any yarns, threads, or filaments 
of artificial or imitation silk or imita- 
tion horsehair, or any yarns, threads, 
or filaments made from waste of such 
materials, pay a less rate of duty than 
30 per centum ad valorem; * * *, 


threads, 
artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- 
ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- 
ever name known, and by whatever 
process made, 35 per centum ad yva- 
lorem; beltings, cords, tassels, rib- 
bons, or other articles or fabrics com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of 
yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of 
artificial or imitation silk or of arti- 
ficial or imitation horsehair, or of 
yarns, threads, filaments or fibers of 
artificial or imitation silk, or of arti- 
ficial or imitation horsehair and india 
rubber, by whatever name known, and 


by whatever process made, 60 per 
centum ad valorem. 


beltings, cords, tassels, ribbons, or 
other articles or fabrics composed 
Wholly or in chief value of yarns, 
threads, filaments, or fibers of arti- 
ficial or imitation silk or of artificial 
ovr imitation horsehair, by whatever 
name known, and by whatever process 
made, 45 cents per pound, and in addi- 
tion thereto, 60 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


ARTIFICIAL SILK. 


Description and use.—Artificial silk and real silk have in com- 
mon one property, luster. Artificial] silk is more lustrous and not so 
eostly, but has a different “ feel,” is heavier, weaker, less elastic, and 
more difficult to manipulate than real silk. All of the commercially 
important artificial silks are obtained from some form of cellulose, 
the predominating constituent of plant tissue. 

Production of artificial silk inereased from 1,566,000 pounds in 
1913 to 5,828,000 pounds in 1918; that is, from 34 to 98 per cent of 
the domestic consumption. The war, especially the blockade of 
Germany, accounts for the decline of imports and increase in domestic 
production, which is almost exclusively by one company using the 
* viscose” process, i. e., the dissolving of wood pulp in a strong alkali 
and the treatment of the resulting solution with dilute caustic soda. 
In Europe the nitrocellulose and cupra-ammonium processes are 
much used, and the cellulose base is usually cotton waste or linters. 


496 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports fell from 2,733,952 pounds in 1914 to 259,373 pounds in 
1918; that is, from 66 to 2 per cent of domestic consumption. The 
importation of a new type of artificial silk should be noted. It 
comes in ribbon form for making braids and is called “ ribbon straw.” 
The narrowest is known as “lame.” Ribbon straw, or lame, although 
flat, is made at the first process of manufacture. 


MANUFACTURES OF ARTIFICIAL SILK. 


Description.—Artificial silk is used in an increasing range of, 
goods. The domestic output in 1918 was distributed as follows: 
Hosiery, 40 per cent; silk weaving, 18 per cent; knit goods, other 
than hosiery, 17 per cent; cotton weaving, 13 per cent; plush fabrics, 
2 per cent; tapestry, 2 per cent; braids, 5 per cent; embroidery and 
other minor uses, 3 per cent. 

Production figures are not available, but these are estimated to be 
much greater than imports. 

Import values declined from $643,975 in 1914 to $106,663 in 1918. 


ARTIFICIAL HORSEHAITR. 


Description and use.—Artificial horsehair differs from artificial 
silk in that it is coarser and stiffer and is produced and used in 
coarse single filameuts. 

Production, for which figures are not available, has probably 
greatly increased. ‘ 

Import values of artificial horsehair and manufactures thereof de- 
creased from $569,283 in 1909 to $63,970 in 1914 and to $24,966 in 
1918. Formerly imports came principally from Germany and Austria, 
but lately from Switzerland. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Under the act of 1909 cotton yarn coated with cellulose or viscose, 
called viscelline, although retaining its character as cotton yarn, was 
held to come within the provision (par. 405) for “ artificial or imita- 
tion horsehair, by whatever name known and by whatever process 
made” (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 75, of 1912) ; the crudest form of artificial 
silk known to the throwster trade, corresponding precisely to the 
natural silk singles, was held dutiable as singles under the same 
paragraph (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 395, of 1912) ; and artificial silk waste 
in broken yarns or filaments, put through a combing process which 
eliminates any refuse material and leaves the artificial silk in the 
form of a mass of fibers resembling in appearance cotton or ramie 
sliver, was held dutiable as cotton sliver by similitude (G. A. 7466, 
T. D. 33478, of 1918). 

Artificial silk is not a vegetable fiber within the meaning of this 
paragraph. While the rule prescribed by paragraph 386 is that “‘ com- 
ponent material of chief value” shall be held to mean that single 
component material which shall exceed in value any other single 
component material in an article or fabric, nevertheless Congress 
may and oftentimes does expressly prescribe that in the determina- 
tion of a particular question of chief value the combined values of 
one or more single component materials must be treated as one. 
This is so of paragraph 319 where the component may be “ artificial 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 497 
or imitation silk * * * and india rubber.” ‘Webbing 34.30 per 
cent artificial silk, 39.81 per cent cotton, and 26.39 per cent rubber 
in value is accordingly dutiable under this paragraph as in chief 
value of artificial silk and india rubber. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 
1918.) Artificial or imitation horsehair yarn is dutiable under this 
paragraph and not under paragraph 3811, nor by similitude to bristles 
under paragraph 8387. (Abstract 40116, of 1916.) Artificial silk rib- 
bons in chief value of artificial silk also comes within this provision. 
(Abstract 37242, of 1915.) Artificial silk waste composed of artificial 
silk threads mixed with a very small percentage of real silk threads 
in a tangled condition is not classable under this paragraph as arti- 
ficial silk filaments, but as waste n. s. p. f. under paragraph 3884. 
(T. D. 35359, of 1915.) : 

Provision might be made for yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers 
similar in material, but not in appearance, to artificial silk yarns; 
also for strips or sheets of cellulose, now assessed with duty by simili- 
tude under this paragraph. (T. D. 38164, of 1919.) (See par. 288.) 


SCHEDULE M. PAPERS AND BOOKS. 
PARAGRAPH 320. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


407. Sheathing paper and roofing 820. Sheathing paper, pulpboard in 
felt, 10 per centum ad valorem. rolls, not laminated, roofing felt, com- 
mon paper-box board, not coated, 
lined, embossed, printed or decorated 
in any manner, nor cut into shapes 
for boxes or other articles, 5 per 

centum ad vyalorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
SHEATHING PAPER. 


Description and uses.—Sheathing paper is a heavy tar-saturated 
paper made of coarse-grade stock, such as straw, cornstalks, ete. 
It is used principally as a liner for metal sheathing in buildings, cars, 
and vessels, and frequently in the walls of temporary shacks near con- 
struction work and building operations. It is the chief substitute for 
laths and plaster in buildings, also for wood-board sheathing, which 
is a more expensive cut-lumber product. , 

Production in 1914, including roofing, asbestos, and sheathing 
paper, was 248,908 tons, valued at $9,475,733. Ohio, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Illinois are the principal produc- 
ing States, 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $4,286; in 1918, at $9,235, ex- 
clusively from Canada. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,029,127. 


PULPBOARD. 


Description and uses.—Pulpboard is usually made from old news- 
papers, reground to a thick, heavily massed fiber, and. rolled in 
large hydraulic cylinder presses. It is used in making paper con- 
tainers, cartons, and wall board for dwellings, apartments, hotels, and 
summer camps. Asbestos board, plaster board, wood and metal laths 
are some of the principal substitutes for pulpboard. 

184911°—20 32 





~ 


4.98 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. — 


Production, in 1914, was 116,419 tons, valued at $4,227,493. In 
1918 there were 237 domestic paper pulpboard mills. Canada is the 
next largest producer and our chief competitor. 

Imports in. 1914 were valued at $208,862; in 1918, at $1,877,291. 


ROOFING FELT. . 


Description and uses.—Roofing felt is composed of coarse-grade 
wood fiber and felt, often saturated with some waterpreofing mate- 
serial, such as pitch, tar, or asphaitum. It is made in reis and used 
for the roofs of sheds, barns, and other buildings. 
_. Production in 1914 was 146,993 tens, valued at $6,449,766; in 1918,. 
249,000 tons, valued at $50,000,000. Reofing felt is an important sub- 
stitute for wood shingles and slate. Canada is our prineipal com- 
petitor. 
PAPER-BOX BOARD. 


Description and uses.—Paper-box board is made from the coarse 
pulp fiber of jute, flax, waste paper, sacking,’refuse wood, and straw. 
Ground wood pulp is also a small item in its manufacture. This 
product is chiefly used in paper boxes, a growing substitute for the 
wooden or shook box, and as “ boards” for bound volumes. - 

Production in 1914 was 12,000 tons, valued at $27,000,000. In 1917, 
80 companies manufactured paper-box board: 40 were west of the 
Alleghenies and used straw as the raw material; the other 40 used - 
waste paper eollected in cities. For 1917 the figures for the manu- 
facture of paper boxes and. eartons were: Establishments, 1,014; 
wage earners, 44,780; capital, $58,391,000; wages, $18,459,000; cost of 
production, $73,684,000; value added by manufacture, $37,918,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $48,137; in 1918, at $16,619. 

Exports of paper board and strawboerd in 1915 were valued at 
$663,230; in 1918, at $2,411,282. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Flag felt saturated with coal tar or pine tar was held dutiable as 
roofing felt on the authority of G, A. 4752, T. D. 22448, of 1900. holding 
sheathing felt, not adhesive, imported for roofing, dutiable under 
paragraph 394 of the act of 1897. (T. D. 31901, of 1911.) Mer- 
ehandise classified as roofing felt, although imported in rolls, was 
found to be used for sheathing vessels and accordingly exempt from 
duty under paragraph 481 of the act of 1913. (Abstract 38878, of 
1915.) Merchandise invoiced as sulphite tag rolls made entirely of 

. chemical wood pulp first macerated in beating engines and then pro- 
cessed from board machines, after which it was wound in rolls at 
the end of the machine, was held dutiable as pulpboard in rolls not 
laminated. Saturating paper was held dutiable as sheathing paper.’ 
(Abstract 38847, of 1915.) Strawboard classified under paragraph 
328 as pressboard or press paper, found to be used almost exclusively 
as common paper-box board, was held dutiable under this paragraph. 
(Abstract 38384, of 1915; see also Abstract 403883, of 1916.) So was 
merchandise invoiced as pulpboard in sheets, chiefly used for making 
ice-cream boxes and as an outside covering for various kinds of paper 
boxes. (Abstract 42533, of 1918.) But pulpboard in sheets, classified 
as cardboard under paragraph 332, was held not dutiable under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 43183, of 1919.) Pulpboard in rolls classified 


SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION. 499 


as wrapping paper under paragraph 328 was held to come within this 
paragraph as puipboard in rolis. (Abstract 43183, of 1919.) Rolls 
of pulpboard used in the manufacture of so-called Beaver board were 


held properly dutiable under this paragraph as pulpboard in rolls 


not laminated, rather than exempt from duty under paragraph 649 
as wood pulp. (G. A. 8280, T. D 880938, of 1919.) An appeal from 
this decision is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals. 

The provision for roofing felt, being unrestricted by any qualifying 
language whatever, includes within its meaning dry as well as 
saturated roofing felts. (G. A. 7954, T. D. 86615, and G. A. 7991, 
T. D 36821, of 1916, followed in Abstract 40695, of 1917.) Felt pads 
measuring about 73 by 8% inches by 1 inch, composed of cattle hair 
tarred, used in the construction of railroads and buildings as moisture 
absorbers and for deadening sound, are not dutiable under this para- 
graph, but are dutiable as nonenumerated unmanufactured articles 
under paragraph 385. (T. D. 85587, of 1915.) So-called asphalt 
roofing paper coated, in chief value of paper, is dutiable under para- 
graph 332 (T. D. 367538, of 1916), and felt roojing coated, in chief 
value of mineral substances under paragraph 81 (T. D. 36833, of 
1916), rather than under this paragraph. i 

Roofing felt is dutiable at 5 per cent under this paragraph; ad- 
hesive felt for sheathing vessels is exempt from duty under para- 
graph 481. (Abstract 38878, of 1915.) These products are strikingly 
similar, if not identical. : 

Cardboard is dutiable at 25 per cent under paragraph 328, while 
common paper-box board is dutiable at 5 per cent under this para- 
graph (Abstract 40615, of 1917), although quite similar in character. 

To restrict the words “not coated,” etc, to “‘common paper-box. 
board,” their immediate antecedent, the word “and” might be in- 
serted before ‘roofing felt” and a semicolon substituted for the 
eomma after “felt.” (See par. 328.) 


PARAGRAPH 321. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


408. Filter masse or filter stock, 321. Filter masse or filter stock, 


‘composed wholly or in part of wood | composed wholly or in part of wood 


pulp, wood flour, cotton, or other | pulp, wood fiour, cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, 14 cents per pound | vegetable fiber, 20 per centum ad 
and 15 per centum ad valorem. valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term “filter masse” in the trade 
refers in particular to fibers (cotton-rag, linen-rag, asbestos, and 
wood-pulp mechanically ground and chemically treated). It is pressed 
into cakes 17 by 18 by 2 inches and is used principally by brewers, 
chemical companies, and filtering plants. The beer or other liquid 
to be filtered is either allowed to drain or is pumped through the 
filter masse, thus clarifying the liquid. Technically speaking, filter 
masse or stock is the ground and chemically treated pulp of vegetable 
fiber in its semiliquid state just previous to the making of filter stock 
or paper stock. 

Production in 1914 was 94,276 tons, valued at $1,778,669 (filter 
masse only) ; in 1918, 3,313,861 tons, valued at $174,579,645 (including 
wood pulp). 


500 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of filter masse in 1914 were 486,476 pounds, valued at 
$53,974 ; in 1918, 48,210. pounds, valued at $13,917. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Filtrier material used for filtering purposes and being made in part 
of wood pulp was held dutiable under paragraph 408 of the act of 
1909 and not dutiable under paragraph 462 as a manufacture of asbes- 


tos. 


(Abstract 28666, T. D. 32560, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 322. 


ACT OF 1909. 


409. Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan pa- 
per by whatever name known), un- 
Sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the 
printing of books and newspapers, but 
not for covers or bindings, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
* j%+*« ¥* ; valued above 2% cents per 
pound and not above 4 cents per 
pound, ~ of 1 cent per pound; 
valued above 4 cents and not above 
5 cents per pound, of 1 cent per 
pound; valued above 5 cents per 
pound, 15 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, however, That if any coun- 
try, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision. of government shall for- 
bid or restrict in any way the ex- 
portation of (whether by law, order,, 
regulation, contractual relation, or 
otherwise, directly or indirectly) or 
impose any export duty, export license 
fee, or other export charge of any 
kind whatsoever (whether in the 
form of additional charge or license 
fee or otherwise) upon printing pa- 
per, wood pulp, or wood for use in the 
manufacture of wood pulp, there shall 
be imposed upon printing paper when 
imported either directly or indirectly 
from such country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment, an additional duty of 7 of 1 
cent per pound when valued at 3 cents 
per pound, or less, and in addition 
thereto the amount of such export 
duty or other export charge imposed 
by such country, dependency, prov- 
ince; or other subdivision of govern- 
ment, upon printing paper, wood pulp, 
or wood for use in the manufacture 
of wood pulp. 


ACT OF 1913. 


Sa 
paper 
made 


Printing paper (other than 
commercially known as hand- 
or machine handmade paper, 
Japan paper, and imitation japan 
paper by whatever name known), 
unsized, sized, or glued, suitable for 
the printing of books and newspapers, 
but not for covers or bindings, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
valued above 2% cents per pound, 12 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
however, That if any country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government shall impose any 
export duty, export license fee, or 
other charge of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, there shall be imposed 
upon printing paper, valued above 2% 
cents per pound, when imported either 
directly or indirectly from such coun- 
try, dependency, province, or other 


‘subdivision of government, an addi- 


tional duty equal to the amount of the 
highest export duty or other export 
charge imposed by such country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdi- 
vision of government, upon either 
printing paper, or upon an amount 
of wood pulp, or wood for use in the 
manufacture of wood pulp necessary 
to manufacture such printing paper. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


This paragraph was amended by section 600 of the revenue act of 
September 8, 1916, chapter 463, by changing the rate per pound from 


“2% cents” to “5 cents.” 


Description and uses.—Printing paper is usually manufactured 
from wood pulp mechanically ground and sufficiently sized to take 


_ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 501 


printer’s ink. It may also be made from chemically treated pulp, or 
from vegetable fibers, e. g., bamboo, maize leaves, New Zealand fiax, 
and bagasse (the residue of cane after sugar extraction). Coniferous 
woods, such as spruce, yield the best pulp for the manufacture of 
printing paper. The cheapest variety, known as news print, is chiefly 
used in newspapers, cheap magazines, and inexpensive, paper-covered 
books. 

Production in 1914 was 2,099,910 tons, valued at $111,438,995. 

Imports of printing paper in 1914 were valued at $11,076,480; in 
1918, at $34,286,034. We import from Canada about one-third of the 
total tonnage used in newspaper printing. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $3,789,853; in 1918, at $16,941,939. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Suitable’? means actually, practically, and commercially fit. The 
exceptional use of onionskin paper for printing purposes does not 
make it a printing paper. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 206, of 1911.) 

A protest claiming printing paper to come within this paragraph 
need not deny that it came from a country imposing an export duty 
upon it or upon the material used in its manufacture. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 35, of 1916.) 

Kraft paper is wrapping paper: and not printing paper. Whether 
or not it is wrapping paper and not printing paper may be determined 
by trade testimony, but whether or not it is suitable for books is a 
question of fact not dependent upon any trade understanding. (2 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 247, of 1911.) “Normandy vellum” was held not so 
imitative of the genuine japan as to be readily recognized as a substi- 
tute therefor, and is not japan paper nor an imitation of japan paper, 
but is book printing paper. (Abstract 25317, T. D. 31498, of 1911.) 

Section 2 of the Canadian reciprocity act of July 26, 1911, was re- 
pealed by the tariff act of 1918, which is a complete revision of the 
tariff laws and a substitute for all prior tariff legislation not saved 
by the act itself. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 3438, of 1916.) 

Countervailing duty is assessed upon printing paper imported from 
British Columbia, Finland, Portugal (T. D. 33786, of 1918), Labrador 
(T. D. 35741, of 1915), and Italy (T. D. 37204, of 1917). An affidavit 
of the seller or shipper stating the name of the country of manufac- 
ture and the province in which the wood was grown that was used in 
manufacturing the paper, may be accepted in lieu of a declaration 
showing the name of the manufacturer and the place of manufacture. 
(T. D. 34449, of 1914.) (See par. E, Sec. IV.) 


PARAGRAPH 323. 


ACT OF 1909. 


410. Papers commonly known as 
copying paper, stereotype paper, bibu- 
lous paper, tissue paper, pottery pa- 
per, and all papers not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, colored or 
uncolored, white or printed, weighing 
not over six pounds to the ream of 
four hundred and eighty sheets, on 
the basis of twenty by thirty inches, 
and whether in reams or any other 
form, 6 cents per pound and 15 per 
centum ad yalorem; if weighing over 


ACT OF 1918. 


323. Papers commonly known as 
copying paper, stereotype paper,,bibu- 
lous paper, tissue paper, pottery pa- 
per, letter-copying books, wholly or 
partly manufactvred, crépe paper and 
filtering paper, and articles manufac- 
tured from any of the foregoing pa- 
pers or of which such paper is the 
component material of chief value, 30 


‘per centum ad valorem, 


502 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—\Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


six pounds and less than ten pounds 

to the ream, and letter-copying books, 

whether wholly or partly manufac- } 
tured, 5 cents per pound and 15 per 

centum ad valorem; ecrépe paper and 

filtering paper, 5 cents per pound and 

15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 

That no. article composed whelly or in | 
chief value of one or more of the pa- 

pers specified in this paragraph shal? 

pay a less rate of duty than that im- 

posed upon the component paper of 

chief value of which’ such article is 

made. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


STEREOTYPE, LETTER-COPYING, AND TISSUE PAPER. 


Description and uses.—Tissue paper is a very thin, almost trans- 
parent paper manufactured from specially treated wood-pulp fiber 
unsized. It is chiefly used for protecting delicate engravings, 
for letter copying, and for wrapping art objects and glassware. for 
storage or transportation. A superior quality is used in the stereo- 
typing process. for making molds or matrices from which printing 
plates are cast. Pottery paper is a tissue used in transferring designs. 
to pottery or glass. 

Production of tissue paper in 1914 was 115, 401 tons, ollie at 
$11,585,720; in 1918, 132,000 tons, at $27,000,000. In 1918, 85 mills 
manufaetured tissue, letter-copying, and stereotype paper. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,996,751 pounds, valued at $383,831; in 
1918, 652,107 pounds, valued at $237,337. 

Exports.—In 1914 no exports were listed; in 1918, tisswe and 
toilet papers to a value of $919,536 were exported. 


CREPE PAPER AND FILTERING PAPER. 


Description and uses.—Crépe paper is a soft, crinkled paper used 
in decorating. Filier paper is a soft, unsized paper used in chemical 
analysis for separating the precipitate from the filtrate. For quan- 
titative work the paper is almest pure cellulose, washed with acid, 
and all mineral matter removed. For qualitative work not so much 
care is required in manufacture. Bibulows paper is any poreus paper 
that readily absorbs moisture. 

Production.—Thie best grade of filter paper for quantitative work 
is imported from England, Sweden, and Germany (¢before the war). 
A good quality is made here, using the high-grade rors paper asa 
basis and treating it chemically. 

Imports of crépe and filter paper and articles manufactured there- 
from, in 1914, were 984,596 pounds, valued at $144,538; in 1918, ‘of 
crépe’ and filter paper alone, 583,248 pounds, valued at $266,256; 
manufactures of stereotype, tissue, pottery, erépe, and filter paper 
were valued at $926,686. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Thin, unsized paper of fine, soft texture, silky te the touch, trans- 
lucent, and to a limited extent transparent, used for wrapping articles, 
especially those liable to tarnish, commonly known to the trade as 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. | 503 


tissue paper, weighing 104 to 103 pounds per ream of 480 sheets, 20 by 
30 inches, although much heavier than ordinary tissue paper, was 
held more specifically provided for as tissue paper in this paragraph 
than as wrapping paper in paragraph 328, or as paper not specifically 
. provided for in paragraph 332. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 467, of 1915.) 
Paper for copying paper, not ready for use as imported, has also been 
held dutiable as tissue paper and not as copying paper (Abstract 
37732, of 1915; followed in Abstract 40039, of 1916); so has “tea 
papers” used in making hygienic napkins (Abstraet 29900, T. D. 
32842, of 1912). The provision for “ tissue paper” is more specific 
than that for “wrapping paper” in paragraph 324. (G. A. 7631, 
T. D. 34904, of 1914.) Heavy crinkled paper, used as embossing stock 
where high relief is to be obtained, is crépe paper. (Abstract 32597, 
T. D. 33511, of 1913.) Round-cut bowl paper used in embossing ma- 
chines and disks cut from filtering paper and ready for use in 
filtering were held dutiable as filtering papers.. (Abstract 32596, T. D. 
33511, of 19138; Abstract 24511, T. D. 31182, of 1911.) Litmus paper in 
sheets is dutiable as bibulous paper under this paragraph. (T. D. 
36274, of 1916.) Books of litmus paper, consisting of strips of litmus 
paper, about 24 inches by # inch, stitched together at one end and 
having a surface-coated paper cover, are dutiable as manufactures of 
bibulous paper or of which such paper is the component material of 
chief value. (T. D. 36519, of 1916.) Imitation Panama hats made 
of strips of tissue paper rolled and cut so as to imitate grass or straw 
are dutiable as articles manufactured from tissue paper. (T. D. 
36398, of 1916; Abstract 41839, of 1918.) 

Other articles held dutiable under this paragraph as manufactures 
of tissue or crépe paper are hats, caps, and boxes of tissue or crépe 
paper (Abstracts 38875 of 1915 and 39248, 39509 and 40812, of 1916), 
fans of tissue paper (Abstract 39457, of 1916), and so-called crackers 
oer snappers of crépe, tissue, and ordinary paper (Abstract 40171, of 
1916). (See par. 326.) 


PARAGRAPH 324. 


ACT OF 1909. 


411. Papers with coated surface or 
surfaces, not specially provided for in 
this section, 5 cents per pound; if 
wholly or partiy covered with metal or 
its solutions (except as hereinafter 
provided), or with gelatin or flock, or 
if embossed or printed, 5 cents per 
pound and 20 per centum ad valorem; 
papers, including wrapping paper, 
with the surface decorated or covered 
with a design, fancy effect, pattern or 
character, whether produced in the 
pulp or otherwise, but not by litho- 
graphie process, 43 cents per pound; 
if embossed, or wholly or partly cev- 
ered with metal or its solutions, or 
with gelatin or flock, 5 cents per 
pound and 20 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That paper wholly or partly 
covered with metal or its solutions, 
and weighing less than fifteen pounds 
per ream of four hundred and eighty 
. Sheets, on a basis of twenty by twenty- 


ACT OF 1913. 


324, Papers wholly or partly cov- 
ered with metal leaf or with gelatin or 
fleck, papers with white coated surface 
or surfaces, calendar plate finished, 
hand dipped marbleized paper, pareh- 
ment paper, and lithographic transfer 
paper not. printed, 25 per centum 
ad valorem; papers with coated 
surface or surfaces suitable for cov- 
ering boxes, not specially provided 
for, whether or not embossed or 
printed except by lithographic process, 
40 per centum ad valorem; all other 
paper with coated surface or surfaces 
not specially previded for in this sec- 
tion; uncoated papers, gummed, or 
with the surface or surfaces wholly or 
partly decorated or covered with a de- 
sign, fancy effect, pattern, or charac- 
ter, whether produced in the pulp or 
otherwise except by lithographic proc- 
ess, cloth-lined or reenforced papers, 


-and grease-proof and imitation parch- 


504 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


five inches, shall pay a duty of 5 cents 
per pound and 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem; parchment papers, and grease- 
proof and imitation parchment papers 
which have been supercalendered and 
rendered transparent, or partially so, 
by whatever name known, 2 cents per 
pound and 10 per centum ad valorem ; 
all other grease-proof and imitation 
parchment papers, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, by whatever 
name known, 2 cents per pound and 
10 per centum ad valorem; bags, en- 
velopes, printed matter other than 
lithographic, and all other articles 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
any of the foregoing papers, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, and 
all boxes of paper or wood covered 
with any of the foregoing paper, 5 
cents a pound and 380 per centum ad 
valorem; albumenized or _ sensitized 
paper or paper otherwise surface 
coated for photographic purposes, 30 
per centum ad valorem; plain basic 
papers for albumenizing, sensitizing, 
baryta coating, or for photographic or 
solar printing processes, 3 cents per 
pound and 10 per centum ad valorem. 

418. All boxes made wholly or in 
chief value of paper or papier-maché, 
if covered with surface-coated paper, 
45 per centum ad valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ment papers which have been super- 
calendered and rendered transparent 
or partially so, by whatever name 
known, all other grease-proof and imi- 
tation parchment papers, not specially ” 
provided for in this section, by what- 
ever name known, bags, envelopes, and 
all other articles composed wholly or 
in chief value of any of the foregoing 
papers, not specially provided for in 
this section, and all boxes of paper or 
papier maché or wood covered with 
any of the foregoing papers or covered 
or lined with cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, 85 per centum ad valorem ; albu- 
minized or sensitized paper or ‘paper 
otherwise surface-coated for photo- 
graphic purposes, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; plain basic papers for albu- 
minizing, sensitizing, baryta coating, 
or for photographie or solar printing 
processes, 15 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description, uses, and production.—WMetal-leaf, gelatin, or flock 
papers describe gelatinized or metal-impregnated paper used largely 
for covering and wrapping high-grade candy boxes, books, calendars, 
posters, and fancy articles for presents. Most of the metal-coated 
papers imported are used in the paper-box industry ; this line of paper 
is not complete in itself, but must be attached to a box or manipulated 
in some manner. 

Coated or covered-surface papers are prepared by passing the 
paper through a rotary brush machine which applies the coating to 
one side at a time. An inferior grade is made by a special machine 
which coats both sides at one operation. China clay and casein are 
the chief materials used in this process. The paper is then dried and 
run through a calendering or glazing machine, which imparts a fine, 
glossy finish. Some manufacturers use beeswax to give the paper a 
high luster. Coated papers are used for books or pamphlets requiring 
half-tone illustrations. The imported coated papers, however, are 
used chiefly for covering boxes. In 1913-14 there were 72 coated- 
paper manufacturers, with a yearly output of approximately 14,000 
tons; in 1914, 117,342 tons, valued at $11,605,584. 

Piate paper, a very fine grade of supersized and highly calendered 
paper, is largely used for printing and engraving from steel plates ; 
it is also used in half-tone work. Lithographic transfer paper is a 
coated paper used in transferring impressions on stone. Production 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 505 


in 1914 (plate, lithographic, map, and woodcut) was 9,832 tons, 
valued at $588,332. 

Marbleized paper is finished with a smooth, variegated surface 
having the appearance of marble. It is used in books, forming a 
lining to the binding boards and extending as an inner cover to the 
body of the book. 

Parchment paper (papyrin) is a pure, unsized paper treated in a 
mixture of water and sulphuric acid and rinsed in a solution of am- 
monia and water to neutralize the acid; it is then dried under pres- 
sure. The result of this process is a hydrocellulose, which forms a 
gelatinous coating over the swollen fiber and acts as a sizing. Parch- 
ment paper absorbs colors and ink (which can not be erased) and 
is impervious to gases, liquids, and mold. It is used for high-grade 
society printing and to some extent as a substitute for genuine parch- 
ment for college diplomas; the cheaper grades are used for wrapping 
greasy, moist foods. 

Gummed paper iS a paper coated with fish glue on one side. It 
is used for labels and stickers and for sealing packages, cartons, 
bundles, ete. 

Cloth-lined or reinforced paper is paper mounted or imposed on 
linen cloth. It is used where durability is required, as in drafting 
maps, plans, and working drawings; also in books for young children. , 

Grease-proof, and paraffin, or wax papers-are used for wrapping 
fancy brands of bacon, ham, confectionery, chocolate, soap, tobacco, 
patent medicines, and similar articles. These papers are also used 
as napkins. 

Imports of these items were as follows: 











1914 1918 

Grease-proof and imitation parchment papers 

(act of 1909) supercalendered and rendered | Pounds. Pounds. 

DIMMEUER CR pa 5co0 ow swe oo ose eset velse sce a 6,184,511 | $300, 725 287,234 | $27,469 
Parchment paper (act of 1913 only)..............- ie ee aig tain ae ee 27,104 
Plain basic for albuminizing, sensitizing, etc...-../..-......-- 1,371, 346 | 1,416,513 | 430,252 
Reinforced or cloth-lined paper. ................- 14, 145 2,281 13, 318 9,775 
Tigiorrapnic transfer... ..-'sa.2..2.2.0--40-s00e- 125, 329 25, 564 26, 061 7, 899 
Marbleized hand-dipped paper..-................- 224,777 25, 335 28, 775 6, 767 
Biulsamogor Covering DOXKeS..). 5. once en censncnes 5, 252, 891 339, 953 184,650 | 23,815 
White-coated surface calender plate finished...... 57, 878 7, 752 3, 513 287 
Wholly or partly covered with metal leaf, etc..-.| 391,174 123, 287 22,242 | 10,683 
PUGET SUTINCE-COALCO PAPC! ccccnes~scccccenccleccescscces 175, 672 110,301 | 34,161 
Boxes of paper, papier-maché or wood. ...-......|...----2.-- Pi Niae leccuteccree 178, 052 
Papers, uncoated, gummed (decorated).......... 298, 996 27,647 345,630 | 32,688 
Bags, envelopes, composed of surface-coated.-..... | SUE RGM sin nq oatsaseceloace «4.6 ams 5, 161 





ANTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision in this paragraph for certain kinds of paper “ by 
whatever name known” includes typewriter paper of such kinds and 
takes it out of the provision in paragraph 326 for “ typewriter paper.” 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 124, of 1916.) It was the congressional purpose 
to make the provision for boxes of papier-mdché, paper, or wood, 
exclusive Within its prescribed scope and to include paper boxes cov- 
ered with surface-coated paper and lined with silk, the silk lining 


506 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


in chief value. .(7 Ct, Cust. Appls., 422, of 1917.)  “ Whether pro- 
duced in the pulp or otherwise” does not require a deeoration to 
have been placed on the paper by a separate and independent decora- 
tive process; it is sufficient if decorated in effect. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
65, of 1911.) “Surface” has no particular trade meaning different 
from the usual understanding of the word and applies alike to both 
sides of a paper, one of which is rough and uncalendered and the 
other smooth and finished. Where a design or pattern is embossed 
on one side of a paper, the paper is one, the surface of which is 
“ decorated or covered with a design.’ (G. A. 6937, T. D. 30083; of 
1909.) This provision includes paper subjected te processes by 
which, after a finished design in colors had been imprinted on it, it 
_ was saturated with linseed oil and no varnish or other substance 
applied to produce an added surface. This does not constitute a 
surface-coated paper. (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 11, of 1913.) Merchan- 
dise invoiced as ‘‘ gold borders,” consisting of metal paper cut into 
strips, each about 24 feet long and 4+ of an inch wide, embossed with 
small ornamental design and with the letters “P” and “T” left 
attached. to a very narrow border at each end for convenience in 
handling and used for fancy wrapping around candy boxes or similar _ 
packages, was held dutiable as a manufacture of metal coated paper 
and not as metal-coated paper itself. Strips of paper made up 
*so that nothing remains to be done to them before use but to detach 
their ends are so far advanced in condition that they are no longer 
simply paper, but have become a manufacture of paper. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 86, of 1916.) Articles made of two or more layers of card- 
board are “manufactures of paper.” (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 248, of 
1915.) “ Perimutier” paper, with a layer of gelatin and a coat of 
lacquer on one side, was held not classable as paper “ Wholly or partly 
covered with gelatin or flock” or paper with “ white coated surface or 
surfaces,” but as surface-coated paper. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 366, of 
1918.) Letters and initials made from metal-coated and surface-coated 
papers are within this paragraph. (Abstract 40356, of 1916; 42552, 
of 1918.) So-called sample cards of reinforced paper also come within 
this paragraph. (Abstract 42404, of 1918.) Parchment payer is made 
from vegetable fiber, not from wood pulp, is unsized, and is treated 
with diluted sulphuric acid. It is dull in finish, dense, hard, and 
hornlike. It is grease proof, waterproof, translucent, and much more 
tenacious than the original material. Paper invoiced as “ white 
glacé wrapping paper” was held within the provision for “ imitation 
parchment papers which have been supercalendered and rendered 
transparent or partially so, by whatever name known,” and not as 
wrapping paper under paragraph 415 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appis., 29, of 1913.) Illustrations printed in colors upon individual 
sheets of surface-coated paper of the same size as the pages of certain 
standard magazines were heid properly classified as prints not litho- 
graphed on surface-coated paper. (5 Ct. Cust, Appls., 66, of 1914.) 
Wrapping paper with surface design is dutiable at 35 per cent under. 
this paragraph. (VT. D. 34046, of 1914.) Vegetabie parchment is 
synonemous with parchment paper and dutiable accordingly under 
this paragraph, rather than free of duty as parchment or vellum 
under paragraph 568. (G. A. 7736, T. D. 35526, of 1915.) White 
surface-coated pauper, flint-glazed, suitable for cevering boxes, is 
dutiable under this paragraph as “papers with coated surface or 





507 


_ gurfaces suitable for covering boxes” rather than under the pro- 
- vision in the same paragraph for “ papers with white coated surface 
or surfaces, calender plate finished.” (G. A. 7808, T. D. 35878, of 
1915.) Paper coated with a solution of powdered.tin and suitable 
for use in covering the edges of boxes is dutiable under the same 
provision of this paragraph rather than as “ papers wholly or partly 
covered with metal leaf” or “ paper with coated surface or surfaces 
net specially -provided for” under the same paragraph. (G. A. 7945, 
T D. 36588, of 1916.) Thirty-six small containers in assortments 
packed together in a single large container or carton and remaining 
so packed until they reach the retailer were held not properly classable 
as an entirety under this paragraph, and each of the boxes was con- 
sidered as a separate dutiable entity. (9 Ct. Cust. Appis., —, T. D. 
38199, of 1919.) 

Masks of surface-coated paper are dutiable at 25 per cent under 
paragraph 370; surface-coated paper from which they are made is 
dutiable at 35 per cent under this paragraph. (See par. 332.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 325. 


ACT OF 13809. 


412. Pictures, calendars, ecards, la- 
bels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and 
other articles, composed wholly or in 
chief yalue of paper, lithographically 
printed in whole or in part from 
stone, metal, or material other than 
gelatin (except boxes, views of Ameri- 
can scenery or objects, and music, 
and illustrations when forming part 
of a periedical or newspaper, or of 
bound or unbound books, accompany- 
ing the same, not specially provided 
for in this section), shall pay duty 
at the following rates: Labels and 
flaps, printed in less than eight colors 
(bronze printing to be counted as two 
colors), but not printed in whole or 
in part in metal leaf, 20 cents per 
pound ; cigar bands of the same num- 
ber of colors and printings, 30 cents 
per pound; labels and flaps printed in 
eight or more colors, but not printed 
in whole or in part in metal leaf, 
80 cents per pound; cigar bands of 
the same number of colors and print- 
ings, 40 cents per pound; labels and 
flaps, printed in whole or in part in 
metal leaf, 50 cents per pound; cigar 
bands, printed in whole or in part 
in metal leaf, 55 cents per pound; all 
labels, flaps, and bands not exceed- 
ing ten square inches cutting size in 
dimensions, if embossed or die-cut, 
shall pay the same rate of duty as 
hereinbefore provided for cigar bands 
of the same number of colors and 
printings (but no extra duty shall be 
assessed on labels, flaps, and bands 
for embossing or die-cutting) ; book- 
lets, 7 cents per pound; books of 
‘paper or other material for children’s 
use, not exceeding in weight twenty- 


ACT OF 1913. 


325. Pictures, calendars, cards, 
booklets, labels, flaps, cigar bands, 
placards, and other articles composed 
wholly or in chief value of paper 
lithographically printed in. whole or 
in part from stone, gelatin, metal, 
or other material (except boxes, views 
of American scenery or objects, and 
music, and illustrations when form- 
ing a part of a periodical or news- 
paper or of bound er unbound books, 
accompanying the same, not specially 
provided for in this section) shall 
pay duty at the following rates: La- 
beis and flaps printed in less than 
eight colors (bronze printing to be 
counted as two colors), but not 
printed in whole or in part of metal 
leaf, 15 cents per pound; cigar bands 
of the same number of colors and 
printings, 20 cents per pound; labels 
and flaps printed in eight or more 
colors (bronze printing to be counted 
as two colors), but not printed in 
whole or in part of metal leaf, 20 
cents per pound; cigar bands of the 
same number of colors and printings, 
25 cents per pound; labels and fiaps 
printed in whole or in part of metal 
leaf, 35 cents per pound; cigar bands 
printed in whole or in part of metal 
leaf, 40 cents per pound; booklets, 7 
cents per pound; all other articles 
not exceeding eight one-thousandths 
of an inch in thickness, 15 cents per 
pound; exeeeding eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch and not exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of an inch in 
thiekness and less than _ thirty-five 
Square inches cutting size in dimen- 
sion, 5 cents per pound; exceeding 
eight and not exceeding twenty one- 


508 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


four ounces each, 6 cents per pound; 
fashion magazines or periodicals, 
printed in whole or in part by litho- 
graphic process, or decorated by hand, 
8 cents per pound; booklets, decorated 
in whole or in part by hand or by 
spraying, whether or not lithographed, 
15 cents per pound; decalcomanias in 
ceramie colors, weighing not over one 
hundred pounds per thousand sheets 
on the basis of twenty by thirty 
inches in dimensions, 70 cents per 
pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
weighing over one hundred pounds 
per thousand sheets on the basis of 
twenty by thirty inches in dimen- 
sions, 22 cents per pound and 15 per 
centum ad valorem; if backed with 
metal leaf, 65 cents per pound; all 
other decalcomanias, except toy decal- 
comanias, 40 cents per pound; all 
other articles than those hereinbe- 
fore specifically provided for in this 
paragraph, not exceeding eight one- 
thousandths of one inch in thickness, 
20 cents per pound; exceeding eight 
and not exceeding twenty one-thou- 
sandths of an inch in thickness, and 
less than thirty-five square inches cut- 
ting size in dimensions, 8% cents per 
pound; exceeding thirty-five square 
inches cutting size in dimensions, 8 
cents per pound, and in addition 
thereto on all of said articles ex- 
ceeding eight and not exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of one inch 
in thickness, if either die cut or em- 
bossed, 4 of 1 cent per pound; if 
both die cut and embossed, 1 cent per 
pound; exceeding twenty one-thou- 
sandths of one inch in thickness, 6 
cents per pound: Provided, That in 
the case of articles hereinbefore speci- 
fied the thickness which shall deter- 
mine the rate of duty to be imposed 
shall be that of the thinnest material 
found in the article, but for the pur- 
poses of this paragraph the thickness 
of lithographs mounted or pasted upon 
paper, cardboard, or other material, 
shall be the combined thickness of the 
lithograph and the foundation on 
which it is mounted or pasted. 

415. * * * articles composed 
wholly or in chief value of paper 
printed by’ the photogelatin process 
and not specially provided for in this 
Act, 8 cents per pound and 25 per 
centum ad yalorem, : 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


thousandths of an inch in thickness 
and thirty-five square inches and over 
cutting size in dimension, 7 cents per 
pound; exceeding twenty one-thou- 
sandths of an inch in thickness, 5 
cents per pound, providing that in 
the case of articles hereinbefore speci- 
fied the thickness which shall deter- 
mine the rate of duty to be imposed 
shall be that of the thinnest litho- 
graphed material found in the article, 
but for the purpose of this paragraph 
the thickness of lithographs mounted 
or pasted upon paper, cardboard, or 
other material shall be the combined 
thickness of the lithograph and the 
foundation upon which it is mounted 
or pasted; books of paper or other 
material for children’s use, lithograph- 
ically printed in whole or in part, 
not exceeding in weight twenty-four 
ounces each, 4 cents per pound; fash- 
ion magazines or periodicals printed 
in whole or in part by lithographic 
process or decorated by hand, 6 
cents per pound; booklets, wholly or 
in chief value of paper, decorated in 
whole or in part by hand or by 
spraying, whether or not lithographed, 
10 cents per pound; decaleomanias in 
ceramic colors, weighing not over one 
hundred pounds per thousand sheets, 
on a basis of twenty by thirty inches 
in dimensions, 60 cents per pound; 
all other decalcomanias, except toy 
decaleomanias, 15 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


PICTURES, CALENDARS, CARDS, ETC. 


Description and uses.—Pictures, calendars, and cards are usually 
lithographically printed and, as the words imply, are used _ princi- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 509 


pally for advertising, display purposes, and for presents, holiday 
gifts, souvenirs, ete. 

Imports, including pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, 
flaps, cigar bands, placards, decalecomanias, and other similar articles 
composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed, 
were 4,895,648 pounds, valued at $1,780,548 in 1914, and 220,137 
pounds, valued at $240,816 in 1918. Post cards imported in 1914 
were valued at $527,932, and in 1918, at $3,481,932. 


DECALCOMANTA., 


Description and uses.—Decalcomania is a process of transferring 
paper prints to glass, porcelain, etc.; here it refers to prints pre- 
pared for applying the process of transfer. Decalecomanias are used 
largely in toys for children, the art-glassware and pottery trades, 
and for quick transfer printing in the advertising business. 

Imports in 1914 were 178,956 pounds, valued at $224,235; in 1918, 
40,053 pounds, valued at $63,506. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Other articles” in “all other articles than those hereinbefore 
specifically provided for in this paragraph” need not be ejusdem 
generis with those designated. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1912.) 
Books of paper or other material for children’s use, lithographically 
printed in whole or in part, not exceeding in weight 24 ounces each, 
include books of that description the covers of which are lithograph- 
ically printed. (G. A. 7834, T. D. 36032, of 1915.) Italian almanacs 
in the form of booklets, lithographically printed, are not exempt 
from duty as books and pamphlets printed wholly or chiefly in lan- 
guages other than English under paragraph 426, but are dutiable as 
booklets lithographically printed at 7 cents per pound under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 43087, of 1919.) 

Calendars lithographically printed are dutiable under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 36125, of 1914.) Lithographic prints made from 
separate photographs showing the growth and development of a sin- 
gle hill of corn planted at the Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Lafayette, Ind., are not dutiable under paragraph 329 as views of 
any landscape, scene, building, place, or locality in the United States, 
but are dutiable under this paragraph. (Abstract 37497, of 1915.) 
Mounted lithographs within the meaning of this paragraph include 
only such, where the print has become a part of the foundation on 
which it is mounted and do not include calendar sheets attached to 
a foundation by means of wire staples and obviously intended to be 
removed, a sheet at a time, without disturbing the remaining sheets. 
(G. A. 8004, T. D. 36884, of 1916.) 

The words “not specially provided for in this section” in “ book- 
lets * * * and other articles composed wholly or in chief value 
of paper lithographically printed * * * (except boxes, views of 
American scenery or objects, * * * not specially. provided for in 
this section)’ evidently should not be within the parentheses. 


510 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 326. 


ACT OF 1909. 


413, Writing, letter, note, hand- 
made paper and paper commercially 
known as handmade paper and ma- 
chine handmade paper, japan paper 
and imitation japan paper by what- 
ever name known, and ledger, bond, 
record, tablet, typewriter, manifold, 
and onionskin and imitation onion- 
skin papers calendered or uncalen- 
dered, weighing six and one-fourth 
pounds or over per ream, 3 cents per 
pound and 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
but if any such paper is ruled, bor- 


ACT OF 1918. 


326. Writing, letter, note, drawing, 
handmade paper and paper commer- 
cially known as handmade paper and 
machine handmade paper, japan paper 
and imitation japan paper by what- 
ever name known, and ledger, bond, 
record, tablet, typewriter, and onion- 
skin and imitation onionskin papers 
calendered or uncalendered, whether 
or not any such paper ruled, bor- 
dered, embossed, printed, lined, or 
decorated in any manner, 25 per. 
centum ad valorem, 





dered, embossed, printed, lined, or dec- 
orated in any manner, other than by 
lithographic process, it shall pay 10 
per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the foregoing rates: Provided, That in 
computing the duty on such paper 
every one hundred and eighty thou- 
Sand square inches shall be taken to 
be a ream, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—High-grade writing paper is made from oid 
linen rags chemically treated and finished by supersizing so that it will 
not absorb ink. Its principal use is, as the name implies, for corre- 
spondence and accounting. Owing to war scarcity of rags, sulphite 
pulp has been largely substituted, even in the better grades of writing 
paper. 

Japan paper was formerly made exclusively from the bark of the 
mulberry tree; modern methods, however, permit the use of five 
other vegetable fibers. It is used principally for writing, printing, 
tapestry, imitation Japanese wall hangings, and to some extent in 
art-craft books. ' 

Production in 1914 was 195,351 tons, valued at $28,637,257; in 
1918, 405,000 tons, valued at $142,000,000 (estimated). In 1918 there 
were 98 mills making fine paper. In 1914 there were 50 writing- 
paper manufacturing companies operating 88 mills, having 16,000 
employees, wages of $10,000,000, and ‘capital of $54,000,000. The raw 
materials, linen rags and sulphite: pulp, are largely imported, the 
rags from Europe and the pulp from Canada. 

Imports of writing paper in 1914 were 2,163,482 pounds, valued at 
$203,171; in 1918, 450,875 pounds, valued at $162,820. 

Exports in 1914 of writing paper and envelopes combined, were 
valued at $1,179,232; in 1918, at $4,560,084. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Handmade paper” in this paragraph is more specifie than “ copy- 
ing paper” in paragraph 323 and includes handmade copying papers 
(G. A. 7979, T. D. 36767, of 1916) ; also handmade paper suitable for 
printing books and newspapers (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1911). 
“Ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, lined, or decorated in any man- 
ner” includes writing paper with embossed parallel lines, some of 
which have color added to the embossing. (Abstract 24864, T. D. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 511 


31335, of 1911.) Handmade tissue and bibulous papers are dutiable 
under this paragraph rather than under paragraph 323. (G. A. 8168, 
T. D. 376238, of 1918.) Decorated and embossed writing paper is 
dutiable as decorated writing paper under this paragraph rather than 
as decorated paper under paragraph 324. (Abstract 43194, of 1919.) 

Sheets of drawing paper put up in block or tablet form for the con- 
venience of artists are dutiable under this paragraph as drawing paper 
and not under paragraph 329 as blank books. (Abstract 37955, of 
1915.) (See par. 324.) 


PARAGRAPH 327. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


ae te 


414. Paper envélopes not specially 
provided for in this section, folded or 
flat, if plain; 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; if bordered, embossed, printed, 
tinted, decorated, or lined, 35 per. 
centum ad valorem. 


Paper envelopes, folded or flat, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of paper envelopes in 1914 was by 90 establishments, 
with 6,970 employees, a capital of $15,830,000, and wages of $3,378.000 ; 
manufacturing materials cost $10,235,000, manufactured value 
amounted to $18,481,000, and value added by manufacture apprexi- 
mated $8,246,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $29,350; in 1918, at $8,790. 

Exports are combined with those of writing paper in paragraph 326. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Envelopes are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph ; writing 
paper from which made, at 25 per cent under paragraph 326. Writing 
paper and handmade paper are eo nomine provided for in paragraph 
326 and are excluded from paragraph 324. Envelopes made therefrom 
are not of the class mentioned in paragraph 324 and are dutidble under 
the provision in this paragraph for ‘ paper envelopes, folded or flat, 
not specially provided for.” (G. A. 8236, T. ID. 37928, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 328. 


415. Jacquard designs on ruled pa- 
per, or cut on Jacquard cards, and 
parts of such designs, cardboard and 
bristol board, 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem; press boards or press paper, 
_ valued at 10 cents per pound or over, 
35 per centum ad valorem; paper 
hangings with paper back or com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of pa- 
per, 25 per centum ad valorem; wrap- 
ping paper not specially provided for 
in ‘this section, 35 per centum ad va- 
idea SF 


328. Jacquard designs on ruled pa- 
per, or cut on Jacquard cards, and 
parts of such designs, cardboard and 
bristol board, press boards or press 
paper, paper hangings with paper back 
or composed wholly or in chief value 
of paper, and wrapping paper not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


JACQUARD DESIGNS. 


Description and uses.—The Jacquard designs or Jacquard cards are 
used with the Jacquard loom, a machine for fancy weaving, having 
a chain of perforated cards passing over a rotary prism, the perfora- 


512 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tions permitting the passage of wires that determine the raising of 
the warp threads, causing the figure to be woven in accordance with 
the prearrangement of the perforated cards. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $10,763; in 1918, at $176,178. 


CARDBOARD AND BRISTOL BOARD. 


Description and uses.—Cardboard consists of gummed, glued, or 
pasted sheets of paper, layer upon layer, thus building up a strong, 
heavy paper board, chiefly used in boxes and books, in packing all 
kinds of glassware, pictures, etc., in filing systems, in making con- 
tainers for laundries, and for grocers’ products. Bristol board is a 
fine, calendered cardboard used chiefly for calling and business cards. 

Production in 1914 was 838,010 tons, valued at $5,376,484; of this 
output cardboard worth $4,350,000 was manufactured in 18 exclusively 
cardboard mills, with a capital of $5,129,000, 1,159 employees, and 
wages of $580,000. The cost of materials was $2,962,000, value of 
the product was $4,350,000, and value added by manufacture was 
$1,388,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $81,229; in 1918, at $10,081. 

PAPER HANGINGS (WALL-PAPER). 


Description and uses.—Paper hangings consist of a figured, printed, 
or painted paper used largely for covering the walls of residences, etc. 
The designs of the so-called flock papers are obtained by adding for- 
eign matter, such as finely ground wool, felt, or vegetable fiber, known 
as flock. 

Production in 1914 was 96,527 tons, valued at $4,488,910. The 

principal States of manufacture are New York, Wisconsin, and Penn- 
sylvania. In 1914 there were 48 establishments, with capital of $17,- 
620,000, 4,738 employees, and wages of $2,703,000. Raw material cost 
$8,536,000, the value of the product was- $15,887,000, and the value 
added by manufacture, $7,351,000. 
_ The comparative ex¢lusion from competition of American manu- 
facturers results from a domestic demand for entirely different de- 
signs and effects from those popular and salable in European coun- 
tries. This also accounts for the relatively small exports. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $936,339; in 1918, at $176,159. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $453,412; in 1918, at $462,244. 


WRAPPING PAPER. 


Description and uses.—Wrapping paper is ordinarily brown in 
color and varies in thickness and quality according to the purpose, 
which is primarily to protect goods in packages, parcels, bundles, and 
boxes while in storage or transit. The estimated value of wrapping 
paper consumed in the United States in 1918 was $89,000,000. 

Production in 1914 was 881,799 tons, valued at $49,372,753. No 
accurate figures are available for 1918. Wrapping paper was for- 
merly made of jute, hemp, and old manila-rope stock, but ordinary 
wrapping paper is now made almost wholly of wood pulp with about 
20 per cent of sulphite pulp added. The better grades are still made 
of hemp, jute, etc., as these fibers give strength and durability to 
the paper. 

Imports in 1914 were 386,515,554 pounds, valued at $1,028,500; 
1917, 6,150,942 pounds, at $875,592. 


5138 


Exports in 1914 were 14,133,097 pounds, valued at $532,657; in 
1918, 59,350,946 pounds, at $4,483,287. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Wrapping paper imported from Norway, answering to the descrip- 
tion of section 2 of the Canadian reciprocity act of July 26, 1911, is 
dutiable under this paragraph and not under said act because im- 
pliedly repealed by the act of 1913. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 343, of 1916.) 
Plain cardboard embossed to give it an appearance of grain leather 
by passing it between a smooth and an indented roller remains card- 
board and was held so dutiable, the court declaring that the testi- 
mony showed “ cardboard” to be the generic term for paper boards. 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 225, of 1911.) Waterproof paper for lining pack- 
ing cases, wrapping automobile tires, etc., was held to be wrapping 
paper under the act of 1909. (Abstract 25520, T. D. 31568, of 1911.) 
Paper hangings are denominatively provided for without restriction 
as to the manner of their printing and include lithographically 
printed paper in rolls 18 inches wide, in designs forming repeats of 
from 5 to 30 feet, and used as borders or friezes for wall hangings. 
(G. A. 7434, T. D. 33214, of 1913.) (See pars. 320, 323, and 324.) 


PARAGRAPH 329. 


ACT OF 199098. 


416. Books of all kinds, bound or 
unbound, including Blank books, slate 
books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- 
tographs, etchings, maps, charts, 
music in books or sheets, and printed 
matter, all the foregoing wholly or in 
chief value of paper, and not specially 
provided for in this section, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. Views of any 
landscape, scene, building, place, or 
locality in the United States, on card- 
board or paper, not thinner than 
eight one-thousandths of one inch, by 
whatever process printed or produced, 
including those wholly or in part pro- 
duced by either lithographic or pho- 
togelatin process (except show cards), 
eccupying thirty-five Square inches or 
less of surface per view, bound or un- 
bound, or in any other form, 15 cents 
per pound and 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem; thinner than eight one-thou- 
sandths of one inch, $2 per thousand: 
Provided, That the rate or rates of 
duty provided in the tariff Act ap- 
proved July twenty-fourth, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-seven, shall re- 
main in force until October first, 
nineteen hundred and nine, on all 
views of any landscape, scene, build- 
ing, place, or locality, provided for in 
this paragraph, which shall have, 
prior to July first, nineteen hundred 
and nine, been ordered or contracted 
to be delivered to bona fide purchasers 
in the United States, and the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury shall make proper 
regulations for the enforcement of 
this provision, 


184911°——20-——-33 


ACT OF 1913. 


329. Books of all kinds, bound or 
unbound, including blank books, slate 
books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- 
tographs, etchings, maps, charts, 
music in books or sheets, and printed 
matter, all the foregoing, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad vaiorem. Views of any 
landscape, scene, building, place or lo- 
cality in the United States, on card- 
board or paper, not thinner than 
eight one-thousandths of one inch, by 
whatever process printed or produced, 
including those wholly or in part pro- 
duced by either lithographic or pho- 
togelatin process (except show cards), 
bound or unbound, or in any other 
form, 20 cents per pound; thinner 
than eight one-thousandths of one 
inch, $2 per thousand. 


514 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production of books of all kinds in 1914 was 786,626 tons, valued at 
$58,496,221 ; in 1918, 730,000 tons, valued at $125,000,000 (estimated). 
Imports in 1914 were valued at $6,644,265, in 1918, at $3,151,871. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $9,639,860; in 1918, at $11,433,064. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Pasteboard books, folders, and ecards, within, upon, or attached to 
which are small pieces of textile fabries, yarns, ete., in various colors 
which illustrate the coloring results produced by the use of certain 
dyes and are used by salesmen, were held not to be samples of the 
dyes, but samples of the coloring results which may be produced 
by the dyes and dutiable as printed matter under paragraph 416 of the 
act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 374, of 1913.) The words “of olf 
kinds’? following the word “ books” showed an intention to make the 
provision broad enough to cover books of every character. (Abstract 
38100, of 1915.) “ Printed matter” within this paragraph is sueh as 
has printing for the controlling feature. (Abstract 38534, of 1915.) 
“Views of American seenes”’ are such as present actual places, build- 
ings, or localities or scenes within the United States, and pictures 
which imaginatively portray events in the life of Washington are not 
views of American scenery or objects. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 501, of 
1913.) Cards exhibiting views of various buildings in the United 
States are within the provision, although: selected to advertise a cer- 
tain kind of shingling used on such buildings. (Abstract 25528, T. D. 
31568, of 1911.) Hawaii is a part of the United States for the pur- 
pose of this provision. (G. A. 7039, T. D. 30707, of 1910.) Bound views 
of American scenes, printed on paper thinner than eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch, are dutiable at $2 per thousand views under the 
last provision of this paragraph, the individual view and not the book 
eonstituting the dutiable entity. (G. A. 77438, T. D. 35548, of 1915,) 
So are sheets of paper thinner than eight one-thousandihs of an inch 
with 12 views of American scenes printed thereon, the computation 
being based upon the number of individual views printed on a sheet 
rather than upon the number of sheets containing such views. (G. A. 
7742, T. D. 35542, of 1915.) “Charts” include articles of paper lith- 
ographically printed which exhibit in a pictorial manner the outlines, 
form, and mechanical features of a locomotitve or an automobile, the 
various parts of which are shown on superimposed paper flaps so ar- — 
ranged that they may be turned back to show the interior mechanism. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 42, of 1913.) So-called wedding books, baby books, 
and other books for the recording of events, being small books with 
leaves permanently fastened and bound in the cover by a bookbinder, 
are books within this paragraph and not booklets. (G. A. 73836, T. D. 
32327, of 1912.) Paper tea labels classified as composed of surface- 
coated paper under paragraph 824 were held dutiable as printed mat- 

‘ter under this paragraph. (Abstract 41523, of 1917.) So-called 
“leather address books,” indexed books containing blank pages, sub- 
stantially bound in leather, the inside and back covers bound to the 
first sheet with silk, pages indexed and lettered from @ to 2, the edges 
gilded and no other printed matter exeept the lettering for the 
indexing, classified as a manufacture in chief value of leather under 
paragraph 560, were held dutiable as books of all kinds; bound or 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 515 


unbound, under this paragraph. (Abstract 41804, of 1918.) Labels 
printed -on plain paper, without any surface deeoration and used 
solely as inner wrappings er coverings of a washing blue, are also 
dutiable as printed matter and not under paragraph 324. The fact 
that a number of these labels are printed on a single sheet from which 
it is necessary to cut them before they are adaptable for use as labels 
does not keep them from being labels. (G. A. 8208, T. D. 37812, of 
1918.) Printed. matter within this paragraph is printed on paper 
with the printing as the controlling feature. (Abstract 38534, of 
1915, following 132 U. S., 655, holding metal signs containing litho- 
graphic advertising matter not dutiable as printed matter.) 

Newspapers bound into books are also dutiable as books under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 7933, T. D. 36548, of 1916.) Calendars, though in 
chief value of cotton, were also held dutiable under this paragraph as 
printed matter. (Abstract 40087, of 1916.) Hveryman’s Library, con- 
sisting of a series of one thousand titles, reprints of the world’s classic 
literature, in fiction, poetry, history, etc., do not become textbooks 
under paragraph 426 because, on account of their compactness, cheap- 
ness, and convenient form they are largely used by teachers and 
‘students as supplementary er illustrative reading, or in class rooms, 
and are dutiable under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 460; of 
1915.) An appeal by the importers is also pending from Abstract 
43135 involving the same issue. 

Celluloid booklets, by omission of the words “wholly or in chief 
value of paper,’ are dutiable at 15 per cent under this paragraph, 
whereas celluloid articles are dutiable at 40 per cent under para- 
graph 25. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 341, of 1912; G. A. 7917, T. D. 36484, 
of 1916.) 

Hngravings and etchings not specially provided for are dutiable at 
15 per cent under this paragraph and also at that rate of duty under 
paragraph 376. The only apparent difference is that paragraph 376 
relates to works of art. Paragraph 652 exempts from duty etchings 
and engravings made by hand. (See pars. 376 and 652.) 


PARAGRAPH 330. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


417. Photograph, autograph, scrap, : 330. Photograph, autograph, serap, 
post-card, and postage-stamp albums, | post-card, and postage-stamp albums, 
wholly or partly manufactured, 35 per | wholly or partly manufactured, 25 per 
eentum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Photographic, autographic, post-card, and 
postage-stamp albums consist of bound volumes of unprinted paper, 
capable of receiving post cards, stamps, paper clippings, or photo- 
graphs, either by pasting to the leaves of the album or by perfora- 
tions, cut or slotted, which hold the articles in place. 

Production, import, and export figures are not segregated. 


PARAGRAPH 331. 


419. Playing cards, in packs not ex- 331. Playing cards, 60 per centum | 
ceeding fifty-four cards and at a like | ad valorem. 
rate for any number in excess, 10 
eents per pack and 20 per centum ad | 
valorem, 


516 SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—The domestic playing-card industry shows annual . 
sales amounting to about $3,000,000 in 1913. In 1914 there were three 
manufacturers, with 1.402 employees, wages of $685,000, a capital of 
$4,634,000, and raw materials costing $918,000; the value of the fin- 
ished product was $3,898,000, and value added by manvfacture, 
$2,980,000. 

Imports of playing cards in 1914 were valued at $7,664; in 1918, 
at $7,440. 

Exports to China, India, and Oceania have greatly increased in 
the last five years, particularly to British India ($58,909 in 1914, 
$143,494 in 1918). Previous to 1914, exports to France were limited 
by its State monopoly and almost prohibitive tariff regulations, since 
removed. Exports to France rose from $214 in 1914 to $18,128 in 
1918. Export values were $330,194 in 1914 and $608,901 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 332. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


415. 9s Fo -* Pe paper not specially 
provided for in this section, 30 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
paper embossed, or cut, die-cut, or 
stamped into designs or shapes, such 
as initials, monograms, lace, borders, 
bands, strips, or other forms, or cut 


332. Papers or cardboard, cut, die 
cut, or stamped into designs or shapes, 
such as initials, monograms, lace, bor- 
ders, or other forms, and all post 
cards, not including American views, 
plain, decorated, embossed, or printed, 
except by lithographic process, and all 


or shaped for boxes, plain or printed 
but not lithographed, and not specially 
provided for: in this section, shall be 


papers and manufactures of paper or 
of which paper is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially pro- 


vided for in this section, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 


dutiable at 35 per centum ad valorem ; 
* %* * 


420, Manufactures of paper, or of 
which paper is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided 
for in this section, 35 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Papers and cardboards, cut, die cut, or 
stamped, etc., consist principally of special designs in paper and eard- 
board, such as business cards, calling cards, Christmas labels, and die- 
cut cardboard designs for needlework, ete. 

Production in 1914 was 83,010 tons, valued at $5,376,434. There 
were 58 establishments with 517 employees, wages of $265,000, a capi- 
tal of $706,000, and raw materials costing $421,000. The finished prod- 
uct was valued at $1,055,000, and the value added by manufacture was 
$634,000. 

Imports, in 1914, were valued at $30,470; in 1918, at $6,534, 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The words “ plain, decorated, embossed or printed, except by litho- 
graphic process,” relate back to all that precedes them in this para- 
graph. Omission of the words “ bands” and “ strips” show an in- 
tention to restrict the paragraph to the shapes or designs therein 
named, and such as are ejusdem generis in the strictest sense. (7.Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 86, of 1916.) To constitute a material paper it is not 
necessary that the machine used in its manufacture shall be known 
as a paper-making machine, nor that the material shall contain glue, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. he 


alum, and clay; the product determines its classification. (2 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 55, of 1911.) Labels prepared from papers die cut or other 
forms come within this paragraph (T. D. 35282, of 1915), but if of 
surface-coated paper, they are dutiable under paragraph 324 (T. D. 
35841, of 1915). 

Paper twine is dutiable as a manufacture of paper under this para- 
graph unless a declaration of the shipper is attached to the invoice 
and an affidavit is submitted by the importer that it is intended for 
use in the binding of wool of the sheep, ete. (par. 650), and the col- 
lector is satisfied that its chief use is for such purpose. (T. D. 
34268, of 1914.) (See pars. 320, 322, 328, 324, and 652.) 


SCHEDULE N. SUNDRIES. 
PARAGRAPH 83838. 


ACT OF 1909. 


421. Beads and spangles of all kinds, 
including imitation pearl beads, not 
threaded or strung, or strung loosely 
on thread for facility in transporta- 
tion only, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
fabrics, nets or nettings, laces, em- 
broideries, galloons, wearing apparel, 
ornaments, trimmings, curtains, 
fringes, and other articles not specially 
provided, for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of beads 
or spangles made of glass or paste, 


ACT OF 1913. 


335. Beads and spangles of all kinds, 
including imitation pearl beads, not 
threaded or strung, or strung loosely 
on thread for facility in transporta- 
tion only, 385 per centum ad valorem; 
curtains, and other articles not em- 
broidered nor appliquéd and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
beads or spangles made of glass or 
paste, gelatin, metal, or other ma- 
terial, 50 per centum ad valorem, 


gelatin, metal or other material, but 
not in part of wool, 60 per centum 
~ad valorem: Provided, That no article 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
beads or spangles made of glass, paste, 
gelatin, metal, or other material shall 
pay duty at a less rate than is 1m- 
posed in any paragraph of this section 
upon such articles without such beads 
or spangles. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Articles falling within this paragraph num- 
ber about 80,.ranging from bedds and spangles and imitation pearl 
beads to the cheap glass ornaments on lamp shades. The chief mate- 
rials of manufacture are glass, celluloid, and, in some cases, metal. 

Production.—Artificial pearls, made usually of glass with a coating 
of a gray, lustrous substance either on the outside or on the inside 
of the hollow glass ball, are perhaps the most important. Generally, 
the finer qualities of beads of all sorts are made in Europe. The 
Census of 1914 gives separate totals for 19 establishments engaged 
primarily in bead work, with products valued at $1,083,000. Since 
1914, there has been considerable increase in the output of some 
varieties of beads due to a diminished"supply from Europe. The pro- 
duction is very small as compared with imports. 

Imports of all beads and bead ornaments in 1914 were valued at 
$2,185,941—$1,572,781 worth from Germany and Austria and $555,595 
from France. In 1918 the importation from France increased to 
$1,208,567 ; from Italy (from $29,367 in 1914), to $243,937; and from 
Japan (from $5,574 in 1914), to $216,788. Austrian and German im- 
ports ceased. 


O18 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Curtains composed in chief value of glass or rice paste beads, — 


strung on cotton threads suspended from a horizontal bar or rod, 
are dutiable as “eurtains * * * composed wholly or. in chief 
value of beads” under this paragraph. The language “ curtains, and 
other -articles, not embroidered nor appliquéd” in this paragraph 
does not exclude such articles as are not susceptible of being em- 
broidered or appliquéd. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 285, of 1916.) Curtains 
of Job’s-tear seeds are dutiable by similitude to curtains of beads 
under this paragraph. (T. D. 86656, of 1916.) Artificial flowers, 
leaves, and stems made of beads with the aid of wires and silk 
thread, having the size, form, color, and outline of natural flowers, 
are dutiable under paragraph 347 as “artificial and ornamental 


* * * leaves, flowers and stems, or parts thereof of whatever ma- _ 


.terial composed,” rather than as beaded articles under this para- 
graph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38044, of 1919.) Ornaments 
and trimmings consisting of beads on a net foundation, beads chief 
value, are more specifically provided for under this paragraph as 
articles not appliquéd, composed wholly or in chief value of beads, 
than under paragraph 358 as ornaments or trimmings of whatever 
yarns, threads, or filaments composed. An article is appliquéd 
within the tariff sense when it is ornamented with a pattern or 
design independently fabricated. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 209, of 1913.) 
Silk netting ornamented with beads and spangles, the netting being 
more valuable than either and less valuable than both, is dutiable 
as “composed wholly or in chief value of beads or spangles” under 
this paragraph and not as “trimmings * * * of whatever yarns, 
threads, or filaments composed ” under paragraph 358. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 292, of 1916.) Necklaces with or without base metal clasps, 
in chief value of beads, the beads being made of wood, gelatin, or 
paste and china or colored glass, some in imitation of jet and amber, 


are dutiable as articles in chief value of beads under this paragraph 


and not as jewelry under paragraph 856. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, 
of 1916.) Necklaces substantially of imitation jet beads with imita- 
tion jet pendants are not dutiable as jewelry under paragraph 356, 
but as*beaded articles under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
156, of 1916.) Beaded necklaces are not necessarily .jewelry, and 
articles of personal adornment only are not necessarily jewelry. The 
jewelry paragraph 448 of the tariff act of 1909 embraced imitation 
amber; the jewelry paragraph 3856 in the tariff act of 1913 does not. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 161, of 1916.) Necklaces in chief valye of paste 
beads are not dutiable as jewelry under paragraph 856, but as manu- 
factures in chief value of paste beads under this paragraph. (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 314, of 1918.) Imitation pearl beads strung temporarily 
upon flimsy cotton strings selected and graded as to size so that the 
beads graduate from the largest in the center to the smallest at either 
end, are dutiable as “imitation pearl beads * * * strung loosely 
on thread for facility in transportation only” and not as articles of 
beads under this paragraph. However useful for trade purposes 
may be the selecting and grading, the fact remains that the stringing 
was done for facility in transportation only, as the beads have to be 
restrung more durably and fitted with clasps before being practical 
for use as chains or necklaces. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1918.) 
Rosaries in chief value of beads were held dutiable as articles made 


a 


a ai ee ee 4 il 


i 


os 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 519 


of beads under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 157, of 1917.) 
Coral beads graduated and temporarily strung loosely on strings for 
facility in transportation, suitable for use in the manufacture of 
jewelry, are not dutiabie as beads or articles in. chief value of beads 
under this paragraph, but as “coral * * * cut, but not set, and 
suitable for use in the manufacture of jewelry,” under paragraph 
307. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38002, of 1919.) Coral beads 
which have heen cut to final globular shape, pierced, graded, and 
temporarily strung in final relation from large to small for use and 
wear as coral necklaces, were similarly classified. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appis., —, T. D. 38008, of 1919.) Chrisimas tree ornaments consist- 
ing of a star inelosed in a circle 3 inches in diameter, composed of 
colored and silvered or gilded glass perforated articles strung on 
metal wires having a pendant composed of similar glass articles 
strung on red cotton strings, and other articles of similar descrip- 
tion, were held properly classified as beaded articles under this para- 
graph rather than manufactures of blown glass under paragraph 8&4. 
(Abstract 42364, of 1918.) (See pars. 84, 167, 356, 357, and 358.) 


. , There has been some uncertainty in the interpretation of the tariff 


rates for beads and spangles. If they are strung loosely for facility 
in transportation only, the rate is 85 per centum ad valorem, 
whereas if they are strung ready for use, the rate is 50 per centum 
ad valorem. It is often difficult to determine into which classifica- 
tion the product falls. Frequently the strands are complete with 
the exception of the clasp, yet pay the lower rate of duty. 

Artieles in chief value of beads embroidered or appliquéd come 
within neither this paragraph nor paragraph 358, but under provisions 
according to the component material of chief value, such as glass. 
Omission of the words “not embroidered nor appliquéd and” would 
simplify administration. 

The classification of necklaces has given rise to much litigation. © 
As a rule they are jewelry when imported strung with a elasp, but 
when made of imitation jet or amber, or of wood, gelatin, paste, © 
glass, or china, whether with or without clasps, they have been held 
not to be jewelry. A valuable collection of matched pearls used 
abroad before acceptance, and imported unstrung, was also held not 
to be jewelry. (See par. 356.) 

The classification of rosaries is also difficult. Three provisions 
are principally involved, this paragraph, paragraph 167, and para- 
graph 356. Rosaries’ having devotional use have been held not to 
come within paragraph 856, and are dutiable according to the com- 
ponent of chief value. When having a simple metal crucifix, rosaries 
might be dutiable at 50 per cent under this paragraph, and when 
having an elaborate crucifix of base metal, at 20 per cent under 
paragraph 167. 


PARAGRAPH 334. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


aoa. ~ hpraids.* .* ~* com- ‘334. Ramie hat braids, 40 -per 
posed wholly or in chief value of cot- | centum ad valorem; manufactures of 
ton, flax, or other vegetable fiber | ramie hat braids, 50 per centum ad 
* +* * and not elsewhere specially | valorem. 
provided for in this section, 60 per 
cent ad valorem * * *#*, 


520 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Ramie braid, used for making hats, re- 
sembles silk braid, and may be made either by hand or by machinery, 


as other hat braid. 


Production of ramie hat braid is not very extensive, importers 
claiming that the demand for it in this country has ceased entirely. 
Switzerland is the chief producer, but some is made in Italy, Ger- 


many, and France. 
China and Formosa. 


The raw material comes almost wholly from 


Imports of braid in 1914 were valued at $8,018; in 1918, at $6,475; 
of manufactures in 1914, at $1538; in 1918, at $888. 
(For rates on other hat braids made of straw, chip, grass, palm 


leaf, horsehair, ete., see pars. 3835 and 358.) 


PARAGRAPH 335. 


ACT OF 190692. 


422, Braids, plaits, laces, and wil- 
low sheets or squares, composed wholly 
or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, 
palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real 
horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, 
suitable for making or ornamenting 
hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, 
colored, or Stained, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, 
osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila 
hemp, whether wholly or partly manu- 
factured, but not trimmed, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; if trimmed, 50 
per centum ad valorem. 

But the terms ‘“ grass” -and 
“straw ” shail be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural form 
and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof. 


ACT OF 1918. 


335. Braids, plaits, laces, and wil- 
low sheets or squares, composed wholly 
or in chief value of straw, chip, grass, 
palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real 
horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, 
Suitable for making or ornamenting 
hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, 
eolored, or stained, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, 
osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila 
hemp, whether wholly or partly manu- 
factured, but not blocked or trimmed, 
25 per centum ad valorem; if blocked 
or trimmed, and in chief value of such 
materials, 40 per centum ad valorem, 

But, . the. terms . “stags. fame 
‘straw ” shall be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural form 
and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Wheat straw, produced in certain areas only, 
is the most important material used in plaited headgear. <A certain 
length of “ pipe” between the knots is essential, the straw must be 
pliable (not brittle), and of a clear, delicate, golden color. 

Production.—The most valuable straw for plaits is grown in Tus- 
cany. Manufacture is chiefly by hand, the industry thriving best in 
countries having abundant cheap labor, such as China, Japan, and 
Italy. In Hngland, where 30,000 workmen were thus employed in 
1870, the industry has almost disappeared. Domestic production is 
centered in Massachusetts. 

In 1914 there were 149 manufacturers of straw hats, with 9,483 
employees; wages, $5,253,000; capital, $12,589,000; cost of materials, 
$14,086,000; and product valued at $25,444,000—an increase over 
1904 of 70 per cent in employees and of more than 100 per cent in 
capital, wages paid, and value. of product. The industry centers 
largely in New York, Massachusetts, and Maryland. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. ae 


The manufacture of hats of straw and similar material is well de- 
veloped in Japan, Italy, England, France, and in Colombia, Ecuador, 
and Mexico. 

Imports in 1914 of the raw. materials specified were: Not bleached, 
dyed, etc., $5,891,258 dutiable and $13,845 (from the Philippines) 
free; bleached, dyed, etc., $856,698. The values of hats, bonnets, and 
hoods of ‘these materials were: Not trimmed, $425,026; not blocked or 
trimmed, $3,919,218 dutiable and $232,777 (from the Philippines) 
free; trimmed, $21,355; blocked or trimmed, $881,762 dutiable and 
$62 (from the Philippines) free. Total imports ef the foregoing, plus 
ramie hat braids and manufactures thereof, and hatter’s plush, were 
$11,669,265 dutiable and $246,692 free. 

In 1918 imports of raw materials were: Not bleached, dyed, ete.. 
$6,833,766 dutiable and $36,534 (from the Philippines) free; bleached, 
dyed, ete., $633,817. Imports of hats, bonnets, and hoods of these 
materials were: Not blocked or trimmed, $2,156,591 dutiable and 
$632,956 (from the Philippines) free; blocked or trimmed, $231,142 
dutiable and $2,824 (from the Philippines) free. The foregoing im- 
ports, including ramie hat braids and manufactures thereof and 
hatter’s plush, were $10,100,261 dutiable and $672,314 free. 

In 1914 more than one-half the raw materials came from J apan, the 
rest mainly from France, England, Italy, and Germany; in 1918 nearly 
one-half came from Japan, the rest largely from China and Italy. 
Of the hats, bonnets, and hoods of straw, ete., imported in 1914, more 
than one-half came from Japan and Colombia, the rest largely from 
Italy, England, Ecuador, Mexico, and France; in 1918, mainly from 
Colombia, Ecuador, Italy, Mexico, and England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Unblocked and unirimmed hats made of thin narrow shavings of 
bamboo are dutiable as hats of chip, not blocked or trimmed 
under this paragraph, and not as manufactures of wood under para- 
graph 176. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 178, of 1916, followed in Abstract 
_ 40885, of 1916.) Straw hats of “Alpine” shape, known as “ bodies,” 
which have been placed upon a zine brim form and subjected to 
slight hydraulic pressure in order to bring their brims to the proper 
widths according to style and demand, but which must yet be sub- 
jected to a blocking process by which they are stiffened with suitable 
sizing and pressed into permanent shape and conventional sizes, are 
not blocked. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 87997, of 1919.) Un- 
trummed straw hats which have derived their shape and style by 
knotting the straws together with thread over a form are not 
blocked hats within the meaning of the statute, the provision for 
blocked hats embracing only such hats or hat bodies as have been 
subjected to the blocking process by placing the hats or bodies on a 
block or form and then manipulating them so as to give them the re- 
quired form and style. (G. A. 8279, T. D. 38092, of 1919.) Un- 
trimmed hats made from pieces of buckram so cut and shaped as to 
make the separate pieces suitable for use as crowns, sides, or brims 
of hats and afterwards covered with straw, then fastened or sewed 
together by hand or machine, the completed article deriving its shape 
or form during these processes and not by a process of blocking, are 
not dutiable as blocked hats, but as hats not blocked, under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 7996, T. D. 36849, of 1916, followed in Abstract 


ae SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


40870, of 1917 and G. A. 8161, T. D. 37607, of 1918.) Untrimmed straw 
hats with high crowns and wide brims so limp and pliable that they 
do not retain any particular shape were held not to be blocked. 
Although made over a block to give the necessary size to the crowns, 
they had to be put through a further process of blocking in order to 
give them size and shape. (Abstract 40006, of 1916.) Unblocked 
and untrimmed hats made of manila hemp, braids, cords, rings, and 
threads into a finished article of coarse open work having the appear- 
ance of Renaissance lace are dutiable under the provision of this 
paragraph for “hats * * * composed wholly or in ehief value 
of * * * manila hemp,” that provision being more specific than 
the provision in paragraph 358 for “ wearing apparel * * * made 
wholly or in part of lace or of imitation lace of any kind * * * of 
whatever yarns, threads or filaments composed.” (G. A. 8088, T. D. 
37358, of 1917.) Triunmed straw hats with the trimming composed 
of silk, artificial flowers, and ornamental feathers, the two latter ele- 
ments predominating, were held dutiable under paragraph 347 rather 
than under this paragraph, the trimmings controlling the classifica- 
tion. This paragraph, in so far as it relates to straw hats, makes a 
trimmed hat an entity for determining whether it, when trimmed, is 
still composed in chief value of the materials therein named. (6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 282, of 1916.) So-called “ wood shaving cloth” was 
found to be bleached willow squares used for making hats and dutiable 
under this paragraph rather than as manufactures of cotton under 
paragraph 266. (Abstract 40785, of 1917.) Hemp ehenille, made by 
_ twisting two threads of cotton together and intertwining crosswise 
threads of hemp, used in the manufacture of hat braids, was held 
dutiable under paragraph 284 rather than this paragraph. (Abstract 
43241, of 1919.) (See par. 354.) ; 

There are different rates of duty on hat braids that are bleached 
and those that are not bleached or dyed, but the rate is the same on > 
hats dyed or bleached wholly or in part and hats not dyed. The 
rates are also the same on hats that are partially blocked and those 
that are not. 

PARAGRAPH 336. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


423. Brushes, brooms, and feather 336. Brooms, made of broom corn, 
dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils | straw, wooden fibre, or twigs, 15 per 
in quills or otherwise, 40 per centum | centum ad valorem; brushes and 
ad valorem. - feather dusters of all kinds, and hair 

pencils in quills or otherwise, 35 per 
eentum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Brooms for sweeping floors and streets, 
cleaning ceilings and hearths, and ordinary whisk brooms usually are 
made of the tops of broom corn. Brooms for brewers’ use are made 
of bristles; street and push brooms, of brass and steel, rattan, 
basswood fiber, or split bamboo. Those made of broom corn, straw, 
and wooden fiber and twigs, included hereunder, compose the bulk of 
the brooms used. ; 

Brushes may be divided into (1) brushes fer toilet purposes—hair 
brushes, military brushes, shaving brushes, ete.; (2) brushes for 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. hs 


artists and painters; (3) all other, such as clothes, hat, fruit-cleaning, 
and machine brushes. 

Hair pencils are fine brushes used by painters in laying on paints, 
especially pointed brushes, the hairs of which are held by a quill 
ferrule with a wooden handle. 

Production of brooms in 1914 was valued at $14,085,000, of which 
those made from broom corn were valued at $13,800,000. The output 
aggregated $17,894,000, divided as follows: Toilet brushes, $2,675,000 ; 
paint and varnish brushes, $7,303,000; and all other, $7,916,000. The 
output of feather dusters and hair pencils is not reported separately. 

Import values in 1918 were $3,000,956, of which $2.979,414 was for 
brushes, $13,575 for brooms, and $7,967 for feather dusters and hair 
pencils. Japan supplied imports to the value of about $2,800,000. 
The revenue was $1,047,606.35, of which $1,042,789.80 was from 
brushes, ' 

Exports of brooms in 1918 amounted to $184,159, one-half going 
to Panama, Mexico, and Canada. Exports of brushes aggregated 
$984,085, over 25 per cent going to Canada, the rest going mainly to 
Cuba, England, and Mexico. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Patent rotary wire brushes with four rows of phesphor bronze 
bristles used in connection with an apparatus for cleaning the Four- 
drinier wire of a paper-making machine, are dutiable as brushes 
within the meaning of that word as used in this paragraph. (Ab- 
stract 87023, T. D. 34984, of 1914.) Jewelry brushes, consisting of 
brass scratch brushes used for polishing gold and jewelry, are duti- 
able as brushes under this paragraph rather than as wire under para- 
graph 114. (Abstract 36472, T. D. 34763, of 1914.) Toothbrushes 
and bamboo baskets containing cardboard trays in which the tooth- 
-brushes are packed, the baskets used upon the counters of retailers 
to display the toothbrushes, were held dutiable under paragraph 175 
and this paragraph, the baskets being treated as unusual coverings. 
(Abstract 43037, of 1919, following G. A. 7592, T. D. 34676, of 1914, 
relative to show cases filled with pipes and to be subsequently refilled.) 
Boot wipers, consisting of an iron stand and two brushes, were 
held dutiable as entireties at the rate applieable to the component 
article of chief value. (G. A. 7802, T. D. 35846, of 1915.) . A rubber 
mat, oval in shape, in which are set by means of adhesive material 
bristles of the length and character of the bristles in a hairbrush, 
capable of use as a hairbrush, was held dutiable under the provision 
for brushes under this paragraph either directly or by similitude. 
Articles in form, shape, and design similar to, if not identical with 
the ordinary hairbrush, is in effect a hairbrush minus the handle, 
(Abstract 40862, of 1917.) Brooms of wiilow tivigs, bunehed to- 
gether and tied at the heavy ends with-wooden thongs, about 1 foot 
in length and suitable for various purposes, said to be used in Sweden 
and among Swedish people for beating eggs and gravy and for other 
culinary purposes, were held dutiable under the first clause of this 
paragraph as brooms rather than under the latter part of the para- 
graph as brushes. (Abstract 40781, of 1917.) So-called bamboo sink 
brooms or brushes were held to be dutiable as brooms under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 41549, of 1917.) But under instructions of the 
Treasury Department, they are continued to be assessed with duty as 


594 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


brushes under the second part of the paragraph pending the making 


of a new case. (T. D. 37502, of 1918.) Merchandise, invoiced as 
“reversible cotton bath pads” and “cotton bath straps,’ and com- 
posed of cotton and loffah, classified as brushes under this paragraph, 


was found not to respond to the definition heretofore given of brushes 


in the construction of the paragraph, but as the component material 
of chief value was not shown, the protest was overruled. (Abstract 
41242, of 1917.) A round wooden stick about 18 inches long, at 
one end of which is a whisk effect produced by small shavings of 
the stick turned down and bound together, were found not to be 
capable of use as brooms or brushes, but held dutiable as manufac- 
tures of wood under paragraph 215 of the act of 1909. (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 330, of 1913.) Clarinet cleaners consisting of twisted pieces 
of wire and having yarns or threads run nearly at right angles with 


_ the wire were held dutiable as brushes under paragraph 423 of that 
act. (T. D. 82512, of 1912.) Miniature feather dusters were held te 
' fall within the terms of paragraph 423 of the act of 1909 as ‘ feather 


dusters of.all kinds” and not dutiable as toys. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
37, of 1918.) Twigs, probably of willow, closely bound together m 
bundles securely fastened at one end and of substantial strength and 
apparent durability, were found to be brushes known as whisk 
brooms, and were held dutiable under paragraph 4238 of the act of 
1909. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 331, of 1913.) 


PARAGRAPH 337. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
424, Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 337. Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 


prepared, 74 cents per pound. prepared, 7 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bristles are the strong hairs growing on 
the back (and to some extent on the sides) of the hog, wild boar, and 
certain other animals. They are extensively used in brushes and by 
shoemakers and saddlers. The best bristles come from the cold 
regions of the Temperate Zone. (For crude products, see par. 482.) 

Production.—The small and immature slaughterhouse bristles (a 
by-product of the pork-packing industry) are short and inferior. 


Russia supplies the finest grade, the hairs being much longer and 


stiffer than those of American bristle-bearing animals. China, how- 
ever, With a somewhat inferior product, supplies from 60 to 75 per 
cent of the bristles we require for paint brushes. 

Imports of sorted, bunched, or prepared bristles in 1918 were 
$8,873,252 pounds, valued at $4,648,042, of which 2,856,776 pounds, 
Valued at $2,555,780, came from China. The revenue aggregated 
$271,127. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 482.) 


PARAGRAPH 338. 


426. Button forms of lastings, mo- | 338. Button forms of lastings, mo- 
hair or silk cloth, or other manufac- | hair or silk cloth, or other manufac- 
tures of cloth, woven or made in pat- | tures of cloth,-woven or made in pat- 
terns of such size, shape or form as to | terns of such size, shape, or form as 
be fit for buttons exclusively, and not |} to be fit for buttons exclusively, and 
exceeding three inches in any one di- | not exceeding eight inches in any one 
mension, 10 per centum ad yalorem, dimension, 10 per centum ad valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 525 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description and use.—Button forms covered by this paragraph are 
pieces of cloth, of whatever composition, specially woven, stamped, cut, 
or otherwise fitted, for use only as coverings for buttons. Lasting is 
usually a strong and durable worsted fabric woven with a double or 
three-ply warp and single filling into a twill or satin weave. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $19,183 ; in 1918, at $1,311. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Embroidered button forms.—Designs embroidered in artificial silk 
suitable for use as button material are dutiable as embroidered fabrics 
under paragraph 358, rather than under this paragraph. (Abstract 
38824, of 1915.) 

Button forms.—In construing paragraph 426 of the act of 1909 the 
limitation “ and not exceeding 3 inches in any one dimension” was’ 
held to relate to the subject matter of the paragraph and not merely 


‘ to the phrase “ woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, or form 


as to be fit for buttons exclusively.” Strips about 9 inches long and 
3 inches or less in width were held dutiable as manufactures of cot- 
ton. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 4380, of 1912 and Abstract 35578, T. D. 
34459, of 1914.) 

Button forms.of mohair or silk are dutiable at 10 per cent under 
this paragraph; mohair material, at 40 per cent under paragraph 308; 
and silk, at 45 per cent under paragraph 319. 


PARAGRAPH 339. 





ACT OF 1909. 


427. Buttons or parts of buttons 
and button molds or blanks, finished 
or unfinished, shail pay duty at the 
following rates, the line-button meas- 
ure being one-fortieth of one inch, 
namely: Buttons known commercially 
as agate buttons, * * * yy of 1 
cent per line per gross; buttons of 
bone, * * * 4 of 1 cent per line 
per gross; Buttons of pearl or shell, 
14 cents per line per gross; buttons of 
horn, vegetable ivory, glass, * * #* 
not specially provided for In this sec- 
tion, # of 1 cent per line per gross, 
and in addition thereto, on all the 
foregoing articles in this paragraph, 
15 per centum ad valorem; shoe but- 
tons made of paper, board, papier 
mifché, pulp or other similar material, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, valued at not exceeding 3 cents 
per gross, 1 cent per gross; * * * 
buttons not specially provided for in 
this section, and all collar or cuff but- 
tons and studs composed wholly of 
bone, mother-of-pearl, or ivory, 50 per 
centum ad valorem. 


883. * * * buttons or barrel but- 
tons or buttons of other forms for 
tassels or ornaments, * * * any of 
the foregoing made of wool or of which 
wool is a component material, whether 
containing india rubber or not, 50 
cents per pound and 60 per centum 
ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


339. Buttons of vegetable ivory in 
sizes thirty-six lines and larger, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; below thirty-six 
lines, 45 per centum ad valorem; but- 
tons of shell and pearl in sizes twenty- 
six lines and larger, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; below twenty-six lines, 45 
per centum ad valorem; agate buttons 
and shoe buttons, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; parts of buttons and button 
molds or blanks, finished or unfinished, 
and all collar and cuff buttons and 
studs composed wholly of bone, mother- 
of-pearl, ivory, or agate, all the fore- 
going and buttons not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 


526 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
VEGETABLE IVOBY BUTTONS. 


Description and uses.—Vegetable ivory buttons are made from 
tagua nuts which grow in Panama and northern South America. (See 
par, 620.) The size is measured by the “line” (appreximately one- 
twelfth inch). 

Production increased from 2,470,000 gross, valued at $1,300,000 in 
1904, to 5,125,000 gross, valued at $2,885,000 in 1914. Imports of tagua - 
nuis increased from over 23,000,000 pounds, vaiued at $790,000 in 1912, 
to about 51,700,000 pounds, valued at over $425,000 in 1917. ‘There 
were 23 factories in this country in 1918. Germany was an important 
preducer of vegetable ivory buttons before the war. 

Imports in 1918 were 32,128 gross, valued at $138,624.. The value 
ranges from $10,000 to $50,000 a year. ; : 


PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS. 


' Description and uses.—Ocean-pearl buttons are made of several 
varieties of salt-water molluseca, chiefly from oriental and Indian 
waters. The quality, depending largely on the shell, varies greatly. 
Wholesale prices for a single size are from 10 cents to $1.20 per gross. 
The better grades are used on women’s wear and men’s shirts. 
Fresh-water pearl buttons are made from the shells of a number of 
mussels obtained in rivers and lakes. They are, on the whole, a 
cheaper grade of buttons than those of ocean pearl. 

Production in the United States of ocean-pearl buttons in 1918 
was by 112 establishments. In 1914 the output was over 4,500,000 
gross, valued at about 57 cents per gross. Imports of shells for this 
output amounted to $2,220,000 in 1912, to $1,325,000 in 1915, and to 
$2,435,000 in 1917. Austria-Hungary long maintained a practical 
monopoly of the ocean-pearl button industry, but the development of 
a domestic fresh-water pearl industry caused Austrian imports to 
disappear. Our production of fresh-water pearl buttons in 1914 was 
over 21,000,000 gross, valued at about $4,800,000. The output for 1916 
was valued at $7,450,000. Japan is becoming an important producer o£ 
cheap fresh-water pear] buttons, importing the shell from China. 

Imports of pearl’ or shell buttons in 1918 amounted to 4,784,041 
gross, valued at $913,721, the greater part coming from Japan. The 
estimated Japanese output of fresh-water pearl buttons for 1917 was 
about 600,000 gross of first-class buttons, and over 1,000,000 gross of 
inferior grades. The prices ranged from 5 to 12 cents per gross for 
medium-sized buttons laid down in the United States, duty paid. The 
lower price is said to be less than the cost of cutting the blanks in 
the United States as reported in a brief submitted by the Button 
Manufacturers’ Association to the United States Tariff Commission. 

Exports of pearl buttons in 1918 amounted to $600,666, of which 
$303,019 went to Hurope, $222,017 to North America, and $51,106 
to South America. Previous statistics are not available. 


AGATE BUTTONS. 


_ Description, uses, and production.—Agate buttons are made of 
feldspar and a clay similar to that manufactured into porcelain, and 
are used on cheap underwear, boys’ waists, etc., and on shoes. Very 
few, if any, are made here. ny 


. 


: 
. 
_ 
) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 527 


Imports in 1918 were 2,857,167 gross, valued at $188,669. War im- 
ports were chiefly from France and Japan, and averaged annually 
about 2,500,000 gross. 

BONE BUTTONS. 


Description and uses.—Bone buttons are made chiefly from the 
suin bones of cattle, and are used mostly on underwear, waists, and 
inside flaps of garments. 

Production.—Three domestic concerns make about 300,000 gross of 
bone buttons annually. Small amounts are produced in Japan. YFor- 
merly Germany practically controlled the world market. 

Imports aggregated 30,289 gross, valued at $11,318 in 1918; 55 
gross, valued at $4,241 in 1915; 2,279 gross, valued at $492 in aie 
and 10,444 gross, valued at $1,803 in 1917. 


GLASS BUTTONS. 


Description and uses.—These buttons are made from glass rods, 
sometimes calied “ fusible enamel,” in a great variety of sizes, shapes, 
and colors, described as ‘“‘faney buttons used largely for women’s 
wear.” 

Production in 1918 by about 15 small factories gave an output 
valued at $300,000. Formerly most of our glass buttons came from 
Austria. 

Imports were 142 gross, valued at $448, in 1918; and 1,000,000 
gross, valued at $464,117 in 1914. 

Exports.—Small quantities are now exported to ane gee 
but statistics are lacking. ‘ 


SHOE BUTTONS. 


Description and uses.—Shoe buttons are made from a number of 
materials, the most important being papier-maché and agate. Cheaper 
grades from Austria and Germany were agate. The domestic product 


is made of papier-mAaché. 


Production.—Twelve factories, chiefly in New England, gave an 
output in 1914 of about 15,500,000 gross, valued at about $610,000. 
The manufacture of papier-maché buttons greatly increased with the 
elimination of German and. Austrian competition. ° 

Imports-in 1918 were 46,684 gross, valued at $3,184; in 1914, over 
570,000 gross, valued at about $21,500. _ 


BLANKS OR MOLDS. 


Description.—Blanks or molds constitute material prepared espe- 
eially to be manufactured into particular kinds of buttons. 

Production in. 1914 of button blanks for sale was 14,504,148 gross, 
valued at $2,349,406, and was more than double the output of 1904. 


COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS. 


These articles, when made of metal and valued at over 20 cents per 
dozen, are provided for in paragraph 3856. When manufactured 
of bone, mother-of-pearl, ivory, or agate, they fall within this para- 
graph. (For buttons made of metal, see pars. 151 and 356.) 

Production in 1914 was 1,771,053 gross, valued at $56,251, including 
some metal buttons. 

Imports in 1918 were 577 gross, valued at $230; in 1914, at 
$52,125. 


528 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATIGCN AND COMMENTS. 


Agate buttons.—Buttons returned by the appraiser as porcelain but- 
tons and classified by the collector as buttons not specially provided 
for under this paragraph were held upon the testimony to be known 
in the trade as agate buttons and dutiable accordingly at 15 per cent 
ad valorem under this paragraph. (Abstract 38007, of 1915.) Collar 
buttons commercially known as agate buttons but not in fact com- 
posed of agate are dutiable at 15 per cent and not at 40 per cent 
ad valorem under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 5, of 1917.). 

The provision “ buttons known commercially as agate buttons” in 
the act of 1909 left no doubt concerning the classification of such 
buttons. 

Parts of buttons or button molds to be finished into buttons suit- 
able for and intended to be used as shoe buttons are dutiable under 
the provision in this paragraph for ‘parts of buttons and button 
molds or blanks, finished or unfinished,” and not as ‘shoe buttons ” 
under the same paragraph. (G. A. 7799, T. D. 35843, of 1915.) An 
article of gallilith shaped like a curling stone, perforated for a metal 
shank or loop to make it into a shoe button, is not dutiable under 
the provision for buttons, but under that for “ parts of buttons, and 
button molds or blanks” in this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 244, 
of 1918.) Silver-plated metal button shanks intended for use as parts 
of pearl buttons are more specifically provided for as “parts of but- 
tons, * * * finished or unfinished,” in this paragraph, than as 
“articles or wares plated with gold or silver” under paragraph 167, 
or as “materials of metal * * °* guitable for use in the manu- 
facture of any of the foregoing articles in this paragraph,” under 
paragraph 356. (G. A. 7807, T. D. 35877, of 1915.) Crocheted sili 
covers for round buttons, strengthened and partly held in shape by 
two metal rings around which the thread is crocheted are dutiable 
as “parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, finished or unfin- 
ished,” under this paragraph and not under paragraph 338. (Ab- 
stract 88385, of 1915.) 

Shoe buttons of mother-of-pearl are dutiable as shoe buttons and 
not as buttons of shell and pearl under this paragraph. (G. A. 7598, 
T. D. 84784, of 1914.) Heavy, thick, round pearl bwttons with a 
metal plate and eyelet on the back, and buttons made wholly of pearl, 
the top being ground or cut so as to form a hollow and the button 
somewhat rounded, having four perforations rather far apart, are 
dutiable as shoe buttons and not as buttons of shell and pearl under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 37323, of 1915.) Buttons of gallilith hav- 
ing a shank made of heavy wire running through the head and flat- 
tened down to form a stud are dutiable as shoe buttons and not as 
buttons not specially provided for under this paragraph. (Abstract 
387477, of 1915.) 

The act of 1909 more specifically described shoe buttons by enumer- 
ating the materials in the wording “made of paper, board, papier- 
maché, pulp or other similar materials,” after ‘ shoe buttons.” 

Cotton crochet balls sold and used as buttons on waists, but at 
times attached to a banding by small loops and in that condition 
used for trimmings are dutiable as buttons at 40 per cent ad valorem 
under this paragraph and not at 60 per cent ad valorem as trimmings 
under paragraph 858. (Abstract 40805, of 1917.) Articles classified 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


029 


as trimmings, paragraph 3858, were found to be known and recognized 
in the trade and commerce of this country as buttons, and held duti- 


able as buttons at 40 per cent under this paragraph. 


41950, of 1918.) 


(Abstract 


“Vegetable ivory” might be added after “ivory” in describing 


eollar and cuff buttons and studs. 


PARAGRAPH 340. 


ACT OF 1869. 


429. Cork bark cut into squares, 
cubes, or quarters, 8 cents per pound; 
. manufactured corks over three-fourths 
of an inch in diameter, measured at 
larger end, 15 cents per pound; three- 
fourths of an inch and less in diam- 
eter, measured at larger end, 25 cents 
per pound; cork, artificial, or cork 
substitutes, manufactured from cork 
waste or granulated cork, and not 
otherwise provided for in this section, 
6 cents per pound; manufactures, 
wholly or in chief value of cork, or 
of cork bark, or of artificial cork or 
cork substitutes, granulated or ground 
eork, not specially provided for in this 
section, 80 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


340. Cork bark, cut into squares, 
cubes, or quarters, 4 cents per pound; 
manufactured cork stoppers, over 
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 
measured at the larger end, and manu- 
factured cork disks, wafers, or wash- 


ers, over three-sixteenths of an inch 
in thickness, 12 cents per pound; 
manufactured cork stoppers, three- 


fourths of an inch or less in diameter, 
measured at the larger end, and manu- 
factured cork disks, wafers, or wash- 
ers, three-sixteenths of an inch or 
less in thickness, 15 cents per pound; 
cork, artificial, or cork substitutes 
manufactured from cork waste, or 
granulated corks, and not otherwise 


provided for in this section, 3 cents 
per pound; cork insulation, wholly 
or in chief value of granulated cork, 
in slabs, boards, planks, or molded 
forms, % cent per pound; cork paper, 
35 per centum ad valorem; manufac- 

‘ tures wholly or in chief value of cork 
or of cork bark, or of artificial cork 
or bark substitutes, granulated or 
ground cork, not specially provided 
for in this section, 80 per centum ad 
valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The greatest use of cork is in making cork 
stoppers and cork disks for crown cork, the lining of the caps of con- 
tainers of various beverages. Its lightness fits it for floats for nets, 
swimming belts, etc. The refuse bits from manufacture are powdered 
and used in linoleum, in the loose filling of refrigerators or otner heat 
insulation, ete. The painter’s Spenish black is made by burning cork 
in closed vessels. Cork paper, made by pasting very thin sheets of 
bark to paper, is used for cigarette tips. The inner bark is a valuable 
tanning material. Avtificial cork and cork substitutes consist of gran- 
ulated cork mixed with some glutinous binder and molded into the 
desired form. A complete listing of cork uses is almost impossible. 
Portugal and Spain supply nearly all the raw material. (See par. 
464. ) 

Production in 1914 was by 52 establishments (80 in New York and 
10 in Pennsylvania), with a capital of $7,602,000, over 3,400 employees, 
and wages of $1,582,000. Materials used were valued at $4,751,000, 
and the product at $7,875,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,628,387; in 1916, at $878,268; 
in 1917, at $2,626,804; in 1918, at $1,977,522, of which disks, wafers, 

184911°—20-—_84 


530 


and washers amounted to $1,445,851, insulation to $181,402, paper to 
$107,462, stoppers to $198,378, and all other manufactures to $44,403. 

Exports for 1914-1918 were valued at $462,199, $211,795, $455,424, 
$541,579, and $847,377, respectively. Canada, Australia, and Brazil 
were the chief purchasers of domestic cork manufactures in 1914. and 
Canada, Panama, and Cuba in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Disks less than three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness made of 
granulated cork and binding material, used for the inside lining for 
bottle caps, cans, and gaskets, are dutiable as manufactured cork 
disks under this paragraph. (G. A. T707, T. D. 35270, of 1915.) So- 
called cigarette paper, otherwise known as cork paper in bobbins or 
cork bobbins, consisting -of thin sheets or strips of cork backed with 
tissue paper is dutiable as cork paper under this paragraph. (T. D. 
37196, of 1917.) Cork boards or slabs manufactured from cork shay- 
ings designed for use as floor tilings are dutiable under the pro- 
vision in this paragraph for “manufactures wholly er in chief value 
or cork * * * or ground eork, not specially provided for,” and 
not under the provision for cork insulation. (G. A. 8240, T. D. 
37953, of 1919.) (See par. 464.) 

The adjective “bark,” qualifying “substitutes” in this paragraph, 
apparently should be “ cork,” as in the act of 1909. 
- PARAGRAPH 341. 

ACT 


ACT OF 1909. OF 1913. 


430. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chess- 
men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, 
and bagatelle balls, of ivory, bone, or 
other materials, 50 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


341. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chess- 
men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, 
bagatelle balls, and poker chips, of 
ivory; bone, or other materials, 50 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of dice, dominoes, drafis, chessmen, ete., in 1914 were 
valued at $67,714, nearly all from Germany and France; in 1918, at 
$32,307, three-fourths of which came from France, the rest largely 
from Hongkong, Japan, and China. 

Production and export data are not readily available. France is 
the principal manufacturer of articles within this paragraph. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Pearl drafts or checkers, in chief value of mother-of-pearl, are 
dutiable under this paragraph and not as manufactures of pearl under 
paragraph 3869. (Abstract 38337, of 1915.) Chesstoards and ehess- 
men, packed together, are dutiable as entireties under this paragraph 
rather than according to the component material of chief value under 
other paragraphs. (Abstract 40430, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 342. 


431. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll 
heads, toy marbles of whatever mate- 
rials composed, and all other toys, 
and parts of toys, not composed of 
china, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
earthen or stone ware, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 35 
per centum ad valorem. 


342. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll 
heads, toy marbles of whatever mate- - 
rials composed, and all other toys, 
and parts of toys, not composed of 
china, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
earthen or stone ware, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 35. 
per centum ad valorem. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 531 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—Available figures cover toys and games in general. In 
1914 there were 290 manufacturers of toys and games, with an out- 
put valued at $13,757,000, a capital of $10,484,000, and 7,887 em- 
ployees. Before the war Germany supplied a large part of the world’s 
demand for toys. 

Imports in 1918 were valued at $2,009,014, $492,178 for dolls or 
parts thereof. Over 90 per cent came from Japan. In 1914 imports 
amounted to over $9,000,000, those from Germany being valued at 
$7,700,000. 

Exports in 1918 amounted to $2,023,624, divided as follows: Dolls, 
$356,363 ; mechanical toys, $198,792; “all other,” $1,468,469. Of this 
value $790,248 went to Canada, the rest chiefly to Mexico, Cuba, 
Argentina, and Brazil. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


There has been no substantial change in the provisions for toys 
since the act of 1883. Yet under each of the acts there has been 
much litigation. Suggestions intended to make classification more 
certain were not deemed effective and have not been adopted in sub- 
sequent acts. For example in 1909 (Tariff Hearings, 1908-9, vol. 6, p. 
6618) it was proposed to insert in the tariff act a provision making 
the rate of duty on toys the same as that imposed upon “ miscel- 
laneous manufactures of the material of which such toys are wholly 
or in chief value composed.” The materials therein set forth (p. 6620), 
in the order of percentage, are metal, cotton, paper, rubber, wood, 
glass, china, fur, skin, wool, papier-maché, celluloid, leather, silk, 
gallilith, pearl, bone, and willow, metal constituting 45 per cent of 
the total importations. The extent to which such a provision would 
go was indicated by the classification of toys of wool, which, being 
subject to compound duties, would have had not only to be valued 
to ascertain the ad valorem rate, but weighed in every case to deter- 
mine the specific duty. The magnitude of that work is apparent from 
the volume of imports. 

The scope of the provision has been somewhat limited by the defini- 
tion of toys as playthings intended and designed for the aniusement 
of children only and which by their very nature and character are 
reasonably fit for no other purpose. (1 Ct. Cust. Applis., 109, 111, 
of 1910; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 386, of 1911.) Cheapness does not deter- 
mine classification (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1912; 5 Ct Cust Appls., 
202, 294, of 1914); nor does flimsiness (159 Fed., 228, of 1908; 3 Ct. 
Cust. Appis., 102, of 1912) ; nor does their sale to or in toysheps (167 
Fed., 532, of 1909; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 234, of 1911). But such limita- 
tions must yield to proof of commercial designation as toys. (3 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 102, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 19138.) By agree- 
ment between the Government and importers a decision of the Court 
of Customs Appeals (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 53, of 1916, see par. 63, 
supra) upon so-called water-color boxes is not applied to paints or 
colors in wooden or paper boxes valued at less than 100 marks per 
gross, or in metal boxes valued at less than 25 marks per gross, or the 
equivalent in each case in francs. Such paints or colors are classified 
as toys. (T. D. 37168, of 1917.) 

Whether such articles as penknives, however small, should be re- 
garded as toys is questionable. 


532 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 343, 


ACT OF 1909. 


432. Emery grains and emery, manu- 
factured, ground, pulverized, or re- 
fined, 1 cent ver pound; emery wheels, 
emery files, and manufactures of which 
emery or corundum is the component 
material of chief value, 25 per centum 
ad valorem 3) > Sia > o*; 


ACT OF 19138. 


3438. Emery grains and emery, manu- 
factured, ground, pulverized, or refined, 
1 cent per pound ; emery wheels, emery 
files, emery paper, and manufactures 
of which emery or corundum is the 
component material of chief value, 20 
per centum ad- valorem, 


GENERAL, INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Corundum and emery, prior to the inven- 
tion of artificial abrasives (par. 479), were the most important abra- 
sive materials. Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed 
of aluminum oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They 
are used in making emery cloth and paper and are manufactured into 
grinding wheels by. mixing with suitable materials. 

Production.—Chief commercial sources of emery are the Greek 
island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. Wmery 
is produced here chiefly in the Peekskill district of New York and 
recently in Pittsylvania County, Va. Domestic production increased 
from 485 tons, valued at $2,425 in 1914, to 16,315 tons, valued at 
$173,589 in 1917, an increase due to restricted imports and increased 
war demand. 

Canada, which was formerly the chief source of corundum, has been 
practically unproductive since 1913. There are important deposits in 
India and the South African Transvaal, whence considerable quanti- 
ties reached this country during 1917. Crude ore is usually shipped 
to Glasgow for refining and reexported to this country. Domestic 
production in 1917 (all from North Carolina) was 820 tons, valued at 
$67,461. 

Imports of emery ore prior to 1915 were nearly constant at 14,000 
tons, except in 1918, when 18,964 tons were recorded, valued at 
$328,211, 90 per cent coming from Turkey. Imports fell to 2,000 
tons in 1917. 

Imports of emery grains in 1914 were 844,157 pounds, valued at 
$33,874, with about 60 per cent from England and 25 per cent from 
France. In 1917 they fell to 136,969 pounds valued at $7,889, all from 
England and Canada. In 1918 imports were 482,289 pounds, valued 
at $32,371. ; 

Imports of corundum ore declined steadily from 840 long tons, 
valued at $63,286 in 1911, to 17 tons valued at $633 in 1916, then in- 
creased to 1,129 tons, valued at $119,145 in 1918. 

Imports of corundum grains have varied considerably. In 1913 
they were 1,937,803 pounds, valued at $87,187, with over 90 per cent 
from Canada; in 1916, 657,826 pounds; in 1918, 3,421,454 pounds, 
valued at $189,345. Scotland has been the chief source since 1915. 

Imports of manufactures of emery and corundum have been small, 
in 1913 valued at $15,067, increased to $44,390 in 1918, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term corundum embraces the artificial article, such as boro- 
carbone (melted and crushed bauxite), as well as the natural corun- 
dum (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 64, of 1917), in any form commercially desig- 


533 


nated as corundum ‘T. D. 30002 of 1909). Under the latter decision, 

corundum crushed or ground is exempt from duty under paragraph 

479, while emery in such forms, although similar merchandise, is 

dutiable. A provision might be added to this paragraph for corundum 

and artificial abrasives in grains or ground, pulverized, or refined. 
(See par. 479.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 344. 


ACT OF 1909. 


433. Firecrackers of all kinds, 8 
cents per pound; bombs, _ rockets, 
Roman candles, and fireworks of all 
descriptions, not specially provided for 
in this section, 12 cents per pound; 
the weight on all the foregoing to 
include all coverings, wrappings, and 
packing material. 


ACT OF 1918. 


644, Firecrackers of all kinds, 6 
cents per pound; bombs, rockets, 
Roman candles, and fireworks of all 
descriptions, not specially provided 
for in this section, 10 cents per 
pound; the weight on all the foregoing 
to include all coverings, wrappings, 
and packing material. ’ 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The materials most used in fireworks are 
gunpowder or its constituents, carbon, sulphur, and potassium ni- 
trate. Fireworks are so varied in form that many substances mav pe 
employed in their manufacture. Metallic salts are used to produce 
different colors; several oxidizing materials may supplant potassium 
nitrate; and other explosives may replace gunpowder for certain pur- 


poses. 


Besides their scenic purposes, they are used as signals, rockets, 


Roman candles, and Bengal lights for signaling at sea. 
Production.—In 1914 there were 41 manufacturers, with a capital 
of $2,162,449, and output valued at $2,296,236. 
Imports of fireworks for 1910-1915 averaged over 3,000,000 pounds, 


valued at about $216,000, with revenue of $250,000. 


In 1917. the 


imports were 2,999,503 pounds, valued at $382,248; in 1918, 1,117,004 
pounds, valued at $123,087, with revenue of $67,020. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shells made of paper containing a charge of explosive which 
after importation are equipped with a fuse, a cone, powder, or other 
means of propelling the shells through the air, were held to be fire- 


works. 
are not fireworks. 


(Abstract 41751, of 1918.) ( 
(Abstract 35162, T. D. 33660, of 1913.) 


Shells containing no explosive 


PARAGRAPH 345. 


ACT OF 1909. 


436. Matches, friction or lucifer, of 
all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing 
not more than one hundred matches 
per box, 6 cents per gross; when im- 
ported otherwise than in boxes contain- 
ing not more than one _ hundred 
matches each, ? of 1 cent per one 
thousand matches; wax and fancy 
matches and tapers, 35 per centum 
ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


345. Matches, friction or lucifer, of 
all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing 
not more than one hundred matches 
per box, 3 cents per gross; when im- 
ported otherwise than in boxes con- 
taining not more than one hundred 
matches each, 2 of 1 cent per one 
thousand matches; wax matches, 
fusees, wind matches, and all matches 
in books or folders or having a stained, 
dyed, or colored stick or stem, and 
tapers consisting of a wick coated with 
an inflammable substance, and night 


584 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


lights, 25 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That in accordance with sec- 
tion ten of “An Act to provide for a 
tax upon white phosphorus matches, 
and for other purposes,” approved 
April ninth, nineteen hundred and 
twelve, white phosphorus matches 
manufactured wholly or in part in any 
foreign country shall not be entitled 
to enter at any of the ports of the 
United States, and the importation 
thereof is hereby prohibited: Provided 
further, That nothing in this Act con- 
tained shall be held to repeal or 
modify said Act to provide for a tax 
upon white phosphorus matehes, and 
for other purposes, approved April 
ninth, nineteen hundred and twelve. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


7 


Description and uses.—Since friction matches appeared, about 1830, 
the industry has grown rapidly. Many changes have been made in 
the ignition mixture, each company usually having its own special 
formule; but the principal substances used are phosphorus sesquisul- 
phide, some oxidizing material (such as potassium chlorate), red lead, 
lead peroxide, or manganese dioxide, glue, ground flint or glass, and 
a filler, such as clay. White or yellow phosphorus was formerly ex- 
tensively used, but owing to the dangerous character of these matches 
they are now practically prohibited by law. Pine wood is usually 
used for the stems. The manufacture is wholly by machinery, from 
the cutting of the stems from the block until finished, boxed, and 
ready for shipment. 

Safety matches contain neither phosphorus nor phosphorus com- 
pounds, but the substance on which they are struck usually contains 
red phosphorus—sometimes antimony sulphide—and powdered glass 
made into a paste with glue. 

Production.—In 1914 there were 20 establishments, employing 4,546 
persons, with a capital of $11,736,187, and product valued at $12,- 
556,279. The production has increased somewhat since then. 

Imports of matches in 1910 were valued at $872,945, increasing to 
$882,795 in 1914. In 1915 the value decreased, but increased again to 
$3,856,961 in 1918. In 1918 about 55 per cent came from Sweden and 
about 27 per cent from Japan. Imports have been mostly of matches 
in boxes containing not more than 100 per box. 

Exports increased in value from $80,877 in 1910 to $102,407 in 
1918, but decreased to $77,736 in 1914. From 1915 to 1918, inclusive, 
export values have averaged about $470,000. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Matches having red sticks or stems, imported in boxes containing 
less than 100 each, are within the provision for matches having col- 
ored sticks or stems as more specific than the provisions for friction 
or lucifer matches of all descriptions. (G. A. 7669, T. D. 35097, of 
1915; Abstract 36768, T. D. 34871, of 1914.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


535 


The regulations governing the importation of matches under the 
first proviso to this paragraph are contained in articles 533 to 536 of. 


the Customs Regulations of 1915. 


Candles are not included among the lighting articles in this para- 


graph. 


PARAGRAPH 346. 


ACT OF 1909. 


437. Percussion caps, cartridges, and 
cartridge shelis empty, 30 per centum 
ad valorem ; blasting caps, $2.285 per 
thousand; mining, blasting, or safety 
fuses of all kinds, not composed in 
chief value of cotton, 35 per centum 


ACT OF 1918. 


346. Percussion caps, cartridges, 
and cartridge shells empty, 15 per: 
centum ad valorem; blasting caps, $1 
per thousand; mining, blasting, or 
safety fuses of all kinds, 15 per 
centum ad valorem, 


ad valorem. 


« 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description.—Percussion caps, safety fuses, etc., belong to the gen- 
eral class of explosives. 

Production of cartridges amounted to $25,573,000 in 1914, increas- 
ing enormously since, owing to war conditions. 

Import values in 1918 were: Cartridges and empty cartridge shells, 
$177,546; mining, blasting or safety fuses of all kinds, $4,597; and 
percussion caps, $345. 

Exports in 1918 were greater, loaded cartridges being valued at 
$13,672,371 and dynamite fuses at $19,346,554. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Small fuses of steel about 6 inches in length and 2 inches in 
diameter, pointed at one end and having the shape of an ammunition 
shell divided into four compartments and filled with some very high 
explosive to be inserted in big-gun ammunition shells to explode them, 
tested for safety by dropping them at a distance of 30 feet onto a 
steel plate, classified as manufactures of metal under paragraph 199 
of the tariff act of. 1909, were held dutiable as safety fuses under 
paragraph 487. (Abstract 37598, of 1915.) (See pars. 501 and 550.) 


PARAGRAPH 347. 


438, Feathers and downs of aill 347. Feathers and downs, on the 


kinds, ineluding bird skins or parts 
thereof with the feathers on, crude or 
not dressed, colored, or otherwise ad- 
vanced or manufactured in any man- 
ner, not specially provided for in this 
section, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
when dressed, colored, or otherwise ad- 
vanced or manufactured in any man- 
ner, including quilts of down and other 
manufactures of down, and also dressed 
and finished birds suitable for milli- 
nery ornaments, and artificial or orna- 
mental feathers, fruits, grains, leaves, 
flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of 
whatever material composed, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 60 
per centum ad valorem; boas, bouton- 
nieres, wreaths, and all articles not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 


skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, 
colored, or otherwise advanced or 
manufactured in any manner, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 20 
per centum ad valorem; when dressed, 
colored, or otherwise advanced or man- 
ufactured in any manner, and not suit- 
able for use as millinery ornaments, 
ineluding quilts of down and manu- 
factures of down, 40 per centum ad 
valorem ; artificial or ornamental feath- 
ers suitable for use as millinery orna- 
ments, artificial and ornamental. fruits, 
grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or 
parts thereof, of whatever material 
composed, not specially provided for 
in this section, 60 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; boas, boutonnieres, wreaths, and 
all articles not specially provided for 
in this section, composed wholly or in 


536 


ACT OF 1909—\Continued. 


any of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or 
other materials or articles herein men- 
tioned, 60 per centum ad yalorem. 


509. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 19138—-Continued. 


chief value of any of the feathers, 
flowers, leaves, or other material herein 
mentioned, 60 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That the importation of 
aigrettes, .egret plumes or so-called 


millinery ornaments. (Iree.) osprey plumes, and the feathers, quills, 
heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts of 
skins, of wild birds, either raw or 
manufactured, and not for scientific 
or educational purposes, is hereby pro- 
hibited; but this provision shall not 
apply to the feathers or plumes of 
ostriches, or to the feathers or plumes 
of domestic fowls of any kind. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Artijficial flowers, for millinery purposes, 
are made chiefly of textile fabrics varying from cheap calicos to ex- 
pensive silks and satins. Fancy feathers, prior to 1914, came from 
both domestic fowls and wild birds, but as the act of 1913 prohibits 
imports of the skins, feathers, and plumage of wild birds, except of 
the ostrich, the feather trade now relies chiefiy upon ostrich plumes 
and the feathers of domestic fowls. 

Production.—Detailed information upon the production of flowers 
and feathers is not available for the country as a whole, but inasmuch 
as about 90 per cent of the industry is located in New York City the 
Census figures for that State are given. In 1914 there were in the 
State of New York 206 feather manufacturers, using raw material 
worth about $5,600,000, and with products valued at $10,274,000; 163 
flower manufacturers, using raw material worth about $2,500,000, 
and with products valued at $6,180,000. 

Imports of ostrich feathers were valued at $6,250,000 in 1913; 
$3,750,000 in’ 1914; $2,200,000 in 1915; and about $500,000 in 1918. 
Cheap flowers from Germany and Austria were cut off entirely and 
imports of more expensive grades from France greatly reduced by 
the war. The value of artificial flowers and grains decreased from 
about $2,700,000 in 1918 to a little less than $500,000 in 1918. Manu- 
factured ornamental feathers decreased in value from $1,179,000 in 
1913 to slightly over $500,000 in 1918; crude ornamental feathers, 
classified as “ all others,’ from $1,800,000 in 19138 to about $500,000 


in 1918. 
INTERPRETATIGN AND COMMENTS. 


“Artificial ’ for tariff purposes, is substantial simulation of the 
natural. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 384, of 1913.) The words “ artificial 
and ornamental’? modifying the word “ fruits,” etc., in this paragraph 
refer to the per se character and not to the intended use of the fruits. 
This is shown by the fact that feathers in various physical conditions 
are dutiable at one rate and “artificial or ornamental feathers suit- 
able for use as millinery ornaments” at another rate. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 111, of 1917.) The articles must be both artificial and orna- 
mental. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 66, of 1916.) 

There have been many decisions under these provisions, which have 
been held by the Court of Customs Appeals to include ertificial and 
ornamental pears and apples, chiefly used as pin cushions (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 111, of 1917); goose skins dressed with down on them not 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 537 


suitable for millinery ornaments, as “downs on the skin * * #* 
dressed” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 203, of 1917) ; leaves and flowers for 
millinery ornaments made of straw which has been dyed, but the . 
fibers of which have not been separated (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, 
378, and 380 of 1918); carved ivory flowers (Abstract 41375, of 
1917) ; artificial flowers made of beads (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 
38044, of 1919); dried skins of chicks and ducklings with the heads 
and feet attached, stuffed with cotton, fitted with bead eyes and 
wired so as to give them a natural appearance and having a wire 
attachment apparently for the purpose of fastening them to other 
objects as decorations as “downs on the skin * * * dressed” 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 378, of 1917) ; skins of ducklings or chicks, which 
skins have been dried and stuffed with cotton medicated with some 
preservative, same classification (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 183, of 1915); 
straw hats trimmed -with silk, artificial flowers, and ornamental 
feathers, flowers and feathers predominating (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
2a2, Of 1915). 

Colored feathers fastened upon white cards in the shape of birds, 
used to decorate walls in the same manner as pictures, are articles 
of feathers and not feathers within this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 865, of 1918.) Mounted birds, not suitable for use as millinery 
ornaments, are dutiable at 40 per cent under this paragraph. (T. D. 
86184, of 1916.) Down-filled silk quilts, silk the component material 
of chief value, are dutiable as manufactures of silk under paragraph 
318, and not as quilts of down under this paragraph. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 148, of 1917.) Flues of feathers, obtained by stripping one 
side of the goosequill, were held dutiable at 20 per cent rather than 
at 40 per cent under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 
38214, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from Abstract 48045, of 1919, 
involving a similar issue. 

Appeals are pending in the Court of Customs Appeals from de- 
cisions of the Board of General Appraisers classifying artificial 
flowers, etc., made of dyed straw and other materials under this 
paragraph rather than as manufactures of straw under paragraph 
368 or aS unenumerated manufactured articles under paragraph 885, 
Abstracts 42542, 42548, 42602, 42626, 42647, 42662, 42665, and 427834, 
of 1918. 

Regulations governing the importation of plumage are contained 
in articles 5387 and 588 of the Customs Regulations of 1915, and T. D. 
33781, 33799, 33810, 33944, of 1913; 34057, 34518, 34748, 34886, 34913, 
of 1914; 35307, of 1915; 36322, 36382, of 1916; 37422, of 1917; and 
37660 of 1918. 

While Gowns were enumerated in the first part of this paragraph 
they are not mentioned in the prohibitory clause, and downs of wild 
birds are accordingly permitted entry. Beaks of wild birds, however, 
while not mentioned are nevertheless excluded, as being within the 
term “heads.” (See par. 368.) 


PARAGRAPH 348. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


4389. Furs dressed on the skin, not 348. Furs dressed on the skin, not 
advanced further than dyeing, but not | advanced further than dyeing, 30 per 
repaired, 20 per centum ad valorem; | centum ad valorem; plates and mats 
manufactures of furs, further advanced | of dog and goat skins, 10 per centum 


538 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


than dressing and dyeing, when pre- 
spared for use as material, including 
plates, linings, and crosses, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; articles of wear- 
ing apparel of every description, partly 
or wholly manufactured, composed of 
or of which fur is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. Furs not on the skin, 
prepared for hatters’ use, Yncluding 
fur skins carroted, 20 per centum ad 
valorem, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ad valorem; manufactures of furs, 
further advanced than dressing and 
dyeing, when prepared for use aS ma- 
terial, joined or sewed together, in- 
cluding plates, linings, and crosses, 
except plates and mats of dog and 
goat skins, and articles manufactured 
from fur not specially provided for in 
this section, 40 per centum ad va- 
lorem; articles of wearing apparel of 
every description partly or wholly 
manufactured, composed of or of 





which hides or skins of cattle of the 
bovine species, or of the dog or goat 
are the component material of chief 
value, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
articles of wearing apparel of every 
description partly or wholly manufac- 
tured, composed of or of which fur is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 50 per centum ad valorem; furs 
not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ 
use, including fur skins carroted, 15 
per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Raw fur skins are known as “pelts.” Fur 
dressing and dyeing are intermediate processes applied to fit the pelts 
for manufacture into garments or other articles, and are generally 
conducted as independent industries. After removing the skin, it is 
usually salted to preserve it until it can be dressed and dyed. Dress- 
ing consists of the application of preservative materials and a me- 
chanical treatment calculated to soften the pelt. All the various kinds 
of furs coming under paragraph 491 (free list) are subjected to these 
processes and provide the raw material for the fur manufacturing in- 
dustry. Skins of the American bison formerly furnished the material 
for moderate-priced fur coats. The skins of dogs and goats are now 
substituted. 'The skins are sewed together in plates or mats to pro- 
tect them in transportation. 

Coats, muffs, capes, jackets, stoles, neckwear of various sorts, trim- 
mings, and other articles of wearing apparel are by far the most im- 
portant manufactures of fur, fashion deciding the kinds used and the 
style. Great fluctuations occur in the prices of most furs over a 
series of years. The use of all kinds of furs has become very popular 
of late, and there is an almost unlimited variety in the articles of ap- 
parel used. The most expensive are made of sable, seal, ermine, chin- 
chilla, silver fox, beaver, otter, mink, and marten; the inexpensive are 
skunk, rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, opossum, and other varieties. By the 
use of the Cimiotti unhairing machine the long hairs of the outer coat 
of the seal, beaver, muskrat, mink, otter, and other fur animals can be 
removed, leaving only the soft underfur; thus, by skillful dressing and 
dyeing, low-grade furs are sometimes made to resemble more ex- 
pensive skins. Muskrat and coney are sometimes marketed as Hud- 
son seal, near seal, electric seal, or Baltic seal, and the marten as 
Hudson Bay sable. The principal kinds of furs used for making felé 
for hats are rabbit, nutria, and beaver. Only the soft underfur is : 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 539 


used for fur feit. Carroting consists of treating furs with a solution 
of quicksilver and nitric acid to safeguard against insects and to 
facilitate manufacture. 

Production.—Dressed furs: In 1914 there were 96 establishments 
engaged in the dressing and dyeing of furs, chiefly located in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., with 1,525 employees and an output of $2,875,000. The in- 
dustry has expanded greatly, the United States taking first place over 
Germany since 1914. The sealskins from Alaska, formerly sent to 
London, are now dressed and finished here. 

Fur wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur: In 1914 
1,322 establishments produced fur goods, the output being valued at 
$48,633,000; in 1909, 1,241 establishments, with output of $55,938,000. 
The manufactures consist mostly of wearing apparel. Some of these 
establishments dress and finish the furs used. New York produced 
to the value of $30,312,000 in 1914, leading the States. New York 
City is the principal center and, it is stated, manufactures more 
fur goods than London, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, and Moscow combined. 
Manufacturers of fur goods may be divided into makers of high-grade 
furs; medium-grade furs for the better class of the dry-goods trade; 
“popular priced ” furs; low-grade, coarse furs and articles made from 
fur pieces. During the war the United States assumed the lead, 
both in fur distribution and manufacturing. 

Fur for hatter’s use: The Census classification, “hat and cap ma- 
terials,” gives an output valued at about $7,000,000 in 1914, which in- 
cludes fur prepared for hatter’s use. 

Imports of furs dressed on the skin, averaging over $5,000,000 be- 
fore 1914, decreased after the war to $1,221,350 in 1918. Germany, 
France, Belgium, and Hngland had been the principal sources; in 1918 
more than half came from China. This decrease contrasts with the 
increase in raw furs. (See par. 491.) Of the total imports of manu- 
factures, valued at $1,988,570-in 1913, France sent us 36 per cent; 
Germany, 31 per cent; China, 13 per cent; and England, 10 per cent. 
Imports were about $1,000,000 in 1917, France sending over two- 
thirds. Wearing apparel, dutiable at 50 per centum, was only $100,192 
of this total, compared with $344,507 in 1914. 

Imports of plates and mats of doy awd goat skins have increased 
from $280,855 in 1914 to $581,982 in 1918. Imports of wearing ap- 
parel made of cattle, dog, and goat skins have been small—in 1914, 
$180; in 1915, $229; and in 1918, $19,575. Imports of furs not on the 
skin, prepared for hatter’s use, including fur skins carroted, in 1915 
were about $600,000; in 1918, $486,100. 

Exports of dressed furs and manufactures of fur in 1912 were 
valued at $615,441, about half going to Canada; in 1914, at $870,824, 
more than half to Canada; in 1915, over $1,000,000; in 1916, nearly 
$2,500,000; in 1917, over $5,000,000; and in. 1918, over $3,000,000. In 
1916 and 1917, England, France, and Canada took most of our exports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Dressed animal skins with the wool or hair on, when unprofitable 
to separate the wool or hair from the skin and-use it for wool or 
hair purposes, are not within the terms “ wools” or “hair” (pars. 
286, 304, and 650), but are, if devoted to fur uses, within the word 
“furs” in this paragraph, which is not limited to products of strictly 
fur-bearing animals, but include sheepskins with wool on when de- 


540 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


voted to fur uses and not bearing so great an amount of wool as 
to make it commercially practicable to remove the wool and use it 
for wool purposes. Sheepskins, entire, or pieced by sewing in the 
shapes of rectangles and crosses with the natural growth thereon 
and the flesh side dressed, used as ordinary fur skins are used, and 
not bearing wool to the extent making removal of the wool commer- 
cially practicable, are within the provision for “ furs dressed _ on the 
skin.’’. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 87, of 1917.) Hair too short to be com- 
mercially spun into yarn or for the making of textiles and chiefly 
employed in the making of furs or fur garments, or for other fur ~ 
uses, is that kind of hair which is known as fur, though it be taken 
from the back of a sheep. The hair of the Angora rabbit resembles 
that of the Angora goat or alpaca more nearly than it does that of 
the sheep or the camel. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) Crosses 
made of dressed kidskins sewed together are within this paragraph 
as manufactures of fur prepared for use as material joined or sewed 
together and not as plates and mats of goatskins. It is not material 
for the purposes of this provision that goatskin crosses might to 
some extent have been imported if it is shown that they are not com- 
monly imported in that form. With proof that kidskins and goat- 
skins are different things commercially, the provision for goatskin 
articles will be held not to include kidskin articles. With proof 
fhat “crosses” and “plates” as applied to articles made of fur 
skins have distinct meanings, a cross can not be dutiahble as a plate 
under this paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37842, of 1918.) 
Sheepskins tanned and dressed and sewed in the form of rugs and 
commonly known in the trade as plates made from China sheep- 
skins and apparently used in the making of fur robes for baby car- 
riages are manufactures of fur within this paragraph. (Abstract 
42322, of 1918.) 

Dressed goatskins and dogskins are dutiable at 10 per cent by simil- 
itude to goatskin and dogskin plates and mats under the second pro- 
vision of this paragraph, there being no provision in the tariff which 
includes them directly. (G. A. 7569, T. D. 34493, of 1914; Abstract 
866238, of 1914, T. D. 34237, of 1914.) But China goatskin mats and 
rugs made up into completed articles are dutiable at 15 per cent 
under this paragraph. (T. D. 34544, of 1914.) Men’s gloves having 
leather fingers, fur backs, and lined with fur and wool, were held 
dutiable as fur wearing apparel under this paragraph. (Abstract 
36969, of 1914.) Fur pieces or clippings cut from dressed and dyed 
rabbit skins, used for trimming slippers, ete., were held dutiable 
under the first provision of this paragraph. (Abstract 37558, of 
1915.) (See pars. 807, 347, 354, and 384.) : 


PARAGRAPH 349. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


440. Fans of all kinds except com- 849. Fans of all kinds, except com- 
mon palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad | mon palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad 


valoreln, valorem. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
Desoription and uses.—The varieties of fans may be classified as 


(1) those which can be folded or closed and (2) those permanently 
expanded or fixed. The former are sometimes made of thin slips of 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 541 


ivory or wood, but more commonly of a continuous surface of paper, 
silk, or other fabrics mounted on strips of rigid material, pivoted at 
one end, and folding together easily in the manner of a plaiting. 
Fixed fans are made of feathers set side by side, of leaves of palmate- 
leafed palm tree, or of paper or similar films spread on slender radi- 
ating sticks. Fans have been used for a variety of purposes of which 
the most common are winnowing grain, ventilating rooms, and cooling 
the body. Common palm-leaf fans, plain and not ornamented or deco- 
rated, are provided for in paragraph 480. 

Production statistics are not available. France, Austria-Hungary, 
Germany, Japan, and China have been leading producers. j 

Imports of fans in 1918 amounted to $93,659, nearly 75 per cent 
from Japan. In 1914 they were $216,330, about 40 per cent from 


Japan. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Common palm-leaf fans alone being excepted, the natural and legal 
inference is that this paragraph is intended to embrace all other fans 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 101, of 1911), amung them embroidered fans in 
chief value of silk. This paragraph is more specific than the provision 
miepereerapn ooo for’ articles’ * ~* °° * embroidered. * «*' ** by 
whatever name known.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1917.) 

Folding fans are dutiable under this provision. (Abstract 38896, 
of 1915, following Abstract 33232, T. D. 33668, of 1913.) 


PARAGRAPH 350. 


ACT OF 1909. 


441. Gun wads of all descriptions, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


350. Gun wads of all descriptions, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 


Description and uses.—Gun wads are disks used to hold in place 
powder or shot, and are made of felt, cardboard, or jute. 
Imports in 1914 were valued at $3,716 and in 1916 were valued at 


PARAGRAPH 351. 


$507. 
Doone e* Chuman ‘hair, raw; 
suncleaned, and not drawn, (Free.) 


442, Hair, human, if clean or drawn 
but not manufactured, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; manufactures of human 
hair, or of which human hair is the 
component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 35 per centum ad valorem. 


351. Human hair, raw, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; if cleaned or com- 
mercially known as drawn, but not 
manufactured, 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem; manufactures of human hair, 
including nets and nettings, or of 
which human hair is the component 
material of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, 35 per 
centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Uses of human hair are (1) for switches, wigs, hair nets, ete., made 
from a fine quality of hair usually imported from Europe; and (2) 
press cloth, used in extracting the oil from cotton and other seeds, 
made of coarse human hair derived from the Orient. 

Production of hair nets, switches, wigs, ete, has apparently de- 
creasd during the war, but the output of press cloth made from 
human hair has greatly increased. Prior to the war, press cloth was 
made from camel and goat hair, chiefly from Russia, but coarse human 
hair from China and horse and goat hair from South America have 
displaced them. 


542 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of human hair in 1910 were valued at $3,500,000; in 1915, 
at $500,000 ; in 1918, at $1,400,000. Of these imports the largest single 
item is unmanufactured hair. The great sources of supply have 
shifted, since 1914, from Continental Europe to the Orient. Imports 
from Europe were 633,253 pounds, valued at $533,172 in 1914, and only 
386,007 pounds, valued at $261,318 in 1918; from China and Japan, 
280,170 pounds, valued at $115,084 in 1914, and 1,586,045 pounds, 
valued at $586,431 in 1918. Of manufactured products, the most: im- 
portant item is “nets and nettings,” valued at $103,000 in 1915, and at 
$518,000 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Human hair tops are not specifically provided for and are assessed 
with duty under paragraph 885 as a nonenumerated article manu- 
factured in whole or in part. (T. D. 36200, of 1916.) Such. mer- 
chandise assessed under paragraph 885 were claimed to be dutiable 
under paragraph 286 and the protest was overruled by the Board 
of General Appraisers without affirming the assessment. (Abstract 
38842, of 1915.) 

Human hair yarn is dutiable at 35 per cent as a manufacture of 
human hair under this paragraph; human hair press cloth made from 
the yarn is dutiable at 15 cents per square yard under paragraph 
353.’ The 15-cent rate is generally considerably less than the 10 per 
cent on raw human hair under paragraph 351. 

Separate provision might be made for human hair tops. 


PARAGRAPH 352. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
444, Hair, curled, suitable for beds 352. Hair, curled, suitable for beds 
or mattresses, 10 per centum ad va- | or mattresses, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem. lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Short horsehair, cow hair, and the softer 
kinds of pig hair, after being curled by twisting, boiling, and drying, 
are used for stuffing. beds, mattresses, sofas, divans, and seats.. 
Often Tampico and coconut fiber and Spanish and sea moss are added 
to the hair in the manufacture of some grades of upholstery. 

Production in 1914, valued at $3,657,414, was by 19 establishments, 
with $2,930,000 capital, 1,317 employees, and wages of $524,000. The 
industry is widespread, New York and Pennsylvania leading. 

Imports of hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, are negli- 
gible, being valued at only $2 in 1914 and $1 in 1918. 

Exports are included with manufactures of animal hair, which 
were valued at $344,756 in 1914 and at $397,874 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 353. 


445. Haircloth, known as “ crino- 353. Hairecloth, known as “ erino- 
line” cloth, 8 cents per square yard; | line’’- cloth, 6 cents per square yard; 
haircloth, known as “hair seating,” | haircloth, known as “hair seating,” 


and hair press cloth, 20 cents per | and hair press cloth, 15 cents per 
Square yard. square yard. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 543 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Haircloth is made with horsehair filling 
and warp of cotton, linen, or worsted. “ Crinoline” is a light hair- 
cloth with a cotton warp, used extensively for stiffening clothing, 
bonnets, and hats. Hair seating is the heavy, long-wearing horsehair 
covering formerly much used in upholstering. All hair press cloths, 
including those made from horse, cattle, human (mainly Chinese), 
and other hair, not specifically named elsewhere, are covered here. 
They are used for sieves in expressing ecotton-seed and similar oils, 
but those of camel’s hair (pars. 288 and 422) excel for this purpose. 

Production of all kinds of haircloth in 1909 was valued at 
$2,280,033, and in 1914, at $2,395,486, nearly all in Pennsylvania. 

Imports of “hair seating” and hair press cloths in 1914 were 
54,920 square yards, valued at $106,757; in 1918, 31,230 square yards, 
valued at $122,598. ‘“ Crinoline ” imports were 61 square yards, valued 
at $46 in 1914. 


INFERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cattle-hair cloths, square in form, with flaps to fold over similar 
to envelopes, used for pressing herbs for medicinal purposes, classified 
as a manufacture of wool under paragraph 288 and claimed dutiable 
as hair press cloth or as a nonenumerated manufactured article, were 
found not to be hair press cloth or an article made from hair press 


cloth. (Abstract 40330, of 1916.) 
PARAGRAPH 354. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
446. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for 354. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for 
men’s, women’s, boys’, or children’s | men’s, women’s, boys’, or children’s 


wear, trimmed or untrimmed, includ- 
ing bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms, or 
shapes, for hats or bonnets, composed 
wholly or in chief value of fur of 


the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, 


valued at not more than $4.50 per 


wear, trimmed or untrimmed, includ- 
ing bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms or 
shapes, for hats or bonnets, ecom- 
posed wholly or in chief value of fur 
of the rabbit, beaver, or other ani- 
mals, 45 per centum ad valorem, 


dozen, $1.50 per dozen; valued at 
more than $4.50 per dozen and not 
more than $9 per dozen, $3 per dozen; 
valued at more than $9 per dozen and 
not more than $18 per dozen, $5 per 
dozen; valued at more than $18 per 
dozen, $7 per dozen; and in addition 
thereto, on all the foregoing, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—The furs most generally used in fur-felt hats are 
the beaver, coypou, nutria or South American beaver, the Saxony and 
Russian hare, the Seoteh, English, and French coney, and muskrat. 

Production.—In 1914 the number of fur-felt hat establishments was 
224, with 21,318 employees, a capital of $39,401,429, wages of $12,070,812. 
Materials cost $16,947,058, and the value of products was $37,349,744. 
The industry is concentrated in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jer- 
sey, and New York. 

Imports of hats, bonnets, or hoods of fur in 1914 were 36,725 
dozen, valued at $664,717, of which 13,656 dozen, valued at $304,308, 


544 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


came from Austria-Hungary, the rest mainly from France, England, 


Italy, and Belgium. 


In 1918 imforts were 22,936 dozen, valued at 


$466,049, of which 16,986 dozen, valued at $315,926, came from Italy, 
and the rest mainly from France and England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Rabbit-fur hoods used by automobilists are dutiable under this pro- 


vision rather than as fur wearing apparel. 
Caps of rabbit fur are not within this provision, 


33594, of 1913.) 


not being hats in either customs practice or common parlance. 


4708, T. D. 22228, of 1900.) 


(Abstract 82941, T. D. 


(G. A. 


we 


PARAGRAPH 355. 


ACT OF 19069. 


447, Indurated fiber ware and man- 
ufactures of pulp, not specifically pro- 
vided for in this section, printed or 


ACT OF 19138. 


355. Indurated fiber ware and man- 
ufactures of pulp, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 


unprinted, 35 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Indurated fiber ware is wood pulp chemi- 
cally treated and molded into pails, kegs, tubs, boxes, cuspidors, 
coolers, trunks, cases, ete. Other manufactures of pulp include com- 
posite board for car ceilings, bulkheads and door panels for steam- 
boats, vulcanized fiber and fiber specialties for motors and dynamos, 
insulators, skate wheels, washers, disks and bushings, railway sig- 
nals, electric rail joints, noiseless rollers and gears, fiber sheets, and 
fiber rods and tubing. Manufactures of papier-maché and of vul- 
canized rubber come within paragraph 3869. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $4,483,000, derived from 24 estab- 
lishments, located chiefiy in Delaware and New York, with a capital 
of about $6,862,000, employing over 1,600 people. 

Imports of indurated fiber ware and manufactures of pulp in 1914 
were valued at $4,559; in 1918, at $4,771. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Papier-maché, a manufacture of paper pulp, might be transferred 
to this paragraph from paragraph 3869, and the word “other” in- 
serted between ‘‘and” and ‘“ manufactures.” 


PARAGRAPH 356. 


448, Chains, pins, collar, cuff, and 
dress buttons, charms, combs, mil- 
linery and military ornaments, to- 
gether with all other articles of every 


356. Jewelry, commonly or commer- 
cially so known, valued above 20 
cents per dozen pieces, 60 per centum 
ad valorem; rope, curb, cable, and 


description, finished or partly finished, 
if set with imitation precious stones 
composed of glass or paste (except 
imitation jet), or composed wholly or 
in chief value of silver, German sil- 
ver, white metal, brass, or gun metal, 
whether or not enameled, washed, cov- 
ered, plated, or alloyed with gold, sil- 
ver or nickel, and designed to be worn 
on apparel or carried on or about or 
attached to the person, valued at 20 
cents per dozen pieces, 1 cent each 


fancy patterns of chain not exceeding 
one-half inch in diameter, width, or 
thickness, valued above 380 cents per 
yard; and articles valued above 20 
cents per dozen pieces designed to be 
worn on apparel or carried on or about 
or attached to the person, such as 
and including buckles, card cases, 
chains, cigar cases, cigar cutters, cigar 
holders, cigarette cases, cigarette hold- 
ers,- coin holders, collar, cuff, and 
dress buttons, combs, match boxes, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


' 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


“and in addition thereto 2 of 1 cent 
per dozen for each 1 cent the value 
exceeds 20 cents per dozen; all stamp- 
ings and materials of metal (except 
iron or steel), or of metal set with 
glass or paste, finished or partly fin- 
ished, suitable for use in the manufac- 
ture of any of the foregoing articles 
(except chain valued at less than 380 
cents per yard other than nickel or 
nickel-plated chain), valued at [72 
cents per gross, 8 cents per dozen 
pieces and in addition thereto 43 
of 1 cent per gross for each 1 cent 
the value exceeds 72. cents per gross; 
rope, curb, cable, and other fancy pat- 
terns of chain, without bar, .swivel, 
Snap or ring, composed of rolled gold 
plate or of silver, German _ silver, 
white metal,-or brass, not exceeding 
one-half of one inch in diameter, 
breadth or thickness, valued at 30 
cents per yard, 6 cents per foot, and 
in addition thereto 2 of 1 cent per 
yard for each 1 cent the value ex- 
ceeds 30 cents per yard; finished or 
unfinished bags, purses and other ar- 
ticles, or parts thereof, made in chief 
value of metal mesh composed of sil- 
ver, German silver, or white metal, 
valued at $2 per dozen pieces, 10 cents 
per piece and in addition thereto 2 of 
1 cent per dozen pieces for each 1 
cent the value exceeds $2 per dozen; 
all of the foregoing, whether known 
as jewelry or otherwise and whether 
or not denominatively or otherwise 
provided for in any other paragraph of 
this Act, 25 per centum ad valorem 
in addition to the specific rate or 
rates of duty herein provided; all ar- 
ticles commonly or commercially 
known as jewelry, or parts thereof, 
finished or unfinished, including chain, 
mesh, and mesh bags and purses com- 
posed of gold or platinum, whether 
set or not set with diamonds, pearls, 
cameos, coral, or other precious or 
semiprecious stones, or imitations 
thereof, 60 per centum ad valorem. 


545 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


mesh bags and purses, millinery, mili- 
tary, and hair ornaments, pins, pow- 
der cases, stamp cases, vanity cases, 
and like articles; all the foregoing 
and parts thereof, finished or partly 
finished, composed of metal, whether 
or not enameled, washed, covered, or 
plated, including rolled gold plate, and 
whether or not set with precious or 
Semiprecious stones, pearls, cameos, 
coral, or amber, or with imitation pre- 
cious stones or imitation pearls, 60 per 
centum ad valorem. Stampings, gal-. 
leries, mesh and other materials of 
metal, whether or not set with glass 
or paste, finished or partly finished, 
separate or in strips or sheets, suit- 
able for use in the manufacture of any 
of the foregoing articles in this para- 
graph, 50 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The language of the paragraph sufficiently 
describes and indicates the uses of the articles of jewelry included 


therein. 


Production.—In 1914 there were 1,914 establishments manufactur- 
ing jewelry, with $72,404,000 capital, 28,289 employees, wages of 
$18,302,000, and a product valued at $81,006,000. 

Imports of jewelry in 1914 were valued at $1,057,900 and in 1918 


at $205,210. 


Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,005,285 and in 1918 at $953,934-- 
mainly to Canada, Spain, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba. 





184911°—20——-35 


546 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


What constitutes jewelry for tariff purposes has long been a 
troublesome question. The act of 1883 (par. 459) read “ jewelry of 
all kinds.” This was held to be governed by trade meaning. Proof 
of commercial designation was advantageous to the importer. In 
1890 (par. 452) the provision read “all articles * * * which shall 
be known commercially as ‘jewelry.’” The rate of duty was twice 
that of 1888, and it was to the advantage of importers to prove the 
articles were not commercially known as jewelry. In 1897 (par. 
434) the word “ commonly ” was substituted fer “ commercially.” Or- 
dinary meaning was thus made the criterion, but eommercial testi- 
mony was nevertheless still admitted and considered. In 1909 (par. 
448) both terms “ commonly” and “ commercially’ were used, with 
the disjunctive “or.” Hither trade or common meaning was accord- 
ingly sufficient for classification of articles as jewelry. “ Commonly 
or commercially ” was retained in 1913. Commercial usage is always 
a question of fact, to be established by evidence. Caprice of fashion 
or advantages of trade may vary it. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 25, of 1915; 
7 Ct. Cust. Appis., 18, of 1916.) Common meaning, on the other hand, 
is matter of law within judicial knowledge. Testimony, however, as 
well as dictionaries and other authorities may aid the court. (7 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916.) 

Without attempting a comprehensive definition, the Court of 
Customs Appeals has declared jewelry in common conception to be 
composed of precious metals, or imitations thereof, or of precious or 
seliprecious stones, pearls or imitations thereof, or cameos, coral or 
amber, including artificial, synthetic or reconstructed pearls, rubies, 
or other precious stones strung or set. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 
1916.) Jewelry may be useful as well as ornamental; all articles of 
personal adornment are not jewelry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 25, 97, 131, 
of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 314, of 
1918. ) f 

“ Designed ” in “ designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or 
about or attached to the person,” refers to such articles as are spe- 
cially fitted for being carried on or about the person and devoted to 
such use. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1917.) The controlling ques- 
tion, apart from value and material, is whether the articles are de- 
signed to be so worn, carried, or attached in the same manner as the 
enumerated articles and like articles when in their customary use. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 105, of 1915.) Congress did not intend to inelude 
in the jewelry provision any such articles not composed of metal 
unless commonly or commercially known as jewelry. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 18, of 1916.) An appeal is pending in the Court of Customs 
Appeals from Abstract 43104, of 1919, holding bone watch charms 
net to be jewelry. The words “like articles” following articles 
enumerated after the words just quoted must be ejusdem generis with 
the articles named. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 105, of 1915.) Resaries of 
silver-plated metal and colored glass, metal chief value, were held 
dutiable under paragraph 167. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 132, of 1916.) 
Whether they are “ designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or 
about or attached to the person” is a matter of evidence. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appis., 175, of 1916.) (See pars. 167 and 333.) 

Cigar lighters designed to be earried on the person being within 
this paragraph and also paragraph 381 as smokers’ articles, was held, 








547 


Te 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


by virtue of paragraph 386, dutiable under this paragraph. 
Cust. Appls., 138, of 1916.) 

Lhe words “ parts thereof” and “ composed of metal” do not refer 
to jewelry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 556, of 1916; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, 
of 1916.) An article not an actual constituent of a mantfacture can 
not be considered as a part thereof unless it has been advanced to a 
point which definitely commits it to that specific class and kind of 
manufacture. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37873, of 1919.) Articles 
composed in chief value of metal with a substantial minor value of 
other material, the metal value distinctly preponderating, are within 
the phrase. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 162, of 1915.) 

The words “ separate or in strips or sheets” following “stampings, 
galleries, mesh and other materials of metal,” are not words of limita- 
tion inserted to narrow the scope of the sentence, but words of ampli- 
fication to make certain that whether imported in the form of strips 
or sheets or aS separate entireties cut therefrom, stampings, galleries, 
mesh and other materials of metal, capable of such forms should not 
escape the duty prescribed by the provision. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 460, 


of 1917.) “ Suitable for use’ does not imply or require chief use, but 
susceptibility for the use expressed. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 109, of 
1917.) 


Metal vanity cases are dutiable at 60 per cent under this paragraph, 
but leather vanity cases, even though the contents be of metal and 
metal chief value of the entirety, are dutiable at 35 per cent under 
paragraph 360. Some parts of vanity cases are dutiable under this 
paragraph at 60 per cent, but small mirrors suitable for use in fitting 
out vanity cases are dutiable at 30 per cent under paragraph 95. 

Necklaces, as a rule, are jewelry and dutiable at 60 per cent under 
this paragraph, but necklaces of various materials, such as imitation 
jet, are not so classified. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 457, of 1911; 7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 18, 156, 161, of 1916.) (See pars. 95, 167, and 360.) 


PARAGRAPH 357. 


ACT OF 1909. 


555. Diamonds and other precious ; 


stones, rough or uncut, and not ad- 
vanced in condition or value from 
their natural state by cleaving, split- 
ting, cutting, or other process * * *., 
(Free. ) 


556. * * * port; any of the fore- 
going not set, and diamond dust. . 
(Free. ) 


449, Pearls and parts thereof, drilled 
or undrilled, but not set or strung, 10 
per centum ad valorem; diamonds, 
coral, 
cious stones and semi-precious stones, 
eut but not set, and suitable for use in 
the manufacture of jewelry, 
and parts 


stones, including pearls 


thereof, for use in the manufacture of 4 


jewelry, doublets, artificial, or ‘so- 


called synthetic or reconstructed pearls , 


and parts thereof, rubies, or other pre- 
cious stones, 20 per centum ad valorem. 


| diamonds, 


rubies, cameos, and other pre- . 


10 per. 
centum ad valorem ; imitation precious - 


AOT OF 1913. 


357. Diamonds and other precious 
stones, rough or uncut, and not ad- 
vanced in condition or value from 
their natural state by cleaving, split- 
ting, cutting, or other process, whether 
in their natural form or broken, and 
port; any of the foregoing not set, and 
diamond dust, 10 per centum ad yva- 
lorem ; pearls and parts thereof, drilled 
or undrilled, but not set or strung; 
eoral, rubies, cameos, and 
other precious stones and semiprecious 
stones, cut but not set, and suitable 
for use in the manufacture of jewelry, 
20 per centum ad valorem; imitation 
precious stones, including pearis and 
parts thereof, for use in the manufac- 
ture of jewelry, doublets, artificial, or 
so-called synthetic or reconstructed 
pearls and parts thereof, rubies, or 
other precious stones, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 


548 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


“ Precious stones’? as a trade term includes the diamond, sapphire, 
emerald, pearl, opal, turquoise, garnet, beryl, topaz, rock crystal, 
lapis lazuli, agate, onyx, jade, amethyst, tiger-eye, chalcedony, blood- 
stone, moonstone, tourmaline, chrysoprase, etc. 


DIAMONDS. 


Uses.—Besides its value as a gem, the diamond is of great use in 
the arts and manufactures. 

Production of rough and uncut diamonds for 1907-1918 ranged 
from $608 (1915) to $6,815 (1913), and was $1,910 in 1918. A few 
diamonds have been found along the base of the Sierra Nevadas, in 
Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and along 
the eastern base of the Appalachians from Virginia to Alabama. 
South Africa furnishes almost the whole of the world supply; its. 
total production in 1917 was valued at $37,527,689. 

Imports of diamonds in the rough in 1918 were valued at $12,- 
975,502. During 1911-1918 imports ranged from $9,071,089 (1911) 
to $11,973,764 (1913); under the act of 1918, from $3,204,206 (1915). 
to $12,975,502 (1918). More than three-fourths are from Hngland. 
Imports of diamonds cut, but not set, were $18,868,995 in 1918, 
$24,390,076 in 1911, and $27,170,996 in 1913. 


BORT AND DIAMOND DUST. - 


Description and uses.—Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quality, 
especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a 
polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or black, 
known as “ black diamond or carbonado,” found massive in Brazil in 
association with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a powder secured by 
rubbing together two diamonds in the process of faceting, and also by 
crushing bort. It is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and 
other precious stones. The amorphous variety is extensively used in 
diamond drills and stone saws, for which ordinary diamonds are 
unsuited. 

Imports of bort in 1918 were valued at $297,939; of diamond dust, 
at $23,004. 

OTHER PRECIOUS STONES, ROUGH OR UNCUT. 


Production of precious stones, other than diamonds, was valued at 
$104,413 in 1918. 

Imports were $114,881 in 1918, $167,331 in 1916, $54,141 in pict 
$75,614 in 1918, and $180,012 in 1911. 


PEARLS. 


Description and uses.—Mother-of-pearl, the inner layer of the shell 
of the pear! mollusk, is secreted from the mantle of the shellfish. 
When a grain of sand or like foreign element finds lodgment between 
the shell and the mantle, it becomes enveloped in this pearly secretion, 
and thus is formed the pearl of commerce. 

Production.—River pearls are found in many parts of the United 
States, and have been systematically worked in the Little Miami and 
Mississippi Rivers. Pearls are obtained from India, the Persian Gulf, 
the Sulu seas, the coast of Australia, the shores of South America, 
and some of the Pacific islands. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. . §49 


Imports were valued at $1,668,433 in 1918, $9,932,109 in 1916, 
* $1,551,597 in 1915, $5,800,465 in 1918, and $515,478 in 1908. About 90 
per cent comes from France and England. 


OTHER PRECIOUS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES, CUT BUT NOT SET. 


Imports in 1918 were valued at $1,158,479, $2,774,220 in 1913, and 
$4,058,696 in 1911. 


IMITATION PRECIOUS STONES, ETC. 


Description and uses.—Initation gems are manufactured from a 
specially prepared glass called ‘ strass,”’ after its German inventor, 
and consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potas- 
sium. The finished colorless glass is used in imitation diamonds. 
When employed to imitate colored precious stones, various metallic 
oxides are melted with the strass. Real diamonds, however, have 
been made artificially by Prof. Moissan, of Paris, using an electric 
furnace. The stones produced were exceedingly small, but they 
possessed all the characteristics of the native diamond. 

Artificial pearls are of two kinds, the solid or massive and the 
blown pearls. The first are known as ‘“ Venetian pearls,’ made 
chiefly on the island Murano, near Venice, from small white or col- 
ored glass tubes, the desired hues being produced by the use of 
oxide of tin and other metals. Blown pearls consist of small globules 
of thin glass, coated on the inside with the so-called oriental-pearl 
essence, or ‘‘ essence d’Orient,”’ which is made from silvery scales of 
the bleak, a small fish common in France and Germany. Many imi- 
tation pearls are also formed of an opaline glass of nacreous luster, 
and the soft appearance of the pearl is obtained by the judicious use 
of hydrofluoric acid. 

Imports of imitation precious stones, including pearls and parts 
thereof, for use in the manufacture of jewelry, doublets, artificial 
or so-called synthetic or reconstructed pearls and parts thereof, 
rubies, or other precious stones, amounted to $855,248 in 1918. They 
have come chiefly from France and Austria-Hungary. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The unit of weight for diamonds, pearls, and other precious stones 
is the metric karat of 200 milligrams. (T. D. 33562, of 1918.) The 
provision in this paragraph for imitation precious stones may well 
be related to the first provision in the paragraph for precious stones 
rather than to the clause in which the word ‘“ cameo” appears, and 
it was not intended to relate to anything other than stones which in 
their natural state are precious stones. The lexicographic meaning 
of “cameo” does not depend upon whether the substance of which 
the completed article is composed is a precious stone or is a Shell; 
it is the product of cutting in a certain form wrought upon either 
shell or precious stone. The process of conversion of a piece of shell 
into an article like a cameo can not entitle the completed article to be 
called in any just sense a precious stone, simply because cameos may 
be, and often are, made of precious stones. Harithenware molded in 
imitation of cameos is not “imitation precious stones” but earthen- 
ware ornamented or decorated or manufactured in chief value of 
such ware. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 484, of 1917.) Molded glass articles 


550 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


accurately cut to represent brilliants were held dutiable as manufac- 
tures of paste under paragraph 95 for large sizes and as imitation 
precious stones under this paragraph for small sizes. (T. D. 35283, 
of 1915.) Small pieces of jade cut into oval, round, diamond, and 
square shapes, and small pieces earved to imitate a dog -or other 
small animal on a pedestal, the former set into rings and the latter 
used for watch charms, were also held dutiable at the 20 per cent 
rate under this paragraph. (Abstract 38702, of 1915.) Hatpin 
tops of glass or paste, although known as imitation precious stones, 
are not suitable ‘“‘for use in the manufacture of jewelry,” as, when 
completed, the hatpins wouid not be known as jewelry. (G. A. 
7400, T. D. 382883, of 1912.) No Timitation as to the size of imitation 
precious stones is prescribed and such stones exceeding 1 inch in 
dimensions for jewelry come within this paragraph. (G. A. 7044, 
T. D. 80722, of 1910.) Precious and imitation precious stones may be 
imported in the mails. (T. D. 36718, of 1916; T. D. 87384, of 1917.) 
The court can not judicially know that opals described by ‘the 
evidence, without samples, as having one surface cut and polished 
are “rough or uncut, and not advanced in condition or value from 
their natural state by cleaving, splitting, cutting, or other process.” 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 346, of 1916.) Coral cut or made globular 
into a bead is “ cut” within this paragraph; and coral beads graded 
as to size and temporarily strung are “not set.” The term “dedds 
of all kinds” in paragraph 333 does not include any of that class 
of beads constituting jewelry or material for use in the making 
of jewelry. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 38003, of 1919.) Reduc-, 
tion of a precious stone to the desired form and condition for 
use in the manufacture of jewelry is “cutting” within this para- 
graph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, IT. D. 88002, of 1919.) Industrial dia- 
monds (filieres diamant), drilled for use as wire drawing dies, 
come within this paragraph as bort. (Abstract 42946, of 1919.) 
Rough uncut pieces of diamonds of a cheap variety which may be 
used for engraver’s points or for diamond drills after the points are 
sharpened, commercially known as bort, are also bort within this 
paragraph and not exempt from duty as engraver’s diamonds under 
paragraph 474. (G. A. 7839, T. D. 36048, of 1916.) 

The court can not disregard the condition upon which the law 
makes the duty depend. Temporary stringing for facility in trans- 
portation only, precludes classification as “not threaded or strung.” 
(206 U. S. 224, of 1907.) Under the rule that dutiable classification 
must be ascertained upon examination of the articles in the condition 
in which it is imported, pearls ready for stringing and actually 
strung as a necklace before importation were held not pearis set or 
strung for tariff purposes, but “pearls in their natural state, not 
strung or set” (par. 486, act of 1897). (223 U.S., 407, of 1912.) 

Separate provision is made for beads, including imitation pearl 
beads, temporarily strung for facility in transportation only (par. 
333), but none for pearls. . 

Beads of precious or semiprecious stones are dutiable under this 
paragraph at a lower rate than paragraph 333 imposes on other 
beads. 

Semiprecious stones are specified in connection with precious stones 
cut but not set, but not with precious stones rough or uncut. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 551 


Bort, a general name for industrial diamonds, is dutiable under this 
paragraph, while glazier’s, engraver’s, and miner’s diamonds are 
exempt from duty under paragraph 474. Diamond dust is of the 
same class. (See pars. 95, 333, 356, and 474.) 


PARAGRAPH 358. 


ACT OF 1909. 


179. * * * laces, embroideries, 
Braids) ‘galloons,-trimmings,*.*2-* * 
ornaments, * * * made wholly or 
in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or 
Jahn, bullions, or metal threads, 45 
cents per pound and 60 per centum 
ad valorem, 


322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 
posed of cotton, whether in the piece 
or otherwise and whether finished or 
unfinished, * * * embroidered in 
any manner, whether with an initial 
letter, monogram, or otherwise, by 
hand or machinery, or are tamboured, 
appliquéed, or trimmed wholly or in 
part with lace or with tucking or in- 
sertion, they shall not pay a less rate 
of duty than 60 per centum ad va- 
lorem, 


349, Laces, lace window curtains, 
and all other lace articles; handker- 
chiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and 
all other articles made wholly or in 
part of lace or laces, or in imitation 
of lace; nets, nettings, veils, veilings, 
neck rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, fiut- 
ings, quillings, * * * embroideries, 
trimmings, braids, feather-stitch braids, 
edgings, insertings, flouncings, gal- 
loons, gorings, * * * ornaments, 
* * **; wearing apparel, handker- 
chiefs, and other articles or fabrics 
embroidered in any manner by hand 
or machinery, whether with a plain or 


fancy letter, initial, or monogram, or | 


otherwise, or tamboured, appliquéed, 
or scalloped, by hand or machinery, 
for any purpose, or from which threads 


have been drawn, cut, or punched to | 


produce openwork, ornamented or em- 


broidered in any manner herein de-. 


scribed, in any part thereof, however 


small; hemstitched or tucked flounc- | 


ings or Skirtings; all of the foregoing, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
cotton, flax, or other vegetable fiber, 
or of cotton, flax, or other vegetable 


fiber and india rubber, or of cotton, | 


flax, or other vegetable fiber, india 


rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere | 


specially provided for in this section, 
60 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That no article composed wholly or in 
chief value of one or more of the ma- 
terials or goods specified in this para- 
graph, shall pay a less rate of duty 





ACT OF 19158. 


358. Laces, lace window curtains 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, coach, carriage, and automobile 
laces, and all lace articles of whatever 
yarns, threads, or filaments composed ; 
handkerchiefs, napkins, wearing ap- 
parel, and all other articles or fabrics 
made wholly or in part of lace or of 
imitation lace of any kind; embroid- 
eries, wearing apparel, handkerchiefs, 
and all articles or fabrics embroidered 
in any manner by hand or machinery, 
whether with a plain or fancy initial, 
monogram, or otherwise, or tamboured, 
appliquéd, or scalloped by hand or ma- 
chinery, any of the foregoing by what- 
ever name known ; edgings, insertings, 
galloons, nets, nettings, veils, veilings, 
neck rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, 
flouncings, flutings, quillings, orna- 
ments; braids, loom woven and orna- 
mented in the process of weaving, ov 
made by hand, or on any braid ma- 
chine, knitting machine, or lace ma- 
chine, and not specially provided for ; 
trimmings not specially provided for; 
woven fabrics or articles from whici 
threads have been omitted, drawn, 
punched, or cut, and with threads in- 
troduced after weaving, forming fig- 
ures or designs, not including straight 
hemstitching; and articles made in 
whole or in part of any of the fore- 
going fabrics or articles; all of the 
foregoing of whatever yarns, threads, 
or filaments composed, 60 per centum 
ad valorem, 


552 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OCF 1909—Continued. 


than the highest rate imposed by this 
section upon any of the materials or 
goods of which the same is composed : 
And provided further, That no article 
or fabric of any description, composed 
of flax or other vegetable fiber, or of 
which these materials or any of them 
is the component material of chief 
value, when embroidered by hand or 
machinery, or having hand or machin- 
ery embroidery thereon, shail pay a 
less rate of duty than that imposed in 
this section upon any embroideries of 
the materials of which such embroid- 
ery is composed. 


350. Laces, embroideries, edgings, 
insertings, galloons, flouncings, nets, 
nettings, trimmings, and veils, com- 
posed of cotton, silk, artificial silk, or 
other material (except wool), made 
on the Lever or Gothrough machine, 
70 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That no wearing apparel, handker- 
chiefs, or articles of any description, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
any of the foregoing, shall pay a less 
rate of duty than that imposed upon 
the articles or the materials of which 
the same are composed. 


apl. * * “* nets, nettings,. =F, 3% 
finished or unfinished, made on the 
Nottingham lace-curtain machine or 
on the Nottingham warp machine, 
and composed of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber, when counting five points 
or spaces between the warp threads 
to the inch, 1 cent per square yard; 
when counting more than five such 
points or spaces to the inch, 4 of 1 
cent per square yard in addition for 
each such point or space to the inch 
in excess of five; and in addition 
thereto, on all the foregoing articles 
in this paragraph, 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That none of the 
above-named articles shall pay a less 
rate of duty than 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 


383. * * * braids, galloons, edg- 
ings, insertings, flouncings, * * * 
ornaments, laces, trimmings, and arti- 
eles made wholly or in part of lace, 
embroideries and ali articles em- 
broidered by hand or machincry, head 
nets, nettings, * * * any of the fore- 
going made of wool or of which wool 
is a component material, whether con- 
taining india rubber or not, 50 cents 
per pound and 60 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of silk, 


ACY OF 1913. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 553 


ACT OF 19698—Continued. ACT OF i913. 


finished or unfinished, * * * em- 
broidered in any manner, whether 
with an initial letter, monogram, or 
otherwise, by hand or machinery, or 
are tamboured, appliquéed,- or having 
tucking or insertion, 60 per centum 
ad valorem. 


402. Laces, edgings, insertings, gal- 
loons, flouncings, neck rufflings, ruch- 
ings, braids, fringes, trimmings, orna- 
ments, nets or nettings, veils or veil- 
ings, and articles made wholly or in 
part of any of the foregoing, or of 
chiffons, embroideries and articles em- 
broidered by hand or machinery, or 
tamboured or appliquéed, * * ¥#* 
all of the foregoing composed of silk, 
or of siik and metal, or of which 
siik is the component material of 
chief value, whether in part of india 
rubber or otherwise and braid com- 
posed in part of india rubber, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
* * * 60 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That articles composed 
. wholly or in chief value of any of the 
materials or goods dutiable under this 
paragraph shall pay not less than the 
rate of duty imposed upon such ma- 
terials or goods by this section: Pro- 
vided further, That tamboured, em- 
broidered, or appliquéed articles or 
fabrics shall pay no less rate of duty 
than that imposed upon the material 
if not so tamboured, embroidered, or 
appliquéed. 


405. * * * braids, laces, em- 
broideries, galloons, neck rufflings, 
ruchings, fringes, trimmings, * * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of 
artificial or imitation silk or of arti- 
ficial or imitation horsehair, by what- 
ever name known, and by whatever 
process made, 45 cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto, 60 per centum 
ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Paragraph 358, after paragraph 408 (jute 
burlap and bagging), is normally the main textile provision as re- 
gards value of imports. It includes laces, nettings, veilings, em- 
broideries, fancy braids, and articles made of any of these materials. 

Lace is ornamental network made by intertwisting fine threads to 
form a pattern. When made by hand it is termed “ real” or “ point ” 
lace, as distinguished from machine-made lace, sometimes known as 
imitation lace. Modern lace is mainly machine-made. The machines 
used are either the Lever or the “ go-through.” 

Netting is made by intertwisting fine threads to form open meshes, 
usually hexagonal in shape. Net, sometimes used as a synonym for 
netting, is, correctly, a particular length of netting. 


554 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Veiling is a general commercial term covering a great variety of 
articles, such as chiffon, grenadine, fancy netting (having fancy 
“ veiling ’’ meshes, or ornamented with a bar, or border, or figuring), ~ 
used chiefly or exclusively for the making of veils. A veil is a par- 
ticular length of veiling. 

Embroidery is ornamental stitching. It implies a foundation ma- 
terial, such as cloth or net, on which the embroidery is worked, thus 
differing from lace, which is made directly from yarn. Hmbroidering 
is done by hand and by hand or power machines. Modern embroid- 
ery is made chiefly on the power-driven schifli (shuttle) machines. 

Fancy braids, including the type known as “ Barmen lace,” are 
made on braiding machines with Jacquard attachments. 

Edging is narrow lace or embroidery specially designed for trim- 
ming frills and parts of dresses. It is usually made with one edge 
straight and one scalloped. Jnserting, cr mMsertion, is narrow lace or 
embroidery or other ornamental material especially made for inserting 
in a plain fabric. It is made with both edges alike, usually straight, 
and with a certain amount of plain work on either edge for use in 
sewing it to the fabric. Galloon is a narrow fabric made of lace, 
embroidery, or braid. Some of it is made with a mixture of metallic 
threads, composed of threads or cords covered with gold, silver, 
gilt, ete., and is used for ornamenting uniforms. Neck ruffling is a 
strip of textile material drawn up at one edge in gathers or pleats, 
especially prepared for wearing around the neck. Ruching is a full 
quilling or pleating of net, lace, ribbon, or other material in widths 
ranging from 1 to 3 inches, used as a trimming for women’s garments 
or worn at the neck or wrists. It usually consists of two or more 
rows of material arranged in box or shell pleats, or in the form 
of qguilling. Jucking consists of textile material ornamented with 
parallel rows of tucks, either arranged close together and covering 
the surface, or in clusters with spaces between. It is used for 
women’s summer waists, yokes, underwear, and skirts, and as fronts 
for men’s shirts. Flouncing is textile material of any descriptien 
used for making deep ruffles or flounces; usually gathered or pleated 
at one edge and loose at the other, the gathered edge being sewn to 
the garment. Fluting is ruffling made with a flute-shaped crimp. 
Quilling is a narrow border of lace, net, or ribbon, pleated or fluted 
so as to resemble a row of quills; it is a variety of ruffling. Tambour 
work originally meant a kind of embroidery worked by hand on mus- 
lin tightly stretched by means of hoops or a frame similar to that 
encircling a tambour. It is now usually applied to work, made on 
the embroidery machine, in which the tambour stitch is used. This 
stitch produces a pattern of straight ridges crossing each other in 
every direction at right or acute angles. Appliqué in dress and up- 
holstery usage means applied or sewn on. Thus, a gimp oer pattern 
of lace may be sewn on a new ground, or embroidered flowers may 
be secured to silk net; in such case the pattern ornament is said to 
be appliquéd. 

Production data of wearing apparel and articles of lace, em- 
broidery, etc., are not obtainable. Their manufacture centers mainly 
in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and other large cities. The ma- 
chine embroidery industry centers around New York, being largest on 
the New Jersey side of the North River; there are also aggregations 
of machines at Philadelphia and Chicago, and smaller numbers at 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 559 


other points. The 1914 production of Lever laces, of cotton, was 
valued at $3,681,042, and of other cotton laces at $2,902,857, including 
panels, bedspreads, and narrow laces, but excluding products of the 
Nottingham lace-curtain machine. The 1914 production of silk laces, 
nets, nettings, and veils amounted to $1,328,933. Fancy laces are 
made most largely in Rhode Island, followed by Pennsylvania, New 
York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Ohio. 

Imports of laces, embroideries, etc., were valued at $48,134,985 in 
1914, and at $22,314,665 in 1918. The record was $53,361,350 in 1907. 
The temporary free entry accorded lace and embroidery machines 
from August 5, 1909, to January 1, 1911, more than doubled the ea- 
pacity of the local lace and embroidery industries and their develop- 
ment has tended to curtail the increase in imports of foreign laces 
and embroideries. The decline in imports after 1914 was, however, 
largely because of the war. Lace imports are normally from Notting- 
ham and Calais; embroidery from St. Gall; etched lace (burnt-out 
embroidery) from Plauen; and fancy braids most Jargely from Bar- 
men. Ornamented wearing apparel comes chiefly from Paris. 

Exports of cotton laces and embroideries were valued at $232,457 
in 1914 and at $1,620,494 in 1918. Canada was the only purchaser of 
importance in 1914, but the 1918 exports were widely distributed, with 
Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands, in order, the chief 


purchasers. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph groups provisions of the textile schedules which in 
prior acts were distributed according to material. Such grouping has 
the advantage of avoiding questions of value of components and the 
disadvantage of competition with comprehensive general terms in tex- 
tile schedules. Provisions of this kind are paragraphs 251, 252, 255, 
256, 258, 262, 266, 282, 288, 316, 317, and 318. Provisions of other 
schedules, such as metals (pars. 150 and 167) and sundries (pars. 333 
and 849) are also affected. First in importance is paragraph 258 of 
the cotton schedule. 

Jacquard figured upholstery goods —Paragraph 258 has been con- 
strued to include all the interior textile decorations and fittings of 
apartments. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1912; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 477, 
of 1916; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918.) The rule of chief use has 
been given precedence of eo nomine designation, and netiings and 
laces used in the manufacture of curtains have been classified as 
Jacquard figured upholstery goods, although provided for by name in 
paragraph 358. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 253, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
812, of 1916, 388, of 1917; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 422, of 1918.) So also 
have scalloped madras muslin curtains in the piece and otherwise and 
materials therefor. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 351, of 1918.) As a result a 
much lower rate of duty (385 per cent) is assessed on figured goods 
than on plain goods (60 per cent). 

The words “by whatever name known,” in the third clause of this 
paragraph, do not modify the word “ laces” in the first. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 312, of 1916.) 

Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton. (See par. 258.) 

Other goods held to come within this paragraph: Silk hair nets as 
nets and not aS manufactures of silk under paragraph 317. (6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 119, of 1915.) Cotton tidies and bureau scarfs figured 
with threads introduced after weaving, as “ woven fabrics or articles 


556 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and 
with threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs,” 
and not as articles made from cotton cloth or manufactures of cotton 
under paragraph 266. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 151, of 1915.) Drop 
ornaments, trimmings, tassels, cords and tassels, and silk tassels 
composed chiefly of silk cords and threads advanced beyond cords, as 
ornaments or trimmings in the absence of a provision in paragraph 
316 for tassels. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 451, of 1915.) Hpaulets in chief 
value of metal threads, as ornaments rather than under paragraph 
150 as articles in chief value of metal thread. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
458, of 1915.) Lamp shades in part of braid and in chief value of silk, 
as articles in part of braids and not under paragraph 818 as manu- 
factures in chief value of silk. The words “of whatever yarns, 
threads, or filaments composed” exclude the element of component 
material. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 475, of 1916.) Hmbroidered or scal- 
loped handkerchiefs, as handkerchiefs embroidered or scalloped, and 
not as handkerchiefs composed of cotton under paragraph 255 nor as 
handkerchiefs composed of flax under paragraph 282. ; (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 30, of 1916.) Narrow woven fabrics in chief value of tinsel 
wire or of metal threads. Omission from paragraph 150 of the act 
of 1913 of the provision in paragraph 179 of the act of 1909 for laces, 
embroideries, braids, galloons, trimmings, and ornaments effected the 
exclusion from paragraph 150 of such materials made wholly or in 
chief value of tinsel wire, lame, bullions, or metal threads. In its 
common meaning ‘ trimmings” is less specific than ‘“ ribbons,” “ gal- 
loons; “gimps,” “braids,” or “bands.” A straight selvage is char-. 
acteristic of ribbons. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 195, of 1916.) Long, nar- 
vow, light-textured silk fabrics, known in the trade as veils, scarfs, 
automobile and chiffon veils and automobile scarfs, chiefly used by 
women as a cover for hats or the face, or both, while riding, and 
as a head covering, or for the shoulders, as “ veils”? and not as silk 
wearing apparel under paragraph 3817. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 299, of 
1916.) Black, thin woven silk chiffon used, after splitting, on caskets, 
as “ veiling’ and not as woven fabrics in the piece under paragraph 
818. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 184, of 1917.) AHmbroidered cotton hosiery, 
as articles embroidered and not as cotton hose. (G. A. 7644, T. D., 
34930, of 1914.) Clocked silk hose, as articles embroidered and not 
as wearing apparel of silk under paragraph 317. Clocking is a form 
of embroidery. (G. A. 7729, T. D. 35459, of 1915.) Hat elastics of 
cotton and india rubber and sleeve and garter elastics of silk and 
india rubber, as braids, and not as “fabrics with fast edges not ex- 
ceeding 12 inches in width * * * of cotton * * * and india 
rubber,” under paragraph 262, nor as “ webbings * * * of which 
* * * silk and india rubber are the component materials of chief 
value’ under paragraph 316. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 360, of 1918.) 
Other goods held not to come within this paragraph: Tucked shirt 
bosoms, tuckings chief value, as cotton wearing apparel under para- 
graph 256. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1915.) Tunics, motifs, and 
other parts of garments, of beads on net foundations, beads chief 
value, as articles not appliquéd composed in chief value of beads 
under paragraph 333. An article is appliquéd when ornamented with 
a pattern or design independently fabricated. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
209, of 1915; see also 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1916, for fuller 
definition of “appliquéd.”) Comfortables edged with silk cords, as 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 557 


: manufactures of silk under paragraphs 818. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, 
of 1916.) Lead and cotton clo-clo braids, lead chief value, as manu- 
factures in chief value of lead under paragraph 167. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 8, of 1916.) Silk crépe in the piece, as woven fabrics of silk 
under paragraph 318, They were not commercially known as veils 
nor as trimmings. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 56, of 1916.) Silk netting 
ornamenicd with beads and spangles, the netting being more valuable 
than either and less valuable than both, as articles composed wholly 
or in chief value of beads and spangles under paragraph 3383. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 292, of 1916.) Hmbroidered fans in chief value of silk, 
under paragraph 349, as fans. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 480, of 1917.) 
Textile fabrics having an even unbroken surface ornamented with 
figures or designs in colored threads or yarns (described as tapestry), 
as manufactures wholly or in chief value of wool under paragraph 
288. As commonly used, the term “ embroidery ” signifies a form of 
ornamental work produced by the needle on a completed textile or 
other suitable surface, and necessarily implies the ornamentation 
rather than the creation of the textile or other surface. Embroidery 
is a stitching, not a weaving, process. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 463, of 
1917.) Trimmings in chief value of lame or bullions, as articles in 
chief value of metal under paragraph 167. The expression ‘“‘ of what- 
ever yarns, threads, or filaments composed,” in this paragraph covers 
only such materials as are generally known to be for knitting, weay- 
ing, or sewing. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1918.) However, for con- 
venience of reference, lame or lahn and bullions are left in the above 
comparison of the act of 1909 with the act of 1913. Cotton bureau 
scarfs of drawnwork and two rows of hemstitching, being plain drawn- 
work, as articles of cotton cloth, under paragraph 266. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 385, of 1918.) (See pars. 258, 288, 333, and 530.) 

This paragraph might be changed to read: Laces, lace articles, and 
all articles or fabrics made wholly or in part of lace or of imitation 
lace of any kind; embroideries, and all articles or fabrics embroid- 
ered, tamboured, appliquéd, or scalloped, in any part however small; 
articles or fabrics from which threads have been omitted, drawn, 
punched, or cut, and with threads introduced after weaving to finish 
or ornament the openwork, not including straight hemstitching; edg- 
ings, insertings, galloons, nets, nettings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, 
ruchings, tuckings, flouncings, flutings, quillings, ornaments, trim- 
mings; coach, carriage, and automobile laces; braids loom woven and 
ornamented in the process of weaving, or made by hand, or on any 
braid machine, knitting machine, or lace machine, except braids 
enumerated in paragraph [835] of this act; all the foregoing, by 
whatever name known and to whatever use applied, and whether or 
not named or described elsewhere in this section, when composed 
wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, or filaments, or of tinsel 
wire, lame, lahn, bullions, metal thread, spangles, or beads; and arti- 
cles made in whole or in part of any of the foregoing fabrics or 
articles, 

PARAGRAPH 359. 
ACT OF i909. ACT OF 19138. 


4501, = =~ ©* Chamois) skin,.20) per 559. Chamois skins, 15 per centum 

centum ad valorem; * * * piano-|ad valorem; pianoforte, pianoforte 
' forte leather and pianoforte-action | action, enameled upholstery leather, 
leather, and glove leather, 20 per | and glove leathers, 10 per centum ad 
centum ad valorem, valorem, 


558 ° SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


CHAMOIS SKIN. 


Description and uses.—The goat antelope, known as the chamois, 
is nearly extinct. The trade name “chamois skin” applies to a 
form of “tawed” or oil-tanned sheepskin. Only the stronger sheep- 
skins are capable of conversion into chamois leather, The skin is 
split into two layers and the flesh side is treated vigorously with oil. 
The grain is split off and this part, called a “ skiver,” is bark or ex- 
tract tanned and marketed for bookbindings, pocketbooks, hat sweat- 
bands, and other light-leather uses. The domestic sheepskins are 
not usually suitable for making chamois. When used they must be 
tanned in “ the full pelt,” as it ig impossible to split them because the 
grain is porous which also precludes their use for the light-leather 
purposes mentioned. Most of the sheepskins are imported. Chamois 
skin is used extensively for washing and polishing purposes. For- 
maldehyde-tanned sheep fleshers are also bought and sold as Steel- 
color chamois. These skins are made by a new process of tanning 
and will bear washing in almost boiling water and remain soft with- 
out any shrinking until completely worn out. These skins will not 
absorb cold water as do the oil-tanned chamois. 

Production in 1914 was 1,948,533 skins, valued at $925,492. A half 
dozen companies manufacture it exclusively, 12 or 15 only incidentally. 

Import values were $149,057 in 1918; $107,424 in 1914; $64,267 
in 1915; and $76,913 in 1918. The ratio of imports to production in 
1914 was about 12 per cent. ‘ 


PIANOFORTE AND PIANOFORTE-ACTION LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—This leather is oil-tanned buckskin largely 
from Central American deerskins. It is used in pianos, principally 
underneath the keys to deaden the click, and must be of the right 
thickness and pliability; the imported skins are best suited by their 
thickness and close texture. The skins for this use are selected and 
cost 10 per cent over the ordinary price. 

Production.—The annual output of pianoforte-action leather is 
30,000 skins, valued at $200,000, production being mostly in New York 
and New Jersey, sometimes in connection with that of glove leather. 
The best quality of cod oil, a good quality of finishing lime, soda ash, 
and aniline dyes are used. The process requires close attention, and 
machinery is less used than with most kinds of leather. 

Import values in 1912 were $7,311; in 1918, $521; in 1914, $2,790; 
and in 1918, only $116, German imports failing. The ratio of imports 
to domestic production in 1914 was about 2 per cent. 


HNAMELED UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. 


Description.—Enameled upholstery leather is made principally 
from whole cattle hides or “splits.” It differs from the patent leather 
made here for shoe uppers, the enamel being usually on the fiesh side, 
while the patent leather is finished on the grain side. 

Production statistics are not obtainable for enameled upholstery 
leather. The output of upholstery leather was-valued at $14.328,358 
in 1914, the proportion of the enameled being small. 

Imports in 1913 were included with the ‘all other leather, patent 
japanned, varnished or enumeled;” in 1914 the value of the imports 





lal 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 559 


of enameled upholstery leather was $17,123; in 1915, $6,563; in 1916, 
$3,579 ; in 1917, $2,710; and in 1918, only $20. 


GLOVE LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—The principal kinds of leather used in 
making gloves are sheep and lamb skins, goat and kid skins, deerskin, 
ecapeskin, and mocha, for which large quantities are imported. The 
greater part of domestic dress gloves are made of imported materials, 
sheep and lamb skins being the most important. Horsehide and cow- 
hide “splits” (the fiesh side of the hide split into two layers) are 
the chief materials used in making work gloves. The term “capeskin”’ 
at first deSignated the skin of a goat found in South Africa. The 
skins were fairly large and heavy and tight grained (that is, having 
small pores). This designation is. yet used, but applies to other kinds 
ef high-quality glove leather as well as the genuine.” Mocha skins 
are the pelts of a variety of haired sheep found in Arabia and Africa. 
Deerskin, formerly plentiful here, now comes in large quantities from 
South America. Nearly all the goat and kid skins used in making 
glove leather come from Europe, the best from France, with Italy, 
Germany, Austria, and Belgium following. Nearly all the lambskins 
used for glove leather come from Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, 
Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and the Balkan States— 
the best, known as Tuseany lambskin, from northern Italy. The 
skins of the dog, fox, bear, cow, horse, colt, kangaroo, and other ani- 
mals are also used, but not, save some grades of colt skin, for the 
finer grades of gloves. 

Production. of glove leather in 1914 was valued at $4,284,655. 
Sheep and lamb skins amounted to $2,169,889; calf and kip skins, to 
$725,024; goat and kid skins, to $4,080; horsehide glove leather, to 
$998,303; and “ail other” glove leather, to $387,409. Production has 
since increased greatly. A most important feature in the glove-leather 
industry is the development of the chrome process of tanning. Leather 
imported for gloves has been of the fine grades calling for consider- 
able hand labor. The chrome tannage is distinctly a machine process 
and is better adapted to American conditions. The cessation of im- 
ports of glove leather from Germany and the chrome method of tan- 
ning glove leather explain the domestic development of this industry 
in the past five years. 

Imports of glove leather in 1912 were valued at $1,783,950; in 1918, 
$2,307,057; in 1914, $2,225,645; in 1918, $29,559. Before the war 
more than 75 per cent came from Germany; Austria-Hungary and 
france follow. 

Exports of glove leather, almost entirely to Canada, were valued 
at $316,715 in 1913, $359,486 in 1914, and $2,542,282 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Chaninis skins prepared for use as glove leather are dutiable as 
glove leather and not as chamois skins under this paragraph. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls. 485, of 1917.) So-called gray lambskins are classified 
as chamois skins and not exempt from duty as leather n. s. f. under 
paragraph 5380. (T. D. 37619, of 1918.) Lambdskins tanned, washed, 
and staked with the deliberate purpose of preparing them for ultimate 
use in making gloves, whether known as finished or unfimished skins, 


560 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


are subject to duty under the eo nomine provision for glove leather 


in this paragraph. 
Abstract 43212, of 1919.) 


(G. A. 8249, T. D. 87978, of 1919, followed in 


PARAGRAPH 360. 


ACT OF 19909. 


452. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, 
ecardeases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, 
portfolios, and other boxes and cases, 
made wholly of or in chief value of 
leather, not jewelry, and manufac- 
tures of leather, or of which leather 
is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 40 per centum ad 
valorem; any of the foregoing per- 
manently fitted’ and furnished with 
traveling, bottle, drinking, dining or 
luncheon and similar sets, 85 per 
centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


360. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, 
card cases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, 
portfolios, and other boxes and cases, 
made wholly of or in chief value of 
leather or parchment, not jewelry, 
and manufactures of leather or parch- 
ment, or of which leather or parch- 
ment is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, 30 per centum ad 
valorem; any of the foregoing per- 
manently fitted and furnished with 
traveling, bottle, drinking, dining, 
luncheon and similar sets, 85 per 


centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These articles—bags, baskets, belis, satch- 
els, cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel bowes, etc.—correspond very closely 
with the two Census classifications, “ Pocketbooks” and “ Leather 
goods, not elsewhere specified.” Under the former are “ purses, 
ladies’ purse handbags, cardcases, wailets, coin purses, ete., made 
chiefly of leather,” and the latter includes “ handbags, belts, wristlets 
for watches, straps, music rolls, burnt leather goods, razor strops, 
leather cases of all kinds, fobs, handles, firemen’s leather helmets, 
suspender parts, sweatbands, tags, kid hair curlers, washers, valves, 
dog collars, leather garments,” and similar products. 

Production of “leather goods, not elsewhere specified,” was valued 
at $18,838,000 in 1919 and at. $19,334,000 in 1914. New York State 
produced to a value of $9,895,000 in 1914; Illinois, Pennsylvania, and 
New Jersey, nearly $2,000,000 each; and Massachusetts, $1,309,000. 
The production of pocketbooks in 1909 was valued at $3,628,000 and 
in 1914 at $3,351,000, New York leading and Massachusetts second. 
There are a few large concerns, but it is mainly a small-scale in- 
dustry, the great majority having less than 20 employees and an 
average capital of about $25,000. Formerly there were many skilled 
artisans and handworkers, mostly of German origin; but the adop-- 
tion of machine methods has greatly reduced their numbers. England, 
Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary were leaders in the produc- 
tion of leather goods; England in the manufacture of high-class hand- 
sewed leather and pigskin goods. Jewelry cases, manicure sets, etc., 
requiring much hand labor, were made in small shops in England and 
Germany, the factory proportion not being large. France originated 
styles of handbags, which were frequently ‘“ extreme.” ; 

Imports under this classification in 1912 were valued at $1,252,520, 
in 1914 at $1,147,280, in 1918 at $500,017. England, Germany, France, 
and Austria-Hungary have supplied the largest quantities of leather 
goods, with Germany leading-in 1914. In 1916 and 1917 Hngland sup- 
plied two-thirds; in 1918, Canada more than one-half, Hngland about 
one-fourth, and France about one-fifth; Japan to the value of $10,877 
in 1910 and $22,000 in 1918. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 561 


Exports of “all other” manufactures of leather (exclusive of 
boots and shoes and harness and saddlery) were $2,175,179 in 1913, 
$1,881,223 in 1914, and $3,646,732 in 1918. In 1918, Canada took the 
most of our exports, $927,000; England, $679,000. France took leather 
goods valued at $545,000; Italy, $254,000; Switzerland, $111,000; 
and Argentina, Brazil, and Chile together, $200,000. Cuba, steadily 
growing as a market; took over $800,000 worth in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Leather cue tips are a manufacture of leather within this paragraph, 
which should not, because of higher duty on articles “ permanently 
fitted,” be construed to mean that an article to be dutiable under it 
must be susceptible of being so fitted. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1 and 84, 
of 1916.) Irregular pieces of leather, the result of cutting out fenders 
and dashes from patent leather, cut into regular forms to fit them for 
use around the ends of wagon shafts and handles for currycombs, also 
come ‘within this paragraph as manufactures of leather. (Abstract 
41326, of 1917.) The provision in this paragraph for leather cases 
fitted and furnished with traveling and similar sets treats the leather 
cases as the distinguishing characteristic and claims it with its fit- 
tings for duty to the exclusion of other paragraphs under which the 
constituent fittings might have been dutiable. Small leather cases 
appropriate to be carried in the vest pocket, fitted with pocketknives, 
penknives or erasers, nuil files, wooden lead pencils, and scissors 
(singly or in various combinations), are not specially designed or 
intended for the use of the traveler and are not dutiable as cases 
fitted with traveling sets under this paragraph, but are dutiable as 
“articles * * * designed to be * * * earried on or about the 
person,” within paragraph 356. The concession by counsel that the 
cases and contents should be treated as entireties rendered unneces- 
sary consideration of the question of segregation and’ separate duti- 
ability. But small leather cases fastened with metal clasps and 
fitted with various toilet implements and preparations, invoiced as 
“nocket toilets, leather,” are dutiable under this paragraph. A desk 
‘set consisting of a long pair of shears and a letter opener in a sort of 
leather scabbard was held dutiable as a manufacture of metal not 
_ plated with gold or silver, under paragraph 167. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
11, of 1917.) Baskets, boxes, and cases in chief value of leather of 
such a size and so fitted as to indicate that they are primarily sewing 
sets and not needlecases, are dutiable under this paragraph as baskets, 
boxes, and cases in chief value of leather, and not under paragraph 135 
as needlecases because containing needles in combination with other 
articles such as scissors, thimbles, stilettos, thread, knives, pins, but- 
tons, tape, and hooks and eyes. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1917.) The 
word “ set”’ is used in its popular rather than in its strict etymological 
sense and is taken as meaning two or more articles. (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 274, of 1913.) <A pair of slippers is a “set.” (Abstract 38319, 
of 1915.) An outfit of tools for an automobile, in leather case, 
adapted and intended for emergency only, was held not to be 
a traveling set. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 393, of 1912.) But tourist or 
writing cases comprising penholders, lead pencils, and lead pencil 
holders, being assembled in a form for convenient carrying by a trav- 
eler as a part of his baggage to which he has daily access, are travel- 
ing sets. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 249, of 1914.) (See par. 580.) 

184911°—20—_36 


562 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 361. 


ACT OF 1909. 


453. Gloves made wholly or in part 
of leather, whether wholly or partly 
manufactured, shall pay duty at the 
following rates, the lengths stated in 
each case being the extreme length 
when stretched to their full extent, 
namely : 


ACT OF 1913. 


361. Gloves, not specially provided 
for in this section, made wholly or in 
chief value of leather, whether wholly 
or partly manufactured, shall pay 
duty at the following rates, the lengths 
stated in each case being the extreme 
length when stretched to their full 


extent, namely: 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Leather gloves may be dress gloves, work 
gloves, or automobile gloves (now almost an independent branch of the 
industry). Work gloves are ‘“ block-cut” with dies of approximate 
measurements; dress gloves are ‘ table-cut,” that is, the skin is 
manipulated to the sizes that will stretch to desired widths when 
drawn on the hand. The dress gloves made here are mainly the broad- 
cut; the imports, principally in the lighter weight, fit more exactly. 
Most of the dress gloves are made of imported sheep and lamb skins, 
but mocha skins, extensively used, are practically all dressed and 
finished here. Work gloves are from domestic materials—cowhide, 
horsehide, and sheepskin, or of canvas or canton flannel reinforced 
with leather. 

Schmaschen gloves (par. 862) are cheap dress gloves made of the 
skins of stillborn (or sometimes of very young) lambs. ; 

Production of leather gloves and mittens in 1914 was 3,082,376 
dozen pairs, valued at $20,296,558. Of this total men’s gloves were 
2,367,263 dozen pairs, valued at $15,334,605; women’s and children’s 
gloves, 425,501 dozen pairs, valued at $3,963,170; boys’ gloves, 289,612 
dozen pairs, valued at $998,783. The output of dress gloves was 
1,086,509 dozen pairs, valued at $10494,253; of work gloves, 1,995,- 
807 dozen pairs, valued at $9,802,305. Practically the world’s supply 
of work gloves is made and used here. Fulton County, N. Y., is 
the center of the industry, producing 54.7 per cent in 1909. Wisconsin, 


Illinois, and California follow in order, their products being largely 


work and automobile gloves. 

Imports are almost wholly of the “ dress” variety and principally 
women’s gloves. Before the war approximately 40 per cent of the 
dress gloves were imported. In 1913 99.7 per cent of the imports came 
from Germany, France, England, Italy, Belgium, and Austria, in order. 
In 1914 about $8,000,000 of a total $9,000,000 value came from Ger- 
many and France. In 1918, $6,104,857 of a total $7,560,513 value 
came from France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Paragraph 362 provides for Schmaschen (of sheep origin) at $1 per 
dozen pairs as a primary rate. Paragraph 363 provides for women’s 
and children’s gloves of leather at $2 as a primary rate, and all men’s 
leather gloves n. s. p. f., expensive or inexpensive, at $2.50. It is well- 
nigh impossible to draw a line of demarcation between Schmaschen 
and lamb gloves. Even the experts disagree on the same samples. 
(T. D. 29597, Abstracts 20739, of 1909; 37480, of 1915; 39068, 39173, 
39340, of 1916.) The provision for Schmaschen gloves might there- 


- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


563 


fore well be eliminated. The comma between “ glacé finish” and 
“Schmaschen (of sheep origin)” would seem to point to two classes, 
one glacé finished and the other Schmaschen (of sheep origin). 


PARAGRAPHS 362, 363, 364, AND 365. 


ACT OF 1909. 


454. Women’s or children’s “ glace”’ 
finish, Schmaschen (of sheep origin), 
not over fourteen inches in- length, 
$1.25 per dozen pairs; over fourteen 
inches and not over seventeen inches 
in length, $2.25 per dozen pairs; over 
seventeen inches in length, $2.75 per 


dozen pairs; men’s ‘ glace’’ finish, 
Schmaschen (sheep), $3 per dozen 
pairs. 


455. Women’s or children’s “ glace ”’ 
finish, lamb or sheep, not over four- 
teen inches in length, $2.50 per dozen 
pairs; over fourteen and not over 
seventeen inches in length, $3.50 per 
dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in 
length, $4.50 per dozen pairs; men’s 
“ slace’”’ finish, lamb or sheep, $4 per 
dozen pairs. 


456. Women’s or children’s ‘ glace” 
finish, goat, kid, or other leather 
than of sheep origin, not over four- 
teen inches in length, $38 per dozen 
pairs; over fourteen and not over 
seventeen inches in length, $8.75 per 
dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in 
length, $4.75 per dozen pairs; men’s 
“olace”’ finish, kid, goat, or other 
leather than of sheep origin, $4 per 
dozen pairs. 


457. Women’s or children’s, of sheep 
origin, with exterior grain surface re- 
moved, by whatever name known, not 
over seventeen inches in length, $2.50 
per dozen pairs ; over seventeen inches 
in length, $3.50 per dozen pairs; 
men’s, of sheep origin, with exterior 
surface removed, by whatever name 
known, $4 per dozen pairs. 


458. Women’s or children’s kid, goat, 
or other leather than of sheep origin, 
with exterior grain surface removed, 
by whatever name known, not over 
fourteen inches in length, $3 per 
dozen pairs; over fourteen inches and 
not over seventeen inches in length, 
$3.75 per dozen pairs; over seventeen 
inches in length, $4.75 per dozen 
pairs ; men’s goat, kid, or other leather 
than of sheep origin, with exterior 
Zrain surface removed, by whatever 
name known, $4 per dozen pairs, 


ACT OF 1913. 


- 862. Men’s, women’s, or children’s 
“glacé” finish, Schmaschen (of 
sheep origin), not over fourteen 
inches in length, $1 per dozen pairs; 
over fourteen inches in length, 25 
cents additional per dozen pairs for 
each inch in excess of fourteen inches. 


863. All other women’s or children’s 
gloves wholly or in chief value of 
leather, not over fourteen inches in 
length, $2 per dozen pairs; over four- 
teen inches in length, 25 cents’ addi- 
tional per dozen pairs for each inch 
in excess of fourteen inches; all men’s 
leather gloves not specially provided 
for in this section, $2.50 per dozen 
pairs. 


364. In addition to the foregoing 
rates there shall be paid the following 
cumulative duties: Qn all leather 
gloves when lined with cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, 25 cents per dozen 
pairs; when lined with a knitted glove 
or when lined with silk, leather, or 
wool, 50 cents per dozen pairs; when 
lined with fur, $2 per dozen pairs; 
on all piqué and prix seam gloves, 25 
cents per dozen pairs. 


3865. Glove tranks, with or without 
the usual accompanying pieces, shall 
pay 75 per centum of the duty pro- 
vided for the gloves in the fabrication 
of which they are suitable. 


564 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 





459. In addition to 
rates -there shall be paid the following 
eumulative duties: On all leather 
gloves, when lined, $1 per dozen 
pairs; on all -pique or prix seam 
gloves, 40 cents per dozen pairs; on 
all gloves stitched or embroidered, 
with more than three single strands 
or cords, 40 cents per dozen pairs. 


460. Glove tranks, with or without 
the usual accompanying pieces, shall 
pay. 75 per, centum of the duty pro- 
vided for the gloves in the fabrication 
of which they are suitable, 


the foregoing | 


SUMMARY. OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913. 


For “ General information,” see paragraph 361. 


PARAGRAPH 366. 


462. Manufactures of * * * cate 
gut or whip gut or worm gut, * * * 
or of which these substances or any 
of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad va- 
SOTDIN Gate hears = 


467, * * *  gtrings for musical 
instruments, not otherwise enumer- 
ated in this section, * * * 45 per 


centum ad valorem, 


366. Manufactures of catgut, or 
whip gut, or worm gut, including 
strings for musical instruments; any 
of the foregoing or of which these 
substances or any of them is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—For manufactures of catgut, whip gut, or 


worm gut, ete., see paragraph 448. 


Imports in 1914 were valued at $62.566 and in 1918 at $8,602, 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The terms “catgut” and “whip gut” are often used interchange- 
ably. Whip gut or whipcord is the result of the process of the manu- 
facture of gut into a twisted article. Colored catgut strings twisted 
and in lengths suitable to be used in stringing tennis rackets, were 
held not dutiable as a manufacture of catgut, but free as unmanu- 
factured. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 36, of 1915.) Strands-of gut twisted 
in the form of a rope or cable and then apparently coated with a light 
varnishlike material, are a manufacture of catgut. (5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 421, of 1914.) (See pars. 186, 378, and 443.) 

Gut for surgical use, for tennis rackets, or for making fishing tackle 
or parts thereof, might be specified in this paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 367. 


367. Manufactures of amber, as- 
bestos, bladders, or wax, or of which 
these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 


462. Manufactures of amber, as- 
bestos, bladders, * * * or wax, or 
of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of 
ehlef value, not specially provided for 





a 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF: INFORMATION. 565 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


in this section, 25 per centum adj tion, 10 per centum ad valorem; yarn 
valorem; woyen fabrics composed | and woven fabrics composed wholly or 
wholly or in chief value of asbestos, j in chief value of asbestos, 20. per 
40 per centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 

GENERAL INFORMATION, 


MANUFACTURES OF AMBER, 


Uses.—Amber is used principally in ornaments, beads, pipes, cigar 
holders, and sometimes in scientific instruments as an insulating 
Inaterial. (For other information, see par. 36.) 

Imports were valued at $9,333 in 1914; $5,486 in 1916; and $721 
in 1918. 

MANUFACTURES OF ASBESTOS. 


Uses.—Marufactures of asbestos are used mostly for heat and acid 
resisting purposes. It is woven into fabrics to be used for theater 
curtains and scenery, firemen’s clothing, fireproof rope, filtering 
medium in the chemical industry, and wall coverings. It is also 
used in roof shingles, or asbestos slate, millboard, asbestos paper, and 
eoverings. for steam pipes, furnaces, and locomotives, to prevent 
-adiation of heat. (For unmanufactured asbestos, see par. 406.) 

Production.—The manufactures of asbestos, not including steam 
packing, in 1914, were valued at $2,814,000, of which $1,813,000 repre- 
sented building materials, 

Imports of asbestos yarn and woven fabrics, from 1910 to 1918. 
averaged a little over $90,000; in 1914, $118,426; and decreased to 
$7,918 in 1918. Imports of all other manufactures of asbestos in 1913 
were valued at $287,308; in 1914, at $283,027; in 1918, at only 
$29,302. 

Exports increased in value from $293,616 in 1910 to $687,073 in 
1914. In 1915 the export value was $535,027; in 1918, $2,112,721. 


MANUFACTURES OF BLADDERS. 


Description.—Ior unmanufactured bladders, see paragraph 419. 
Imports were negligible until 1916, when they were valued at 
$883, rising to $8,288 in 1918. 


MANUFACTURES OF WAX. 


Uses.—Waxes are used chiefly for the manufacture of candles, 
floor waxes and other polishes, insulating compounds, plastic masses, 
phonograph records, modeling wax, and pharmaceutical preparations. 
(See par. 641.) 

Imports prior to 1914 averaged about $20,000 in value; in 1914 they 
were $36,327; in 1918, $72,606. 

Exports increased from $47,303 in 1911 to $112,193 in 1914, and to 
$717,181 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Small articles resembling in shape and color, but not in size, various 
fruits and vegetables and designed for use only in waxing sewing 
thread, do not substantially simulate artificial fruits and are duti- 
able as manufactures of wax. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 384, of 1913.) 
“Ware” is not restricted in its meaning by lexicographers, by the 


566 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


courts, or by Congress to substances of animal origin only, but 
includes all substances of kindred nature derived from mineral or 
vegetable sources. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 506, of 1913.) Woven fabrics 
con.posed wholly or in chief value of asbestos with a border to bind 
the edges are within the second clause of this paragraph for woven 
fabrics composed wholly or in chief value of asbestos, and not within 
the first clause aS manufactures of asbestos. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 320, 
of 1914.) Parafin is wax within this paragraph. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
506, of 1913.) Candles of paraffin wax and cotton wick were held 
dutiable as manufactures in chief value of wax and not exempt from 
duty as petroleum products. (G. A. 8018, T. D. 86958, of 1917.) But 
a combination of waxes with stearic. acid specially. prepared for use 
in the manufacture of phonographic records is not classable as a 
manufacture of wax, and is dutiable as an unenumerated manu- 
factured article. (Abstract 28036, T. D. 32379, of 1912.) Asbestos 
yarn is dutiable under this paragraph and not free under paragraph 
406 as unmanufactured. (Abstract 39424, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 368. 


ACT OF 1909. 


463. Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, quills, india rubber, palm 
leaf, straw, weeds, or whalebone, or 
of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, 85 per centum ad 
valorem; but the terms “ grass’”’ and 
“ straw ’”’ shall be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural form 
and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof; sponges made of rubber, 
40 per centum ad valorem; combs, 
composed wholly of horn, or composed 
of horn and metal, 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 

464. Manufactures of gutta-percha, 
* *« * or of which these substances 
or any of them is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for’ in this section; ~*~ * > * 
35 per centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1918. 


368. Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, india rubber or gutta- 
percha, palm leaf, quills, straw, weeds, 
or whalebone, or of which any of them 
is the component material of chief 
value not otherwise specially provided 
for in this section, shall be subject to 
the following rates: Manufactures of 
india rubber or gutta-percha, com- 
monly known as druggists’ sundries, 
15 per centum ad valorem; manufac- 
tures of india rubber or gutta-percha, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 10 per centum ad valorem ; palm 
leaf, 15 per centum ad valorem ; bone, 
chip, horn, quills, and whalebone, 20 
per centum ad valorem; grass, straw, 
and weeds, 25 per centum ad valorem ; 
combs composed wholly of horn or of 
horn and metal, 25 per centum ad 
valorem, The terms “grass” and 
‘* straw ”’ shall be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural state, 
and not the separated fibers thereof, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph includes a considerable 
variety of the manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, india rubber, 
ete., the qualification n. s. p. f. not restricting narrowly the number of 
items. The most important are manufactures of india rubber. 

Production.—The United States leads the world in rubber manu- 
factures. The extent of the demand for rubber tires in this country 
is indicated by the fact that 85 to 90 per cent of the world’s auto- 
mobiles are owned in the United States. In 1914 there were 301 
manufacturers of rubber goods, with 50,220 employees, wages of 
$31,279,000, a capital of $199,183,000, materials costing $126,112,000, 
and the value of products was $223,611,000—Ohio, New Jersey, and 
Massachusetts leading, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 567 


Imports of manufactures of the various substances and the chief 
countries of export were: India rubber, $947,404 in 1914 (Germany 
and England) ; $282,572 in 1918 (England and Canada). Gutta-percha, 
$31,831 in 1914 (Germany) ; $18,629 in 1918 (United Kingdom and 
Switzerland). Druggists’ rubber sundries, $189,667 in 1914 and $106,- 
580 in 1918. Palm leaf, $13,073 in 1914 (Germany) ; $8,428 in 1918. 
Bone and horn, $109,909 in 1914 (France, United Kingdom, and Ger- 
many); $74,966 in 1918 (France, United Kingdom, and Canada). 
Chip, $4,086 in 1914 and $102,371 in 1918. Quills, $21,682 in 1914 
(France and Austria-Hungary) ; $12,711 in 1918. Whalebone, $713 in 
1914 and $32 in 1918. Grass and straw, $426,438 in 1914 (Japan, 
Canada, Netherlands) ; $305,383 in 1918 (Japan and Canada). Combs 
composed wholly of horn or horn and metal, rae 137 in 1914 and 
$12,375 in 1918. 

Export statistics are lacking in most cases. Automobile tires 
amounted to $13,977,671 in 1918, and went chiefly to South America, 
Canada, and Oceania. Druggists’ rubber sundries in 1918 amounted 
to $884,245, mainly to Canada, England, Mexico, and South America. 
Manufactured rubber exports amount to millions of dollars annually. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mais made of braids of straw sewn together with cotton were held 
properly classified under this paragraph and not dutiable under para- 
graph 272 as mats or rugs of straw having a warp of cotton. (6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 379, of 1915.) The provision for manufactures of chip 
in this paragraph is more specific than the provision for manufactures 
of wood in paragraph 176 in the case of ropings made of wood, chip, 
and cotton, chip chief value. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 93, of 1916.) Dyed 
straw is not straw in its “natural state” within this paragraph, and 
leaves and flowers for millinery, made of straw which has been dyed, 
but the fibers of which have not been separated, are excluded therefrom 
and classable under paragraph 347 as articles in chief value of arti- 
ficial leaves and flowers. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, 378, of 1918.) | Col- 
ored chip-straw, millinery ornaments, crudely resembling flowers and 
leaves, were held likewise dutiable. (8 Ct..Cust. Appls., 380, of 
1918.) But millinery ornaments consisting of strands of natural 
straw twisted together loosely and looped or tied, used as centerpieces 
in the crowns of straw hats, forming the starting points, are within 
this paragraph rather than paragraph 347. (Abstract 40979, of 1917.) 
Palm-leaf baskets (T. D. 36409, of 1916) ; baling twine consisting of 
two strands of grass braided (Abstract 36906, T. D. 34933, of 1914) ; 
horn strips polished and drilled (T. D. 34535, of 1914) ; india-rubber 
bulbs used on pyrographic outfits (Abstract 87299, of 1915) ; india- 
rubber tubing, druggists’ sundries (Abstract 38111, of 1915); bottle 
covers and caps of palm leaf (Abstract 36970, T. D. 384969, of 1914) ; 
rubber-faced cloth used in making card clothing (Abstract 38775, of 
1915) ; rubber flower syringes (Abstract 37562, of 1915) ; and so-called 
paintings on straw matting (T. D. 85168, of 1915) have been held 
dutiable under this paragraph. (See pars. 347, 356, and 369.) 

Gallilith might be added to the materials enumerated in this 
paragraph. 


568 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 369. 


ACT OF 1909. 


596. Ivory tusks in their natural 
state or cut vertically across the 
grain only, with the bark left intact, 
eee ch cee.) 


464. Manufactures of * * * ivory, 
vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl and 
shell, plaster of Paris, papier-maché, 
and vuleanized india rubber known as 
“hard rubber,’ or of which these 
substances or any of them is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
and shells engraved, cut, ornamented, 
or otherwise manufactured, 385 per 
centum ad valorem, 


ACT OF 1913. 


369. Ivory tésks in their natural 
State, or cut vertically across the 
grain only, with the bark left intact, 
20 per centum ad valorem; manu- 
factures of ivory or vegetable ivory, 
or of which either of these substances 
is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 35 per centum. ad valo- 
rem; manufactures of mother-of-pearl] 
and shell, plaster of Paris, papier- 
mfiché, and yuleanized india rubber 
known as ‘“‘ hard rubber,” or of which 
these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 


tion, 25 per centum ad valorem ; shells 
engraved, cut, ornamented, or other- 
wise manufactured, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—I/vory tusks are mainly those of the African 
elephant, which constitute the best part of commercial ivory. Other 
sources are the tusks of fossil elephants found in Russia (especially 
Siberia) and in Alaska and the teeth of the walrus, narwhal, and 
hippopotamus. Manufactures of ivory have included numerous arti- 
cles, useful and ornamental, such as toilet articles, statuettes, and 
piano keys, the demand for the last being so great that imitation 
products must be drawn upon to meet requirements. J/anufactures 
of vegetable ivory embrace handles for umbrellas, toilet articles, small 
trinkets, ete. Manufactures of mother-of-pearl and shell embrace 
knife handles, opera-glass handles, ete. Plaster of Paris is a cement 
obtained by the pulverization and partial calcination of gypsum. It 
is used as a hard-finish plaster for walls and ceilings; in surgery 
for making: casts to inclose fractures, and for making impressions 
for dental plates in which teeth are set; for casts of sculpture in 
round (see par. 611), high, and low reliefs; replicas of archzeological 
objects; and life and death masks. Papicr-mdché is a tough, plastic 
substance made from paper pulp mixed with glue, paste, oil, resin, or 
other sizing. It is used in boxes, trays, and similar articles, and is 
also employed in interior decorations of houses, for cornices, ceilings, 
ete. Vulcanized india rubber is hard rubber differing from soft rub- 
ber in its sulphur content and in being cured or vulcanized at a higher 
temperature; it is used in bowling balls, razor handles, combs, etc. 

Production figures are not fully available. In 1914 the output of 
ivory, shell, and bone work, not including combs and hairpins, was 
valued at $1,896,000, from 54 establishments, with $1,160,000 capital 
and 795 employees. Japan, England, Germany, and France are 
important manufacturers of animal and vegetable ivory products. 
Shell manufactures (mother-of-pearl and other) are important in 
tngland, France, Germany, and Asiatic Turkey. 

Imports amounted to $847,597, divided as follows: Ivory tusks, 
$764,446 ; manufactures of animal and vegetable ivory, $28,316; shells 
engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise manufactured, $12,719 ; manu- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 569. 


factures of shell and mother-of-pearl, $6,197; manufactures of plaster 
of Paris, $4,208; manufactures of papier-mdché, $25,679; and manu- 
factures of vulcanized or hard india rubber, $6,082. 

Export figures are not fully available. In 1918 the exports of 
ivory and manufactures thereof and scrap amounted. to $175,458, a 
value of $136,181 going to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The language of successive tariff acts shows that Congress has re- 
garded india rubber and hard rubber as different things for tariff pur- 
poses. Syringes, tubes, combs, and breast pumps, in chief value of 
hard rubber, are dutiable as “manufactures of * * * yuleanized 
india rubber known as ‘ hard rubber’” and not as “ manufactures of 
india rubber * * * commonly known as. druggists’ sundries.” 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1917.) A box in chief value of wood, de- 
signed to contain an ivory toilet set, which was packed separately, was 
held dutiable with the d4oilet set as an entirety under the provision 
in this paragraph for manufactures of ivory. (Abstract 36870, T. D. 
34920, of 1914.) (See pars. 355 and 368.) 


PARAGRAPH 370. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


465. Masks, composed of paper or 370. Masks, of whatever material 
pulp, 35 per centum ad valorem. composed, 25 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Uses.—In addition to the use of masks for disguise and as toys, 
masks of wire, gauze, etc., are used for protection of the face from 
splinters, dust, or smoke in glass works, grinding mills or other fac- 
tories, and by fencers, firemen, and baseball catchers. 

Imports of masks in 1914 were valued at $12,475, and in 1918 at 
$738. 

PARAGRAPH 371. 


466. Matting made of cocoa fiber 371. Matting made of cocoa fiber or 
or rattan, 6 cents per square yard; | rattan, 5 cents per square yard; mats 
mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 4 | made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 3 cents 
cents per square foot. per square foot. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cocoa mats and matting, made from the 
fibrous husk of the coconut, are produced chiefly in Ceylon, the Mala- 
bar coast, the Straits Settlements, and the islands of the Hastern 
Archipelago... The fiber is removed from the husk by soaking and 
beating and is then crudely hand spun by natives. Machinery is 
occasionally used, but the hand-spun yarn is both cheaper and better, 
Matting made of rattan differs from cocoa matting in manufacture 
and raw material. Rattan is an East Indian and African creeping 
palm, the stem of which can be split into slender strands and woven 
into basket work, chairs, couches, pillows, mats, ete. In weaving mat- 
ting, a simple bamboo framework is used. 

Production.—The imported cocoa matting is woven on primitive 
hand looms made strong to resist the tension required in weaving 
such coarse and harsh yarn. Domestic manufacture is by power 
looms, but mechanical difficulties caused by the fiber make the work 


~ 


570 


very arduous. Cocoa and rattan mats and matting are made by a 
few concerns, which have practically displaced penal institutions in 
manufacture. The quantity is not known, but is probably small. 
Imports are classified as mats and matting, the distinction being 
one of length rather than of material. Imports of mats and matting 
steadily increased prior to 1914 and during 1915, but fell off sharply 
in 1917 and 1918. In 1914, 1,545,449 square feet of mats were im- 
ported, valued at $189,419; in 1918, 38,667 square feet, valued at 
$6,374. In 1914, imports of matting were 114,987 square yards, 
valued at $34,863; in 1918, 22,731 square yards, valued at $3,400. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENT. 


This paragraph might be transferred to paragraph 272 or 278, 
providing for matting and mats of vegetable substances and fibers. 


PARAGRAPH 372. 


ACT OF 1909. -ACT OF 1918. 


372. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, 
and seaweeds, if manufactured or 
dyed, 10 per centum ad valorem, 


78. Moss and sea grass, eel grass, 
and seaweeds, if manufactured or 
dyed, 10 per centum ad valorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Uses.—Dyed sea moss is prepared for florists’ use or for ornamentel 
purposes. EHelgrass has been used in filling mattresses, cushions, 
etc., and sheathing houses. Seaweed ashes formerly supplied much of 
the alkali that was used in soap and glass making and for the prepara- 
tion of iodine. In its raw state it was and still is used as a fertilizer. 
As a rule, however, cheaper sources of most of the materials furnished 
by seaweed have been discovered. 

Imports in 1914 of moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and Pas 
manufactured or dyed, were valued at $55,624, mainly from Germany; 
and in 1918 at $7,367, nearly all from Japan, France, and the Nether- 
lands. 

PARAGRAPH 373. 


467. Musical instruments or parts 378. Musical instruments or parts 





thereof, pianoforte actions and parts 
thereof * * * not otherwise enu- 
merated in this section, cases for musi- 
cal instruments, pitch pipes, tuning 
forks, tuning hammers, and metro- 
nomes; strings for musical instru- 
ments, composed wholly or in part of 


thereof, pianoforte actions and parts 
thereof, cases for musical instruments, 
pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- 
mers, and metronomes; strings for 
musical instruments, composed wholly 

or in part of steel or other metal, all — 
the foregoing, 35 per centum ad va- 


steel or other metal, all the foregoing, | lorem. 


45 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—These articles include all musical instruments ex- 
cept phonographs, graphophones, etc., covered in paragraph 3874. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $92,573,000; manufacturers num- 
bered 719, with capital of $134,848,000 — 39,387 wage earners. Of 
the value, organs amounted to $6,297,000, pianos to $62,775,000, mate- 
rials for organs and pianos to $19,876,000, and other musical instru- 
ments (excepting phonographs, ete.) to $38,625,000. Germany, Austria- 
Hungary, France, and Italy are important producers. 





SUMMARY: OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 574 


Imports of musical instruments in 1918 were valued at $666,317, 
($1,788 for strings); in 1914 at $1,967,733. Imports were supplied 
chiefly by Germany before the war, but about one-half of the total 
came from Japan in 1918. 

Exports in 1918 aggregated $4,915,299, as follows: Organs, $139,706, 
player pianos, $1,095,665; other pianos, $2,292,467; piano players, 
$59,771; perforated music rolls, $149,309; all other, and parts of, 


$1,178,381. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Musical instruments.—A musical instrument has been declared to 
be “an implement or structure artificially constructed and ordinarily 
used for the production of a succession of musical and harmonious 
sounds, or the completed indispensable parts of such structure or 
implement, artificially constructed which are practically indispens- 
able in the art of music, and which are constructed and ordinarily 
used for the production of musical and harmonious sounds.” (G. A. 
8177, T. D. 87680, of 1918.) It is no part of the definition of a 
musical instrument that it can be used to produce a continuous 
melody and that.a chromatic scale can be played upon it (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appis., 60, of 1916) ; nor is it necessary to its classification as a 
musical instrument that the article shall be capable of producing a 
complete tune (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37875, of 1918). The 
following, among other articles, have been held to be musical instru- 
ments: Triangles of metal with a wooden-handled hammer or striker 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 60, of 1916) ; cymbals (Abstract 43345, of 1919) ; 
jew’s-harps (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37875, of 1918) ; castanets 
(T. D. 37368, of 1917) ; and wooden fish and brass gongs and wooden 
beaters (Abstract 43345, of 1919); but upon a fuller record, wooden 
fish, a block of hardwood having two deep narrow cavities carved 
therein so arranged and shaped that-when struck successive blows 
with a hard instrument, as a hammer, it emits noises resembling the 
trotting of a horse on a hard pavement, was held not to be a musical 
instrument (G. A. 8177, T. D. 37680, of 1918) ; also brass gongs (Ab- 
-stract 40319, of 1916) ; and small wooden whistles known as “ baby 
crys,” used in orchestras or moving-picture shows to produce a 
sound like the crying of a baby (G. A. 7387, T. D. 32777, of 1912). 
“Parts of musical instruments” include violin and cello necks, un- 
serviceable in the condition in which imported for any other use than 
as parts of musical instruments (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 438, of 1913); 
music rolls for a player piano known as the Welte Mignon (5 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 164, of 1914); organ keyboard case, although placed 20 
feet from the closest part of the organ (Abstract 37818, of 1915); 
drum heads (4 Ct. Cust. Appis., 84, of 1913); violin bows (Abstract 
39112, of 1916) ; violin finger boards, necks, pegs, and bridges (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 470, of 1913); but does not include hollow, cylindrical 
wood and iwory not shown to be confined to use as parts of musical 
instruments (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 488, of 1913), and violin mutes, 
which are composed of steel and used on the bridge of a violin to 
soften or deaden the sound (Abstract 38839, of 1915). 

“ Strings for musical instruments,’ provided for in this paragraph 
and paragraph 366, refers to strings used for the production of 
musical sounds and includes strings of the proper length designed 
for use in the production of musical tones upon certain musical 


572 - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


instruments (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 301, of 1914); and small catgut 
strings of different gauge or diameter, some from 45 to 68 inches 
in length and others from 23 to 45 inches, ready for immediate 
use as strings for musical instruments’ (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 306, of 
1912). But strings composed of catgut wound with silk, silk chief 
value, are not included, but are dutiable under paragraph 318 as a 
manufacture in chief value of silk. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 443, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 374. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, 
468. Phonographs, gramophones, 374. Phonographs, gramophones, 


graphophones, and similar articles or | graphophones, and similar articles, or 
parts thereof, 45 per. centum ad va- | parts thereof, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem. lorem, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The essential parts of a phonograph are a 
funnel for receiving the sounds, a diaphragm which vibrates with 
these sounds and to which is attached a point, and a covered cylinder 
on which the point makes its impressions. The Edison diaphragm 
was iron, the point metallic, and the cylinder covered: tin foil. By 
revolving the cylinder the recorded sound could be reproduced. The 
graphophone applied the phonograph principle of sound record and 
reproduction, but substituted a wax cylinder. The term “ grapho- 
phone,” however, is being supplanted by “ phonograph.” The gramo- 
phone is a machine having a disk instead of a cylinder. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $27,115,916. The number of 
machines were 515,154, valued at $15,290,491; and records and blanks, 
27,221,290, valued at $11,111,418. In addition, parts of machines, 
materials, and supplies amounted to $356,935, and all other products 
to $357,072. Eighteen establishments made phonographs, grapho- 
phones, ete., with capital of $33,771,000, and 9,381 employees. 

Imports of phonographs, graphophones, etc., in 1918 amounted to 
$334,854, over two-thirds from Switzerland. In 1914 imports were 
$147,384, over one-half from Germany. 

Exports of machines in 1918 numbered 91,217, valued at $2,610,866 ; 
of records and accessories, $2,073,463. About 60 per cent went to Can- 
-ada, the balance to Cuba, Australia, Argentina, and the United 
Kingdom. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Phonograph disks are parts of phonographs within this paragraph 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 279, of 1918), as are needles for phonographs 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1915). A phonograph motor complete with 
the exception of a main spring, but ready for use in connection with 
other articles or parts of the phonograph outfit, was held to be a part 
of a phonograph within this paragraph (Abstract 42372, of 1918), 
but disks of soft wax, known as master records, in themselves neither 
intended for nor susceptible of use as parts of phonographs, grapho- 
phones, or gramophones, were held not within this paragraph, nor 
exempt from duty as models of improvements in the arts under 
paragraph 629, but dutiable under paragraph 462 as manufactures 
of wax (G. A. 7182, T. D. 31851, of 1911). Mica washers for gramo- 
phones are parts of gramophones. (Abstract 36977, of 1914.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


573 


. PARAGRAPH 375. 


ACT OF 1909. 


469. Violin rosin, in boxes or cases 
or otherwise, 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 


ACT OF 1913. 


in boxes or cases 
10 per centum ad va- 


375. Violin rosin, 
or otherwise, 
lorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description and uses.—Violin rosin is a good grade of rosin cast 
in the form of cubes or embedded in pieces of wood to facilitate its 
application to the strings of musical instruments, such as the violin. 

Production.—It is of comparatively simple manufacture, and the 
United States is the largest producer, but figures are not available. 


Imports of violin rosin in 1914 were 


valued at. $11,688, about 52 


per cent from Germany and 32 per cent from France. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Metal boxes containing rosin, the boxes being constructed with two 
Separate receptacles, one for rosin and the other for violin strings, 


are unusual containers and are not within this paragraph, 


40390, of 1916.) 


(Abstract 


The words “in boxes, cases, or otherwise” neither limit nor enlarge 


the provision. 


PARAGRAPH 376. 


470. Paintings in oil or water colors, 
pastels, pen and ink drawings, and 
sculptures, not specially provided for 
in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; but the term ‘“ sculptures ” 
as used in this Act shall be understood 
to include only such as are cut, carved, 
or.otherwise wrought by hand from a 
solid block or mass of marble, stone, 


376. Works of art, including paint- 
ings in oil or water-colors, pastels, pen 
and ink drawings, or copies, replicas 
or reproductions of any of the same, 
statuary, sculptures, or copies, re- 
plicas or reproductions thereof, and 
etchings and engravings, not specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem, 


or alabaster, or from metal, and as are 
the professional production of a ana 
tor only, and the term “ painting ”’ 
used in this Act shall be eters 
not to include such as are made wholly 
or in part by stenciling or other me- 
chanical process. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—IFor most practical purposes works of art 
may be classified as follows: (1) Products of the fine arts, properly 
so called, intended solely for ornamental purposes, and including 
paintings in oil and water colors on canvas, plaster, or other material, 
and original statuary of marble, stone, or bronze. (2) Minor objects 
of art, intended also for ornamental purposes, such as statuettes, 
vases, drawings, etchings, ete., which are susceptible of an indefinite 
reproduction from the original. (8) Objects of art which serve pri- 
marily an ornamental and incidentally a useful purpose, such as 
painted or stained-glass windows, tapestry, paper hangings, ete. (4) 
Objects primarily designed for a useful purpose, such as ornamental 
clocks, higher grades of carpets, curtains, ete. 

The list of articles included under this paragraph is restricted by 
paragraphs 652 to 656, inclusive. The bulk of imports of works of 
arts are free under those paragraphs. j 

Imports of works of art in 1914 were valued at $766,464, mainly 
from France, Italy, England, and Germany; and in 1918, at $122,133, 
mainly from Italy, England, and France, 


574 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Exports of painting and statuary of all kinds in 1914 were valued 
at $1,415,302, mainly to France, England, Canada, and Germany; and 
in 1918, at $317,711, mainly to Canada, Cuba, Spain, and France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Works of art’”’ within this paragraph does not cover the whole 
range of the beautiful and artistic, but only those productions of the 
artist which are something more than ornamental and decorative 
and which may be properly ranked as examples of the free fine arts 
or possibly that class only of the free fine arts imitative of natural 
objects as the artist sees them and appealing to the emotions through 
the eye alone. “Sculpture” as an art is that branch of the free fine 
arts which chisels or carves out of stone or other solid material or 
models in clay or other plastic substances for subsequent reproduction 
by carving or casting imitations of natural objects, chiefly the human 
form, and represents such objects in their true proportions of length, 
breadth, and thickness, or of length and breadth only. A work is 
not necessarily sculpture because artistic and beautiful and fashioned 
by a sculptor from solid marble. Utilitarian articies do not become 
sculpture by reason of being adorned by the carving of a sculptor 
unless the sculptural decorations be so compelling that the utili- 
tarian achievement of the artisan is lost in the realized sentiment of 
the artist. A marble font and marble seats, the work of a sculptor 
and incidentally embellished by him with artistic carvings, are not 
sculpture or works of art within this paragraph, but manufactures of 
marble under paragraph 98 (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 46, of 1916.) 
“Statuary” and “sculptures” are interchangeable terms. (3 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 168, of 1912, holding an artistic statue of gold, bronze, and 
ivory to be sculpture.) Neither the tariff act of 1913 nor this paragraph 
thereof limits the definition of the word “ sculptures ”’ as used in said 
paragraph and the word must be given the meaning ascribed to it in 
common understanding. <A copy, replica, or reproduction under this 
paragraph must possess the same qualities or characteristics and must 
be made by a professional sculptor or under his supervision. ‘The 
history of this legislation shows that Congress did not intend by 
enacting this paragraph as new legislation to lower the standard 
of work necessary to constitute sculpture or to dispense with the 
requirement that such work must be produced by or under the super- 
vision of a sculptor, thereby admitting at a low rate of duty the 
commercial productions of artisans because of characteristics render- 
ing them attractive, ornamental, or beautiful. Marble parts of a 
temple designed as an ornament for a yard or a garden, which are 
embellished or ornamented with more or less elaborately cut or carved 
representations of various kinds, there being no claim that they are 
the professional production of a sculptor, are dutiable as manufac- 
tures of marble under paragraph 98 and not under this paragraph as 
works of art or sculpture. If these parts are not sculpture it follows 
that they are not works of art under this paragraph. Having denied 
classification as works of art to the parts of this temple, the court 
refused to classify the whole temple as a work of art. (6 Ct. Cust. 


Appls., 545, of 1916.) (See par. 652.) 
In practice this paragraph has been construed to cover works of 


art only, and limited to those specifically mentioned therein. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 575 


PARAGRAPH 377. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


471. Peat moss, $1 per ton. 377. Peat moss, 50 cents per ton. 
GHNERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Peat moss consists largely of various 
species of sphagnum (bog moss), peat-forming vegetation. It is used 
for stable litter, potting plants, packing materials, and for insulation. 
Peat moss is an excellent absorbent, hence its value for stable litter. 
Gardeners employ it for covering and moistening the roots of plants 
because it readily absorbs moisture from the air. 

Production of small quantities of peat moss of unknown value was 
reported after the outbreak of the war, practically all having been im- 
ported previously. Peat and peat moss are produced chiefly in 
_the northern sections of the world. In warm regions the decay of 
vegetable matter is, as a rule, too rapid to permit of extensive bog 
moss deposition. Russia, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, France, 
Austria, Denmark, Holland, Canada, and the United States have very 
large deposits. Peat moss has been more systematically utilized in 
Holland than in any other country. The American deposits remain 
almost untouched. 

Imports of peat moss in 1918 amounted to 126 tons, valued at 
$1,147, all but 3 tons from the Netherlands. In 1914 imports were 
about 9,580 tons, valued at $57,670—8,900 tons from the Netherlands 
and about 500 tons from Germany. 


“INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph includes peat moss fiber for mattresses as well as 
peat moss for bedding horses. (G. A. 4535, T. D. 21545, of 1899.) 


PARAGRAPH 378. 


472. Pencils of paper or wood, or 378. Pencils of paper or wood, or 
other material not metal, filled with | other material not metal, filled with 
lead or other material, and pencils | lead or other material, pencils of lead, 
of lead, 45 cents per gross and 25 per | 36 cents per gross, but in no case shall 
centum ad valorem; slate pencils, | any of the foregoing pay less than 25 
covered with wood, 35 per centum ad] per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, 
valorem; all other slate pencils, 3 |] 25 per centum ad valorem. 
eents per one hundred. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—In 1914 there were 14 manufacturers of lead pencils, 
with a capital of $10,670,000, 4,330 employees, and wages of $1,944,000. 
Materials cost $4,564,000, and product was valued at $8,328,000, a 
moderate increase over 1909. The industry is based on generous 
domestic supplies of the two essential raw materials—pure graphite 
and an excellent cedar readily adaptable to machine processes. The 
industry is an extensive one in England and Germany. 

Imports in 1914 of pencils of paper or wood or other material, not 
metal, filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead were 
188,644 gross, valued at $512,579. Imports in 1914 of slate pencils 
covered with wood were 850 gross, valued at: $83, and of other slate 


576 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


pencils, 2,158,700 gross, valued at $1,416. In value about one-half of 
the pencils came from Germany in 1914, the rest largely from Eng- 
land. In 1918 imports of lead pencils were 7,485 gross, valued at 
$4,078, mainly from Japan; imports of slate pencils were valued at $5. 

Exports of pencils and pencil leads in 1914 were valued at $533,944— 
$246,872 worth going to North America, mainly to Canada and 
Mexico; $188,834 to Europe, mostly to England; $49,553 to Oceania, 
chiefly to the Philippines and Australia; and $42,762 to South 
America. In 1918 exports were’ valued at $2,748,129, of which 
$1,220,102 worth went to Europe, largely to England; $691,420 to 
North America, mainly to Canada and Mexico; $478,483 to South 
America, largely to Argentina and Brazil; and $206,403 to Oceania. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In reenacting in successive tariff acts in substantially the same 
words the provision for lead pencils, Congress sanctioned the admin- 
istrative and judicial construction which rated them and their holders: 
separately for dutiable purposes. Wooden lead pencils with metal 
holders are accordingly not dutiable as entireties; the pencils come 
within this paragraph, and the holders as metal articles under para- 
graph 167. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 367, of 1916.) Pocket pencils of metal 
and celluloid, in chief value of celluloid, were held dutiable at 25 per 
cent under this paragraph. (Abstract 39209, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 379. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
473. Pencil leads not in wood, or 379. Pencil leads not in wood or 
other material, black, % of 1 cent per | other material, 10° per centum ad 
ounce; colored, 14 ecents per ounce; | valorem, 


eopying, 2 cents per ounce, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Ordinary black pencil leads are of pure 
graphite, or graphite mixed with clay. Colored leads are composed 
of suitable pigments combined with clay, chalk, or wax. Indelible or 
copying leads consist of a coal-tar dye mixed with graphite. 

Production.—Graphite is first ground very fine and mixed with a 
little water and the required amount of clay, then squeezed through 
dies several times by hydraulic pressure to form continuous leads; 
these are cut into the desired lengths, dried, and finally burned to 
expel moisture. The amount of clay in the lead determines the 
hardness. Figures of production are not available. 

Imports of pencil leads not in wood or other material have de- 
ereased steadily, from $121,926 in 1912 to $2,523 in 1918. 

Exports are combined with pencils. Exports of ‘ pencils and pencil 
leads”’ have increased from $533,944 in 1914 to $2,748,129 in 1918, 
about 50 per cent going to the United Kingdom. (See par. 378.) 


PARAGRAPH 380. 


474. Photographic dry plates * * * 380. Photographie cameras, and parts 
not otherwise specially provided for in | thereof, not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 per centum ad va- | this section, photographic dry plates, 
lorem. Photographic film negatives, | not specially provided for in this sec- 
imported in any form, for use in any | tion, 15 per centum ad valorem; pho- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT GF 1909—Continued. 


way in connection with moving-picture 
exhibits, or for making or reproducing 
pictures for such exhibits, * * * 
25 per centym ad valorem. Photo- 
graphie film positives, imported in any 
form, for use in any way in connection 
with moving-picture exhibits, includ- 
ing herein all moving, motion, moto- 
photography or cinematography film 
pictures, prints, positives or dupli- 
eates of every kind and nature, and 
of whatever substance made, 13 cents 
per linear or running foot. 


577 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


tographic-film negatives, imported in 
any form, for use in any way in con- 
nection with moving-picture exhibits, 
or for making or reproducing pictures 
for such exhibits, exposed but not de- 
veloped, 2 cents per linear or running 
foot; if exposed and developed, 3 cents 
per linear or running foot; photo- 
graphic-film positives, imported in any 
form, for use in any way in connection 
with moving-picture exhibits, including 
herein all moving, motion, motopho- 
tography or cinematography film pic- 


tures, prints, positives or duplicates 
of every kind and nature, and of 
whatever substance made, 1 cent per 
linear or running foot: Provided, how- 
ever, That all photographic-films im- 
ported under this section shall be sub- 
ject to such censorship as may be im- 
posed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Paragraph 576, “ Photographic and moving-picture films, sensitized 
but not exposed or developed,” is also discussed here. 

Description and uses.—The photographic camera is familiar. Dry 
plates are sensitized plates of which the sensitive films are hard and 
dry, so they may be packed away, and, if protected from light, used 
afterwards to make negative or positive pictures. Photographic and 
moving-picture films are made chiefly of pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate), 
coated with an emulsion of sensitizing materials. Cellulose acetate, 
being noninflammable, is also used, especially for moving-picture films, 
but has disadvantages and is usually more expensive. Photographic 
film negatives show the lights and shades in nature exactly reversed. 
An exposed film is one that has been used in the camera; a developed 
film or negative is one on which the chemical changes necessary to 
cause a latent image or picture to be visible have been induced or, in 
the case of a negative, the proper density has been assumed to admit 
of reproduction by a process of printing. Sensitized films not exposed 
are provided for in paragraph 576. Photographic film positives show 
the lights and shades as in nature and are usually printed from 
negatives. Moving-picture sensitized films are made about 1,000 feet 
in length and each picture is { by 1 inch in size. 

Production of photographic apparatus in 1914 was valued at 
$4,273,000, cameras being $1,254,000; motion-picture machines, $1,820,- 
000; and all other apparatus and parts, $1,199,000. Manufacturers 
numbered 87, with capital of $4,397,000, 2,016 employees, and wages of 
$1,289,000. Materials cost $1,535,000, and value added by manufacture 
was $2,738,000. The manufacture of flexible photographie films for 
motion pictures is now a very large industry. Pyroxylin is made by 
nitrating cotton waste. A solution is made of pyroxylin and camphor 
in a mixture of wood alcohol, amyl acetate, and other solvents. This 
is spread out on a smooth surface, such as a revolving metallic drum. 
When dry, the film is stripped off, slit into the desired width, and 
cut into lengths. For moving pictures, strips about 1$ inches wide 

184911°—20——37 


578 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


and 1,000 feet long constitute one reel. The output of photographie 
materials (plates, films, etc.) was $34,768,000, by 59 establishments, 
with capital of $31,991,000, 6,658 employees, and wages of $4,256,000. 
Materials cost $10,004,000, and value added by manufacture was 
$24,764,000. ° 

Imports of photographic goods in 1918 aggregated $1,323,627, con- 
sisting of cameras, $2,153; dry plates, n. s. p. f., $35,822; moving- 
picture films, sensitized but not exposed, $739,185; all other filins, 
sensitized but not exposed, $202,779; film negatives, exposed but not 
developed, $18,407; film negatives, exposed and developed, $144,422; 
and film positives, $181,409. Over one-half the entire importation came 
from. England and France. In 1914 imports were much larger, 
$2,913,292, about 80 per cent film positives and 80 per cent of films 
sensitized, but not exposed or developed, coming mainly from Eng- 
land, France, Italy, and Germany. 

Exports of cameras in 1918 were valued at $969,419, one-half to 
Australia, British India, and Canada. Exports of unexposed moving- 
picture films decreased from $4,264,722 in 1914 to $1,125,895 in 1917, 
and $1,385,291 in 1918, chiefly to Italy and England. Exports of 
exposed moving-picture films increased from $2,282,924, in 1914 to 
$6,757,658 in 1916, and $5,182,448 in 1918, going chiefly to England 
and Canada. Exports of other sensitized photographic goods have in- 
creased from $1,348,216 in 1914 to $3,596,597 in 1916 and to $2,938,836 
in 1918, principally to England. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Camera tripods are not parts of cameras within this paragraph. 
(G. A. 7650, T. D. 34998, of 1914.) Articles held dutiable as cameras 
or parts thereof under this paragraph are as follows: Hnlarging 
cameras (G. A. 7915, T. D. 36451, of 1916) ; photographic screens, in- 
voiced as “ ecrans” to be attached to a square frame on the lens of 
the camera, used in taking pictures in colors (Abstract 40173, of 
1916) ; photographic screens composed of two sheets of plain glass 
having a coat of gelatin and balsam between them (Abstract 40486, 
of 1916); and Cooke’s process prisms in the shape of a triangular 
prism, the back and two sides entirely of metal, a lens in each of the 
two faces, etc. (Abstract 393852, of 1916). Cameras with microscopes 
and other parts imported together, but each having a separate in- 
voiced price, were classified by the collector as entireties with the 
microscope under paragraph 94, but the cameras were held separately 
dutiable. It was shown that the camera is sometimes used with the 
microscope and at other times separately and independently. (Ab- 
stract 40680, of 1917.) An exposed and developed photograph-film 
negative printed from a positive taken from the original negative is 
not dutiable as ‘‘ photographic-film negatives ” at 8 cents, but at 1 cent 
per linear or running foot under this paragraph as “ moving, motion, 
motophotography or cinematography film pictures * * * or dupli- 
cates of every kind and nature.” (G. A. 8039, T. D. 37073, of 1917, fol- 
lowing Abstract 39882, of 1916.) 

Under the act of July 31, 1912, any film or other pictorial repre- 
sentation of a prize fight, under whatever name, which is designed to 
be used or made to be used for public exhibition is forbidden importa- 
tion under penalty of fine or imprisonment or both. (239 U. S., 325, 
and 225 Fed., 902, of 1915.) An encounter conducted between two 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 579 


pugilists or boxers under the Marquis of Queensbury rules in a 
24-foot ring, the contestants wearing regular boxing gloves, 5 ounces 
in weight, and the contest being limited to 20 rounds, is a prize fight 
Within the meaning of the statute. A picture film representing such 
a contest is prohibited importation and subject to libel and condenina- 
tion. (T. D. 35531, of 1915.) A negative film made on the American 
side of the Canadian border from a positive film exposed on the Cana- 
dian side is also within the prohibition. (238 Fed., 135, of 1916.) 

Camera lenses, a product of the optician’s art, are dutiable at 15 
per cent under this paragraph, while projection lenses are dutiable at 
25 per cent under paragraph 94; lenses of glass or pebble, molded or 
pressed, or ground and polished to a spherical, cylindrical, or pris- 
matie form, at 25 per cent under paragraph 92; and optical instru- 
ments, at 35 per cent under paragraph 93. 

A negative cinematograph film made from a positive film serves the 
same purpose as the original negative, and it is difficuit to distinguish 
between the two, but they bear different rates of duty. 

PARAGRAPH 381. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918, 


475. Pipes and smokers’ articles: 881, Pipes and smokers’ articles: 


Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls 
made wholly of clay, valued at not 
more than 40 cents per gross, 15 cents 
per gross; other tobacco pipes and 
pipe bowls of clay, 50 cents per gross 
and 25 per centum ad valorem; other 
pipes and pipe bowls of whatever ma- 
terial composed, and all smokers’ ar- 
ticles whatsoever, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, including cig- 
arette books, cigarette book covers, 
pouches for smoking or chewing to- 
bacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, 


Common tobaceo pipes and pipe bowls 
made wholly of-clay, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; other pipes and pipe bowls 
of whatever material composed, and 
all smokers’ articles whatsoever, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
including cigarette books, cigarette- 
book covers, pouches for smoking or 
chewing tcbacco, and cigarette paper 
in all forms, except cork paper, 50 per 
centum ad valorem; meceerschaum, 
crude or unmanufactured, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


60 per centum ad valorem, 


625. Meerschaum, crude or unmanu- 
factured. (Free.) 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production.—There were 47 manufacturers of tobacco pipes in 
1914, with capital of $3,282,000, 2,854 employees, wages of $1,158,000, 
cost of materials $2,308,000, and product valued at $4,220,000. This 
is a decline in the industry compared with 1909. New York leads in 
the industry with more than half the domestic output. 

Imports of cigarette books, cigaretic-book covers, and cigarette 
paper in 1914 were $831,158, mainly from France and. Austria- 
Hungary; in 1918, $5,285,584, practically all from France. Imports 
of pipes and pipe bowls and all other articles of this paragraph in 
1914 were $570,683, mainly from Austria-Hungary, England, and Ger- 
many; in 1918, $231,425, mainly from France and England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“All smokers’ articles whatsoever” is exceedingly comprehensive. 
The use of both words “ all” and “ whatsoever ” seems to leave little 
doubt as to the intention of Congress. The intensified form of the 
phrase, together with the far-reaching effect of the qualifying words 


580 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


stated, manifests a purpose to reach out into all branches of trade 
and commerce and to gather within this paragraph everything used 
chiefly by smokers in that pursuit and for that purpose, wherever 
else they may occur or within whatever other provisions of the 
tariff law the merchandise may be included. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 334, 
of 1911.) The provision has been held to include a smoker’s table 
with 12 ash trays for same (Abstract 87609, of 1915) ; decorated earth- 
enware in the shape of humidors, cigar trays, ash receivers, ete. 
(Abstract 37798, of 1915) ; cigarette machines consisting of a tubular 
piece of brass about one-fourth inch in diameter, split in half and 
hinged and capable of being used to assist the smoker in rolling a 
cigarette (Abstract 40097, of 1916); lithographed tin boxes about 
6 inches square and 1 inch deep, hinged tops, used as containers for 
cigarettes, imported empty (Abstract 39627, of 1916); amber cigar 
and cigarette holders complete and capable of being used as a cigar 
or cigarette holder, but having a slight depression evidently made 
for a gold band not necessary to its use and apparently serving no 
other purpose than ornamentation (Abstract 40001, of 1916). ~So- 
called cigarette holders meade of glass having a metal reed were held 
dutiable according to the component material of chief value, and 
not as smokers’ articles nor as toys. (T. D. 84050, cf 1914.) 

Glazed clay pipes are subject to duty at 50 per cent under this 
paragraph (T. D. 35968, of 1915) and also clay pipe bowls with metal 
ferrules (Abstract 36337, T. D. 34742, of 1914). 


PARAGRAPH 382. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


477. Plush, black, known commer- 382. Plush, black, known commer- 
cially as hatters’ plush, composed of | cially as hatters’ plush, composed of 
silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is | silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is 
used exclusively for making men’s | used for making men’s hats, 10 per 
hats, 10 per centum ad valorem. centum ad valoren. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Haitter’s plush, under this paragraph, re- 
fers to black plush 22 inches or more in width, with a soft silk “ pile” 
that will iron down to a glossy surface and hold its color under the 
heated iron. It was primarily used for men’s silk hats, but is now 
a favored material for women’s hats and other purposes. 

Production.—American manufacturers have attempted to make 
hatter’s plush, but with unsatisfactory results as to color. It is 
stated that domestic millinery plushes, closely similar to hatter’s 
plush, are extensively made with a black that stands the heat of 
ironing. 

Imports of hétters plush come almost exclusively from France, 
from 1895 through 1909 averaging only $46,000 in value. An increase 
began in 1910, rising to $170,777 in 1914, $445,070 in 1917, and $238,133 
in 1918. The increase was largely due to the enlarged use for 
women’s hats and other purposes. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Paragraph 477 of the act of 1909 was construed to apply to plush 
not only commercially known as “ hatter’s plush,” but such as is ex- 
clusively used in the manufacture of men’s hats. The fact that the 
importer of such plush was a manufacturer of women’s hats, and 
that the particular importation was actually used for making women’s 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 581 


hats, was held sufficient to exclude the merchandise from the provi- 
sion (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 5382, of 1912), but in a later case an importa- 
tion of the same kind of plush by the same importer was held to come 
within the provision because, while the evidence showed actual use 
in making women’s hats, it also showed that the plush was of a 
kind or class such as is usually used exclusively for making men’s 
hats and was generally and uniformly known throughout the United 
States as hatter’s plush. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 285, of 1913.) The court 
said, at page 286: 

* * * the statute is satisfied with the finding that the merchandise 
is known as “ hatter’s plush” and does not require that it be known 
as “men’s hatter’s plush.” The Scope of that part of the statutory 
requirments indicates a congressional intent to comprehend within the 
paragraph silk plush which might be used for other purposes than 
men’s hats so long as it is “ known commercially as hatter’s plush.” 
The first requirement in that sense throws some light upon the in- 
tended scope of the second. The legislative history and the natural 
import of the words ‘‘ such as”? in the second requirement bearing the 
natural meaning of “like” or “kind of” would seem to extend the 
provisions of the paragraph not alone to such hatter’s plush as is 
used exclusively for making men’s hats but also to “ hatter’s plush” 
so known commercially and which is the kind of “ hatter’s plush” 
used exclusively for making men’s hats. 


The provision in the act of 1918 was held to embrace black plush 
composed wholly or in chief value of silk and known commercially as 
hatter’s plush, irrespective of its width, unless the width be such 
as to exclude it from that class or kind of hatter’s plush “ such as is 
used for making men’s hats.” Upon the particular records, plush 
measuring in one instance about 22 inches and in another about 26 
inches in width was held to come within the provision. (Abstracts 
37281 and 37775, of 1915; G. A. 7678, T. D. 35121, of 1915; followed in 
Abstracts 38850, of 1915 and 39125, of 1916.) But plush 18 inches in 
width, claimed by the Government neither adapted nor suitable for 
use in the making of. men’s silk hats for the reason that plush so 
used must be cut on the bias and that in question was so narrow 
that it would not cut economically and advantageously, was held to 
fall within the provision for silk plush in paragraph 3814. (Abstract 
42502, of 1918.) Plush of a low grade or quality is not excluded if 
known commercially as hatter’s plush and suitable for use in the 
making of men’s hats. (Abstract 87281, of 1915; followed in Abstracts 
37775 and 88915, of 1915.) ; 

If this provision should be continued in the law, it would be more 
appropriately placed in Schedule L than in Schedule N. 

If it should be desired to exclude the low grades of hatter’s plush 
covered by this paragraph, the words “of the qualities and widths 
used generally in the making of men’s hats” might be substituted for 
the words “such as is used for making men’s hats.” 


PARAGRAPH 383. 


ACT OF 1909. 


478. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- 
shades covered with material other 
than paper or lace, 50 per centum ad 
valorem. Sticks for umbrellas, para- 
sols, or sunshades, and walking canes, 
finished or unfinished, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1913. 


383. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- 
shades covered with material other 
than paper or lace, not embroidered 
or appliquéd, 85 per centum ad valo- 
rem. Sticks for umbrellas, parasols, 
or Sunshades, and walking canes, fin- 
ished or unfinished, 80 per centum ad 
valorem. 


582 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Production in 1914 was by 265 establishments, with a capital of 
$9,469,496, about 5,800 employees, wages of $2,895,783, cost of mate- 
rials, $8,592,000, and products (umbrellas, parasols, canes, and parts 
thereof, including toy parasols) valued at $13,813,353. 

Most wnbrella sticks are now made of steel, but those for parasols 
are usually of wood. For walking canes a wide variety of woods is 
used, mainly reed, rattan, bamboo, and malacca. 

Imports of umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, ete., in 1914 were 
$110,949, mostly from Germany, England, and Japan; in 1918, $38,925, 
nearly all from Japan, 

Imports of sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades, and walk- 
ing canes in 1914 were valued at ‘$106,471; in 1918, at $21,414, over 
90 per cent walking sticks. 

Exports of umbrellas and parasols, valued at $29,903 in 1914, in- 
creased to $624,397 in 1918. Large quantities went to Cuba, Spain, 
Mexico, Brazil, England, Canada, and’ Australia. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sticks or pieces of bamboo about one-eighth or one-fourth inch in 
diameter, stained, polished, and bent at one end, were held properly 
classified as walking. canes under this paragraph. (Abstract 42451, 
of 1918.) The provision embraces walking canes irrespective of use, 
and hence those sold to street vendors for pennants, ete. (Abstract 
24610, T. D. 31207, of 1911), and those with cigar lighters in the 
handles (Abstract 31049, T. D. 33088, of 1913). 

Umbrellas and parasols are dutiable at 35 per cent, whereas the 
duty on silk, the component material of chief value, is 45 per cent. 
Parasols in part of netting are dutiable at 35 per cent under this 
paragraph (Abstract 89692, of 1916), and the netting of which they 
are made at 60 per cent under paragraph 358, 

Umbrella or parasol sticks pay 380 per cent under this paragraph 
when advanced beyond cutting into lengths, whether or not handles 
are attached; finished handles in chief value of wood ceDAEAUaE im- 
ported pay 15 per cent under paragraph 176. 


PARAGRAPH 384. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
479. Waste, not specially provided 384. Waste, not specially provided 
for in this section, 10 per centum ad | for in this section, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. valorem. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Waste refers to remnants and by-products of small value that have 
not the quality or utility either of the finished product or of the raw 
material. (223 U.S., 501, of 1912.) Fur gathered as scraps or waste 
from the first treatment of skins (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 198, of 1911) ; 
broken fibers of undressed raw jute, rejected by the carding machine 
in the first process of manufacture (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 431, of 1912) ; 
so-called jute waste used in the manufacture of bagging for cotton (5 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914) ; and scrap rubber, some old and some 
new (4 Ct, Cust, Appls., 443, of 1913), have been declared not to be 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


583 


waste for tariff purposes, but to be fur, jute, and rubber, respectively. 
Short, broken warp ends of jute thread, used in the manufacture of 


burlap cloth, is a thread waste duitable under this paragraph. 
(See pars. 13, 408, 566, and 651.) 


Cust. Appls., 197, of 1915.) 


(6 .Ct, 


PARAGRAPH 385. 


ACT OF 19069. 


480. That there shall be levied, col- 
lected, and paid on the importation 
of all raw or unmanufactured articles, 
not enumerated or provided for in 
this section, a duty of 10 per centum 
. ad valorem, and on all articles manu- 
factured, in whole or in part, not pro- 
vided for in this section, a duty of 
20 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


385. That there shall be levied, col- 
lected, and paid on the importation 
of all raw or unmanufactured articles 
not enumerated or provided for in 
this section, a duty of 10 per centum 
ad valorem, and on all articles manu- 
factured, in whole or in part, not pro- 
vided for in this section, a duty of 
15 per centum ad valorem. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In any case where an unenumerated article bears no statutory 
Similitude to one that is enumerated, the article falls within this 
paragraph, which, as the ultimate catch-all clause, would naturally 
follow rather than” precede the similitude provision (par. 386). 


PARAGRAPH 386. 


481. That each and every imported 
article, not enumerated in this sec- 
tion, which is similar, either in mate- 
rial, quality, texture, or the use-to 
which. it.may be applied, to any 
article enumerated in this section as 
chargeable with duty, shall pay the 
same rate of duty which is levied on 
the enumerated article which it most 
resembles in any of the particulars 
before mentioned ; and if any nonenu- 
merated article equally resembles two 
or more enumerated articles on which 
different rates of duty are chargeable, 
there shall be levied on such nonenu- 
merated article the same rate of duty 
as is chargeable on the article which 
it resembles paying the highest rate 
of duty; and on articles not enumer- 
ated, manufactured of two or more 
materials, the duty shall be assessed 
at the highest rate at which the same 
would be chargeable if composed 
wholly of the component material 
thereof of chief value; and the words 
“component material of chief value,” 
wherever used in this section, shall 
be held to mean that component ma- 
terial which shall exceed in value any 
other single component material of 
the article; and the value of each 
component material shall be deter- 
mined by the ascertained value of 
such material in its condition as 
found in the article. If two or more 
rates of duty shall be applicable to 
any imported article, it shall pay 
duty at the highest of such rates. 


3886. That each and every imported 
article, not enumerated in this sec- 
tion, which is similar, either in mate- 
rial, quality, texture, or the use to 
which it may be applied, to any 
article enumerated in this section as 
chargeable with duty, shall pay the 
same rate.of duty which is levied on 
the enumerated article which it most 
resembles in any of the particulars 
before mentioned ; and if any nonenu- 
merated article equally resembles two 
or more enumerated articles on which 
different rates of duty are chargeable, 
there shall be levied on such nonenu- 
merated article the same rate of duty 
as is chargeable on the article which 
it resembles paying the highest rate 
of duty; and on articles not enumer- 
ated, manufactured of two or more 
materials, the duty shall be assessed 
at the highest rate at which the same 
would be chargeable if composed 
wholly of the component material 
thereof of chief value; and the words 
‘component material of chief value,”’ 
wherever used in this section, shall 
be held to mean that component. ma- 
terial which shall exceed in value any 
other single component material of 
the article; and the value of each 
component material shall be deter- 
mined by the ascertained value of 
such material in its condition as 
found in the article. If two or more 
rates of duty shall be applicable to 
any imported article, it shall pay 
duty at the highest of such rates. 


584 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In determining the classification of any article not enumerated in 
any part of the tariff, the first inquiry is whether it bears a similitude 
to any enumerated article. The requirement of the clause is whether 
there be similitude in any one of the four particulars—material, 
quality, texture, or the use to which the article may be applied. The 
similitude must be substantial, not referring merely to adaptability 
to sale as a substitute for an article which it resembles, but re- 
ferring rather to its employment or to its effect in producing results. 
The similitude clause applies only to dutiable goods and should be 
resorted to only in a clear case. Reference to an article in general 
terms is enumeration within the clause. Where a provision expressly 
excludes merchandise of a specific description, such merchandise is 
not subject through.the similitude rule to the duty imposed by such 
enumerating clause upon articles which the excluded merchandise 
shall resemble. The similitude clause contemplates similarity and 
not identity between the related articles. 

In determining the component of chief value, the value of the 
several materials shall be determined as of the time when they have 
reached such a condition that nothing remains to«be done upon them 
by the manufacturer except putting them together to make the com- 
pleted product. The component material of chief value is the com- 
ponent material exceeding in value any other single component ma- 
terial of the article. ‘“‘ Manufactures of metal” refers to the material 
and includes all the component classes of such by whatever distinctive 
name known. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 418, of 1914.) In the case of an 
article of blown glass and molded glass the component of chief value 
is the one which has the greater value at the time it became blown 
glass or molded glass. Only those expenses incurred in producing the 
constituent and not those assignable to the article can be considered. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 135, of 1916.) Goods made by cementing with 
rubber a cotton cloth to a cotton and wool cloth, and goods made by 
cementing with rubber a cotton and silk cloth to a cotton and wool 
cloth, the rubber in each case being negligible in value, are composed 
in chief value of cotton, wool, or silk according to which represents 
the greatest value as yarn, plus its proportion on the basis of quan- 
tity of the cost of weaving and other expenses incurred in making 
the cloth and bringing it to the condition it had immediately prior 
to its combination with the other materials in order to form the 
goods in question. For this purpose that cloth which is composed 
in chief value of one of these fibers should not be regarded as made 
entirely of it. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 489, of 1917.) (In some cases it 
has been found impracticable to distribute the charges upon the basis 
of quantity ; in such cases value is the basis.) 

The value of component materials is to be taken as of the date of 
exportation and not the value or cost of the materials at the time 
they were purchased by the manufacturer. (G. A. 8307, T. D. 38191, 
of 1919.) s 

The highest-rate rule will be resorted to only in a clear case. (1 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 120, of 1910.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


585 


FREE LIST. 
PARAGRAPH 387. 


ACT OF 1909. 


That on and after the day follow- 
ing the passage of this Act, except as 
otherwise specially provided for in 
this Act, the articles mentioned in 
the following paragraphs shall, when 
imported into the United States or 
into any of its possessions (except the 
Philippine Islands and the islands of 
Guam and Tutuila), be exempt from 
duty : 


1. Acids: Acetic or pyroligneous 
acid, not exceeding the specific gravity 
of one and_ “forty-seven one-thou- 
sandths, ? of 1 cent per pound; ex- 
ceeding the specific gravity of one and 
forty-seven one-thousandths, 2 cents 


ner pound," **°* -chromic : acid, 
2reents per pound seit «* “«* i osul- 
phuric acid or oil of vitriol not 


specially provided for in this section, 
+ of I cent per pound; * * *, 


482. Acids: Arsenic or arsenious, 
benzoic, carbolic, duoric, hydrochloric 
or muriatic, nitric, phosphoric, phtha- 


lic, picric, or nitropicric, prussic, 
silicic, and valerianic. 
687. Sulphuric acid which at the 


temperature of sixty degrees Fahren- 
heit does not exceed the _ specific 
gravity of one and three hundred and 
eighty one-thousandths, for use in 
manufacturing superphosphate of lime 
or artificial manures of any kind, or 
for any agricultural purposes: Pro- 
vided, That upon all sulphuric acid 
imported from any country, whether 
independent or a dependency, which 
imposes a duty upon sulphuric acid 
imported into such country from the 
United States, there shall be levied 
and collected a duty of 4 of 1 cent 
per pound. 


ACT OF 1913. 


That on and after the day follow- 
ing the passage of this Act, except as 
otherwise specially provided for in 
this Act, the articles mentioned in 
the following paragraphs shall, when 
imported into the United States or 
into any of its possessions (except 
the Philippine Islands and the islands 
of Guam and Tutuila), be exempt from 
duty : 


387. Acids: Acetic or pyroligneous, 
arsenic or arsenious, carbolic, chromic, 
fluoric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric or 
muriatiec, nitric, phosphoric, phthalic, 
prussic, silicic, sulphuric or oil of 
vitriol, and vaierianic. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Carbolic and phthalic acids——Repealed by the act of September 


8, 1916. (See par. 20.) 


ACETIC OR PYROLIGNEOUS ACID. 


Description and uses.—Acetic acid is the chemical constituent 


giving vinegar its sour taste. 
80 per cent of acetic acid. 


tains over 99 per cent, is known as glacial acetic acid. 


The common grades contain 25, 58, and 
The most concentrated grade, which con- 


The largest 


use is in manufacturing the pigments, white lead, and verdigris. 
Other uses are in printing and dyeing textiles; in the leather indus- 
try; in the manufacture of insecticides, inks, dyes, and drugs; and 


586 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. _ ; 


for laundry purposes. Pyroligneous acid is the crude acetic-acid 
solution obtained in the destructive distillation of wood. It does not 
enter commerce to any great extent, but is usually refined by con- 
version into acetate of lime. (See par. 440.) 

Production of acetic acid in 1914 was 75,303,375 pounds, whleee at 
$1,272,294. It is usually made from acetate of lime or of soda, and 
its manufacture is rather widespread. As a result of large war 
demands for acetone, a process which gives acetic acid as an inter- 
mediate product has been developed in Canada. This process uses 
the raw material, calcium carbide, and appears able to compete with 
acetic acid from acetate of lime. 

Imports of acetic acid increased after the act of 1918, but since 
1910 have never been more than 1 per cent of domestic production. 

Exports. of acetic acid are not shown. It is usually exported in 
the form of calcium acetate. (See par. 440.) 


ARSENIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Arsenic acid is the chemical name of an 
acid obtained from white arsenic by oxidation. Arsenious acid is a 
chemically different substance. This name is also applied to arsenic 
pentoxide (anhydride) which, upon the addition of water, produces 
arsenic acid. The acid as well as all soluble salts of arsenic are 
extremely poisonous. It is usually sold in the form of its anhydride 
for convenience in transportation, and is a very deliquescent sub- 
stance. Its use is in the manufacture of insecticides such as lead and 
calcium arsenates, in calico printing (sodium arsenate), for the manu- 
facture of arsenates, ete. 

Production.—Arsenie acid is manufactured by oxidizing white 
arsenic with nitric acid in suitable apparatus. It is sometimes made 
by suspending white arsenic in water, passing chlorine through the 
liquid, and evaporating the solution thus produced. The greater bulk 
of the domestic acid is probably consumed in the plants where 
produced. 

ARSENIOUS ACID. 


Description and uses.—Arsenious acid or white arsenic (arsenious 
oxide or arsenic trioxide) is the most important arsenic derivative. 
It is a white insoluble powder with a slightly metallic taste. It 
vaporizes without melting when heated in the open. White arsenic 
is used in the manufacture of insecticides; in glass making; when 
dissolved in glycerin, as a mordant in calico printing; in making 
various pigments; for fly and rat poisons; as a preservative for green 
hides; for the manufacture of arsenic salts and preparations; and 
in medicine. 

Production.—The domestic production of white arsenic has in- 
creased from 1,497 short tons in 1910 to 6,323 short tons, valued at 
$1,218,000, in 1918. 

Imports of arsenic and arsenious acids from 1908 to 1918 have 
averaged 2,725,575 pounds, valued at $126,828, coming chiefly from 
Germany, Canada, England, and Belgium. 


CHROMIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—The so-called chromic acid of commerce is 
chromic anhydride or chromium trioxide. It is a strongly acid sub- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 587 


stance crystallizing in scarlet needles, used in electric batteries, 
photography, as an oxidizer in analytical and manufacturing chem- 
ical operations, in tanning leather, etching copper, bleaching, and 
for hardening microscopical preparations. » 

Production.—Chromic acid is produced by treating sodium or 
potassium dichromate with concentrated sulphuric acid. ° 

Imports in 1914 were 7,211 pounds, valued at $1,195, all from Ger- 
many. 

FLUORIC AND HYDROFLUORIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Commercial hydrofluoric acid is a solution 
of the pure acid in water. Its principal use is for etching and mark- 
ing glass. The raw materials used in its manufacture are fluor spar 
and sulphuric acid, both produced in this country. It must be shipped 
in bottles of wax or lead. Fluoric acid is an obsolete term for hydro- 
fluoriec acid. . 

Production in 1914 by nine establishments was 7,209,248 pounds, 
of which 5,373,657 pounds were sold for $325,540. 

Imports have been less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the domestic 
production. Before the war they were mostly from Germany. 


HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Commercial hydrochloric acid is a solution 
of varying percentages of hydrogen chloride and water. When pure 
it is colorless, but the commercial grades usually contain traces of 
such impurities as ferric chloride, free chlorine, or organic matter, 
which colors the acid yellow. Impure hydrochloric or commerciai 
acid is often called muriatic acid. The acid is very corrosive, dis- 
solving metallic oxides and many metals forming chlorides. It is on 
the market in strengths ranging in density from 18° to 22° Baumé. 
In Europe it is used for the production of chlorine. In the United 
States it is employed for the production of chlorides of many metals, 
purifying bonechar, in dyeing and printing cloth, for preparing 
carbonic acid, in the manufacture of many coal-tar dyes, in pickling 
jron and steel, in the production of glue, and for many other purposes. 

Production.—Hydrochlorie acid is manufactured commercially by 
four processes: (1) In America, by the action of niter cake on common 
salt (sometimes modified by the addition of sulphuric acid); (2) in 
Burope, as a by-product from the manufacture of salt cake (Leblanc 
soda process); (3) as a by-product in the chlorination of organic 
materials, chiefly of coal-tar origin; and (4) synthetically, by the 
eombination of hydrogen and chlorine from electrolytic cells. The 
domestic production in 1918 was about 140,000,000 pounds of 100 per 
cent acid. 

Imports in 1914 were less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the 
domestie production. 

NITRIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Nitric acid is a highly corrosive, inorganic 
acid. In a concentrated form it rapidly destroys organic matter, 
while in a dilute state it attacks most metals forming metallic salts. 
It is sold in several standardized strengths expressed in degrees 
Baumé (specific gravity), which depend entirely upon the relative 
‘proportion of acid and water. The color of tle commercial acid varies 
from water white to deep red. Nitric acid is used in the manu- 


588 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


facture of nearly all explosives and coal-tar dyes, sulphuric acid 
(lead chamber process), pickling liquors, pyroxylin plastics, pyro- 
technics, imitation leather, rubber substitutes, insecticides, and the 
salts of many metals. 

Production.—It is made commercially by three distinct processes 
(1) from nitrate of soda and sulphuric acid, (2) by passing electric 
sparks through air, and (8) by passing ammonia and air over red-hot 
platinum. The nitrate-sulphuric acid process is the oldest, and is 
still the chief domestic source of nitric acid. The second and third 
processes have resulted from the large war demand for the acid and ~ 
beeause of insufficient raw materials (chiefly nitrate of soda, which 
is imported from Chile). The United States produced 78,589 short 
tons of nitric acid in 1914 and 634,817 short tons of 100 per cent 
acid in 1918. 

PHOSPHORIC ACID. 


= 


Description and uses.—The pure acid is a white solid, which ab- 
sorbs moisture rapidly; but it is usually sold as a sirupy liquid con- 
taining 85 per cent or less of the acid, produced technically by treat- 
ing calcium phosphate with sulphuric acid. The pure acid is made 
by treating pure phosphorus with nitric acid or by burning phosphorus 
to phosphoric anhydride, followed by treatment with water. The 
principal uses of phosphoric acid are in medicine, dental cements, and 
beverages. 

Production of phosphoric acid in 1914 was 12,420,191 pounds, 
valued at $680,239. 

Imports have been quite small and decreased from 528,826 pounds 
in 1914 to 17,711 pounds in 1918. Of the 1914 imports 65 per cent was 
from England. 


PRUSSIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Prussic acid (more correctly, hydrocyanic 
acid), is an extremely poisonous gas, usually generated from cyanide 
of soda. It is sold in a dilute solution or as a liquid undér pressure 
in cylinders. The latter method is employed in shipping hydrocyanic 
acid for the fumigation of citrous fruits, and must be handled with 
extreme care. Industrially, it is used chiefly as the sodium salt; 
it also has medicinal uses. (See par. 605.) 

Imports in 1917 (only year shown) were 441 pounds, valued at $124. 


SILICIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—In commerce this term refers to silicic 
acid anhydride, or silica. It is either the product: precipitated from 
an alkaline solution of silicate of soda (see par. 605), which gives a 
buiky, white, amorphous powder, or it is one of the natural forms 
of silica (quartz, flint, sand, and infusorial earth). 


~ 


SULPHURIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Sulphuric acid is the most important single 
commodity in the chemical industry. The strong acid is a compara- 
tively heavy (about twice the weight of water), oily liquid, practically 
colorless and odorless. The strong acid exhibits powerful dehydrating 
properties and is intensely corrosive. Sulphuric acid may be either 
“chamber-process acid” or ‘‘ contact-process acid,’ according to the 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 589 


method of manufacture. The strengths commonly recognized and 
dealt in commercially are 50, 60, and 66 per cent, monohydrate, and 
oleum, The chamber process yields impure acid not over 60 per cent 
in strength, whereas the contact-process acid is pure and concentrated. 
Sulphurie acid has diversified uses, but by far the greatest is in the 
production of commercial fertilizers. During the war large quan- 
tities were consumed in the production of explosives and explosive 
materials. 

Production.—Suiphurie acid is made by oxidizing sulphur dioxide 
to sulphur trioxide and absorbing the fumes or gases in water or 
weak sulphuric acid. The sulphur dioxide is obtained as a by- 
product from zine and copper smelting, or by burning iron pyrites 
(sulphur ore) or brimstone. The domestic production was. about 
4,705,000 short tons of 100 per cent acid in 1918 and 2,400,000 short 
tons in 1914. The large increase in 1918 was caused by the great 
demand in the manufacture of explosives. 

Exports before the war were less than 0.2 per cent of the domestic 
production 

VALERIANIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Valerianic or valeric acid is an oily liquid 
with a disagreeable odor. It is obtained by the oxidation of amyl 
alcohol from oil of valerian (see par. 46) or by distilling valerian 
root. It is used medicinally for hysteria and nervousness, 

Imports in 1914 were 1,164 pounds, valued at $755, all from Ger- 
many. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Phosphoric and phthalic acid anhydrides were held to come within 
_ this provision aS more specific than the provision for acid anhydrides 
in paragraph 1. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 141, of 1917; G. A. 7819, T. D. 
35914, of 1915.) 

Silicic acid.—Crushed stone or quartz, which upon chemical analy- 
sis shows a content of 98 to 99 per cent silicic acid, is free of duty 
as silicic acid under this paragraph. (G. A. 8104, T. D. 37396, of 
1917.) 

Nitric acid containing about 3 per cent in value of sulphuric acid, 
added for the purpose of preventing the nitric acid from attacking 
the metal of the tank cars in which shipped, was held free as nitric 
acid under this paragraph. (G. A. 7828, T. D. 36000, of 1915.) How- 
ever, a mixture of 20.16 per cent of sulphuric acid and 72.28 per cent 
of nitric acid, the balance water, was excluded from this paragraph, 
and held to be a mixture or mixed acid and dutiable under paragraph 
5. (G. A. 8235, T. D. 87927, of 1919.) An appeal from the last deci- 
sion is pending. Nitric acid is also largely sold in the form of mixed 
acid which is a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids. -This is done 
to facilitate shipment and the sulphuric acid also acts as a dehydrat- 
ing agent in organic nitrations for which mixed acid is chiefly used. 
Mixed acid is always used for its nitric-acid content. 

Arsenic acid is a substance different from arsenious acid. The 
provision for arsenious acid, more commonly called white arsenic, 
might well be stricken out of paragraph 887 and included in para- 
graph 408. 


590 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


‘ Wluorie acid” is an obsolete term for hydrofluoric acid and might 
be omitted from paragraph 387. ‘“ Prussic acid” is also obsolete; 
the term now in general use is “ hydrocyanic acid.” 

“ Chromic acid” of commerce is chromic anhydride. It would seem 
advisable to include chromic anhydride with chromic acid in this 
paragraph. (See par. 1.) 


PARAGRAPH 388. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


4838. Aconite. 388. Aconite. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Aconite is a crude drug. Both the roots 
and the leaves of the plant are used, the former, however, are more 
important. It is used mainly as a sedative, and is an important 
therapeutic. The alkaloid aconitine is also prepared from aconite. 

Production.—The chief producing countries are Germany, Austria- 
Hungary, England, Spain, and Japan. It is collected from wild 
plants chiefly, although occasionally cultivated, but has not been com- 
mercially produced here because of the small demand and low price. 

Imports of aconite are small and quite variable in amount. From 
1911 to 1917 they averaged 13,769 pounds, valued at $1,992. 


PARAGRAPH 389. 


7 
484, Acorns, raw, dried or undried, 389. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, 
but unground. but unground, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.——Of the several varieties of ccorns the sweet 
acorn of northwestern Africa is quite palatable, as are also several 
American varieties. All are excellent feed for swine. Roasted acorns 
are sometimes used either as a substitute for or an adulterant of 
coffee. The pericarps or acorn cups of certain varieties of oak are 
rich in tannin. 

Imports of dcorns decreased from 3,613 pounds in 1914 to 550 
pounds in 1918, and in value from $208 to $36. 


PARAGRAPH 390. 


485. Agates, unmanufactured. | 390. Agates, unmanufactured. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Agate is a variety of quartz which is 
peculiar in consisting of bands or layers of blended colors. Certain 
varieties are distinguished, as ribbon agate, fortification agate, moss 
agate, star agate, zone agate, clouded agate, etc. Most commercial 
agate is artificially stained, so that stones naturally unattractive 
come to be valuable for ornamental purposes. Agates are used in 
rings, cups, beads, boxes, handles of small utensils, burnishers, 
pestles, mortars, and trivial ornaments, and in delicate mechanisms, 
such as bearing-surface pivots and knife edges of weighing apparatus. 

Production.—Numerous localities yield agates. They are abun- 
dant in trap rocks of the Lake Superior region. Wood agate, or 
agatized wood, is found in Colorado, California, and elsewhere in the - 
West, the famous “ silicified forest’? known as Chalcedony Park, in 
Arizona, being most noted. Foreign agates are found mainly in Uru- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 


591 


guay and Brazil; these were formerly sent to Germany where their 
polishing was an important industry. 

Import values of agate from 1907 to 1914 ranged between $247 in 
1912 and $934 in 1907. Imports wholly disappeared shortly after the 
outbreak of the World War, due to the blockade of Germany, whence 


came the principal supply. 


PARAGRAPH 391. 


ACT OF 1309. 


476. Plows, tooth and disk harrows, 
harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills 
and planters, mowers, horserakes, cul- 
tivators, threshing machines, and cot- 
ton gins, 15 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That any of the foregoing, 
when imported from any country, de- 
pendency, province, or colony which 
imposes no tax or duty on like arti- 
cles imported from the United States, 
shall be imported free of duty. 


ACT OF 19138. 


391, Agricultural implements: 
Plows, tooth and disk harrows, head- 
ers, harvesters, reapers, agricultural 
drills and planters, mowers, horse- 
rakes, cultivators, thrashing machines, 
cotton gins, machinery for use in the 
manufacture of sugar, wagons and 
carts, and all other agricultural imple- 
ments of any kind and description, 
whether specifically mentioned herein 
or not, whether in whole or in parts, 


including repair. parts. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The articles of this paragraph may be 
classified as (1) agricultural implements, including cotton gins, (2) 
machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, and (8) wagons and 
earts. The first includes implements used in plowing, planting, reap- 
ing, and preparing crops for use in their raw form or for manufac- 
ture. The cotton gin, as its function is merely to separate the seeds 
from the cotton fiber and not to convert either into a more highly 
developed product, is an agricultural appliance similar to a thrashing 
machine. Sugar machinery belongs to a different category, as its 
purpose is to refine a raw product into one more highly developed. 
Wagons and carts, even when used in agricultural operations, obvi- 
ously form a distinet group. 

Production.—The United States leads in the manufacture of agri- 
cultural implements. In 1914 the total value (exclusive of cotton 
gins) was $164,086,835, divided as follows: Plows and cultivators, 
$38,662,037 ; planters and seeders, $12,188,757 ; harvesting implements, 
$39,581,286; seed separators, $13,096,289; all other products, includ- 
ing parts for all classes of implements, $59,121,201; amount received 
for repair work, $1,487,265. The output of cotton gins was valued 
at $4,901,680, and of sugar-mill machinery, at $1,971,546. Wagons 
and earts amounted to 533,601, valued at $34,506,942, of which farm 
wagons, including carts and trucks numbering 384,663, were valued 
at $19,708,423. 

Imports, compared with exports, are almost negligible. In 1918 
imports of agricultural implements, including cotton gins, sugar-mill 
machinery, and wagons and carts, amounted to only $459,461. 

Exports of agricultural implements (excluding cotton gins) ag- 
gregated $35,076,911 in 1918, classified as follows: Hay rakes and 
tedders, $732,485; mowers and reapers, $8,782,041; planters and 
seeders, $693,976; plows and cultivators, $8,745,415;  thrashers, 
$3,056,093 ; all other, $7,797,305; and parts of, $5,269,596. Cotton 
gins were valued at $131,468; sugar-mill machinery, $11,760,246; and 
agricultural wagons, $715,267. 


592 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph exempts from duty agricultural implements and 
parts thereof, while paragraph 119 imposes 380 per cent ad valorem 
on finished parts of automobiles; paragraph 121, 10 per cent on 
axles or parts thereof; paragrapb 125, 10 per cent on castings of 
malleable iron; paragraph 126, 20 per cent on chains of all kinds, of 
iron or steel n. s. p. f. and 25 per cent on sprocket and machine 
chains. These provisions of the dutiable list are for materials or 
articles which may be used, among other purposes, for automobiles or 
for or as agricultural implements. The general rule that an eo 
nomine provision prevails over a more general provision has been 
applied by the Board of General Appraisers in decisions upon sprocket 
chains, which were held dutiable under paragraph 126, where they 
are provided for by name, and not under paragraph 119 as paris of 
automobiles. (Abstract 363382, T. D. 34742, of 1914; Abstract 36781, 
T. D. 34871, of 1914.) On the other hand, castings of malleable iron 
have been held exempt from duty as parts of agricultural implements 
under this paragraph and not dutiable under the specific provision 
for them in paragraph 125. (G. A. 7702, T. D. 35246, of 1915.) 

The Court of Customs Appeals has declared chief use the de- 
termining factor. Such articles as long-handied and D-handled pol- 
ished shovels (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 408, of 1917, followed in Abstract 
42161, of 1918) have been held exempt from duty as agricultural 
implements; while hedge shears (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 243, of 1915) and 
pruning and budding knives (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 444, of 1915) have 
been held dutiable under the eo nomine provisions for them in para- 
graph 128. Scythes used for cutting grass and sickles for cutting 
weeds, corn, etc., have been held within this paragraph (Abstract 
37544, of 1915); also Japanese sickles, used by Japanese farmers in 
gathering crops (G. A. 8273, T. D. 38073, of 1919); but so-called 
grass hooks or sickles have been excluded and held dutiable as manu- 
factures of metal under paragraph 167 (T. D. 87797, of 1918). 

Other decisions holding articles or materials exempt from duty 
upon the particular records under this paragraph follow: Shears 
used exclusively for pruning vineyards and orchards and parts 
thereof (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 353, of 1916) and sheep shears specially 
designed for shearing sheep and exclusively used as agricultural im- 
plements (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 360, 364, of 1916) ; fraises, the abrading 
parts of machines which sharpen the knives of beet-cutting machines 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 494, of 1916); carburetors for farm tractors 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 179, of 1917); spades (T. D. 35648, of 1915) ; 
rake heads (Abstract 37178, of 1915) ; wool presses used exclusively on 
sheep ranches (G. A. 8246, T. D. 37964, of 1919) ; and beet-sugar pulp 
driers (G. A. 8311, T. D. 38221, of 1919). 

The following other articles or materials have been held upon the 
particular records not within this paragraph: Mills for grinding corn 
to be fed to poultry and other live stock (G. A. 8020, T. D. 86976, of 
1917) ; centrifugal machines and a pump and tank for use in con- 
nection with them, 90 per cent of such machines being used other- 
wise than in the manufacture of sugar (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 309, of 
1916); a machine to convert crystalline into amorphous sugar for 
making chocolate, being a machine for use in the manufacture of 
chocolate rather than sugar (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 287, of 1916); iron 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 593 


lawn rakes with wooden handles (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 562, of 1916) ; 
and ensilage cutters, the operation of cutting green cornstalks, pre- 
paratory to preserving and storing them into a silo as future fodder 
for cattle, not being necessarily an agricultural operation (G. A. 
$269, T. D. 38066, of 1919). An appeal from this decision is pending 
in the Court of Customs Appeals. 

Agricultural implements were defined to be such as are employed 
in pursuits that minister to human and, incidentally, animal sub- 
sistence; to the requirements of life (food), and possibly man’s 
comfort (raiment), and not merely pleasurable or ornamental ends. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 2483, of 1915.) The phrase “ whether in whole 
or in parts” relates not only to “all other agricultural implements ” 
but also the articles, appliances, or machines antecedently enumer- 
ated in this paragraph, and hence includes machinery for manufac- 
turing sugar. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 494, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 392. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1912, 
fee St -aibumen, ~*>"**  * 392. Albumen, not specially provided 
blood, 3 cents per pound; * * * for in this section. 


486. Albumen, not specially provided 
for in this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Albumen belongs to the nitrogenous organic 
substances known as proteins, constituents of both animals and plants. 
Egg albumen (par. 4) and blood albumen are the common commercial 
forms. Blood albumen is a by-product of slaughterhouses (large- 
scale production). Albumen may also be obtained from milk, and 
there is a so-called ‘‘ vegetable”? albumen. It is used as a mordant in 
dyeing and calico printing, in the leather industry, in gums and ad- 
hesives, aS a clarifying agent, for the preparation of photographic 
papers, and in medical foods. - 

Imports of albumen in 1914 were 382,589 pounds, valued at $58,175, 
about 75 per cent coming from Germany. Imports declined during 
the war and amounted to only 671 pounds in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchandise invoiced as “ Poudre a Julien” and classified as a 
nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 385 was found 
from the report of the analyst to be albumen and was held free of 
duty under this paragraph. Some of the merchandise was reported 
to be albumen mechanically combined with animal charcoal, and the 
protests were overruled as to this. (Abstract 40376, of 1916.) Lac 
albumen obtained through a chemical process in the separation of 
the product and casein from albulactin was held to be milk albumen 
and as such free of duty as albumen not specially provided for under 
paragraph 486 of the tariff act of 1903. (Abstract 26307, T. D. 31818, 
of 1911.) (See pars. 203 and 644.) 


PARAGRAPH 393. 


| 393. Alcohol, methyl or wood, 
184911°—20——38 


594 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—IJ/lethyl or wood alcohol, wood spirit or 
wood naphtha, is one of the primary products of the hardwood-distil- 
lation industry. The commercial grades vary from 82 per cent to pure 
methyl alcohol, acetone being the chief impurity. The largest use of 
wood alcohol is as a solvent in the paint and varnish industry, where 
acetone is desirable. Large quantities are consumed in the dye in- 
dustry and in the production of formaldehyde. It has many other 
uses as a solvent and is used for denaturing grain alcohol. : 

Production.—The distillation of wood produces a raw liquor con- 
taining acetic acid and alcohol; the acid is neutralized with lime and 
the alcohol distilled from the solution, and then purified by redistilla- 
tion. The output of crude wood alcohol in 1909 and 1914 was slightly 
in exeess of 9,000,000 gallons. The marketed production of refined 
wood alcohol in 1914 was 6,235,113 gallons, valued at $2,709,369. Pro- 
duction since has increased, due to demands by the dye industry and 
a larger production of formaldehyde. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and 
New York have been the principal producers of wood-distillation prod- 
ucts. During the war large plants were erected in the Southern Appa- 
lachian Mountains. 

Imports in 1914 were less than 1 per cent of domestic production. 

Exports of zood alcohol in 1909 were 11.8 per cent of domestic 
production and 16.6 per cent in 1914. Prior to the war, exports were 
about 1,500,000 gallons, chiefly to Germany, the United Kingdom, and 
the Netherlands. Since 1914 they have decreased somewhat, due to 
the blockade of Germany. In 1918 exports reached a maximum of 
2,588,001 gallons, valued at $2,070,026, France taking 75 per cent. 


PARAGRAPH 394. 


ACT OF 19069. ACT OF 1918. 
487. Alizarin, natural or artificial, 394. Alizarin, natural or synthetic, 
and dyes derived from alizarin or from | and dyes obtained from alizarin, an- 
anthracin, thracene, and carbazol. 


Repealed. (See “ Interpretation and comments,” par. 20.) 


PARAGRAPH 395. 


400. Ammonia, sulphate of. 395. Ammonia, sulphate of, perchlo- 
rate of, and nitrate of. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


See paragraph 7 for a general discussion of ammonia compounds. 
SULPHATE OF AMMONiZA. 


Description and uses.—Sulphate of ammonia, which is ammonia 
gas combined with sulphuric acid, forms the larger part of the world’s 
trade in ammonia. Commercial transactions are based on a standard. 
content of 25 per eent of ammonia (NH;). The largest use in norma! 
times is in the manufacture of fertilizers, greatly curtailed during 
the war on account of converting ammonia into ammonium nitrate for 
explosive purposes. It is also used in the preparation of other am- 
monium Salts. 

Production of ammonia (expressed as sulphate of ammonia) in 1917 
was more than 800.000 short tons. over 90 per cent of which was 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 595 


obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. In England 
the principal source is from illuminating gas works using the coal- 
gas process. Other countries obtained supplies from both sources in 
more or less equal quantities. Germany, since 1910, has been the 
largest producer; from 1910 to 1913 her exports were from 40,000 to 
70,000 tons in excess of imports. England ranks second and, prior 
to the war, exported about three-fourths of her output, thus leading 
as an exporter. The United States ranks third in production, with 
France fourth. 

Imports reached a maximum of 103,251 short tons in 1911, then 
decreased steadily to 3,988 tons in 1918. 


PERCHLORATE OF AMMONIA. 


Uses.—Perchlorate of ammonia has been used technically as an 
oxidizing agent and in the manufacture of explosive mixtures. 

Imports in 1914 and 1915 were about 70,000 pounds, valued at 
about $6,300, decreasing to less than 500 pounds a year. 


NITRATE OF AMMONIA. 


Description and uses.—Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline 
sait. When heated it decomposes into water and nitrous oxide 
(“laughing gas”’), widely used as an anesthetic during the war. Its 
largest use is in explosive mixtures, 90 per cent of which may be 
ammonium nitrate. 


Production greatly increased during the war to supply the demand 
for explosives. 


Imports in 1915 were 3,666,880 pounds, valued at $193.907, decreas- 
ing to 74,101 pounds, valued at $4,287, in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 396. 
ACT OF 1909. . ACT OF 1918. 


173. * * *:; antimony ore, stib- 396. Antimony ore and stibnite con- 
nite * * * containing antimony, | taining antimony, but only as to the 
but not containing more than 10 per | antimony content. 
centum of lead, 1 cent per pound on 
the antimony contents therein con- 
tained: Provided, That on all im- 
portations of antimony-bearing ores 
and matte containing antimony the 
duties shall be estimated at the port 
of entry and a bond given in double 
the amount of such estimated duties 
for the transportation of the ores by 
common carriers bonded for the trans- 
portation of appraised or unappraised 
merchandise to properly equipped sam- 
pling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded ware- 
houses or otherwise. On the arrival 
of the ores at such establishment, they 
shall be sampled according to com- 
mercial methods under the supervi- 
sion of Gevernment officers, who shall 
be stationed at such establishment, 
and who shall submit the samples 
thus obtained to a Government as- 

Sayer, designated by the Secretary of 
the Treasury, who shall make a proper } 


596 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. 


assay of the sample, and report the 
result to the proper customs officers, 


and the import entry shall be _ liq- 
uidated thereon, except in case of 
ores that Shall be removed to a 


bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- 
portation as provided by law, and 
the Secretary of the Treasury is au- 
thorized to make all necessary regu- 
lations to enforce the provisions of 
this paragraph; * * *, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The most important antimony ore is stib- 
nite, or antimony sulphide. Other important commercial antimony 
minerals are (1) valentinite, or antimony oxide, and a related form, 
senarmonite; (2) antimony ocher; and (3) jamesonite, or lead anti- 
mony sulphide. Besides the use of antimony ores as raw material 
for the metal antimony, commercial antimony products are obtained 
in the smelting process, such as antimony pigments and liquated anti- 
mony sulphide, the latter used directly in the manufacture of safety 
matches. Antimony is used chiefly in alloys, especially type metal, 
Britannia metal, and babbitt metal. 

Production of antimony ore was negligible until the industry was 
stimulated by extraordinarily high prices during the war. Domestic 
deposits are widely scattered and of doubtful importance. In 1916 
the output was estimated at 4,500 tons and in 1917 at 1,060 tons. At 
present, because of the low price of antimony, domestic production 
of the ore has practically ceased. China is the leading producer, 
furnishing fully 60 per cent of the world’s supply of antimony, 
although the ore is produced in many other countries. 

Imports of antimony ore in 1914 were 26 gross tons, valued at 
$1,245, practically all from China. In 1918 imports were 5,101 gross 
tons, valued at $468,646, one-fourth from China, most of the remainder 
from Chile and Mexico. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Liquated antimony is not within this paragraph, but is dutiable as 
a matte containing antimony under paragraph 144. (T. D. 37360, of 
1917.) 

Since stibnite is itself the most important antimony ore, no reason 
is apparent why it should be specifically designated in this para- 
graph in addition to antimony ore. 


PARAGRAPH 397, 


492. Any animal imported by a citi- 
zen of the United States specially for 
breeding purposes shall be admitted 
free, whether intended to be so used 
by the importer himself, or for sale 
for such purpose: Provided, That no 
such animal shall be admitted free 
unless pure bred of a recognized breed, 
and duly registered in the book of 
record established for that breed: 
And provided further, That certificate 


3897. Any animal imported by a citi- 
zen of the United States, specially for 
breeding purposes, shall be admitted 
free, whether intended to be used by 
the importer himself or for sale for 
such purposes: Provided, That no 
such animal shall be admitted free 
unless pure bred of a _ recognized 
breed, and duly registered in a book 
of record recognized by the Secretary 
of Agriculture for that breed: And 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


of such record and of the pedigree of 
such animal shall be produced and 
submitted to the customs officer, duly 
authenticated by the proper custodian 
of such book of record, together with 
the affidavit of the owner, agent, or 
importer .that such animal is the 
identical animal described in said 
certificate of- record and pedigree: 
And provided further, That the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture shall determine 
and certify to the Secretary of the 
Treasury what are recognized breeds 
and pure bred animals under the pro- 
visions of this paragraph. The Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may prescribe 
such additional regulations as may be 
required for the strict enforcement of 
this provision. Cattle, horses, sheep, 
or other domestic animals, straying 
across the boundary line into any for- 
eign country, or driven across such 
boundary line by the owner for tem- 
porary pasturage purposes only, to- 
gether with their offspring, may be 
brought back to the United States 
within six months free of duty, under 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury: And pro- 
vided further, That the provisions of 
this act shall apply to all such ani- 
mals as have been imported and are 
in quarantine, or otherwise in the 
custody of customs or other officers 
of the United States, at the date of 
‘the passage of this Act. 


597 
~ ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


provided further, That the certificate 
of such record and pedigree of such 
animal shall be produced and_ sub- 
mitted to the Department of Agricul- 
ture, duly authenticated by the proper 
custodian of such book of record, to- 
gether with an affidavit of the owner, 
agent, or. importer that the animal 
imported is the identical animal de- 
Secribed in said certificate of record 
and pedigree. The Secretary of Ag- 
riculture may prescribe such regula- 
tions aS may be required for deter- 
mining the purity of breeding and the 
identity of such animal: And _ pro- 
vided further, That the collectors of 
customs shall require a_ certificate 
from the Department of Agriculture 
stating that such animal is pure bred 
of a recognized breed and duly regis- - 
tered in a book of record recognized 
by the Secretary of Agriculture for 
that breed. The Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe such addi- 
tional regulations as may be requirea 


for the strict enforcement of this 
provision. Horses, mules, and asses 
straying across the boundary line 


into any foreign country, or driven 
across such boundary line by the 
owner for temporary pasturage pur- 
poses only, together with their off- 
spring, shall be dutiable unless 
brought back to the United States 
within six months, in which ease 
they shall be free of duty, under 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury: And pro- 
vided further, That the provisions of 
this Act shall apply to all such ani- 
mals as have been imported and are 
in quarantine or otherwise in the cus- 
tody of customs or other officers of 
the United States at the date of the 
taking effect of this Act. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports.—Previous to 1914 statistics are available as to the num- 
ber of pure-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs imported, but as paragraph 
619 of the act of 1913 provides for the free entry of all domestic live 
animals suitable for human food, certificates of pure breeding were 


no longer required for these animals. 


In 19138, 2,024 pure-bred cattle— 


the Guernsey, Jersey, Shorthorn, and Ayrshire being the principal 
breeds—806 pure-bred sheep, and 29 pure-bred hogs were imported. 
The year 1913 was an average one for the importation of pure-bred 
horses before the war, a total of 2,990 entering. Of these, 1,482 were 
Percherons, 977 Belgian draft horses, and 185 of the Shire breed. 
In 1913, 576 pure-bred dogs and 24 pure-bred cats were imported. 
Imports declined during the war, only 180 pure-bred horses entering 
in 1918, as compared with 1,210 during 1914. Certificates of pure 
breeding were: issued for 260 animals in 1918 and 1,860 in 1914. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


598 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


To entitle animals imported for breeding purposes to exemption 
from duty under this paragraph, a certificate from the Department 
of Agriculture stating that such animal is pure bred of a recognized 
breed and duly registered in a book of record recognized by the 
Secretary of Agriculture must be produced to the collector. Neither 
the collector nor the Board of General Appraisers is vested with 
power to determine the sufficiency of the proof required by said de- 
partment upon which the above-named certificates should be fur- 
nished. (G. A. 8255, T. D. 38011, of 1919.) Animals originally ad- 
mitted free as animals for breeding purposes may be admitted free 
upon reimportation and entry in the district of original importation. 
(T. D. 36468, of 1916, amending T. D. 31147, of 1910.) <A cor- 
poration organized under State laws is a citizen of the United States 
within the meaning of that portion of paragraph 492 of the act of 
1909 which provides that “ any animal imported by a eitizen of the 
United States specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted free.” 
(G. A. 7386, T. D. 32776, of-1912.) Harness and blankets necessary 
for the transportation of blooded horses duly certified and admitted 
under the statute and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury thereunder for free entry are to be considered as necessary 
equipment for the safe transportation of the animals and are not 
subject to duty. (G. A. 7418, T. D. 33054, of 1912.) Under the last 
part of paragraph 492 of the act of 1909 the Secretary of the Treasury 
promulgated regulations (T. D. 31147, of 1910) as contemplated by 
the statute. These regulations are reasonable and their promulgation 
is within the power given to the Secretary of the Treasury by the 
statute. (Abstract 30669, T. D. 32997, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 398. 


ACT OF 1909. 


493, Animals brought into’ the 
United States temporarily for a _ pe- 
riod not exceeding six months, for the 
purpose of breeding, exhibition or com- 
petition for prizes offered by any agri- 
cultural, polo, or racing association ; 
but a bond shall be given in accord- 
ance with regulations prescribed by 


the Secretary of the Treasury; also. 


teams of animals, including their har- 
ness and tackle and the wagons or 
other vehicles actually owned by per- 
sons emigrating from foreign countries 
to the United States with their fami- 
lies, and in actual use for the pur- 
pose of such emigration under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe; and wild ani- 
mals intended for exhibition in zoologi- 
eal collections for scientific and edu- 
eational purposes, and not for sale or 
profit. 


GENERAL 


ACT OF 1918. 


398. Animals brought into the 
United States temporarily for a pe- 
riod not exceeding six months, for the 
purpose of brecding, exhibition or com- 
petition for prizes offered by any agri- 
cultural, polo, or racing association ; 
but a bond shall be given in accord- 
ance with regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury; also teams 
of animals, including their harness and 
tackle, and the wagons or other ve- 
hicles actually owned by persons emi- 
grating from foreign countries to the 
United States with their families, and 
in actval use for the purpose of such 
emigration under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe; and wild animals intended for 
exhibition in zoological collections for 
scientific and educational purposes, 
and not for sale or profit. 4 


INFORMATION, 


Imports.—Separate figures are not available for animals imported 
temporarily for the purpose of breeding, etc.; they are included in the 


figures for pure-bred animals given in paragraph 397. 


Statistics of 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 599 


animals of immigrants show no steady movement of increase or 
decrease. The average number of horses during 1914-1918 was 1,157, 
valued at $114,238, and the average of animals of all other kinds was 
50, valued at $8,504. 

Wild animals intended for exhibition, etc., imported in 1918 were 
valued at $7,052, and the average value for 1914-1918 was $12,783. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Dogs for exhibition purposes are not entitled to enter except on 
payment of duty or the filing of a six-month bond under this para- 
graph and articles 378-880 of the Customs Regulations of 1915. 
(T. D. 37985, of 1919.) An automobile brought into the United States 
by an emigrant from England was held not to be free of duty under 
paragraph 493 of the act of 1909. Free entry was held not to be 
granted in that paragraph to wagons or any other vehicles unless the 
same are drawn by animals, as the paragraph includes within its 
scope only animals and such harness and vehicles as are used there- 
with. (G. A. 7236, T. D. 31706, of 1911.) A team of horses, used for 
transporting an emigrant’s household effects to the train and brought 
along with them, was held free of duty under paragraph 493 of the 
act of 1909. (Abstract 24218, T. D. 31070, of 1910). A citizen of the 
United States, a resident of North Dakota, who together with his 
wife and children journeyed through Canada, making stops of from 
three to five days at various places and finding nothing to suit him, 
returned to the United States after a period of about three months, 
was held not to be an “ enigrant” within the meaning of the word 
as used in paragraph 493 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 23302, T. D. 
30615, of 1911.) <A horse imported free of duty for exhibition pur- 
poses under bond as provided for in paragraph 4938 of the act of 
1909 was held not to be dutiable when accidentally killed within the 
six months’ period. (G. A. 7412, T. D. 33049, of 1912.) In such case 
the Treasury Department instructed the collector to cancel the entry 
for consumption and cause application for cancellation of the exhibi- 
tion bond to be forwarded for action under T. D. 31999, of 1911. 
(T. D. 338202, of 1913.) 

PARAGRAPH 399. 


ACT GCF 198909. ACT OF 1943. 
494, Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or or- 099. Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or or- 
leans, and all extracts of. leanss and all extracts of. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 





Description and uses.—Annatto (arnotto, rocou or or.eans, roucou) 
is a natural dye derived from the seed pulp of the Bizz orellana, 
a shrub native to Central America and cultivated in Brazil, Guiana, ° 
Mexico, the Antilles, and India. It is partially soluble in water, but 
more completely soluble in alcohol, alkalies, carbonates, borax, and 
soap. The pulp contains two coloring matters, bixin (red) and orellin 
(yellow), which may be extracted with alcohol or a sodium carbonate 
solution. Annatto is sold in the crude state as seed or as pulp, in 
the trade called “ fine.” The dye is used to color butter and cheese. 

Production.—To prepare the dye, the seeds and pulp are macerated 
in water and allowed to ferment. The product is strained and the 
eoloring matter which settles out is dried. 


600 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of annatto during 1910-1918 averaged 659,217 pounds, 
valued at $47,163. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Annatto butter coloring is not free of duty under this paragraph, 
but is dutiable as a nonenumerated article. (Abstract 33234, T. D. 
33668, of 1913, following Abstract 19944, T. D. 29339, of 1908.) 


PARAGRAPH 400. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


704, Vaccine virus, 400, Antitoxins, vaccine virus, and 
all other serums derived from animals 
and used for therapeutic purposes, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The sale and propagation of the biological 
products, antitoxins, vaccine virus, serums, ete., are controlled by the 
Public Health Service. They are defined in the act of July 1, 1902, as 
follows: (1) A virus is a product containing the minute living cause 
of an infectious disease. (2) A serum is the product obtained from 
the blood of an animal by removing the clot or clot compounds and 
the blood cells. (8) An antitoxin is a product containing the soluble 
substance in the serum or other body fluid of an immunized animal 
which specifically neutralizes the toxin against which the animal is 
immune. The use of vaccines began with Jenner’s discovery in 1796, 
that the vaccine from cowpox conferred immunity against smallpox. 
Other important products are diphtheria antitoxin, antityphoid vac- 
cine, and antianthrax, antidysenteric, antitetanus, antipneumonia, 
anticholera, and antirabic serums. 

Production.—There were 93 manufacturers of biological products 
in 1914, with an output valued at $6,223,475. 

Imports.—Before the war Germany, France, England, and Switzer- 
land supplied the bulk of imports, in 1914 valued at $19,019, and de- 
creasing to $6,009 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Arsphenamine, neoarsphenamine, and similar preparations are 
treated as biological products under the act of July 1, 1902. (T. D. 
38095, of 1919.) The act of March 4, 1918 (T. D. 33575), also relates 
to serums. ° 

To provide for such products not serums the paragraph might be 
enlarged to read ‘“‘ antitoxins, vaccine virus, and all Serums, vaccines, 
and other products derived from animals and used for therapeutic 
purposes, not specially provided for in this section.” 


PARAGRAPH 401. 
495, Apatite. | 401. Apatite. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Apatite is a naturally occurring crystalline 
mineral consisting of calcium phosphate combined with calcium 
fluoride, chloride, or carbonate, sold on a basis of 75 to 80 per cent 
of calcium phosphate. It is usually treated with sulphuric acid to 
form “superphosphate” for fertilizer purposes, but has certain ob- 
jections which favor the use of other phosphate materials. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 601 


Production.—The chief deposits of apatite are located in Canada 
and Spain. Domestic production data are not available. 

Imports of apatite in 1913 were 2,930 tons, valued at $22,585. Data 
are not shown since 1914. 


PARAGRAPH 402, 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19183. 
496. Arrowroot in its natural state 402. Arrowroot in its natural state 
and not manufactured. and not manufactured, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Arrowroot is loosely applied to starch ex- 
tracted from a number of roots and grains, but more correctly it is 
the starch derived from Maranta arundinacea, a plant native to tropi- 
eal America and particularly the West Indies. It is sometimes adul- 
terated with potato and corn starch, which are cheaper and similar 
products. Its chief use is for infant’s food. 

Production.—Arrowroot is prepared by mashing the Maranta tubers 
and washing the starch from the pulp and fiber. The Maranta 
plant is not grown on an extensive scale, but the starch is sometimes 
manufactured from imported tubers. Some arrowroot is manufac- 
tured in the Southern States from a plant known as koonti. 

Imports of crude arrowroot in 1914 were 8,615 pounds,:valued at 
$316, and in 1918, 15,998 pounds, valued at $2,998. Considerable 
refined arrowroot starch (see par. 234) is imported, amounting 
in 1914 to 179,056 pounds, valued at $20,041, of which 106,392 
pounds, valued at $6,377, were of the St. Vincent variety (British 


West Indies). 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision in paragraph 478 of the act of 1897 for “ arrowroot 
in its natural state and not manufactured ” was held to relate to the 
tubers or root of the arrowroot plant, though no importations were 
ever made in that form, and not to include the article commercially 
known as “arrowroot” consisting of starch made from arrowroot 
tubers which was classable as “starch” under paragraph 285. (130 
Fed., 106, of 1904.) (See par. 2384.) 


PARAGRAPH 403. 


497. Arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, 403. Arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, 
or orpiment. ~ | or orpiment, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The chief ores of arsenic are the two sul- 
phides, orpiment (yellow sulphide) and realgar (red sulphide). 
Metallic arsenic forms alloys with many metals. It is sometimes 
added to iron and steel for the manufacture of small chains and 
ornaments, as it makes the metal susceptible to a brilliant polish. 
Alloyed with copper, it gives a brilliant gray metal, sometimes used 
for making buttons. The chief use for metallic arsenic, however, is 
in the manufacture of shot. Orpiment is used in dyeing to reduce 
indigo, and in leather manufacture for removing the hair from skins. 
Realgar is used as a pigment, and for making a white (Bengal) fire, 
used as a signal light. 


602 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production.—White arsenic, a raw material of metallic arsenie, is 
derived abundantly in the United States as a by-product from the 
sinelting of copper, lead, gold, and silver ores. Its conversion to’ 
metallic arsenic has been undertaken only recently, therefore is still 
a small industry. The principal foreign producers of arsenic are 
Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, England, Turkey, and Canada. 

Imports include wiite arsenic, metallic arsenic, and arsenic sul- 
phides. The quantity was 4,148,928 pounds, valued at $169,614 in 
1914, and 7,691,048 pounds, valued at $654,282 in 1918. Considerable 
yearly variation is shown. The value in 1918 is the maximum re- 
ported since 1898, although the maximum quantity (10,538,489 pounds) 
was reported in 1899. Prior to 1914 England, Germany, and Canada 
supplied most of the imports; since then, Mexico and Canada. Im- 
ports consist chiefly of white arsenic, 

Exports of domestic arsenic are not stated. Imported arsenic and 
sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment, were reexported from the United 
States in 1918 to the amount of 193,600 pounds, valued at $27,840. 
There were no exports in 1914. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This provision embraces arsenic in any form and therefore metallic 
arsenic. (G, A. 6708, T. D. 28700, of 1908.) Ground ore consisting 
chiefly of arsenic and antimony in the form of oxides was held not 
within this provision. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1914.) 

The words “or orpiment,” in paragraph 403, tend to restrict sul- 
phide of arsenic to the one sulphide, whereas there are two sulphides, 
orpiment and realgar. 

PARAGRAPH 404, 





ACT OF 19069. 


500, Articles the growth, produce, 
or manufacture of the United States, 
not including animals, when returned 
after having been exported, without 
having been advanced in value or im- 
proved in condition by any process of 
manufacture or other means; casks, 
barrels, carboys, bags, and other con- 
tainers or coverings of American man- 
ufacture exported filled with American 
products, or exported empty and re- 
turned filled with foreign products, in- 
cluding shooks and staves when re 
turned as barrels or boxes; also quick- 
silver flasks or bottles, iron or steel 
drums used for the shipment of acids, 
of either domestic or foreign manu- 
facture, which shall have been actually 
exported from the United States; but 
proof of the identity of such articles 
shall be made, under general regula- 
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, but the exemption of 
bags from duty shall apply only to 
buch domestic bags as may be imported 
by the exporter thereof, and if any 
such articles are subject to internal- 
revenue tax at the time of exportation, 
such tax shall be proved to have been 
paid before exportation and not re- 


ACT OF 1918. 


404. Articles the growth, produce, 
or manufacture of the United States, 
when returned after having been ex- 
ported, without havirge been advanced 
in value or improved in condition by 
any process of manufacture or other 
means; steel boxes, casks, barrels, car- 
boys, bags, and other containers or 
eoverings of American manufacture 
exported filled with American products, 
or exported empty and returned filled 
with foreign products, including shooks 
and staves when returned as barrels 
or boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bot- 
tles, iron or steel drums of either do- 
mestic or foreign manufacture, used 
for the shipment of acids, or other 
chemicals, which shall have been actu- 
ally exported from the United States ; 
but proof of the identity of such arti- 
eles shall be made, under general regu- 
lations to be prescribed by the Seere- 
tary of the Treasury, but the exemp- 
tion of bags from duty shall apply 
only to such domestie bags as may be 
imported by the exporter thereof, and 
if any such articles are subject to in- 
ternal-revenue tax at the time of ex- 
portation, such tax shall be proved to 
have been paid before exportation and 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


funded; photographie dry plates or 
films of American manufacture (except 
moving-victure films), exposed abroad, 
whether developed or not, and films 
from moving-picture machines, light 
struck or otherwise damaged, or worn 
out, so as to be unsuitable for any 
other purpose than the recovery of the 
constituent materials, provided the 
basic films are of. American manufac- 
ture, but proof of the identity of such 
articles shall be made under general 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury: Provided, 
That this paragraph shail not apply 
to any article upon which an allow- 
ance of drawback has been made, the 
reimportation of which is hereby pro- 
hibited except upon payment of duties 
equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to 
any article manufactured in bonded 
warehouse and exported under any 
provision of law: And provided fur- 
ther, That when manufactured tobacco 
which has been exported without pay- 
ment of internal-revenue tax shall be 
reimported it shall be retained in the 
custedy of the collector of customs 
until internal-revenue stamps in pay- 
ment of the legal duties shall be placed 
thereon. 


[Amended by the Act of July 27, 
1911 (T. D. 381784), by striking out 
the words “not including animals” 
and adding the following proviso :] 

And provided further, That cattle, 
horses, sheep, and other domestic ani- 
mals straying across the boundary line 
into any foreign country or driven 
across such boundary line by the own- 
ers for temporary pasturage purposes 
only, together with their offspring, 
shall be dutiable, unless brought back 
to the United States within six months, 
under regulations to be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in ac- 
cordance with the provisions of para- 
graph four hundred and ninety-two. 


603 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


not refunded; photographic dry plates 
or films of American manufacture (ex- 
cept. moving-picture films), exposed 
abroad, whether developed or not, and 
films from moving-picture machines, 
light struck or otherwise damaged, or 
worn out, so as to be unsuitable for 
any other purpose than the recovery 
of the constituent materials, provided 
the basic films are of American manu- 
facture, but proof of the identity of 
such articles shall be made under gen- 
eral regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury; articles 
exported from the United States for 
repairs may be returned upon payment 
of a duty upon the value of the re- 
pairs at the rate at which the article 
itself would be subject if imported un- 
der conditions and regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury: Provided, That this para- 
graph shall not apply to any article 
upon which an allowance of drawback 
has been made, the reimportation of 
which is hereby prohibited except upon 
payment of duties equal to the draw- 
backs allowed; or to any article manu- 
factured in bonded warehouse and ex- 
ported under any provision of law: 
And provided further, That when man- 
ufactured tobacco which has been ex- 
ported without payment of internal- 
revenue tax shall be reimported it shal! 
be retained in the custody of the col- 
lector of customs until internal-reve- 
nue stamps in payment of the legal 
duties shall be placed thereon: And 
provided further, That the provisions 
of this paragraph shall not apply to 
animals made dutiabie under the pro- 
visions of paragraph 3597. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The benefits of this paragraph are granted conditionally upon com- 
pliance with the regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. These regulations, when reasonable and not beyond the 
scope of the law, become a condition precedent to the right of free 
entry. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 439, of 1917, and cases therein cited.) 
That part of this paragraph which provides for the return of ar- 
ticles repaired abroad with the payment of duties on the repairs 
has been held to be intended to cover articles sent abroad for the 
purpose of having them repaired. (G. A. 7713, T. D. 35330, of 1915.) 
These decisions under the act of 1913 show the scope of the provision. 
A jacket made from two sealskin jackets taken abroad was held to 
come within this provision (Abstract 37650, of 1915) ; also a dianwond 
pin taken abroad and reset (T. D. 35096, of 1915); and a marine 
engine salved from a wrecked American vessel, sold and repaired in 
British Columbia and shipped back to the United States, was held to 


604. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


be “exported * * * for repairs” within the meaning of the 
paragraph and dutiable to the extent of the repairs, it being mani- 
festly impossible to comply with the regulations and other proof 
being received. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., , T. D. 88047, of 1919.) A 
bracelet made abroad out of diamonds composing a pin does not come 
within the provision. (G. A. 7718, T. D. 35330, of 1915.) An auto- 
mobile valued at more than $2,000, imported from England and re- 
turned to that country for repairs, and then reimported, was held 
dutiable on the value of such repairs under this paragraph at the 
same rate that would have been levied upon the automobile under 
paragraph 119 if the automobile itself had been subject to duty. 
(G, A. 7789, T. D. 85795, of 1915.) 

Compliance with the regulations is not required where domestic 
products returned upon which no drawback has been allowed are 
provided for in the free list. (T. D. 34409, 34669, of 1914.) Drums 
used for the shipment of glycerin are entitled to free entry upon 
reimportation (T. D. 34112, of 1914); also for the shipment of 
coconut oil (T. D. 34864, of 1914); and of oxygen gas (T. D. 36555, 
of 1916) ; and of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil (T. D. 34568, 
of 1914). (See also T. D. 34955, of 1914.) 

Compliance with article 333 of the Customs Regulations of 1915 is a 
condition precedent to the right of free entry under the “American 
goods returned ”’ provision of the law. When in a paragraph of the 
law direct authority is given by Congress to the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury to make regulations for its administration, these regulations, when 
once made, become a part and parcel of the law itself. (G. A. 7957, 
T. D. 86655, of 1916.) Among the articles held to be free as American 
goods returned, not advanced in value or improved in condition, are 
disks of tin plate, the by-product of the manufacture in Canada of 
cans from tin plate from the United States (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 82, of 
1917) ; aniline dye mixed in the United States out of domestic and 
foreign products (Abstract 42312, of 1918); hard spelter made in 
Canada from soft spelter taken from the United States (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 399, of 1918) ; cotton piece goods, the filing of a certificate of 
exportation at the port of destination when one had been filed at the 
port of export and reimport being declared unnecessary because the 
collector at the port of destination should have ascertained whether 
the goods were in fact exported as claimed by the importer and set 
forth in the papers (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38201, of 1919). 
Tungstic acid having been exported from the United States to Canada 
and the tungsten there recovered, the insoluble residue, when 
brought back to the United States for the purpose of reclaiming 
the tungstic acid in it, is within the meaning of this paragraph. 
Scraps or clippings of tungsten. ingots and wire are not entitled to 
claim identity with the tungstic acid. ‘The insoluble residue is a 
part of what was exported, while the scraps or clippings are manu- 
factures from what was exported. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 
37981, of 1919.) 

Articles held not to be within the provision are bags or sacks, the 
protestant not having shown that the bags were imported by the ex- 
porter thereof in accordance with the provisions of the paragraph 
(Abstract 40449, of 1916); an automatic grain scale where the bond 
given to produce the certificate of exportation required by the regu- 
lations was allowed to lapse (Abstract 38938, of 1915); and ground 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 605 


oat hulls exported from the United States as a part of the whole oat, 
the hulls ‘separated from the balance of the oat in Canada and 
ground by a mill especially provided for that purpose, because with 
reference to the state in which they were exported they have been 
improved in condition and advanced in value (G. A. 8284, T. D. 
38108, of 1919; see also T. D, 88150, of 1919). 

Satisfactory evidence must be produced of the American origin of 
moving-picture films claimed to be free as American goods returned. 
(T. D. 34892, of 1914.) 


PARAGRAPH 405. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
503. Asafetida. 405. Asafetida. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—ASafetida, a crude drug, is a gum resin 
obtained from the root of Ferula fetida, It is an ancient medicinal, 
not now highly valued, but still used in nervous affections. 

Production.—It is collected from a wild plant native to the 
deserts of Persia and Afghanistan. No attempts have been made to 
cultivate it. The product comes chiefly by way of India. 

Imports of asafetida for 1909-1917 averaged 100,734 pounds, valued 
at $40,808. 

PARAGRAPH 406. 


501, Asbestos, unmanufactured. | 406. Asbestos, unmanufactured, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The common term asbestos includes a half 
dozen minerals with well-developed fibrous structure, but differing 
in chemical and in some physical characteristics. Some varieties have 
a fiber so fine, silky, and elastic as to be spun and woven like wool or 
cotton. The most important of the asbestos minerals is chrysotile. 
Important uses are for brake linings, boiler and steam pipe coverings, 
building papers, electrical insulators, and in plaster and paints. 
Numerous other uses are determined by its fibrous structure, infusi- 
bility, insolubility in chemicals, and low conductivity. 

Production marketed in 1917 was 1,683 tons, valued at $506,056; 
and 1,247 tons, valued at only $18,965 in 1914. Georgia has been the 
largest producer, but recently Arizona has yielded a high-grade prod- 
uct containing a large proportion of superior spinning fiber. Vermont, 
Idaho, California, and Washington were also producers. 

Canada in 1916 furnished 133,389 tons, fully 75 per cent of the 
world’s supply. Russia ranked second with less than one-seventh the 
output of’ Canada. The United States is the largest consumer, and 
the high-grade Arizona product, making good spinning fiber, offers 
the one domestic prospect. Arizona fiber sold in 1917 for $301 a ton, as 
compared with about $50 a ton for all grades of Canadian fiber. 

Imports of asbestos in 1918 were 117,183 tons, valued at $5,384,735, 
of which 118,068 tons, valued at $5,017,091, came from Canada, the 
balance from British South Africa and Portuguese Africa. In 1914 
imports were 76,524 tons, valued at $1,678,736, practically all from 
Canada. 


606 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports of asbestos ore and wimanufactured asbestos in 1918 were 
767 tons, valued at $117,413, nearly all to Canada, Japan, Australia, 
and France, compared with 109 tons, valued at $5,050, in 1914. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Asbestos finish,’ consisting of the shortest fibers of asbestos 
screenings, or refuse obtained in eliminating the longer asbestos fibers 
from the rock, was held exempt from duty as asbestos unmanufactured 
and not dutiable as a manufacture of asbestos under the act of 1913. 
(Abstract 41761, of 1918.) 

A earding process which does not improve or advance the asbestos 
itself, but simply removes impurities does not take the merchandise 
from this paragraph. (Abstract 82612, of 1913.) Nor does separation 
of the fiber from the rock by mechanical processes constitute a manu- 
facture. (G. A. 4908, T. D. 22987, of 1901; G. A. 3869, T. D. 16850, of 


1896; G, A. 819, T. D. 11828, of 1891.) 
PARAGRAPH 407. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


407. Ashes, wood and lye of, and 
| beet-root ashes. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


502. Ashes, wood and lye of, and 
beet-root ashes, 


Description and uses.—Wood ashes become of commercial im- 
portance only where there are extensive forests and large sawmills, 
the wood waste being burned for fuel at the mills and the ashes sold. 
Wood-ashes are sometimes used directly as a fertilizer on aceount of 
their potash and phosphorus content. The lye obtained by leaching 
is strongly caustic. It is used in the making of soap or is boiled 
down and crude potash salts obtained. Beet-root ashes are also 
sometimes used as a fertilizer. 

Imports of wood ashes have varied in value from $27,884 in 1914 
to $55,226 in 1917, and $47,932 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 408. 


ore 


355. Bagging for cotton, gunny 
cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for 
covering cotton, composed of single 
yarns made of jute, jute butts, or hemp, 


not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, | 


painted, or printed, not exceeding six- 
teen threads to the square inch, count- 
ing the warp and filling, and weighing 
not less than fifteen ounces per square 
yard, 3 of 1 cent per square yard, 


352. Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, by whatever name known, 
weighing not less than six ounces per 
square yard and not exceeding thirty 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, ~ of 1 cent per 
pound and 15 per centum-ad valorem; 
if exceeding thirty and not exceeding 
fifty-five threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, Z of 1 
cent per pound and 15 per centum ad 
valorem, 


408. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, 
and similar fabrics, suitable for cover- 
ing cotton, composed of single yarns 
made of jute, jute butts, seg, Russian 
seg, New Zealand tow, Norwegian tow, 
aloe, mill waste, cotton tares, or other 
material not bleached, dyed, colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, not ex- 
ceeding sixteen threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and filling, 
and weighing not less than fifteen 
ounces per square yard; plain woven 
fabries of single jute yarns by what- 
ever name known, not bleached, dyed, 
colored, stained, printed, or rendered 
poninflammable by any process; and 
waste of any of the above articles 
suitable for the manufacture of paper. 





7 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 607 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—imports under this paragraph exceed in 
value those of any other textile paragraph except 358. Jute burlap 
imports alene exceed in value all manufactures of wool under 
Schedule K. Paragraph 408 includes mainly burlap and “ cotton 
bagging.” : 

(1) Plain-woven jute cloths, of single yarns made from long jute, 
are used fer manufacture into bags and sacks; for covering goods 
' put up in bales, particularly cotton yarns and cloths; by the packers 
for wrapping meat; as a foundation material for linoleum and floor 
oileloths, and for coating with asphalt to make roofing; and for 
yarious other purposes, such as padding for coats. The most largely 
manufactured of all jute fabrics is known abroad as “ hessian”’ and 
lecally as “ burlap.” ‘This is a plain-woven cloth of single jute yarns, 
made in practically all widths, but mainly the 40-inch, weighing from 
6 te 14 ounces per linear yard. It is used for a great variety of 
purpeses. The standard cloth upon which prices are usually based 
is the 40-inch, 103-ounce, chested-finish hessian. 

(2) Plain-woven jute cloths, of single yarns made from jute butts, 
are mainly “cotten bagging.” This is also called cotton-wrapper 
bagging and gunny cloth, and is the coarsest fabric made of jute, 
usually having only four or five threads to the square inch and weigh- 
ing 2 to 24 pounds per linear yard of 44-inch width. The United 
States requires some 75,000,000 yards of this cotton bagging to cover a 
12,500,000-bale crop of raw cotton. We manufacture most of our 
requirements, using also reworked bagging and old sugar bags. 

Production.—Calcutta is the chief center for woven fabrics of 
single jute yarns, Dundee coming second. Prior to the war the United 
States wove the cotton bagging required from imported jute butts, 
but practically no burlap made from long jute was produced here. 
During the war a number of manufacturers, at Government request, 
installed looms for the production of burlap, with the idea of aban- 
doning the manufacture when normal times returned. The competi- 
tion of the Indian mills under English management, having excep- 
tionally cheap labor and using a local product, leaves little proba- 
pility ef domestic production of burlap to any extent. Cotton bag- 
ging, made of jute butts, is produced here largely because foreign 
mills find it more profitable to make burlap than to install the 
looms required to weave this coarser product; also because the 
amount required varies according to the size of the cotton crop and 
maust be made in advance, before the cotton is gathered, and the 
surplus carried over to the next season. Then, too, the comparatively 
large scale on which cotton bagging is made by the two domestic 
manufacturers offers little inducement for foreign mills to install 
bagging machinery extensively. 

Imports.—Burlap is imported chiefly from Calcutta, but to some 
extent from Dundee. The maximum was in 1918, 442,193,870 pounds, 
valued at $58,746,318. The small imports of cotion bagging are 
mainly from the United Kingdom, with some from Calcutta, in 1918 
amounting to 1,751,889 square yards, valued at $236,988. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “ printed” as used in this paragraph applies only to such 
printing as affeets the character or condition of the woven fabrics 


608 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


as such, whether by way of ornamentation or exploitation or like 
purpose. The conspicuous stenciling of the consignee’s name upon a 
fabric for purposes of temporary identification does not make it a 
printed fabric. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 328, of 1916.) Patches for cotton 
bales composed of single jute yarn having the word “ Paton” sten- 
ciled thereon for the purpose of identification were held to be free 
of duty as bagging for cotton not printed under this paragraph and 
not dutiable as a manufacture of vegetable fiber under paragraph 
284. (Abstract 40726, of 1917.) Plain woven jute fabrics cut up into 
pieces 26 inches in length used for covering plants, with a selvage 
on. the sides, but the other edges rough and unfinished just as they 
were cut from the bolt, were held to be plain woven fabrics under 
this paragraph and not manufactures of vegetable fiber under para- 
graph 284. (G. A. 8026,T. D. 87001, of 1917.) Merchandise re- 
turned as plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns rendered noninflam- 
mable, found to be imported in bales and shipped to a fireproof 
plant in the United States, immediately upon delivery, where it was 
rendered noninflammable, and used in ‘ventilating systems in coal 
nines, was held free of duty under this paragraph. The analyst 
reported that the material is inflammable. (Abstract 39058, of 1916.) 
Jute thread waste, the short broken warp ends of the jute thread 
used in the manufacture of burlap cloth, was held to be a thread 
waste and dutiable as a waste not specially provided for under para- 
graph 384 rather than free of duty under this paragraph. Waste 
under this paragraph must be a waste of bagging, gunny cloth, or 
similar woven fabric. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 197, of 1915.) Jute head- 
ings, which are the ends cut off when a piece of woven jute fabric 
is taken from the loom and which consists of pieces of the fabric, 
varying in width from one inch to a foot, to which are hanging the ends 
of the warp or yarn used in the weaving, are free under this paragraph 
as waste of plain woven fabrics of single jute yarn rather than 
dutiable under paragraph 384. (G. A. 8051, T. D. 37108, of 1917.) 
Old jute bagging classified as waste under paragraph 384 was held 
free of duty under the provision for waste of this paragraph. (Ab- 
stracts 86171 and 36545, of 1914; also T. D. 34297, of 1914.) Certain 
jute padding was held properly classified as a manufacture of vege- 
table fiber under paragraph 284 rather than exempt from duty under 
this paragraph as a plain woven fabric of single jute yarns. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38224, of 1919.) 

“And waste of any of the above articles suitable for the manufac- 
ture of: paper” in this paragraph clashes with “used chiefly for 


paper making” in paragraph 566. “ar 
(See pars. 279, 284, 384, and 566.) 
PARAGRAPH 409. . 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
504. Balm of Gilead, 409. Balm of Gilead. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Balm of Gilead is a balsamic substance for- 
merly used in oriental medicine and in the manufacture of incense. 
It is obsolete in modern commerce and none has been imported in 
recent years. It is collected only in the vicinity of Mecca. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 609 


If not provided for by name, balm of Gilead would fall within the 
provision for balsams. (See par. 9.) 


PARAGRAPH 410. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
505. Barks, cinchona or other from 410. Barks, cinchona or other, from 
which quinine may be extracted. which quinine may be extracted. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses,—Cinchona bark, from a tropical tree, is used 
in making quinine and other alkaloids, and also as a crude drug. Its 
medicinal uses are those of quinine (see par. 584); the crude bark 
has considerable vogue in proprietary preparations. Several com- 
mercial varieties exist. Barks, other than cinchona, from which 
quinine may be extracted were formerly of some importance in com- 
merce, but are now rare. Cinchona trees are native to South America, 
notably Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, formerly the only com- 
mercial sources of the drug. But owing to extensive collection of the 
wild plant, wasteful methods, insufficient planting, and cultivation on 
a large scale in Java, those countries now supply only negligible 
amounts of the drug. War scarcity has renewed interest in South 
American cinchona, and new supplies of considerable importance are 
reported to be awaiting exploitation. Cinchona of modern commerce 
comes almost wholly from Java, where the plant is extensively cul- 
tivated and fostered by governmental aid. Various commercial grades 
from different species of cinchona trees are known, the alkaloidal 
content having been considerably increased by plant breeding and 
seed selection. Java formerly exported chiefly the crude bark, but 
has recently developed quinine factories, and exportations of crude 
quinine now tend to exceed that of cinchona bark, The industry is 
controlled by an association of planters and producers through com- 
mercial agreements with manufacturers and importers. Considerable 
plantations of cinchona also exist in India, the product being manu- 
factured into alkaloids by Government factories. Indian supplies 
are almost wholly consumed within that country or handled by the 
British Government. Recent experimental cultivation of cinchona in 
the Philippines is reported as promising satisfactory future results. 

Imports of cinchona bark averaged 3,441,991 pounds, valued at 
$290,909 for 1909-1913, and 3,447,867 pounds, valued at $653,837 for 
.1914-1918. The Netherlands, having control of the island of Java, 
the principal source of supply, furnish approximately 99 per cent of 
the imports. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 584.) 


PARAGRAPH 411. 


90. * * * pauxite, or beauxite, 411. Bauxite or beauxite, crude, 
erude, not refined or otherwise ad-| not refined or otherwise advanced in 
vanced in condition from its natural | condition from its natural state. 
Meter atper ton. ee 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Crude bausrite is a form of aluminum 
oxide, the commercial grade containing at least 52 per cent of 
alumina, although material is mined that carries from 40 to 70 per 

189411—20 39 





~ 


610 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


cent. The silica and iron content should not run over 15 per cent. 
The chief uses of bauxite are in the manufacture of (1) metallie 
aluminum (70 per cent of the American output “in 1916); (2) alumi- 
num chemicals and salts; (8) artificial abrasives; (4) bauxite brick. 
The purest varieties are used in high-grade chemicals. 

Production in 1917 was 568,690 long tons, valued at $3,119.058— 
506,556 tons in Arkansas and 62,184 tons in Georgia, Alabama and 
Tennessee. It more than doubled from 1918 to 1917, the Arkansas 
output showing the greatest relative increase. All bauxite for mak- 
ing aluminum in this country is mined in Arkansas, about nine- 
tenths by one American company and its subsidiaries. France is the 
large foreign producer, the deposits being extensive and slightly 
higher in grade than the American. Freneh production in 1913 was 
304,407 long tons; American, 210,241 tons. Large deposits of bauxite 
ore of good grade are reported in India and in British and Dutch 
auiana. 

Imports.—Before the war the United States generally imported 
between 10 and 20 per cent of its supply, of French origin. Imports 
of bauxite in 1914 were 24,844 tons, valued at $86,871; declining to 
2,238 tons, valued at $11,045, in 1918. 

Exports consist largely of purified alumina, or bauxite concen- 
trates, by one company to a Canadian subsidiary. Exports of bausrite 
concentrates in 1918 amounted to 21,313 tons, valued at $1,463,842, 
all but 224 tons going to Canada. 


PARAGRAPH 4128. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913 


506, Beeswax. 412, Beeswax. 


| 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Beeswaxz is secreted by the common bee. 
The bleached wax is employed in making candles for church use, wax 
polishes, salves, and ointments. 

Production.—In modern bee culture the proportion of the beeswax 
to honey is greatly diminished. The comb containing the honey is 
withdrawn from the hive and the wax capping removed, melted, 
strained, and molded for technical uses. For medicinal use a further 
purification of the wax is required. About 45 per cent of our wax 
eomes from the Southern States. Russia, the West Indies, and 
Mexico are the chief countries of foreign production. p 

Imports of beeswax for 1908-1918 averaged 1,377,430 pounds, valued 
at $425,788. In 1918 Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, and Chile 
were our chief sources of supply. In 1914 over 300,000 pounds, 
probably of Russian origin, came from Germany. 

Exports of beeswax were 96,215 pounds, valued at $27,292 in 1914; 
383,667 pounds, valued at $131,691, in 1917; and 189,871 pounds, 
valued at $68,117, in 1918. (See pars. 367 and 641.) 


PARAGRAPH 413. 


508. Bells, broken, and bell metal 413. Bells, broken, and bell metal, 
breken and fit only to be remanufac- | broken and fit only to be remanufac- 
tured: | tured. ~ 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 611 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The constituents of bell metal are copper 
and tin, the tin averaging about 20 per cent, but varying according to 
the size, tone, volume, and impulse desired. Radical changes have 
taken place in the kinds of metals used and in the variety of bells 
manufactured. Among other materials commonly used are amalgam, 
iron, steel, smoke brass, smoke glass, silver, and silver-plated metal. 

Production.—-No accurate statistics are available covering only the 
material mentioned in the paragraph. However, the domestic produc- 
tion of bells in 1914 was valued at $970,000. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to $1,689. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Dells, broken, and bell metal, broken and fit only to be remanu- 
factured,” have been on the free list since 1883. Church bells, door 
bells, electric bells, and the like are dutiable as manufactures ef metal 
“net specially provided for” under paragraph 167; small bells for 
children’s use, as toys under paragraph 342; and chimes, as musical] 
instruments under paragraph 378. 


PARAGRAPH 414, 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


414, Bibles, comprising the books of 
the Old or New Testament, or both, 
| bound or unbound. 


- GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Production.—The American Bible Society gives the producticn of 
Bibles and Testaments in 1912-13 as 2,203,265 volumes. 

Imports ef Bibies in 1914 were valued at $135,218. In 1918 the im- 
ports under this paragraph were valued at $357,390. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Pieces of olive wood, carved and polished, in suitable dimensions 
to be used as covers for Bibles and Testaments, are not entitled to free 
entry under this paragraph as parts of Bibles, but are subject to duty 
as manufactures of wood at the rate of 15 per cent ad valorem under 
paragraph 17 (G. A. 7776, T. D. 35720, of 1915.) This paragraph is 
construed to cover editions of the Old or New Testament bound or 
unbound. (T. D. 34288, of 1914.) . 


PARAGRAPH 415. 


507. Binding twine: All binding 415. All binding twine manufactured 


twine manufactured from New Zealand 
hemp, manila, istle or Tampico fiber, 
sisal grass, or Sunn, or a mixture of 
any two or more of them, of single 
ply and measuring not exceeding six 


hundred feet to the pound: Provided, : 


That articles mentioned in this para- 
graph, if 
vhich lays an import duty on like ar- 
ticles imported from the United States, 
shall be subject to a duty of 4 of 1 
cent per pound, 


imported from a country . 


from New Zealand hemp, manila, istle 
er Tampico fiber, Sisal grass, or sunn, 
or a mixture of any two or more of 
them, of single ply and measuring not 
exceeding seven hundred and fifty feet 
to the pound. 


612 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Binding twine is used in the harvesting of 
wheat and various other cereals. Although manila, New Zealand 
hemp, istle, sunn, and sisal can be used, an overwhelming portion 
of binding twine is normally made from Mexican sisal or henequen, 
the bulk of which is produced in Yucatan and has been marketed, 
in the past, under the control of an association of henequen merchants 
known as the Comision del Reguladora del Mereado de Henequen. 
In the fall of 1919, however, this company was liquidated by order of 
the Mexican Government. Virtually all the manufacturing of binder 
twine is by machinery. The long, slender sisal leaf is cleaned by 
automatic scrapers, and the fiber is extracted mechanically and gill- 
spun directly from the sliver by a special machine. | 

Production.—The world’s annual consumption of binder twine is 
over 150,000 tons, about 90 per cent manufactured here and in Canada. 
Of the domestic production, about 55 per cent is by one company, 25 
per cent by another, and the remainder by smaller companies and 
state penitentiaries. Domestic consumption averages 250,000,000 
pounds a year. 

Imports, as compared with domestic production, consumption, and 
exportation, are very small, ranging from 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 
pounds annually, that is, from 1 to 2 per cent of the annual produc- 
tion and 5 to 10 per cent of the annual exports. Practically all of 
the imports are from Canada. 

Exports of binder twine in 1914 were 109,418,420 pounds, valued at 
$9,426,625, going chiefly to Canada (34,585,860 pounds), Argentina 
(18,632,648 pounds—a low year), Russia (29,740,158 pounds), the 
United Kingdom (7,553,877 pounds), and France (6,979,224 pounds). 
In 1918 exports were 102,810,511 pounds, valued at $19,568,656—a 
smaller quantity than in 1914, but double in value. Consumption of 
American twine in Canada and Great Britain was doubled, and in 
France more than doubled; in Russia, it fell to about one-fourth; and 
in Argentina, due to shortage of farm labor and increasing use of. 
strippers and headers, it was only about one-half the pre-war amount, 


PARAGRAPH 416. 





ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
210. Birds and Jand,and water fowls. 416. Birds and land and water fowls, ‘ 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of tirds-were valued at only $48,638 in 1918, compared 
with an average of $865,404 during 1910-1914. Many of the birds 
imported before the war were German canaries, those from the Harz 
Mountain district being noted for their fine singing qualities. During 
the war an attempt was made to substitute Chinese canaries for those 
from Germany, but their song qualities proved inferior. Import 
values under the head of “land and water fowl” were only $1,453 
in 1918. Most of these were specimens for museums, etc. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Live game birds are entitled to admission free of duty. under this 
paragraph. (T. D. 34048, of 1914.) (See par. 347:) | 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 613 


PARAGRAPH 417. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


244, Biscuits, bread, wafers, and 417. Biscuits, bread, and wafers, not 
similar articles, not specially provided | specially provided for in this section. 
for in this section, 20 per centum ad 
wolorem,,. DISCUILS, Waters; * .* * 
by whatever name known, composed 
in whole or in part of eggs, or any 
kind of flour or meal, or other ma- 
terial, when sweetened with sugar, 
honey, molasses, or other material, 


sk 


*  * ~* valued at 15 cents per pound 
or less, 3 cents per pound and 15 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than 15 cents per pound, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—This paragraph covers plain and sweetened biscuits, 
bread, and wafers; while paragraph 194 comprises similar and other 
bake stuffs containing confectionery, thereby made dutiable. Para- 
graph 417 covers many kinds of bake stuffs, ranging from ordinary 
bread, tea biscuits, and crackers to dog biscuits. 

Production in this country is chiefly of unsweetened or soda biscuits 
and crackers; Europe and Canada produce largely sugar wafers and 
hard, sweet biscuits. To make the latter, skill and long experience are 
required, and processes are sometimes handed down for generations; 
frequentiy, also, special machinery, made only in Europe, is used. 
(See par. 194 for statistics of production. ) 

Imports hereunder in 1914 were valued at $204,680,. about 80 per 
cent from the United Kingdom. 

Exports.—The dutiable and nondutiable bake stuffs are not sepa- 
rately listed. (See par. 194.) 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Waverly shortbread, clearly distinguishable by its form, consistency, 
and composition from both cake and bread as those terms are com- 
monly understood, was held free of duty under this paragraph, its 
characteristics making it biscuits, a term covering not only a species 
of bread but also both sweetened and unsweetened crackers. (6 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 278, of 1915.) Kashidane, or Japanese wafers, used as a 
basis for candy, is free of duty under this paragraph as wafers not 
specially provided for. (T. D. 35870, of 1915.) Baked articles from 
Japan, invoiced as sweet cake and rice cake, made from some kind of 
flour, shortening, and sweetening, and varying in shape from small 
round pieces about three-eighths inch thick and one-half inch across 
to pieces 2 inches long and 1 inch wide, were held by the Board to 
resemble what had been defined to be biscuits and free of duty under 
this paragraph with the exception of one item containing beans, rather 
than dutiable under paragraph 385. (Abstract 42741, of 1918.) 
Sweetened cakes or biscuits not containing any of the ingredients 
mentioned in paragraph 194 are free of duty under this paragraph. 
(Abstracts 36670, of 1914; 37845, of 1915; 40820, of 1917; and 43421, 
of 1919.) Honey cakes or so-called ginger bread, not containing 
chocolate, nuts, fruit, or confectionery of any kind, are not free of 


614 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


duty under this paragraph nor dutiable under paragraph 194, but 
dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles under paragraph 
385. *(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 228, of 1915.) Dog biscuit, called *“* Melox,” 
ground before importation for the purpose of putting it in a more 
convenient ferm for consumption, was held property classified as 
a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 385, the 
Board finding that the form was so much changed by a process of 
manufacture as to exclude it from free entry as biscuits under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 37248, of 1915.) (See par. 194.) 


‘PARAGRAPH 418. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
511, Bismuth. 418. Bismuth. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bismuth, one of the minor metals, is soft, 
reddish-white, and highly crystalline. It is a component of many 
easily fusible alloys which are used in manufacturing automatic fire 
sprinklers, eleetric fuses, and solders. Since it expands on solidifying 
from the molten state, it is used in some forms of type and in metal 
bearings. The principal uses of bismuth, however, are in certain 
medicines and to some extent in the manufacture of cosmetics. 

Production is about 300,000 pounds annually, practically all as a 
by-product from the smelting of lead, copper, gold, and silver ores in 
Utah. Bolivia produces most of the bismuth of the world; some ore 
is also produced in Australia and Tasmania, mostly refined in Great 
Britain. . 

Imports of bismuth were 133,190 pounds, valued at $241,448 in 
1914; 75,611 pounds, valued at $208,098 in 1918. Imports come chiefly 
from Great Britain, but since 1915 some bismuth metal has come from 
South America. 

PARAGRAPH 419. 


512. Bladders, and all integuments, 
tendons, and intestines of animals and 
fish sounds, crude, dried or salted for 
preservation only, and unmanufac- | 
tured, not specially provided for in | 
this section. 


419. Bladders, and all integuments, 
tendons and intestines of animals and 
fish sounds, crude, dried or salted for 
preservation only, and unmanuifac- 
tured, not specialiy provided for in 
this section. 








GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Bladders of sheep, hogs, and cattle are dried, 
after eliminating the fat, and used as containers, in foreign coun- 
tries-chiefly for sausage, lard, and butter. The intestines and integu- 
ments are used for sausage casings and other coverings. The swim- 
ming bladders or sounds of fish provide isinglass; these are usually 
from the Russian sturgeon. 

Imports of bladders and all integuments, tendons and intestines of 
animals (except fish sounds and sausage casings) for 1908-1918 av- 
eraged $138,060; of crude jish sounds, 384,990 pounds, valued at 
$97,519. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Beef weasands are not free of duty under this paragraph as “ in- 
teguments, tendons, and intestines of animals,” but are dutiable as 
nonenumerated unmanufactured articles under paragraph 885. (8 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 615 


Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1917.) Pituitary glands, taken from the brain 

pan of the calf and used in the manufacture of certain medicines, are 
also not within the provisions of this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
296, of 1916.) Turtle skin or integument lying between the shell of 
the turtle and the ribs and backbone, used for the purpose of making 
green turtle soup, only the integuments being used, was held free of 
duty under paragraph 512 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 32627, T..D. 
83511, of 1913.) Linings of hogs’ stomachs, salted, are free of duty 
as intestines of animals under this paragraph. (Abstract 43143, of 
1919.) Fish sownds, which according to the testimony are dried and 
preserved only enough to stand shipping, otherwise not preserved, 
were. held free of duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 40051, of 
1916.) Fish sounds split and dried, the splitting apparently done to 
perfect the drying precess, were likewise classified. (Abstract 41785, 
of 1918.) Fish sounds split, washed, and dried in the sun, such split- 
ting being part of the drying process, were held not to be “prepared 
fish sounds” within the meaning of that provision in paragraph 34, 
but free of duty under the provision in this paragraph for “ fish 
sounds, crude, dried or salted for preservation only, and unmanufac- 
tured.” (G. A. 8276, T. D. 38088, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from 
this decision. (T. D. 88125, of 1919.) . (See par. 34.) 


PARAGRAPH 420. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
513. Blood, dried, not specially pro- 420. Blood, dried, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section. J vided for in this section. 
2a + * »dried: ‘blood, “when 


soluble, 14 cents per pound. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Dried blood is used chiefly for its nitrogen 
content in the manufacture of fertilizers. This slaughterhouse prod- 
uct enters commerce on the basis of its ammonia content. 

Production of dried blood, chiefly in the meat-packing industry, was 
about 40,000 tons in 1914. 

Import values of dried blood decreased from $446,698 in 1911 to 
$80,145 in 1913. The value was $391,816 in 1914, $196,600 in 1916, and 
$462,703 in 1918. Argentina has provided the principal foreign supply. 


PARAGRAPH 421. 


9. Blue vitriol or sulphate of cop- 
per, % of 1 cent per pound. 

706. Verdigris, or subacetate of cop- 
per. 


421, Blue vitriol, or sulphate of 
copper ; acetate and subacetate of cop- 
per, or verdigris. 








GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Blue vitriol, or sulphaie of copper, is used 
ehiefly as an insecticide, especially in grape culture. it is also used 
in calico printing and dyeing, to prevent rotting of timbers, for the 
preparation of copper pigments, copper plating solutions, electric 
batteries, and for destroying alge growths in public water supplies. 

Verdigris is a basic acetate of copper, of a green or bluish green 
color. It is used principally as a pigment for oil and water colors. 

Production of blue vitriol is largely as a by-product from copper 
refining, the output in 1914 being 37,152,351 pounds, of which 34,411,443 


616 


pounds were produced by refineries. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Refinery production was 


42,086,107 pounds in 1915, 55,622,845 pounds in 1916, and 50,007,856 


pounds in 1917. 


Imports of blue vitriol have been less than 1 per cent of domestic 


production. 


Imports of verdigris in 1914 were 19,009 pounds, nearly 


95 per cent from France; 81,005 pounds in 1916; 50,216 pounds in 


1917; and 26,837 pounds in 1918. 


Exports of blue vitriol are principally to European and South 


American countries. 


15,164,078 pounds in 1918. 


These steadily increased from 1910 to 1917, 
when they amounted to 28,128,190 pounds, 


and then declined to 


PARAGRAPH 422. 


ACT OF 1909. 


d14. Bolting cloths composed of silk, 
imported expressly for milling pur- 
poses, and so permanently marked as 
not to be available for any other use, 


ACT OF 19153. 


422. °Bolting cloths composed of silk, 
imported expressly for milling pur- 
poses, and so permanently marked as 
not to be available for any other use. 





Press cloths composed of camel's hair, 
imported expressly for oil milling pur- 
poses, and marked so as to indicate 
that it is for such purposes, and cut 
into lengths not to exceed seventy- 
two inches and woven in widths not 
under ten inches nor to exceed fifteen 
inches and weighing not less than one- 
half pound per square foot. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
SILK BOLTING CLOTH. 


Description and use.—Silk bolting cloth is a strong, fine, gauze- 
woven silk fabric used for sifting flour or finely pulverized materials. 
For fine sifting it is absolutely necessary. Flour mills use 75 per 
cent of the bolting cloth, and kindred industries, or those extracting 
grit from some chemicals, the remainder. 

Production.—No silk bolting cloth is produced in the United States. 
It is successfully made only on hand looms, and in Europe is a house- 
hold industry. Switzerland, with exceptionally favorable climatic 
conditions, is the chief producer, 

Imports come mainly from Switzerland, normally averaging about 
$250,000 in value. In 1914 they were $266,338 and in 1918, $931,068, 
an increase due to rise in prices and to advance purchases looking to 
a long-continued war. 


PRESS CLOTHS OF CAMEL’S HAIR FOR OIL MILLING. 


Description and uses.—Press cloth of camel’s hair is used chiefiy 
by the cotton-seed oil manufacturers. It is particularly adapted to 
the purpose because of its qualities of not absorbing the liquid or 
allowing the residue of the seeds to cling to it, as well as its strength 
and long life. Substitutes are made from horse, cattle, goat, and 
human (chiefly Chinese) hair; also from wool, mohair, and cotton. 

Imports were not separately reported until 1914, when 129,004 
pounds, valued at $62,804, were entered from January 1 to June 30. 
In 1915 there were 157,105 pounds, valued at $79,074; in 1916, 89,880 
pounds, valued at $50,311; in 1917, 1,523 pounds, valued at $787; in 
1918, nil, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


617 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Regulations governing the marking of bolting and press cloths are 


prescribed in T. D. 33929, of 1913. 


PARAGRAPH 423. 


ACT OF 1909. 


515. Bones, crude, or not burned, 
calcined, ground, steamed, or other- 
wise manufactured, and bone dust or 
animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only 


ACT OF 19138. 


423. Bones, crude, burned, calcined, 
ground, steamed, but not otherwise 
manufactured, and bone dust or ani- 
mal carbon, bone meal, and bone ash. 


for fertilizing purvoses. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bones contain from 85 to 50 per cent of 
phosphate of lime and from 4 to 4% per cent of nitrogen and are 
valuable as a fertilizer. They yield glue, gelatin, and grease by 
treating with steam or boiling with water. When highly heated 
away from the air, bone oil and other volatile products are obtained, 
and bone char, which is used for decolorizing liquids, especially 
sirups, remains. When burned in the air, bone ash (principally phos- 
phate of lime) is obtained, and used directly as a fertilizer, in 
assaying, in china manufacture, and as a source of phosphorus. 
Bone dust and bone meal as fertilizers are obtained by grinding bones 
which have had most of the fat extracted. ; 

Production of ground bone in 1914 was 25,189 tons, valued at 
$593,226; of raw bones (fertilizer), 64,590 tons, valued at $1,603,353 ; 
of steamed bone fertilizer, 55,067 tons, valued at $1,178,959. 

Imports of bone dust, bone ash, and bone meal in 1914 were 41,450 
long tons, valued at $1,034,636, decreasing to 8,428 long tons, valued at 
$285,882 in 1918. 

Exports of unmanufactured bones, hoofs, and horns in 1918 were 
valued at $338,642. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shin bones burned, calcined, ground, or steamed are free of duty 
under this paragraph even though the ends of the bones have been 
cut off. (T. D. 33862, of 1913.) Heads of game animals as cut from 
the carcass are free of duty under this paragraph, or paragraphs 511 
or 605. (T. D. 34061, of 1914.) Black, classified as pigment under para- 
graph 538, was held free of duty under this paragraph and paragraph 
447. (Abstract 38076, of 1915, following Abstract 37347, of 1915, rela- 
tive to black made from bone, ivory, 6dr vegetable substance used for 
decolorizing purposes, held free as “bone black, not suitable for use 
as a pigment,” under paragraph 447.) (See pars. 53 and 447.) 

Omission of the words “ fit only for fertilizing purposes,” in para- 
graph 515 of the act of 1909, makes this paragraph applicable to bone 
products, such as meal, not so used. 


PARAGRAPH 424. 


516. Books, engravings, photographs, 
etchings, bound or unbound, maps and 
charts imported by authority or for 
the use of the United States or for the 
use of the Library of Congress. 


424. Books, engravings, photographs, 
etchings, bound or unbound, maps and 
charts imported by authority or for 
the use of the United States or for the 
use of the Library of Congress. 


618 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


‘Production in 1914 was valued at $20,658,531. 
Imports.—The value of books, engravings, photographs, etchings, 
maps and charts imported in 1914 was $20,698 ; in 1918, the value was 


$27,360. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Lithographic prints are of a class with the articles named in this 


paragraph. (See par. 329.) 


PARAGRAPH 425. 


ACT OF 1909. 


517. Books, maps, music, engravings, 


photographs, etchings, bound or wun- 
bound, and charts, which shall have 
been printed more than twenty years 


ACT OF 19158. 


425, Books, maps, music, engravings, 
photographs, etchings, lithographic 
prints, bound or unbound, and charts, 
which shall have been printed more 





at the date of importation, and all 
hydrographic charts, and publications © 
issued for their subscribers or ex: 
changes by scientific and literary asso- ; 
ciations or academies, or publications 
- of individuals for gratutious private 
circulation, and public documents is- 
sued by foreign Governments. 


than twenty years at the date of im- 
portation, and all hydrographic charts, 
and publications issued for their sub- 
seribers or exchanges by scientific and 
literary associations or academies, or 
rublications -of individuals for gratui- 
tous private circulation, not adver- 
tising matter, and public documents 
j issued by foreign governments, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—See paragraphs 324 and 329. 

Production of all these items except maps was valued at $21,539,- 
055 in 1914. 

Imports of books, maps, music, engravings, etc., in 1914 were valued 
at $3,994,869 ; in 1918, at $1,992,390. 

Exports, both dutiable and free, in 1914, were valued at $9,639,860 ; 
in 1918, at $11,483,064. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Publications of the International Bureau of Telegraphic Union at 
Berne, Switzerland, are free of duty under this paragraph. (T. D. 
34725, of 1914.) Small books or pamphlets entitled “Mediterranean 
Cruise—Cunard”’ were held to be dutiable as books under paragraph 
329, and not free of duty as “ publications of individuals for gratu- 
itous private circulation” under this paragraph. (Abstract 36218, 
T. D. 34677, of 1914.) “British Dominions Yearbook, 1917,” issued 
and published by the British Dominions Insurance Co. (Ltd.) for 
gratuitous private circulation among a selected class of persons, was 
held free of duty under this paragraph rather than dutiable under 
paragraph 329 as books not specially provided for. The advertising 
matter, if any, was so insignificant as to be considered negligible 
for tariff purposes. (G. A. 8219, T. D. 37862, of 1918, followed 
in Abstract 43088, of 1919.) Copies of a book entitled “Algoma 
Steel Corporation (Ltd.), Jis Plants and Properties,” sent to this 
country for free distribution among the stockholders of the corpora- 
tion, not containing advertising matter, were held entitled to free entry 
under this paragraph. (Abstract 43134, of 1919.) Paper-bound wol- 
ames of a work entitled “Preliminary Remarks on the Monetary and 
Banking Reform in China” were held to be free of duty under this 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 619 


paragraph rather than dutiable under paragraph 329. It was found 
that the author of this work is employed by the Chinese Government 
as expert currency adviser, whose intention is that these copies of his 
book shall be distributed gratuitously. (Abstract 38631, of 1915.) 
Official reports of the supreme court of Canada were held entitled 
to free entry under this paragraph as having been printed more than 
20 years. Copies of a publication entitled “ Weekly Notes” were also 


held free under this paragraph as public documents issued by a for- 


eign government. (Abstract 38165, of 1915.) The fact that books 
are sold. for a price to the general public does not alter their status 
as Government documents. (Abstract 23145, T. D. 30572, of 1910.) 
Publications of scientific or literary associations imported by non- 
members or book dealers are not entitled to free entry under the 
provision of this paragraph for “publications issued for their sub- 
secribers or exchanges by scientific and literary associations or acad- 
emies.” (T. D. 387771, of 1918.) Private commercial telegraphic 
codes specially prepared with a. view to meeting the requirements of 
the burlap and bag business conducted by a firm in Calcutta, for 
whom it is published and by whom it is gratuitously circulated among 
various firms engaged in like business in this country, were held free 
of duty under paragraph 517 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 37899, of 
1915.) Books printed by the Brusse Publishing House of Rotterdam 
for the Holland-America Line, the shipping company circulating the 
books gratuitously te incite interest in foreign travel and so secure 
patronage for its steamers, were held free of duty under paragraph 
517 of the act of 1909. The mere size of the circulation of these 
books, an edition of 40,000 being printed, does not negative the im- 
porter’s contention that they were gratuitously and privately circu- 
lated. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 458, of 1913.) The term “individuals” as 
employed in paragraph 517 of the act of 1909 was intended to differ- 
entiate between the publications of those other than literary associa- 
tions or academies and foreign governments and to include under 
“individuals ”’ all others. The publishers of the books in question 
were dealers in dyes and chemicals, and were sellers of the dyestuffs 
listed in the publication. The testimony showed that the books were 
intended to be and were circulated gratuitousiy and they were held 
entitled to free entry under paragraph 517 of the act of 1909. (38 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 528, of 1913:) The term “publications” in paragraph 517 
of the act of 1909 was held to apply to importations of the same 
general class or type as those mentioned in the preceding provisions 
of the paragraph. To admit purely advertising matter under that 
paragraph would extend the meaning beyond the fair import of the 
language employed. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 448, of 1914.) Trade publi- 
cations used for advertising purposes, distributed gratuitously and 
generally to the public, were held not entitled to free entry under 
paragraph 517 of the act of 1909. The advertising matter was clearly 
not introduced for private circulation and was furnished to anyone 
who would accept it, the evident purpose being to get the books into 
the hands of as many of the public as would be likely to be interested 
in the advertising matter. This case was distinguished from other 
cases cited by the importers, as in those cases the publications were 
something more than mere advertising matter and were books con- 
taining general information and were restricted in their use to a 
particular class of people. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 523, of 1915.) 


620 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 426. 


ACT OF 1909. 
518. Books and pamphlets printed 
chiefly in languages other than Eng- 
lish; also books and music, in raised 


ACT OF 19138. 


426. Books and pamphlets printed 
wholly or chiefly in languages other 
than English; also books and music, 


print, used exclusively by the blind. in raised print, used exclusively by 


the blind, and all textbooks used in 
schools and other educational institu- 
tions; Braille tablets, cubarithmes, 
special apparatus and objects serving 
to teach the blind, including printing 
apparatus, machines, presses, and 
types for the use and benefit of the 
blind exclusively. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Books for the blind consist of embossed or 
raised printing adaptable to the sense of touch. 

Imports of books chiefly in foreign languages in 1914 were valued 
at $1,814,764; in 1918, at $472,431. Books in raised print for the 
blind in 1914 were valued at $1,452; in 1918, at $1,494. Textbooks 
imported in 1914 were valued at $65,882; in 1918, at $126,956. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for textbooks in this paragraph covers only such 
books as are especially adapted for use as textbooks in educational 
institutions and does not include books which, though read by 
students, are not ordinarily catalogued or used as textbooks and not 
especially adapted for use in schools and other educational institu- 
tions. (T. D. 34158, of 1914.) Reprints of the World’s Classical 
Literature in Fiction, Poetry, History, etc., known as “ Hveryman’s 
library,” do not become textbooks because on account of their com- 
pactness, cheapness, and convenient form they are largely used by 
the teachers and students as supplementary reading or in classrooms. 
(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 460, of 1915.) An appeal by the importer is 
pending from Abstract 48185 involving the same issue. Books de- 
scribed as “ war pictorials,” containing about 32 pages of photographic 
reproductions showing some of the war activities of the Allies, 
phrased with appropriate descriptive printed words in Danish, French, 
Russian, or Greek, the printed text a very important feature in the 
books and without which the pictorial matter would be unintelligible, 
were held free of duty as books in foreign languages under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 43033, of 1919, following G. A. 7703, T. D. 35266, 
of 1915.) Books of music which contained in addition to the notes 
of the music a considerable amount of text printed in a language other 
than English, the printed text constituting a very significant and 
important feature of the work, were likewise classified. (G. A. 
7929, T. D. 386539, of 1916.) Books containing 9 pages of English, 8 
pages of Spanish, and 48 pages of pictures without text, were held not 
free of duty under this paragraph, but dutiable as books not specially 
provided for under paragraph 3829, it being found that they are 
intended for sale to the general public and that the English printed_ 
matter predominates. (Abstract 37500, of 1915.) 

The provision for textbooks is limited in practice to textbooks actu- 
ally used in schools and other educational institutions in the United 
States. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


621 


PARAGRAPH 427. 


ACT OF 1909. 


519. Books, maps, music, photo- 
graphs, etchings, lithographic prints, 
and charts, specially imported, not 
more than two copies in any one in- 
voice, in good faith, for the use and 
by order of any society or institution 
incorporated or established solely for 
religious, philosophical, educational, 
scientific, or literary purposes, or for 
the encouragement of the fine arts, or 
for the use and by order of any col- 
lege, academy, school, or seminary of 
learning in the United States, or any 
State or public library, and not for 
sale, subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
scribe. 


ACT OF i918. 


427. Books, maps, music, engravings, 
photographs, etchings, lithographie 
prints, and charts, specially imported, 
not more than two copies in any one 
invoice, in good faith, for the use and 
by order of any society or institution 
incorporated or established solely for 
religious, philosophical, educational, 
scientific, or literary purposes, or for 
the encouragement of the fine arts, 
or for the use and by order of any 
college, academy, school, or seminary 
of learning in the United States, or 
any State or public library, and not 
for sale, subject to such regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
prescribe. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—See paragraphs 324 and 329. 
Imports of books, maps, etc., in 1914 amounted to $3,994,869, and in 
1918 to $1,992,390. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “public library” of this paragraph contemplates a 
library the books in which may be used by the general public on equal 
terms. It does not include a library owned by a corporation which 
limits the use of books to. certain classes of individuals as distin- 
guished from the general public. The latter can have no interest in 
a library intended solely for the use of certain select classes of per- 
sons. The essential feature of a public use is that it is not confined to 
privileged individuals, but is open to the entire public. (G. A. 82389, 
T. D. 37988, of 1919, following G. A. 6225, T. D. 26899, of 1905.) Books 
purchased and imported by and through a State commission appointed 
for that and other purposes for the sole use of a State normal school 
were held properly entitled to free entry under the provisions of para- 
graph 519 of the act of 1909. It is the use and destination of the im- 
ported articles, not the medium of importation, that control. (G. A. 
7548, T. D. 34819, of 1914, followed in Abstract 35548, T. D. 34440, of 
1914.) Certain books assessed under paragraph 416 of the act of 1909 
imported to be read by officers of the Fourth Infantry of the Ohio 
National Guard were held not within paragraph 519 of that act, these 
officers not constituting a “ school” within the meaning of the statute. 
(Abstract 34088, T. D. 33913, of 1913.) 


PARAGRAPH 428. 


428. Books, libraries, usual and rea- 
sonable furniture, and similar house- 


520. Books, libraries, usual and rea- 
sonable furniture, and similar house- 


hold effects of persons or families from 
foreign countries, all the foregoing if 
actually used abroad by them not less 
than one year, and not intended for 
any other person or persons, nor for 
sale. 


hold effects of persons or families from 
foreign countries, all the foregoing if 
actually used abroad by them not less 
than one year, and not intended for 
any other person or persons, nor for 
sale, 


622 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An oriental rug classified under paragraph 300 was held free of 
duty as household effects under this paragraph, it being found that 
the rug in question had been used abroad two or three years by 
the protestant. (Abstract 40276, of 1916.) Household effects acquired 
by a eousin of a deceased relative in a foreign country in whose 
family she had never lived and at whose home she had been but 
twice are not free under this paragraph. (G. A. 7829, T. D. 36001, 
of 1915.) Laces, embroideries, and other articles shown to have been 
in use abroad by the importers for more than a year were held free 
of duty as household effects under paragraph 520 of the act of 1909. 
(Abstract 26386, T. D. 31832, of 1911.) Vases and ornaments com- 
posed of decorated earthenware suitable for museums for exhibition 
purposes brought to this country with his other household effects 
by the importer, a native of Aleppo, Turkey, at the time he brought 
his wife and family, were held free of duty under paragraph 
520 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 23392, T. D. 30645, of 1910.) A 
cinematograph was held not to be free of duty under paragraph 520 
of the act of 1909 relating to household effects. (Abstract 22837, T. D. 
30410, of 1910.) A buggy was also excluded from the paragraph. 
(Abstract 29668, T. D. 32801, of 1912, following G. A. 6946, T. D. 
30162, of 1909.) An automobile was likewise excluded. (Abstract 
29667, T. D. 32801, -of L912.) 

PARAGRAPH 429. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

11. Borax, 2 -eents per ‘pound; 429, Borax, crude and wnmanufac- 
borates of lime, soda, or other borate | tured, and borate of lime, soda, and 
material not otherwise provided for; other borate material, erude and un- 


in this section, 2 cents per pound, manufactured, not otherwise provided 
| for in this section, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Boraz, crude, “ tinkal” or biborate of soda, 
was formerly the main source of borax in California. Borate of lime 
or the mineral colemanite, which is now the chief source of borax and 
boric acid, occurs extensively in Oalifornia. Other borate materials 
are boracite, a borate of magnesium from the Stassfurt deposits of 
Germany; sassolite, a native boracic acid from volcanic springs of 
Italy and California; ulexite, a borate of lime and soda occurring in 
California and Nevada; and pricelite, a borate of lime occurring in 
Death Valley, Calif. 

Production of crude borax materials has about doubled in recent 
years. In 1913 it was 58,051 tons, valued at $1,491,530; in 1917, 
108,875 tons, valued at $3,609,632. Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany 
also preduce. The United States supplies about one-half and Chile 
one-third of the world’s demand. 

Imports of borate materials have been less than 0.01 per cent of 
domestic production. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Under neither the tariff act of 1897 nor the tariff act of 1909 might 
perborate of sodium be classified as borate material. It is the product 





ao 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 623 


of a chemical reaction, is a chemical compound, and was dutiable as 
such under paragraph 3 of each of said acts. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 212, 
of 1911.) 

PARAGRAPH 430. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
521. Brass, old brass, clippings from 430. Brass, old brass, clippings from 
brass or Dutch metal, all the forego- | brass or Dutch metal, all the forego- 


ing, fit only for remanufacture. ing, fit only for remanufacture. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, the 
proportions of which vary, ordinary brass containing about 35 per 
cent zine. Dutch metai is a variety of brass with a zine content of 
about 20 per cent. - 

' Production.—The brass within the terms of this paragraph is scrap 
recovered from the many industries employing new brass material. 
The battle fields of Hurope will furnish large amounts. 

Imports of brass were 7,220,296 pounds, valued at $765,319 in 1914; 
82,731,025 pounds, valued at $5,643,382 in 1918. Large increases from 
1916 to 1918 were due to war necessities. Germany and the United 
Kingdom were the chief sources of supply until 1912; Canada now 
holds first place. 

Exports were 25,738,845 pounds, valued at $2,714,202 in 1914; 
4,495,222 pounds, valued at $912,684 in 1918. Prior to 1918 exports 
were chiefly to the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. In 1918 
all went to France, Italy, and Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Brass skimmings or ashes fit only for remanufacture are free of 
duty as old brass. (Abstract 33646, T. D. 337638, of 1918.) 


PARAGRAPH 431. 


522. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or 431. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or 
unmanufactured. unmanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Brazilian pebble is a colorless and trans- 
parent variety of quartz. Its most valuable application is in spec- 
tacle lenses, being harder and less easily scratched than glass. In 
recent years lenses of high-grade optical glass have supplanted those 
of pebble to a great extent. 

Imports of Brazilian pebble in 1907 were valued at $7,967; in 1917, 
at $188; and in 1918, at $8,642. 

PARAGRAPH 482. 

523. Bristles, crude, not sorted, | 4382. Bristles, erude, not sorted, 

bunched, or prepared. | bunched, or prepared. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description, uses, and production.—See paragraph 337. 

Imports of bristics, crude, not sorted, bunched, or prepared, in 1914 
were 27,036 pounds, valued at $25,280, nearly all from Germany and 
Russia; in 1918, 33,483 pounds, valued at $44,145, nearly all from 
Russia, China, and England. . 


624 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bristles, tied in bunches of uniform size and dirty and irregular 
in shape and as near crude as bristles could be imported, were held 
free of duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 37886, of 1915, followed 
in Abstracts 37999 and 88366, of 1915; see also Abstract 38178, of 
1915.) 

PARAGRAPH 433. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
433. Bromin. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bromine is one of the chemical elements. 
It is a dark reddish-brown, highly corrosive liquid giving off heavy, 
irritating vapors. It is produced here almost entirely from natural 
brines in connection with the salt industry. Bromine is used in the 
manufacture of certain coal-tar dyes and bromine compounds; the 
latter are employed principally in photography and medicine. During 
the World War bromine and some of its compounds were used in gas 
_ warfare. r 

Production in 1913 was 572,400 pounds, increasing to 1,727,156 
pounds in 1918. Germany ranked first as a producer, with the United 
States second. 

Exports.—Large quantities of bromine were exported to Great 
Britain, France, and Italy in 1918, for since the outbreak of the war 
these countries have been largely dependent on the United States. 


PARAGRAPH 434. 


233. Broom corn, $3 per ton. 434. Broom corn, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Broom corn belongs to the sorghum group 
of plants. Two kinds, “standard” and “dwarf,” are commonly 
grown. The dwarf is produced in the semiarid regions of the South- 
west, the standard in the more humid sections of Illinois, Kansas, 
Oklahoma, and Texas. The standard brush is 18 to 80 inches long, 
used largely in carpet brooms; the dwarf makes a brush 1 or 2 feet 
long, such as the whisk and other small brooms. Special equipment 
in the form of drying sheds, thrashers, and balers, is required in 
broom-corn production. ‘ 

Production of broom corn is from 52,000 to 57,000 tons, with a 
normal average value of $5,000,000; this more than trebled during the 
war. The principal producers are Texas and Oklahoma. 

Import values of broom corn for 1910-1918 ranged from $1,000 to 
$934,000. Austria-Hungary was formerly the chief source. 

Exports during 1910-1918 ranged from 38,000 to 4,000 tons, valued 
at $327,000 to $1,293,000, chiefly to Canada and Cuba. 


PARAGRAPH 4835. 
234, Buckwheat, 15 cents per bushel 435. Buckwheat and buckwheat flour. 


of forty-eight pounds ; buckwheat flour, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 625 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BUCKW HEAT. 


Descfiption and uses.—Buckwheat is an annual grain of easy cul- 
ture, growing on the poorest soils, and maturing rapidly. The grain 
is chiefly cultivated as feed for oxen, swine, and poultry, and, mixed 
with bran and chaff, sometimes for horses. A by-product in flouring 
(middlings) is esteemed by dairymen as feed for cows, because of the 
high protein content. The plant is sometimes cultivated as feed 
for bees. 

Production.—Buckwheat is native to Europe and Central Asia. It 
is found wild in China and Siberia and is grown wherever grain crops 
are cultivated. In 1908 -the domestic yield on 803,000 acres was 
15,874,000 bushels, valued at $12,004,000; in 1918, on 1,040,000 acres, » 
the yield was 17,182,000 bushels, valued at $28,585,000. 

Imports (grain) in 1918 amounted to 62,979 bushels, valued at 
$38,829 ; in 1914, to 191,396 bushels, valued at $152,350; and in 1918, 
to 270,888 bushels, valued at $476,041. 

Exports in 1910 were 158,160 bushels, valued at $103,188, but 
declined to practically nothing in 1911-1914. In 1915 exports, going 
chiefly to the Netherlands, rose to 413,643 bushels, valued at $396,987. 
In 1918 the exports were only 5,567 bushels, valued at $10,347. 


BUCKWHEAT FLOUR, 


Description and uses.—In Europe buckwheat flour is consumed 
chiefly by the poor. In America it is generally popular in the form of 
buckwheat pancakes. 

Production of buckwheat flour decreased from 176,081,891 pounds 
in 1909 to 125,622,189 pounds in 1914, valued at $4,663,561 and 
$3,754,857, respectively. New York and Pennsylvania mill more 
than two-thirds of the domestic grain, . 

Imports increased from 35,788 pounds in 1913 to 402,966 pounds in 
1914, valued at $950 and $10,282, respectively; in 1918 they were 
246,815 pounds, valued at $15,227. 


- INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Buckwheat grits were held entitled to free entry under this para- 
graph rather than dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured article. 
(Abstract 38159, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 486. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


524. Bullion, gold or silver. 436. Bullion, gold or silver. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Bullion is uncoined gold and silver bars 
and plate; it varies in degree of fineness. The name is also applied 
to uncurrent coin (coin received only at its metallic value). In the 
United States, however, bullion is rarely applied to coin. Gold in 
bars answers some of the monetary purposes of coined gold. 

Imports of gold in 1914 were 1,237,812 ounces, valued at $24,206,- 
047; in 1918, 4,755,146 ounces, valued at $96,647,588. Under ordinary 
conditions about one-half of the gold bullion is imported from Mexico 
and the rest chiefly from Canada and England, 

189411—_20——-40 


626 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Silver imported in 1914 was 28,887,924 ounces, valued at $16,548,213; 
in 1918, 26,985,607 ounces, valued at $23,808,567. From one-half to 
three-fourths of the silver bullion comes from Mexico, and the it 
chiefly from Peru and Honduras. 

Exports of gold in 1914 were 2,101,244 ounces, valued at $43,058,081 ; 
in 1918, 2,844,169 ounces, valued at $58,619,191. Under ordinary con- 
ditions most of the exports go to France. 

Silver exported in 1914 was 89,818,522 ounces, valued at $52,180,453 ; 
in 1918, 184,620,248 ounces, valued at $126,034,247. Under ordinary 
conditions about three-fourths of the exports go to England and the 
rest chiefly to Hongkong and France. 


PARAGRAPH “437. 
ACT OF 19€9. ' ACT OF 1918. 
525. Burgundy piteh. ! 437. Burgundy piteh. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Burgundy piteh is a resinous substance 
chemically allied to crude gum turpentine. It is used in medicine, 
chiefly in plasters, for varnish making, coating or lining beer barrels 
(in Germany), and for other technieal purposes. 

Production.—It is obtained principally in Finland, the Schwarz- 
wald (Black Forest), Austria, and the Bernese Alps. 

Imports.—Before the war the imports of Burgundy pitch averaged 
about 1,000,000 pounds with an average value of about $40,000. In 
1915 imports were 131,967 pounds, valued at $4,051; in 1917. 25 
pounds, valued at $3; and in 1918, 100 pounds, valued at $12. 


PARAGRAPH 438. 


113. Burrstones, manufactured or | 438. Burrstones, manufactured or 
bound up into millstones, 15 per | bound up into millstones. 
centum ad yalorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Burrstones or millstones and the closely 
related quarry products, chasers and dragstones, are natural quarried 
stones which are used for grinding purposes. Millstones were formerly 
used for grinding grain, but have been replaced by modern grain- 
milling machinery. This has been somewhat offset by the growing 
use of chasers and dragstones for grinding mineral products, such as 
feldspar, quartz, and pigments. Chasers are similar in composition 
to millstones, but are larger in size and are run on edge, thus curling 
the material; millstones are run horizontally and the materials ground 
between two stones. 

Production of millstones (burrstones) and related quarry prod- 
ucts has varied widely. The maximum output since 1900 was in 1912, 
valued at $71,414. The 1917 output was valued at $43,489. New York 
and Virginia are the chief producers. 

Imports of millstones since 1913 have varied from $15,000 to 
$20,000; in 1917 they were about 40 per cent of the domestic pro- 
duction. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tf both unmanufactured and manufactured burrstones are to be 
retained on the free list, the two provisions might be combined to read 
as follows: “ Burrstones, unmanufactured and manufactured, includ- 
ing those bound up into millstones.” (See par. 614.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 627 


PARAGRAPH 439. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT GF i9ts. 
526. Cadmium. 459, Cadmium, 
GHNERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cadmium is a heavy white metal, resem- 
bling tin in many of its properties. Unlike most other metals, it has 
an extremely low melting point, and forms brittle, but readily fusible, 
alloys with other metals. Besides its use in fusible alloys, it is em- 
ployed in dentistry, in glass coloring, and in making cadmium sul- 
phide (cadmium yellow) ; also as a solder, and, to some extent, as a. 
substitute for tin. 

Production.—Cadmium is recovered largely from the treatment of 
various residues and fine dust at zine and lead smelters. Prior to 
1907 Germany was the sole producer, obtaining it as a by-product of 
the zinc-smelting industry, in 1915 (last year given) the output being 
81,993 pounds of metallic cadmium. The first domestic output was 
14,000 pounds, valued at $14,850, in 1917; in 1918, with six plants, it 
was 127,164 pounds, valued at $188,203, and could be largely increased 
if there were sufficient demand. Germany and the United States, 
with England a small contributor, practically supply the world’s cad- 
mium output. 

Imports.-—Cadmium is imported as metallie stick and as the pig- 
ment, cadmium yellow. Cadmium metal is free of duty; the pigment 
is dutiable under paragraph 63. In 1914, imports of metallic cadmiunr 
from Germany amounted to 1,548 pounds, valued at $1,289. There 
were ho imports in 1918. 

Exports.—Statistics are not available, but it is known that do- 
mestie cadmium, including the refined metal and crude residues con- 
taining cadmium, was exported in large quantities during the war. 
During the last quarter of 1916, 39,188 pounds, valued at $61,889, were 
exported. More than one-half of the metal was shipped to France, 
and abeut one-third went to Italy. 


PARAGRAPH 440. 


440, Calcium, acetate of, brown and 
gray, and chloride of, crude; calcium 
carbide and calcium nitrate. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


CALCIUM ACETATE, 





Description and uses.—Calcium acetate is produced by treating 
acetic acid with lime. Formerly there were two grades, the “ brown 
calcium acetate,’ made by adding lime to the crude pyroligneous 
liquor obtained from the distillation of wood, and the gray acetate of 
lime, now the only commercial grade, made by adding lime to the 
acetic-acid solution obtained by purification of the crude liquor 
formerly used in making brown acetate. The chief use of calcium 
acetate is in the manufacture of acetic acid and acetone. (See pars. 
3 and 3887.) 

Production of calcium acetate for sale in 1914 was 163,521,577 
pounds, valued at $2,138,909; an additional 2,562,946 pounds was 
consumed in the plants wiere produced. 


O2u re - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports have been over 40 per cent of the domestic production in 
1909 and 1914. Exports in 1914 were 68,160,224 pounds, valued at 
$1,560,933 ; and because of demands for war purposes decreased to 
12,959,222 pounds in 1917. Prewar exports were chiefly to Belgium, 
Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. 


CALCIUM CHLORIDE. 


Description and uses.—Calcium chloride is a white, solid substance 
which dissolves readily in water, producing a strong cooling effect. 
When dry it rapidly absorbs moisture from the air. It is produced’ 
principally as a by-product in the manufacture of salt from brine, or 
from the Solvay soda process, and is one of the cheapest chemicals. 
It is used in refrigerating and antifreezing solutions, as a drying 
agent, and for the prevention of dust on roads and drill grounds. 

Production of calcium chloride from natural brines increased from 
19,403 short tons in 1914 to 30,503 short tons in 1917. Enormous quan- 
tities are produced as a by-product in the Solvay process, and the 
output is greater than the consumption. 


CALCIUM CARBIDE. 


Description and uses.—Calcium carbide is a compound of ¢al- 
-cium and carbon. It is a solid, usualiy gray, which is energetically 
decomposed by water, evolving acetylene gas. The commercial car- 
bide yields about 5 cubic feet of acetylene for each pound of carbide. 
It is made in the electric furnace and has the property of absorbing 
nitrogen at a red heat to form calcium cyanamide, used as a fertilizer. 
The raw materials are lime and carbon, usually coke or anthracite 
coal. The principal use is in making acetylene for artificial lighting, 
and for welding and cutting of metals; also in acetic acid, made from 
acetylene by the aid of catalysis. Large quantities of the carbide are 
consumed in calcium cyanamide. 

Production of calcium carbide for sale in this country is mostly 
by one company, that going into calcium cyanamide being mostly 
consumed where made and not entering the market. Domestic pro- 
duction is sufficient to supply our demands. 

Exports, mostly to Cuba, South America, Mexico, and Canada, 
average a little over 30,000,000 pounds and have varied little since 
1912, ae 

CALCIUM NITRATE. 


Description and uses.—Calcium nitrate or nitrate of lime is a 
nitrate fertilizer material, and is used only for this purpose. It con- 
tains 18 per cent of nitrogen as against 15.5 per cent of nitrogen in 
nitrate of soda, with which it competes. It absorbs moisture readily 
and deteriorates in quality on exposure to the air, necessitating ship- 
ment in casks instead of bags. For these reasons it is not generally 
favored as a fertilizer material. 

Production.—Calcium nitrate is produced by combining nitric acid, 
produced synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen, with lime. It 
comes chiefly from one company, whose output is about 90,000 tons. 
Considerable quantities are made in Germany. A calcium nitrate 
plant in North Carolina, opened in 1912, operated a year or two, but 
found a more profitable market for its electrical power. 

Imports in 1914 were 275 long tons, valued at $10,773, from Nor- 
way. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


629 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Brown acetate of calcium is no longer an article of commerce; the 
gray acetate of calcium is now the only commercial grade of calcium 


acetate on the market. 
paragraph 440. 


“ Brown and gray ” might be eliminated from 


PARAGRAPH 441. 


ACT OF 1909. 


197. Cash registers, * * * lino- 
type and all itypesetting machines, 
Pcs. © sewing machines,  type- 


writers, * * * 30 per centum ad 
valorem *. * *:3: Provided, however, 
That all * * * tar and oil spread- 
ing machines used in the construction 
and maintenance of roads and in im- 
proving them by the use of road preser- 
-vatives, shall, if imported prior to 
January first, nineteen hundred and 
eleven, be admitted free of duty. 


ACT OF 19138. 


441. Cash registers, linotype and all 
typesetting machines, sewing machines, 
typewriters, shoe machinery, cream 
Separators valued at not exceeding 
$75, sand-blast machines, sludge ma- 
chines, and tar and oil spreading ma- 
chines used in the construction and 
maintenance of roads and in improy- 
ing them by the use of road preserva- 
tives, all the foregoing whether im- 
ported in whole or in parts, including 
repair parts. , 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The uses of these machines are well known, 
except perhaps that of the sludge machine—a device for drying sludge 
emanating from sewage and for separating the particles—and the 
sandblasi—an apparatus for forcibly projecting sand (by air or 
steam) for engraving or cutting glass, stone, etc. The United States 
is the world’s greatest producer of these machines. Only in the case 
of credm separators are imports more than a negligible percentage of 
the domestic output. 

Production in 1914 of the six classes of machines enumerated ag- 
gregated $80,409,750 in value, divided as follows: Cash registers and 
parts of, $15,935,069; cream separators, $8,663,575 ; sewing machines, 
$21,710,643 ; shoe machinery, $5,949,300; typesetting machines, linotype 
and other, $7,634,631; and typewriting machines, $20,516,532. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to $863,627, and in 1918 to $424,709, 
divided as follows: Cash registers, $3,800; cream separators, valued 
at not more than $75, $290,504; sewing machines, $100,304; shoe 
machines, $4,182; sludge machines, $200; typesetting machines, lino- 
type and other, $15,988; and typewriters, $9,731. Most of the im- 
ported cream separators are low-priced machines (valued at less 
than $75) used by individual farmers; these come mainly from Sweden 
and enter into keen competition with some domestic makes. The 
only high-priced cream separator imported is made in Denmark and 
sells in the United States for $350 and upward. Over one-half the 
sewing machines imported in 1918 came from Scotland. 

Exports of cash registers in 1918 aggregated $562,813; parts of 
cash registers, $63,821; cream separators, $634,466; sewing machines, 
$7,793,718; shoe machinery, $1,519,641; typesetting machines, $1,304,- 
977; and typewriting machines, $7,480,714. These totaled $19,360,150 
as against $30,845,157 in 1914. The greatest decline was in cash 
registers, from $4,834,626 in 1914 to $562,818 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term, “sewing machine,” covers the various styles of machines 
used to make a stitch which fastens together fabrics or materials for 


630 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


manufacturing purposes and is not to be limited to such as are con- 
structed only for family or domestic purposes. (G. A. 7225, T. D. 
31623, of 1911.) Power transmitting tables for operating at the same 
time from 5 to 20 sewing machines were held not within the provi- 
sion for “sewing machines * .* * whether imported in whole or in 
parts.” (G. A. 7765, T. D. 35644, of 1915.) Skiving machines and 
parts thereof, used to bevel the edges of leather, are within the provi- 
sion for shoe machinery in whole or in parts. (G@. A. 7752, T. D. 
35589, of 1915; Abstract 38715, of 1915.) The term ‘“ sludge ma- 
chine ”’ is limited to a machine used for drying sludge emanating from 
sewage and separating the particles thereof. ¢T. D. 34211, of 1914.) 

Small sewing machines assessed with duty as toys were found to 
be fitted for other purposes than the amusement of children and were 
held to be free of duty as sewing machines under this paragraph. 
(Abstract 40387, of 1916; Abstract 40753, of 1917.) <A sewing machine 
imported for use in embroidering, and for that reason lacking the 
presser foot and feed as being unnecessary, this lack making no 
change in the stitch made by the machine, is still a sewing machine 
within this paragraph, and not dutiable as an embroidery machine 
under paragraph 165. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls.—, T. D, 37993, of 1919.) 
Sewing machine shuttles are classable as parts of sewing machines 
under this paragraph although imported for use in embroidery ma- 
chines. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38001, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 442. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
528. Castor or castoreum. 442, Castor or castoreum. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and. uses.—Castoreum is a product derived from the 
beaver. It was formerly used as a druz, and is now chiefly employed 
in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics. 

Production.—Castoreum is collected in Canada by fur trappers. 
Supplies are also furnished by Russia, but have greatly declined in 
recent years. 

Imports of castor or eastoreum for 1911-1918 averaged 14,085 
ounces, valued at $5,616. 


PARAGRAPH 443. 


529. Catgut, whip gut, or worm gut, 443. Catgut, whip gut, or worm gut, 
upmanufactured, unmanufactured. ‘ 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Catgut is made from the intestines of 
sheep, sometimes from those of the horse, ass, or mule, but never 
from those of the cat. The best grades and parts of intestines are 
‘used in making strings for musical instruments and surgical sutures 
for closing wounds. Catgut is also used for making tennis strings, 
clockmaker’s and hatter’s cords, and whipcord. Catgut known as 
spinning gut forms the base of all wound strings. ‘ Oriental” gut, 
used for tennis strings, is made from animal sinews, silk, and glue. 
Worm gut is a strong cord composed of the fiber drawn from a silk- 
worm ready to spin its cocoon; it is used by anglers in attaching 
hooks to fishlines. . 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 631 


Imports of catgut and worm gut in 1918 were valued at $216,810 
and in 1914 at $123,551. About one-third of the imports came from 
Japan, the remainder principally from Germany, England, Scotland, 
Spain, and France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Colored catgut strings in lengths suitable for use in stringing tennis 
rackets were held to come within this provision. The coloring was not 
a process occurring after the manufacture of the catgut, but pending 
the manufacture, and the colored article is not a manufacture of cat- 
gut. Whip gut or whip cord is the result of the process of the manu- 
facture of catgut into a twisted article which clearly falls within this 
paragraph. The fact that whip gut, a result of such manufacture, is 
of a length suitable for use in the manufacture of tennis rackets was 
held not to remove it from this paragraph, since the record disclosed 
that this is the length in which whip cord so manufactured is pro- 
duced in the first instance. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 36, of 1915.) Catgut 
strings in lengths from 16 to 31 feet, used as material in making 
elocks and as belting on small lathes, also come within this para- 
graph rather than paragraph 161 as parts of clocks. (G. A. 8231, 
T. D. 37914, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 444. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


86. Roman, Portland, and other hy- 444, Cement, Roman, Portland, and 
draulic cement, in barrels, sacks, or | other hydraulic, 
other packages, 8 centS per one hun- 
dred pounds, including weight of bar- 
rel or package; in bulk, 7 cents. per 
ene hundred pounds; * * #*, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Roman cement is made by burning nodules 
of hardened clay containing lime and iron and mixing the result with 
lime and sand; it is quick-setting. Portland cement is a hydraulic 
eement made by calcining limestone with a clayey matter or with 
blast-furnace slag, followed by fire grinding. Pozzuolana or puzzolan 
cement is a hydraulic cement made by mixing a volcanic ash (granu- 
lated blast-furnace slag, broken brick, and burnt elay may also be 
used) with slaked lime. 

Production was 89,049,766 barrels of 876 pounds, valued at $82,- 
204,096 in 1914, and 93,453,658 barrels, valued at $126,105,800 in 1917— 
over 99 per cent being Portland cement. Portland cement was manu- 
factured (in 1917) in 117 plants located in 27 States, the Lehigh 
district (eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey) producing 
26 per cent. The output of one puzzolan plant and nine natural 
cement plants was 639,456 barrels. Competition is chiefly in foreign 
markets. The value of exports from Germany in 1913 was $8,966,174 ; 
from the United Kingdom, $6,195,444; and from the United States, 
$5,822,107. 

Imports of hydraulic cement were 37,447,094 pounds, valued at 
$163,460 in 1914, and 842,600 pounds, valued at $6,020 in 1918. 

Exports of hydraulic cement were 2,891,453 barrels, valued at 
$3,382,282 in 1914, and 2,575,126 barrels, valued at $5,896,905 in 1918. 


632 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 445. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


530. Cerium, cerite, or cerium ore, 445, Cerium, cerite, or cerium ore. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cerium is a soft, steel-gray metal occurring 
in more than sixty minerals. Of the entire list of cerium-bearing min- 
erals, two may be regarded as commercial sources. These are the 
phosphate (monazite sand, par. 154) and the silicate (allanite). Cerite, 
a hydrous silicate occurring in Sweden, was for some time the only 
commercial source of cerium compounds. Monazite sand, the most 
important ceriwm ore, is mined for its content of thoria, which is used 
in incandescent gas mantles. Cerium is a by-product and is obtained 
in excessively large amounts. No commercial use has been found for 
the pure cerium metal, but certain of its alloys and compounds have 
a fairly extended range of application. The quantity consumed, how- 
ever, is only a small fraction of the production. Incandescent gas 
mantles, besides thoria, contain 1 per cent of ceria, thus consuming 
about 3 tons of cerium. Certain cerium alloys, e. g., pyrophoric 
alloys, throw off glowing particles when scratched by a hard metal, a 
property utilized in automatic cigarette and gas lighters. Other alloys 
are used as reducing agents and as deoxidizers in the manufacture of 
high-grade iron and steel castings. Cerium fluoride is used extensively 
in carbon electrodes for “ flaming” electric arc lamps. Cerium salts 
are also used in medicine. 

Production statistics of cerium are not available, but consumption 
of monazite sand indicates an output of at least 250 tons of ceria. At 
least 10,000 tons of ceria are estimated to have accumulated at the 
gas-mantle factories. 

Imports of cerium, cerite, and cerium ore are small and of no 
significance, in 1914 valued at $10,712 and in 1918 at $5,260. They 
came entirely from Austria in 1914. 


PARAGRAPH 446. 


531. Chalk, crude, not ground, bolted, 446. Chalk, crude, not ground, bolted, 
precipitated, or otherwise manufac- | precipitated, or otherwise manufac- 
tured. - tured. 


For “ General information,” see paragraph 15. 


PARAGRAPH 447. 


10. Charcoal in any form, not spe- 447, Charcoal, blood char, bone 
cially provided for in this Act; bone | char, or bone black, not suitable for 
char, suitable for use in decolorizing | use as a pigment. 
sugars, and blood char, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 


GENERAL ENFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Blood char and bone char are produced by 
heating dried blood and bones in closed retorts until all volatile mat- 
ter is driven off. Bone char contains about 10 per cent carbon and 90 
per cent mineral matter. Both of these substances are sometimes 
called animal charcoal. Bone char to be used for decolorizing pur- 
poses differs from that used as a pigment (par. 538) only in that it 
should be in lumps or grains, while the pigment must be very finely 
ground, The principal use of these substances is as decolorizers in 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 633 


the refining of sugar, and in the purification of vegetable oils and par- 
affin. Other uses are in the purification of drinking water and in case- 
hardening steel. 

Production.—Most of the animal charcoal used is produced here. 
No data are available. - 

Imports have been mostly of bone char. In 1913 imports were 
valued at $12,484; in 1914, at $77,717; in 1915, at $120,715, decreasing 
to $11,865 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Burnt refuse pieces of ivory classified as black pigment under para- 
graph 53 which must be subjected to the following processes sub- 
sequent to importation—(1) graded as to colors, (2) foreign sub- 
stances such as nails and pieces of iron removed, (8) crushed to 
smaller sizes, (4) ground from five to eight times in a powerful mill, 
and (5) powdered or pulverized—were held entitled to free entry 
under this paragraph. (Abstract 87719, of 1915.) Charcoal for cen- 
sers which, upon examination, is shown to be a mixture of charcoal 
and certain gummy mucilaginous substances and which the testimony 
does not show is not suitable for use as a pigment is not classable 
under this paragraph. Where it is intended to extend the meaning 
of descriptive words in a tariff law to articles not coming exactly 
under the specific designation by testimony that such articles are 
commercially known by the terms used in the tariff law at the time 
of its passage, the testimony must show that the articles are uni- 
formly and generally so known in the commerce of the entire country. 
(G. A. 7822, T. D. 35917, of 1915.) Animal black and so-called de- 
colorizing carbon classified as black pigment under paragraph 63 
were claimed free of duty as charcoal or bone black under this para- 
graph. The protest was sustained as to the ground charred bone or 
animal black, but overruled as to the decolorizing carbon found to 
have passed beyond the stage of charcoal and held dutiable as an 
unenumerated manufactured article. (Abstract 37560, of 1915.) 
Powdered charcoal, classified as black pigment under paragraph 53 
and claimed free of duty under paragraphs 4238 and 447, was found 
to be a nonenumerated manufactured article and held dutiable ac- 
cordingly under paragraph 385. (Abstract 38112, of 1915, following 
the preceding case.) In other cases merchandise variously described 
was held free under this paragraph, as follows: Black made from 
bone, wwory or vegetable substances used for decolorizing purposes 
(Abstract 37347, of 1915); twwory char (Abstract 38789, of 1915) ; 
burnt iwory pieces (Abstract 387938, of 1915); charcoal (Abstract 
39104, of 1916); bone black invoiced as “ decolorizing powder” and 
“char for decolorizing purposes” (Abstract 39172, of 1916); bone 
black invoiced as an animal black and used as a bleaching material 
in the manufacture of cream of tartar and tartaric acid (Abstract 
40023, of 1916). Bone black not suitable for use as a pigment in its 
condition as imported is entitled to free entry under this paragraph. 
(T. D. 34344, of 1914.) (See pars. 53 and 423.) 


PARAGRAPH 448. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 





532. Chromate of iron or chromic 448. Chromate of iron or chromic 
ore, ore. 


634 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, is more 
properly called chromite, chrome iron, or chromic iron ore. It is used 
chiefly in making ferrochrome, also bichromate of potash and sodium. 

Production.—In 1918 production was estimated at 79,000 tons 
from about 350 mines operating mostly in the Western States. About 
90 per cent of domestic chromite is produced in California; most of 
the remainder comes from Oregon, with some from Wyoming, Mary- 
land, and other States. Domestic resources are insignificant compared 
to the large high-grade deposits in New Caledonia, Asia Minor, 
Russia, and Brazil. Prior to 1914 only a small fraction of the domestic 
requirement was produced in the United States, the large war demand 
and high prices inducing an increased output. Owing to the poverty 


of the domestic deposits, their widely scattered locations, and the 


long distance of most of them from market, the greater number of the 
mines can not operate at a profit under normal conditions. 

Imports of chromite in 1914 were 85,892 tons, valued at $777,166; 
in 1918, 77,863 tons, valued at $1,555,861. Prior to 1914 imports came 
chiefly from Portuguese Africa, New Caledonia, and Turkey in Asia; 
in 1918, mostly from Portuguese Africa, French Oceania, and Canada. 

Exports.—During the early years of chrome production the entire 
output was exported to England, due to the absence of manufactur- 
ing methods. In 1845 domestic works were established for making 
chromium salts; by 1850 these fully supplied the home market, and 
exportation of the ore ceased. 


PARAGRAPH 449. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. ; 
449. Chromium, hydroxide of, crude, 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Chromium hydrowide is a grayish green, 
gelatinous substance which is produced by treating a solution of 
other chromium salts with an alkali. It is insoluble in water, 
slightly soluble in acids and alkalies, and used chiefly as a paint 
pigment. 

Imports of chromium hydroxide in 1914 were 87,094 pounds, valued 
at $6,110—98 per cent from Germany. In 1915 the import was valued 
at $12,444. 

PARAGRAPH 450. 


534. Clay: Common blue clay and 450. Common blue clay and Gross- 
Gross-Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases | Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases or 
or easks suitable for the manufacture | casks, suitable for the manufacture 
of erucibles and glass melting pots } of crucibles and glass meiting pots or 
or tank blocks, tank blocks, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Fire clays contain a low percentage of 
fluxes and hence are capable of resisting high temperatures; those of 
the highest grade are required to make good crucibles and glass pots. 

Production.—Before the war the crucible and glass-pot manufac- 
turers depended almost entirely on the Klingenberg and Gross-Alme- 
rode clays of Germany, but since 1916 American clays or combinations 


7 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 635 
have been satisfactorily used to replace them. Available deposits 
exist in Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, 
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. Segregated figures for all fire 
clays are not accessible. 

Imports of common blue clay and Gross-Almerode gldass-pot clay 
in 1914 were 20,587 tons, valued at $180,524, practically all from 
Germany ; in 1918, 64 tons, valued at $869. They were highest in 1913 
(23,213 tons, valued at $211,005), the small quantity indicating the 
specialized use of these clays. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Clay of a grayish tinge, used in making pots for melting glass and 
found to be as blue as any used for that purpose, packed in barrels or 
casks, is free of duty as “common blue clay * * * in cases or 
casks, suitable for the manufacture of * * * glass melting pots” 
under paragraphs 534 and 450 of the acts of 1909 and 1918. The same 
clay in bags was properiy classified as unwrought clay under those 
acts. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 333, of 1918.) 

Common blue clay has no well-defined meaning among importers 
of clays. Specification of Gross-Almerode excludes similar clay from 
Belgium and France where there are like pits. 


PARAGRAPH 451. 


ACT OF 1909. 


428. Coal, bituminous, and shale, 45 
cents per ton of twenty-eight bushels, 
eighty pounds to the bushel; coal slack 
or culm, such as will pass through a 
half-inch sereen, 15 cents per ton of 
twenty-eight bushels, eighty pounds 
to the bushel: Provided, That the rate 
of 15 cents per ton herein designated 
for ‘ coal slack or culm” shall be held 
to apply to importations of coal slack 
or culm produced and screened in the 
ordinary way, as such, and so shipped 
from the mine; coke, 20 per centum 
ad valorem ; compositions used for fuel 
in which coal or coal dust is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, whether 
in briquettes or other form, 20 per 
‘ecntum ad valorem: Provided further, 
That on all eoal imported into the 
United States, which is afterwards 
used for fuel on board vessels pro- 
pelled by steam and engaged in trade 
with foreign countries, or in trade be- 
tween the Atlantic and Pacific ports 
of the United States, and which are 
registered under the laws of the United 
States, a drawback shall be allowed 
equal to the duty imposed by law upon 
such coal, and shall be paid under 
such reguiations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall prescribe. 

535. Coal, anthracite, and coal stores 
of American vessels, but none shall be 
unloaded. 


ACT OF 1918. 


451. Coal, anthracite, bituminous, 
culm, slack, and shale; coke; composi- 
tions used for fuel in which coal or 
coal dust is the component material 
of chief value, whether in briquets or 
other form. 


636 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Peat is the first stage of coal formation, followed by 
lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, semibituminous, semianthracite, 
and anthracite. With this series the percentage of volatile matter 
declines and that of fixed carbon increases. In 19138 the coal reserves 
of the world were estimated by the International Geological Congress 
at 7,3897,553,000,000 tons, divided as follows: America, 5,105,528,000,000 
tons; Asia, 1,279,586,000,000 tons; Europe, 784,190,000,000 tons; 
Oceania, 170,410,000,000 tons; and Africa, 57,839,000,000 tons. The 
bulk of the American reserves were within the United States. 

Fine or refuse coal, often constituting one-third of the product, is 
called culm in the case of anthracite coal, and slack in the case of 
bituminous. Certain kinds of bituminous coals are termed coking 
coals, because upon distillation of their volatile matter they yield a 
hard, strong, coherent carbonaceous residue called:coke. Four tons 
of good coking coal yield about three tons of coke. Briquets are 
brick-shaped masses of fine coal with some cementing material. 

Uses.—Anthracite coal is now used for the most part in domestic 
heating. Bituminous coal, in addition to this use, is employed 
largely in manufacturing operations, on railroads, and as bunker coal. 
Coke is the fuel principally used in the manufacture of pig iron. 
Lignite is generally used when better grades of coal are either not 
obtainable or too expensive. In many parts of Europe peat is a 
domestic fuel. Briquets are manufactured out of fine coal for home 
use. 

Distribution of bituminous coal, by industry, in 1915 was as follows: 


: Per cent. ’ Per cent. 
Industrial steam trade___-_~_-. 33.0 | Steamship bunker tidewater____. 2.90 
Railroadstueli 22.2 = eee 28: 0 "| ‘Used*at mines2__2)e232 5 — Sees 2.0 
Domestic and small steam trade_. 16.0 | Steamship bunker, Great Lakes__ .3 
Manufacture of beehive coke__-__. 9.3 | Manufacture of coal gas________ 1.0 
Manufacture of by-product coke.. 4.3 | Special uses____-__-_--.-_____ el 
Wxporcted 2 ee ees 4.0 


Production of coal in the United States in 1913 amounted to 
569,960,219 short tons out of an approximate total for the world of 
1,478,000,000 tons. Great Britain, in the same year, produced 821,- 
922,130 tons; Germany, 305,714,664 tons; Austria-Hungary, 59,647,- 
957 tons; France, 45,108,544 tons; Russia 37,188,480 tons. European 
production declined in the three following years, but domestic pro- 
duction reached 684,710,000. tons in 1918 (estimated value, $1,801,- 
500,000), more than one-half the world output. 

Of the domestic production (1918), 585,883,000 tons were bitu- 
minous, valued at $1,465,000,000, and 98,826,084 tons were anthracite, 
valued at $336,480,347. Practically all the anthracite was mined in 
Pennsylvania; the bituminous, mostly in- Pennsylvania, West Vir- 
ginia, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Alabama. ‘The coke 
output in 1918 amounted to 56,478,185 net tons, of which nearly half 
' Was produced in Pennsylvania. Other important States were Ohio, 
Alabama, Indiana, West Virginia, and Illinois. ‘The production of 
briquets in 1918 totaled 477,235 short tons, valued at $3,212,793. 

The workman in American mines increased his annual average out- 
put (bituminous) from 431.538 tons in 1882 to 896 tons in 1916, and 


to about 1,000 tons in 1918; his output of anthracite rose from 363.55 





¢ 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 637 


tons in 1882 to 547 tons in 1916. The output of workmen in Kuropean 
mines has substantially declined since the war. 
The relative effectiveness of mine workers in different countries is 


as follows: 
[Short tons per employee.] 


United States (bituminous),____ 896.0 | United Kingdom, average__..... 296. 9 
United States (anthracite) —-__ cM TS SR, Bran ESS ent eat a et 257. 0 
SETS 2 Cage a Se ee BUSS Fh AVBirIa) te oe bel ee 209. 6 
Monminion of Ganada——- = SS Nia pe A 0 Oe ne res Ri ee 191. 0 
ART CUR 20 et a eR ae As SUSaoe lepers. ee LTSe8 
Ne weres la nde sie OAC a PEC USSEA me ee ees ee 141.0 
Drange Hree State. DooLo MR OriLish sl ndgia ss. eee ae 124.2 
he oe Bara teen eee ke 99.0 
Bagi heh bodesia. -. ._.. ___.=__ 20a. 5 Cape OL GOOG HOPG ss! ee 78.8 
Limiter .ingdom-—._.-..__--__ 262.4 


Coal and coke are most abundant in the Eastern States and are the 
cheapest in the world. Cost of transportation is a large element in 
the price, and in regions remote from coal-producing areas (Califor- 
nia, for instance) it is often cheaper to import, especially by water. 

Pulverized fuel (coal) is fast developing and estimated to consume 
some 12,000,000 tons annually in the cement industry. When pulver- 
ized the coal is fed to the furnace by blowers adjusted to supply the 
coal dust and air in the ratios of best combustion; this makes avail- 
able low grades of coal otherwise unusable. The method is applied in 
metallurgical and power-plant use, ie experimentally, in locomo- 
tives, 

Coal is bought by large consumers on standard tests, e. g., its heat- 
ing power (British thermal units), ash, volatility, ete. The best coal 
contains about 14,500 B. t. u. per pound, and is salable at 10,000 units 
or lower. Fuel oil averages 18,000 to 19,800 units per pound and isa 
rapidly increasing alternative for coal. Four barrels are broadly 
taken as equaling a ton of coal, and coal producers have shown 
some concern regarding the competition of this fuel, especially the 
oil imported from Mexico. 

Import values in 1918 aggregated $6,414,218, divided as follows: 
Anthracite, $18,390; bituminous and slate (1,366,876 tons), $6,076,048 ; 
slack or culm (34,825 tons), $100,503; coke (29,097 tons), $218,997; 
and compositions, coal or coal dust, $280. Nearly all came from Can- 
ada and entered principally through the customs districts of Mon- 
tana and Idaho, Massachusetts, Washington, San Francisco, Maine, 
and New Hampshire, all either within easy reach by water of the 
Canadian coal fields or remote from our own leading coal areas. 

Exports greatly exceed imports. In 1918 exports of anthracite 
were 4,842,187 tons, valued at $29,844,947 ; bituminows, 21,051,979 tons, 
valued at $81,980,218; and coke, 1,337,321 tons, valued at $10,155,047. 
Practically all the anthracite, three-fourths of the bituminous, and 
two-thirds of the coke went to Canada. 

The United States, while by far the greatest coal producer, is sur- 
passed as an exporter by Great Britain and Germany, but indications 
point to American leadership in the export trade of the future. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS... 


Coal, which after being screened has been washed in water by the 
use of a machine or otherwise prior to exportation so as to remove the 
dirt, dust, fine coal, and other impurities of like kind, was held duti- 


638 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


able at 45 cents. per ton under paragraph 428 of the act of 1909 and 
not at 15 cents per ton as coal slack, or culm such as will pass 
through a half-inch sereen. The process of washing changes its 
weight and commercial character so as to remove it from the category 
of “coal slack or culm produced and screened in the ordinary way, 
as such, and so shipped from the mine.” (G. A. 7096, T. D. 30907, of 


1910. ) 
Lignite might be added to this paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 452. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


536, Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal 452. Coal tar; crude, pitch: of coal 
tar, and products of coal tar known | tar, wood or other tar, dead or creo- 
as dead or creosote oil, * * * naph- | sote oil, and products of coal tar 
thalin, * * * phenol, cresol, * * *; | known as: anthracene and anthracene 


all the foregoing not medicinal and | oil, naphthalin, phenol, and cresol. 
not colors or dyes. 


Repealed by the act of September 8, 1916. (See par. 20.). 
PARAGRAPH 453. 


537. Cobalt and cobalt ore: | 453. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cobalt is a white, malleable, tough metal 
similar to iron and resembling nickel in many of its properties. In 
the form of its oxide it imparts a beautiful blue eolor to pottery and 
other glazes. Research for developing its uses has opened up a most 
promising field for the metallie form,. especially in the alloy, stellite, 
and as a valuable component of special high-grade steels. 

Production.—Practically the entire world supply comes. from: the 
silver ores of Cobait, Ontario, Canada, where it is made into metal 
or oxide. There are deposits of low grade associated with. the dis- 
seminated lead ores of Missouri. These complex ores: were worked 
for nickel and cobalt from 1907 to 1909, producing 83,394 pounds of 
cobalt oxide in the latter year. The plant remained idie until 1917, 
when it was remodeled for the production of lead, copper, and nickel, 
eobalt being a by-product. In 1918 cobalt ores were mined. in. Idaho, 
the production being 55: tons of concentrates. The annual Canadian 
production in 1916 and 1917 was slightly in excess of 1,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of cobalt and cobalt ore are grouped with eaffer (roasted 
speiss or erude oxide, par. 657). The pereentage of metal is on the 
increase, and less crude material is imported. In 1914 imports of 
cobalt and cobalt ore and zaffer amounted to 197,009: pounds, and in 
1918 to: 161,695. pounds: 


PARAGRAPH 454. 
538. Coeculus indicus. | 454. Coeculus. indicus, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cocculus indicus is a berry used in India 
as a fish poison and in the United States and Europe chiefly in the 
preparation of ointments for destruction of skin parasites: and other 
purposes. Picrotoxin, used in medicine, is a derivative. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 639 


Production.—it is derived from a wild. plant oecurring in India 
and Ceylon. It is also found in the Philippines. 

Imports recorded are very small. From 1909 to 1917 they are 
reported only four times, the total amounting to 24,788 pounds, valued 
at $3,445. There is reason to believe, however, that larger imports, 
invoiced as “ fish berries,” are not tabulated here. 


PARAGRAPH 455. 
ACE OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


539. Cochineal. 455. Cochineal. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cochineal is a natural searlet dye consist- 
ing of the dried body of the female insect Coccus cacti, which is 
native to Mexico, Guatemala, the Canary Islands, and Java. It is 
used in dyeing and textile printing, in color lakes for artist’s colors, 
and for paper staining: 

Production.—The insects are collected: alive and killed by exposure 
to the dry heat of an oven or by being inclosed in a bag and immersed 
in boiling water, when the bodies are dried and ground to a pewder. 
There is no domestic supply. 

Imports of cochineal for 1910-1918 averaged 205,738 pounds, valued 
at $82,222, and came chiefly from Mexico. Formerly imports came 
principally from the United Kingdom. 


PARAGRAPH 456. 


540. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and 456. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and 
fiber, leaves, and shells of. fiber, leaves, and shells of 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The seeds of the tropical cacao tree are the 
cacao beans or crude cocoa of commerce, from which are obtained 
cocoa, chocolate, cocoa butter, and cocox shells. In the producing 
countries the seeds or beans are separated from the surrounding 
pulp of the large pods, cured by several simple processes, and packed 
in bags of 130 to 160 pounds. The manufacture of cacao products 
is a technical industry conducted chiefly in America and Europe. 
Of the content of the bean, the stimulant (theobromin) constitutes 
about 2 per cent; fat, over 50 per cent; and albuminoids, starch, and 
ash, the remainder. (For manufactured products, see pars. 281-232.) 
Cocea shells, the husks of the seeds, removed in the process of manu- 
facture, are virtually a waste in this country. In Europe they are 
used as an ingredient in cattle feeds, in the extraction of theobromin 
and cocoa butter, and in adulterating chocolate-eocoa products. 

Production.—No cacao is produced in the United States and the 
insular output is not important. Until 1890 virtually the entire sup- 
ply was from the American Tropics, but the West-African colonies 
of Great Britain and Portugal (Gold Coast and San Thome-Principe) 
produced about 40 per cent of the world crop (650,000,000 pounds) 
in 1915; of this world supply the United States imported about 
80: per cent. 

Imports.—During 1914-1918 the value of cacao imports ranged 
from: $20,000,000: to $41,000,000. European countries have a large 


640 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


reexport trade. New York City reexports considerable quantities of 
these products to Canada, and since 1914 has become an important 
reshipping center for the world trade. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cocoa waste, a brown granulated substance not in the form of 
flour, but much coarser in appearance, clearly the shell of the cocoa 
bean and apparently the result of a process of decortication to pre- 
pare the cocoa bean for the manufacture into cocoa, was held free 
of duty as cocoa shell under paragraph 540 of the act of 1909. (Ab- 
stract 31715, T. D. 33280, of 1913.) Cocoa fibers cut in uniform 
lengths and bunched, having been subjected to a process that fitted 
them as materials for use in the manufacture of brushes, were held 
not entitled to free entry under paragraph 540 of the act of 1909, 
but dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles. (5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 210, of 1914.) 

The items other than “ cocoa, or cacao, crude, and shells of,” might 
be eliminated from this paragraph. There is no commerce in cocoa 
leaves; apparently there is some confusion here with the leaves of the 
coca bush, from which cocaine is obtained. This item is elsewhere 
provided for (par. 39) ; so also is cocoa fiber, otherwise known as coir 
(par. 459), which is derived from the fibrous rind of the coconut, and 
has no relation to crude cacao. 


PARAGRAPH 457. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
§41. Coffee. 457. Coffee. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Co/ffees are characterized as “strong” and 

“mild,” with subclasses. The product of Brazil is strong, and that 
of all other countries mild. Chiefly strong coffees are consumed in 
the United States; Europe prefers the mild types. 
_ Production.—Porto Rico yields approximately 40,000,000 pounds 
and Hawaii about 3,000,000 pounds. Under the most favorable con- 
ditions they could hardly produce one-fourth of the 1,000,000,000 
pounds required for domestic consumption. The Porto Rican product 
is shipped to Cuba and Europe. American consumers prefer other 
varieties. Of the world production, about 2,500,000,000 pounds, Brazil 
supplies over two-thirds. Through valorization the Government of 
Brazil exercises a controlling influence over the markets of the 
world. At the present time (1919) the Government has purchased 
and is withholding approximately 400,000,000 pounds of coffee which 
was bought at about 5% cents per pound. 

Imports of coffee exceed 1,000,000,000 pounds, valued at about 
$100,000,000, about three-fourths from Brazil. The bulk of the Colom- 
bian and Venezuelan product is exported to this country and used 
for blending purposes, 

Exports of green coffee are almost entirely from Porto Rico. Some 
Hawaiian coffee moves to Canada and to Asia. Exports of roasted 
coffees are chiefly to Canada and Mexico, and to markets wherein 
the United States has preferential treatment—Cuba, the Philippines, 
and Panama, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 641 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Porto Rican coffee exported and returned to Porto Rico and foreign 

coffee imported into Porto Rico are free of duty under this paragraph. 
(T. D. 84672, of 1914.) Coffee-decaffecinized is coffee. To be dutiable 
under paragraph 294 of the act of 1909, a commodity must be either 
dandelion root, acorns prepared, or articles used as coffee or as a sub- 
stitute for coffee. Coffee in whatever form was not within the pur- 
view of that paragraph, as the same was specifically provided for. The 
rule of construction as applied to the food and drugs act is entirely 
different from that as applied to the customs tariff laws. Coffee 
‘from which 80 per cent of the caffein has by some process been 
extracted and which has undergone no other change, either in form, 
shape, structure, or character, is nevertheless coffee, and was held 
free of duty under the express provisions of paragraph 541 of the 
act of 1909. (G. 4A. 7464, T. D. 334638, of 19138.) 


PARAGRAPH 458. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
542. Coins of gold, silver, copper, or 458. Coins of gold, silver, copper, or 
other metal. other metal. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Uses.—Coins are imported and exported mainly for the purpose 
of adjusting trade balances with foreign governments. 

Import value of coins in 1914 was $89,064; in 1918, $6,006. Prior 
to 1914 coins came mainly from Germany and England. 

Exports of United States coins in 1914 were valued at $7,208; in 
1918 there were none. Nearly all the exports were to Cuba. 


PARAGRAPH 459. 
543. Coir and coir yarn. | 459. Coir, and coir yarn. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Coir is a stiff, elastic fiber obtained from 
the outer husk of the coconut, produced chiefly in British India 
and Ceylon, and in limited quantities in Porto Rico and other tropical 
or semitropical countries. The coarsest fibers go into brushes. The 
longest fibers are spun (usually by hand) into coir yarn for making 
rope, coarse cloths, and coco matting; the short, curley fiber is used 
for packing and upholstery stuffing. Coir rope, though not so strong 
as manila rope, is not affected by salt water. 

Production.—The fiber may be extracted and spun either by hand 
(by soaking the husk for several days, beating it apart, hand hackling, 
and crudely hand spinning) or by the use of mechanical breakers 
and special hackling and spinning machinery. The hand product is 
considered superior; practically all the product of British India and 
Ceylon is of this type. 

Imports of coir in 1914 were 1,095,360 pounds, valued at $13,114; in 
1918, 374,080 pounds, valued at $15,351. Imports of coir yarn in 
1914 were 8,554,032 pounds, valued at $391,496, about 75 per cent 
from British India; in 1918, 8,086,687 pounds, valued at $415,503, 
nearly all from India. 


(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par, 456.) 
184911°—20 41 





642 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


, PARAGRAPH 460. 


ACT OF 1909. 


545. Composition metal of which 


copper is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 


in this section. 


ACT OF 1913. 


460. Composition metal of which 
copper is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Composition metal is commonly limited to 
Munte’s metal. This is a kind of brass made of three parts copper — 
and two parts zine. It differs from common brass in being malleable 
when hot. Being cheaper and more easily rolled, it has displaced 
copper as sheathing for vessels, its chief use. Other special alloys of 
copper have been included under this paragraph. 

Imports of composition metal, n. s. p. f., in 1914 were 1,035,357 
pounds, valued at $169,154; in 1918, 383,248 pounds, valued at $81,620. 
Prior to 1914 imports were mostly from Germany, France, and Cuba; 
since 1914, chiefly from England and Cuba. 

Exports in 1918 were 1,315,486 pounds, valued at $378,026, nearly 
seven-eighths going to France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph covers composition metal itself and not the articles 
composed thereof. (Abstract 36762, T. D. 34865, of 1914.) Old bullet 
jackets, used or rejected, having copper as their component material 
of chief value, assessed under paragraph 3884 as waste, were held 
to be free of duty under this paragraph as composition metal of 
which copper is the component material of chief value. (G. A. 8189, 
T. D. 87725, of 1918, following G. A. 5061, T. D. 23469, of 1902.) 
Thin sheets of Dutch metal 334 inches long by 84 inches wide have 
also been held to come within this paragraph. (G. A, 4993, T. D. 
23282, of 1901.) Other cases are discussed in a case upon hot-rolled 
wire rods or bars, 94 per cent copper and 6 per cent phosphor tin, 
held to be composition metal. (G. A. 6817, T. D. 29296, of 1908.) 


PARAGRAPH 461. 


544, Copper ore; 
black or coarse copper, and copper 
cement; old copper, fit only for re- 
manufacture, clippings from new cop- 
per, and copper in plates, bars, ingots, 
or pigs, not manufactured or specially 
provided for in this section, 


regulus of, and 461. Copper ore; regulus of, and 


black or coarse copper, and copper 
cement; old copper, fit only for re- 
manufacture, copper scale, clippings 
from new copper, and copper in plates, 
bars, ingots, or pigs, not manufaetured 
or specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—The principal copper-bearing minerals are native 
copper; cuprite or copper oxide; malachite or green carbonate of cop- 
per; azurite or blue carbonate of copper; chalcopyrite or copper py- 
rite; bornite or peacock copper; chalcocite or copper glance; chryso- 
colla or silicate of copper; tetrahedrite, a copper-antimony sulphide; 
enargite, a copper-arsenic sulphide; and covellite or cupric sulphide. 

Important terms referred to in production and trade: Black copper, 
an impure metal normally ranging from 70 to 99 per cent copper with 
less than 2 per cent sulphur. Blister copper, the final product of 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 643 


direct copper-ore smelting, copper ranging from 96 per cent upward. 
Casting copper, made from blister and scrap, analyzing 99 to 99.75 per 
cent. Cement copper, obtained by precipitating from solutions by the 
use of scrap iron. Copper scale, the oxide or scale formed on the sur- 
face of the copper when in the annealing furnace. Concentrate, the 
valuable mineral product resultant from mechanical treatment of ore. 
Converting, a special treatment. for the oxidation and reduction of 
matte to blister copper. Electrolytic copper, produced by electrolytic 
refining methods. Lake copper, from the native copper mines of the 
Lake Superior district. Matte, the intermediate . product resultant 
from smelting sulphur-bearing ores, consisting of copper, iron, and 
sulphur, usually running 25 to 55 per cent copper. Refining, the 
further treatment of blister copper to produce a commercially pure 
copper (99.8 per cent). Smelting, the reduction of ores or concen- 
trates in furnaces by heat and fusion. Regulus is the pure, high-grade 
matte, containing 80 per cent copper, that is formed above the button 
of impure metal in the selective smelting process. Copper in plates, 
bars, ingots, or pigs, is copper cast in various forms in the smeltery 
or refinery. (For rolled plates, see par. 147.) 

Uses.—Copper, because of its low cost, high electrical and thermal 
conductivity, its great tensile strength, and the ease with which it may 
be worked, is consumed in large quantities in the manufacture of 
electrical and mechanical apparatus, alloy metals, munitions of war, 
coins, shipbuilding, and in architecture and the arts. Its more im- 
portant alloys are bronze (copper with tin), brass (copper with zinc), 
and monel metal (copper with nickel). 

Production of copper is referred to in three stages—mining, smelt- 
ing, and refining. The United States, which produces more than half 
the world’s copper, mined 58,482,694 tons of ore in 1917 and 35,175,541 
tons in 1914; the ore yielded each year an average of about 1.6 per 
cent copper. Ore deposits in the United States consist mainly of (1) 
the so-called porphyries, with horizontal deposits lying near the sur- 
face, as in Utah and Nevada, yielding about 1 per cent of copper; (2) 
deep mines, as in Michigan and at Butte, Mont., yielding 2 to 5 per 
cent; (3) richer, massive, but irregular ore bodies, located mainly in 
Arizona; and (4) pyritic ore bodies, as in Tennessee and California, 
often profitable even when low grade because both the sulphur and 
the copper are recovered. About 85 per cent of our copper is produced 
by the first group, 30 per cent by the second, 25 per cent by the third, 
5 per cent by the fourth, and 5 per cent by all others. 

Smelter production from domestic ores was 1,908,533,595 pounds 
(fine) in 1918 and 1,150,137,192 in 1914. In 1918 the production, in 
pounds, was: Arizona, 769,521,729; Montana, 326,426,761; Michigan, 
231,096,158; and Utah, 230,964,908. Other important producers were 
Nevada, New Mexico, Alaska, and California. 

Refinery production, in pounds, in 1918 was: Electrolytic, 1,560,- 
327,422; lake, 231,096,158 ; casting and pig, 148,780,346; total domestic 
production, 1,882,874,191; total production from domestic and im- 
ported raw materials, 2,432,385,290. Value of production in United 
States was $471,408,000. In 1914 the production, in pounds, was: 
Electrolytic, 991,573,073; lake, 158,009,748; castings and pig, 60,840,- 
868 ; total domestic, 1,210,428,189 ; total production from domestic and 
imported raw materials, 1,533,781,394. Value of production was $152,- 
968,000. In addition to the foregoing, 256,000,000 pounds of secondary 


644 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


copper were produced in 1914 and 687,684,000 pounds in 1917. The 
total refinery production in the United States, foreign and domestic, 
in 1918 was 79 per cent of the world supply (3,075,000,000 pounds). 

Organication.—In 1917, of the 1,000 mines operating, 31 produced 
85.82 per cent of the total output in the United States. Mining, 
smelting, and refining was largely by five groups, with an output of 
1,407,518,679 pounds, compared with a total from domestic mines of 
1,895,434,349 pounds. As a rule, smelters operate on a larger scale 
than mines, and refineries on a larger scale than smelters. Ten electro- 
lytic refineries in the United States, mainly in the hands of the five 
groups mentioned, have a capacity of 2,780,000,000. pounds a year. 
The advantages of large-scale operations are such that no small pro- 
ducer can enter the field. 

United States in relation to world production and consumption.— 
Because of our great refineries and large interests in Canadian, Mexi- 
ean, and South American mines, about one-third as much copper is 
now imported for refining as is produced at home. The developed 
reserves of the United States copper deposits are fully equal, in pro- 
portion to output, to such reserves in foreign deposits. This insures 
for the next 10 years at least that copper production in the United 
States will maintain its present relative dominance over all foreign 
countries. 

The principal foreign producers in 1918 were Japan, 94,286 long 
tons; Chile, 84,498; Mexico, 74,8386; Canada, 51,860; Peru, 44,094. 
This compares with 852,678 tons of domestic production. Chile, 
Mexico, Canada, and the Belgian Kongo are becoming of increasing 
importance as producers. 

The United States is the largest consumer, the consumption of 
new copper in 1918 being 1,661,000,000 pounds; of new and old copper, 
2,083,000,000 pounds in 1917 and 1,085,000,000 pounds in 1913. Euro- 
pean consumption in 1918 was 1,514,240,000 pounds; Germany led, 
with Hngland and France combined, next. 

Imports of ore and concentrates in 1918 were valued at $27,220, OTT, 
with copper contents of 144,397,221 pounds; in 1914 ore valued at 
$9,715,426, with copper contents of 84,489,395 pounds, was imported. 
Five-sixths in value of the ore imports in 1918 came from Canada; 
Chile, and Cuba; in 1914 Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Cuba, in order, 
were the chief sources. Of the concentrates in 1918 eight-ninths came 
from Mexico, the balance from Cuba, British South Africa, Canada, 
and Peru. 

Matte and regulus, coarse metal and cement, valued at $4,560,162, 
with copper contents of 22,220,700 pounds, were imported in 1918, 
nearly all from Mexico and Chile, In 1914 imports were valued at 
$3,346,452, with copper contents of 23,051,051 pounds, more than one- 
half from Chile, the remainder mainly from Peru and Canada. 

Unrefined copper imports in 1918 were 336,181,939 pounds, valued 
at $82,361,287, and refined copper imports, 13,606,039 pounds, valued 
at $3,585,732. The chief sources were Chile, Peru, Mexico, and 
Canada. In 1914 corresponding imports under the head of pigs, 
ingots, bars, and plates were 278,124,725 pounds, valued at $39,551,093, 
mainly from Mexico, Peru, Canada, and Spain. 

Old or scrap copper, copper scale, and copper clippings imports in 
1918 were 6,559,605 pounds, valued at $1, 679,718, and in 1914, 6,590,923 
pounds, valued at $815,465, mainly from Cané@a and Cuba. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 645 


Total imports of copper in 1918, including copper contents of ore, 
concentrates, matte, ete., but excluding rolled plates, wire, and other 
manufactures of copper, were 523,348,752 pounds, and in 1914, 388,- 
837,787 pounds. . 

Exports of copper ore in 1918 were valued at $984,709 with cop- 
per contents of 3,921,928 pounds, and of concentrates, matte, and 
regulus, valued at $216,941, with copper contents of 873,693 pounds— 
all to Canada. In 1914 ore, matte, and regulus, valued at $3,257,089, 
were exported. Of this amount $2,947,863 worth went to Mexico and 
$295,680 to Canada. 

Exports of unrefined copper in 1918 were 26,550,026 pounds, valued 
at $6,920,687, of which 21,093,995 pounds went to Italy, the balance 
mainly to France and England. Exports of refined copper in 1918 
were 887,778,571 pounds, valued at $235,176,820, of which 333,190,164 
pounds went to France, 300,757,696 pounds to England, and 127,295,032 
pounds to Italy. The remainder was widely scattered. In 1914 ex- 
ports of pigs, ingots, and bars were 864,602,721 pounds, valued at 
$128,137,408, of which 274,065,914 pounds went to Germany, 163,586,230 
to France, 162,983,424 to the Netherlands, and 180,012,812 to England. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Regulus of copper,and copper matte are interchangeable terms. (5 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 398, of 1914; 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 226, of 1917.) Cop- 
per matte is a matte in a condition ready to be smelted for its copper 
content, a condition present only when all of the lead product in the 
matte which is capable of being removed by practicable commercial 
processes, without impairing or injuring in any way the copper ingre- 
dient, has been eliminated. (G. A. 8216, T. D. 37840, of 1918.) A 
matte containing both copper and lead and not in a condition ready 
‘for the process of smelting to recover the copper content is excluded 
from this paragraph and is dutiable by similitude as a lead-bearing 
ore under paragraph 152. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 226, of 1917; G. A. 
8146, T. D. 37571, of 1918; Abstract 43012, of 1919.) Mattes contain- 
ing more than seven units or 7 per cent of lead after deducting from 
the lead content one-fourth of the copper content were declared not 
ready to be smelted for the copper contained therein and held not 
classable as copper matte or regulus of copper. (G. A. 8298, T. D. 
58176, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. 

Ore containing over 3 per cent of lead is not free of duty under 
the provisions of this paragraph for copper ore, because of the special 
provision therefor in paragraph 152. (G. A. 8230, T. D. 37899, 
of 1919.) © (See pars. 152 and 153.) 

A semicolon might be inserted after the word “ manufactured,” the 
word “or” omitted after “ manufactured,” and the words “all the 
foregoing not” inserted before the words “specially provided for,” 
making the paragraph conclude as follows: ‘not manufactured; all 
the foregoing not specially provided for in this section.” 


PARAGRAPH 462. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


19. Copperas, or sulphate of iron, 462. Copperas, or sulphate of iron. 
ies of 1 cent per pound. 


646 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Copperas, or green vitriol, is a sulphate 
of iron, essentially a by-product obtained by evaporation from the 
“pickling solutions” used for cleaning iron plates and wires before 
galvanizing, tinning, or enameling. Copperas is used principally as a 
mordant in dyeing, for the purification of water, and in the manufac- 
ture of black inks and pigments containing iron; also for the produc- 
tion of rouge for polishing, for the purification of coal gas, and for the 
precipitation of gold in metallurgical processes. 

Production is almost entirely by iron-working companies, and 
nearly equals consumption. The outputin 1914 was 92,478,823 
pounds—60,113,880 pounds from wire mills, 13,158,859 from rolling 
mills, and the remainder from chemical plants. 

Imports in 1914 were 45,737 pounds, all from England. No imports 
are reported for 1916-1918. 


PARAGRAPH 463. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
546. Coral, marine, uncut, ard un- 463. Coral, marine, uncut, and un- 
manufactured. manufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION.. 


Description and uses.—Coral is derived from the skeleton of the 
coral polyps. It has the hardness and brilliancy of agate, and pol- 
ishes like gems. The principal varieties are red, black, clear white, 
dull white, and, the most prized, delicate rose, or flesh color. 

Production.—The greater portion of the precious coral entering 
commerce is produced on the shores and islands of the Mediterranean, 
though considerable quantities are found on the Persian Gulf, in the 
Philippines, and elsewhere. 

Imports of coral in 1914 were valued at $192, mainly from Italy. 
In 1918 the value was $126. 


PARAGRAPH 464. 


547. Cork wood, or cork bark, un- 464. Cork wood, or cork bark, un- 
manufactured. manufactured, and cork waste, shav- 
ings, and cork refuse of all kinds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cork wood or cork bark is derived from 
an evergreen oak common to southern Europe and northern Africa. 
The tree yields about 45 pounds of commercial bark varying in thick- 
ness from one-half inch to 2 inches. (See par. 340 for uses.) 

Production.—Portugal leads in cork production, with Spain a close 
second. The estimated output of the former in 19138 was 100,000 tons, 
and Spain produced 78,000 tons in 1912. About 85 per cent of the 
~ total product of the world is absorbed by the manufactures of France, 
Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. 

Import values of cork wood, waste, shavings, ete., since 1910 ranged 
between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000, except in 1915 and 1911, when they 
were $2,762,895 and $4,274,810, respectively. In 1918 bark, valued at 
$1,479,072, and waste, shavings, etc., valued at $1,582,755, were im- 
ported, 57 per cent from Portugal and 81 per cent from Spain. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 647 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cork waste consisting of cork disks known as “ throw-outs”’ mixed 
with cork cuttings, broken disks, etc., are free of duty under this para- 
graph. (T. D. 36579, of 1916.) (See par. 340.) 


PARAGRAPH 465. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


235. Corn or maize, 15 cents per 465. Corn or maize. 
bushel of fifty-six pounds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Uses.—It is estimated that 80 per cent of the domestic corn crop 
is consumed on farms and does not enter the channels of trade. 
The commercial crop is distributed in approximately the following 
proportions: Consumed in flour and grist mills, chiefly for human 
food, but also for stock feed (census of 1914), about 6.5 per cent 
(180,000,000 bushels); in glucose and starch factories (census of 
1914), 1.6 per cent (44,000,000 bushels) ; in distilled spirits (1915), 
1.2 per cent (32,000,000 bushels) ; in fermented liquors, 0.5 per cent 
(14,000,000 bushels) ; exports (average for 1911-1915), 1.4 per cent 
(39,000,000 bushels) ; fed to live stock not on farms, 5.4 per cent 
‘(about 150,000,000 bushels). 

Production.—The United States produces 70 per cent (2,500,000,000 
bushels) of the corn crop of the world. Domestic consumption takes 
~ about 98 per cent of this. The 20 per cent which enters trade repre- 
sents largely the surplus, over farm consumption, of the North 
Central States; the great bulk of this moves to the Eastern and 
Southern States. The eastern seaboard markets receive the imported 
corn. The commercial supply varies greatly, depending upon the 
price and volume of substitute feedstuffs, upon the merchantable 
quality of the crop, and upon the condition of the live-stock markets. 

Imports of corn or maize during 1914-1918 ranged from 2,000,000. to 
11,000,000 bushels, almost entirely from Argentina. 

Exports.—Notwithstanding the preeminence of the United States in 
corn production, exports for 1909-1913 averaged only about 41,000,000 
bushels, one-third of the exports of Argentina, which produces only 
one-sixteenth as much. The American crop influences tre meat, 
rather than the grain, markets of the world. Because of comparative 
softness and higher moisture content, it is inferior in shipping quali- 
ties to the Argentine product. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Green corn on the cob is dutiable under paragraph 215 as vegetables 
in their natural state, rather than free of duty under this paragraph. 
(T. D. 35806, of 1915.) 

Corn or maize grits are classified as corn under this paragraph or 
as corn meal under paragraph 466 according to the degree of com- 
minution. 

PARAGRAPH 466. 


236. Corn meal, 40 cents per one 466. Corn meal, 
hundred pounds. 


648 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The character of the several corn prod- 
ucts (corn meal, ete.) is affected by the content of the different parts 
of the kernel as in wheat milling. The skin or hull (about 6 per 
cent of the corn kernel by weight) contains about 51 per cent of the 
crude fiber in the kernel; the endosperm (about 84 per cent of the 
kernel) contains about 90 per cent of the starch; the germ (10 per 
cent of the kernel) about 80 per cent of the oil. 

Production.—By the modern roller process the grain is first freed 
of chaff and foreign material, then the germ and part of the outer 
hull are removed, and the degerminated product passes through a 
series of rollers and screens, yielding a fine flour, corn meal, fine 
grits, coarse grits, and hominy. The separated germ is crushed for 
its oil, which has a large and increasing market (see par. 45), and 
the by-product, germ meal, is a valuable live-stock feed. Due to its 
high content of oil, the presence of the germ in corn meal tends to 
make the product rancid. The United States is by far the largest 
manufacturer of corn products. The absorption of corn by flour 
and grist mills in 1914 was over 180,000,000 bushels, or more than 
10,000,000,000 pounds; among the products separately listed are corn 
meal, 16,327,993 barrels, or over 3,200,000,000 pounds, and grits, over 
870,000,000 pounds. Fermented and distilled liquors absorbed about 
759,000,000 pounds of grits and other corn products in 1916. 

Imports of corn meal seldom amount to $1,000. 

Exports during 1914-1918 ranged beween $1,000,000 and $20,000,000 
in value. | 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 465.) 


‘PARAGRAPH 467. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


548. Cotton, and cotton waste or 467. Cotton, and cotton waste or 
fiocks. flocks. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


RAW COTTON. 


Description and uses.—The domestic cottons are short-staple up- 
land, long-staple upland, American-Hgyptian, and sea-island. - The 
short-staple upland is under 1% inches in length and can be spun only 
into coarse and medium count yarns (under 40s), but is the most 
widely used cotton grown. Long-staple upland runs from 1% to 1% 
inches, a small amount in longer lengths, and is mainly employed in 
counts from 40s to 100s. Sea-island cotton is the longest, finest, and 
silkiest, and the best quality can be spun to 400s or finer. It varies 
from 14 to 24 inches in length, with an average of about 1%. Ameri- 
can-Egyptian cotton is a recent development of acclimated Hgyptian 
long staple. It averages about 18 inches in length, but is coarser than 
sea-island, 

Production.—The following table gives in bales of 500 pounds net 
weight the American output and estimated world production of com- 
mercial cotton as reported by the Federal Census: 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 649 











Years. World. United States. 
: Bales. Bales. Per cent. 
TILES 5 1S Sit SE Se a a eg PR 23, 866, 000 15, 438, 000 64.6 
Ml PURER Peta e e's < o Ohce a. Ses 2 aleve naw en's coho e ores 17, 410, 000 10, 811, 000 62.1 
PUKE Rene ate slo cee oe venous ho chieace 17, 769, 000 11, 520, 000 64.8 





In 1914 the domestic cotton crop was valued at ee 080,000; in 
1918, at $2,087,200,000. 

In 1918 production was divided as follows: Long-staple, 11.3 per 
cent; short-staple, 88.1 per cent; sea-island and American-Egyptian, 
0.6 per cent. In Arizona and California 85,000 acres were planted 
with American-Egyptian cotton in 1918, and its production, stimulated 
by the demands of the tire-fabric industry, tends to increase steadily. 
The total acreage for all varieties in 1914 was 36,832,000; in 1917, 
33,841,000; in 1918, 37,073,000. After the United States, India leads 
in size of crop, followed by China, Egypt, Russia, and smaller pro- 
ducers—Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, Persia, and Peru. 

Imports in 1914 were 246,699 bales (500 pounds gross), valued at 
$19,456,565 ; in 1918, 205,442 bales, valued at $36,021,085. Imports are 
usually supplementary rather than directly competitive. Egyptian 
predominates and is mainly used for making tire fabrics. Peruvian 
imports are chiefly long, harsh tree cotton for mixing with wool in 
making hosiery. Imports from China and India are cheap and in- 
ferior, used in small amounts in blankets. 

Exports in 1914, excluding linters, were 9,521,881 bales (equivalent 
500 pounds), valued at $610,475,301; in 1918, 4,454,898 bales, valued 
at $654,395,514. England is the largest purchaser; in normal times 
Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Belgium follow in the 
order named. 

; LINTERS. 


Description and uses.—Cotton linters are the short fuzz left on 
cotton seed after ginning; they are removed by a special machine, this 
being done by cotton-seed oil mills before crushing the seed. In some 
cases every vestige of fiber is removed by a third ginning, the product 
being called “ delinters” or “hull fiber.” Linters are used in up- 
holstering, in mattresses, comforts, cushions, and pads; for mixing 
with shoddy and for making low-grade yarns, wrapping twine, cheap 
rope, and candle wicks; in absorbent cotton, guncotton, niter powder, 
and writing paper. The greatest quantity has been used in felts and 
batting, but the World War caused an abnormal demand for use in 
guncotton and powder. 

Production in 1914 was 856,900 bales (equivalent 500 pounds) ; 
in 1916, 1,330,714 bales; and in 1917, 1,125,719 bales. High war 
prices made it profitable to scrape this fuzz from the seed most 
-earefully. 

Exports in 1918 were 186,126 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued 
at $10,659,141. France is the heaviest purchaser, followed by Canada, 
Italy, and the United Kingdom. 


COTTON WASTES OR FLOCKS. 


Description and uses.—Waste is made at every machine process 
as cotton passes through the mill. A larger percentage of waste is 


650 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


made in the manufacture of fine yarns than of coarse, but the average 
is estimated at 15 per cent, of which 12 per cent is reworked into in- 
ferior products, the balance being lost in the form of sand and moisture. 
There are two main kinds (1) soft waste, which has no twist and is 
made on machines up to the spinning frame, including such types as 
motes, card fly, flat and cylinder strips, roving waste, etc.; and (2) 
hard waste, having some twist, which is made on the spinning frame 
and subsequent machines, including such types as spinning waste, cop 
bottoms, reel waste, twister waste, ete. Hard waste has to be torn 
up into its original fibers by a special machine before it can be re- 
worked; soft waste needs only to be cleaned for reworking. Cotton 


waste is used for filling in making cotton blankets, flannelettes, cheap ~ 


trousering, towels, etc., and as both warp and filling in making sacks, 
scrubbing cloths, dishrags, ete.; also for candle and lamp wicks, 
wadding for surgical purposes, guncotton, ete. Flocks, short fibers 
removed from cloth during the brushing and napping, are much less 
important than many other types of waste. 

Production of cotton-mill waste in 1914 amounted to 634, 720 bales 
(equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $14,421,929. This is the amount 
sold and does not include that reworked in mills where produced. 


Imports in 1914 were 53,411 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued » 
at $1,288,105; in 1918, 5,846 bales, valued at $279,630. Imports are - 


mainly of hard thread waste for machine wiping. 

Exports in 1914 were 134,501 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued 
at $4,566,769 ; in 1918, 115,543 bales, valued at $9,809,867, going nor- 
mally to the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1918 the largest pur- 
chasers, after the United Kingdom, were Canada, Italy, and Cuba. 
Exports are mainly of soft waste for remanufacture. Germany 
formerly led in cotton-waste manufacturing, the United Kingdom 
following. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cotton linters, the fine’ fibers that adhere to cotton seed after gin- 
ning, which are removed by a specially constructed gin, cleaned, 
bleached, and dried, are free of duty as cotton under this paragraph 
rather than dutiable as cotton waste under paragraph 250. (Ab- 
stract 38315, following 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 246, of 1911.) Waste 


produced from lace curtains or clippings from towels and a mix- . 


ture of short white threads or of white and colored threads, was 
held to be free of duty as cotton waste under paragraph 548 of the 
act of 1909. (Abstract 35736, T. D. 34496, of 1914, followed under 
the act of 1913 in Abstract 37010, of 1914.) Sweepings of cotton 
waste and dirt, when subjected to a mixing process to eliminate the 
dirt and to produce a recognized and marketable cotton waste, 
the product being used by the manufacturers of wiping waste, was 
held not to be included among the cotton wastes ‘“ manufactured or 
otherwise advanced in value” in paragraph 313 of the act of 
1909, but free of duty under paragraph 548 as “cotton waste.” 
(G. A. 7024, T. D. 80641, of 1910.) Cotton waste recovered from mill 
sweepings or used cotton waste not “ advanced in value” by processes 
of combing and washing and bleaching in the sense implied by “ ad- 
vanced in value” appearing in paragraph 313 of the act of 1909 was 
likewise classified. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 222, of 1911.) (See par. 250.) 
Flocks might be omitted as an unimportant waste. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 651 


This paragraph might be changed to read: “Cotton, linters, and 
‘cotton waste.” Linters are now classified as cotton, but they are 
a by-product which, in general, is used for different purposes. 


PARAGRAPH 468. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
549, Cryolite, or kryolith. 468. Cryolite, or kryolith, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cryolite is a natural double fluoride of 
sodium and aluminum. It is used chiefly in the aluminum industry ; 
to some extent for making opalescent glasses and enamels. Cryolite 
is displaced by common salt in the production of soda. 

Production.—The entire world’s supply of cryolite comes from 
one deposit in Greenland. It is found in other localities, notably 
around Pike’s Peak, Colo., but not in commercial. quantities. 

* Imports of cryolite in 1914 were 2,157 long tons, valued at $47,435; 
in 1918, 4,383 long tons, valued at $218,500. There is but one im- 
porter in North America. One-fourth or more of the imports are re- 
exported to Canada. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Artificial eryolite is included. (G. A. 5575, T. D. 24990, of 1904; 
G. A, 7840, T. D. 36077, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 469. 


550, Cudbear. | 469. Cudbear. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


= 


Description and uses.—See paragraph 564 for information relative 
to this coloring matter. 
Imports of cudbear for 1910-1918 averaged 35,082 pounds, valued 
at $3,602. 
PARAGRAPH 470. 


551. Curling stones, or quoits, and 470. Curling stones, or quoits, and 
curling-stone handles. curling-stone handles. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—A curling stone is a large, smooth stone, 
shaped like a convex cheese, having a handle in the upper side. It is 
about 9 inches in diameter, weighs from 380 to 45 pounds, and is used 
in playing the Scotch game of curling. A quoit is a ring of iron 
or rope, and is used in playing the familiar game of quoits. 

Imports of curling stones and quoits in 1918 were valued at $380. 
Prior to 1918, the annual importation ranged between $1,000 and 
$3,000. 

PARAGRAPH 471. 


552. Curry, and curry powder. | 471. Curry, and curry powder. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Curry is a kind of sauce or relish, made of 
meat, fish, fruit, eggs, or vegetables, cooked with spices, such as 
cayenne pepper, coriander seed, ginger, garlic, etc. It is very popular 


652 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


in the eastern Tropics, especially in India, where it originated. 
Curry powder, the mixture of spices used for making curry sauce, is’ 
composed of ginger, cayenne pepper, tumeric, and coriander seed, to 
“which salt, cloves, ground cinnamon, garlic, scraped coconut, ete., 
may be added. 

Import values of curry decreased from $11,807 in 1914 to $9,248 in 
1918, about 95 per cent coming from the United Kingdom. 


PARAGRAPH 472. 


ACT OF 19809. ACT OF 19138. 


5538. Cuttlefish bone. 472. Cuttlefish bone, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cuttlefish bone, or cuttle bone, is the 
internal plate of the cuttlefish, a friable, calcareous substance for- 
merly much used in medicine as an absorbent, but now chiefly for 
polishing wood, paints, varnish, etc., and in tooth powder. It is fed’ 
to canaries for the lime it contains. 

Imports of cuttlefish bone in 1914 were 309,540 pounds, valued at 
$56,051, and in 1918, 247,250 pounds, valued at $57,636. 


PARAGRAPH 473. 


554. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or 473. Dandelion roots, raw, dried or 
undried, but unground. undried, but unground. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Dandelion root is a crude drug used as a 
bitter material in so-called tonics and blood purifiers, chiefly proprie- 
tary. An unimportant use is in coffee substitutes (par. 233). 

Production.—It is collected for commerce in various Huropean 
countries where the plant is both wild and cultivated. It is grown 
extensively as a garden plant in America, but wild supplies are more 
than sufficient for domestic medicinal purposes, The low-priced 
foreign product has taken the market, but domestic dandelion appeared 
during the war scarcity. ; 

Imports of dandelion roots for 1909-1918 averaged annually 
87,205 pounds, valued at $11,555. 


PARAGRAPH 474. 


555. * ™* * -glaziers’ and engray- 474. Glaziers’ and engravers’ dia- 
ers’ diamonds not set. monds, unset, miners’ diamonds. 


556. Miners’ diamonds, whether in 
their natural. form or broken, *°* *; 
any of the foregoing not set, * *. *, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Glazier’s and engraver’s diamonds, unset, 
and miner’s diamonds are usually of an acuorphous variety, brown, 
gray, or black in color, and known as “ bort.” Small uncut diamonds, 
the best, from crystals with a natural curved edge, are employed by 
glaziers for cutting glass. While bort may be used for engraver’s 
purposes, it usually requires manipulation or advancement. Minute 
fragments or splinters of bort are also used for making fine drills, 
employed for drilling small holes in rubies and other hard stones and 








653 


for piercing china, porcelain, glass, artificial teeth, ete. Rock drilling, 
in which a rotary drill armed with impure diamonds is used, is the 
most important industrial application. 

Imports in 1918 of glazier’s and engrave7’s diamonds, unset, and 
miner’s diamonds, amounted to $1,049,975—the largest annual im- 
portation in a generation. Increases have occurred since 1914 when 
the imports amounted to $101,839. Recently the largest imports have 
come from Brazil; substantial amounts, however, are also received 
from England and France. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 357.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 475. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


557. Divi-divi. 475. Divi-divi. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
e 


e 

Description and uses.—Divi-divi is the dried seed pods of Cesal- 
pinia coriaria, a small tree found in the neighborhood of Maracaibo 
and other parts of South America. The pods are about 3 inches 
long, brown or blackish, and usually grow in the shape of a letter S. 
The seed pods and an extract made therefrdm are articles of com- 
merce. Divi-divi contains from 40 to 45 per cent tannin and is 
used in tanning and dyeing leather. 

Imports of divi-divi during 1909-1918 averaged 5,459,181 pounds, 
valued at $98,190. 

PARAGRAPH 476. 


558. Dragon’s blood. | 476, Dragon’s blood. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Dragon’s blood is a red, resinous sub- 
stance exuded from the ripe fruit of several species of small palms 
growing in Siam, the Molucca Islands, and the East Indies. It is 
marketed either in the form of small oval drops or in long cylindrical 
sticks, and is used in pharmacy, but principally in coloring varnishes. 

Production.—Dragon’s blood is separated from the fruit by rub- 
bing, by shaking in bags, or by exposure to the vapor of boiling water. 
It is collected by the natives. 

Imports of dragon’s blood varied between 12,034 pounds, valued 
at $5,518 in 1911, and a maximum of 48,026 pounds, valued at $19,137 


in 1917. In 1918 the imports had declined to 10,387 pounds, valued 
at $6,198. 
PARAGRAPH 477%. 
559. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 477. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 


berries, * * * buds, bulbs, bulbous 
roots, execrescences, fruits, flowers, 


berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- 
crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 


‘dried fibers, dried insects, grains, 
gums, gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, 
mosses, _*. *-_* roots, stems, * * * 
vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not gar- 
den seeds), seeds of morbid growth, 
weeds, * * * any of the foregoing 
which are natural and uncompounded 
drugs and not edible and not specially 
provided for in this section, and are 
in a crude state, not advanced in 


dried insects, grains, gums, gum resin, 
herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, logs, 
roots, stems, vegetables, seeds (aro- 
matic, not garden seeds), seeds of 
morbid growth, weeds; any of the 
foregoing which are natural and un- 
compounded drugs and not edible and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, and are in a crude state, not 
advanced in value or condition by 


654 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


value or condition by any process or 
treatment whatever beyond that es- 
sential to the proper packing of the 
drugs and the prevention of decay or 
deterioration pending manufacture: 
Provided, That.no article containing 
alcohol, or in the preparation of 
which alcohol is used, shall be ad- 
mitted free of duty under this para- 
graph. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


shredding, grinding, chipping, crush- — 
ing, or any other process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture: Provided, That 
no article containing alcohol shall be 
admitted free of duty under this para- 
graph. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The drugs listed under this paragraph are discussed in conjunction 


with paragraph 27. 


This. paragraph levies duties upon such drugs only as are named 


and as are like the ones named in the paragraph. 
296, of 1916, _ holding pituitary glands not a drug.) 


(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
Paragraphs 27 





and 477 include only those articles which are drugs within the limita- 
tions of the paragraphs. (7 Ct. Cust Appls., 114, 144, and 210, of 1916, 
holding spruce gum not a drug.) Crude seed of the star anise is a 
drug within the paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 13 and 17, of 1916.) 
Among various other articles held free under this paragraph are 
karaya, sandrac, and Indian gums (Abstract 42836, of 1918); gum 
mastic (Abstract 42289, of 1918); lavender flowers, rosebuds, rose 
leaves, rose flowers, orange buds, violet flowers, rose petals, and 
orange flowers in a crude and dried condition (Abstracts 403826, 
40327, of 1916); sandalwood chips (Abstract 407838, of 1917); orris 
yoot (T. D. 34174, of 1914) ; gum olibanum (Abstract 42221, of 1918) ; 
and gum tragacanth (Abstract 42058, of 1918). Aromatic qwince 
seeds classified as seeds under paragraph 212 were held to be free of 
duty under this paragraph. “ Garden seeds” in this paragraph means 
seeds for kitchen gardens. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38203, of 
1919.) (See pars. 13, 27, and 226.) 

This paragraph does not require that a drug shall be in the crudest 
state. One drug may be more crude than another. No manipulation 
to get the article by itself, that is to say, not affecting the article per 
se as found in its natural condition constitutes an advance in value or 
condition. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 485, 490, and 492, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 478. 


256. Eggs, not specially provided for 
in this section, 5 cents per dozen. 

560. Hggs of birds, fish, and insects 
(except fish roe preserved for food 
purposes): Provided, however, That 
the importation of eggs of game birds 
or eggs of birds not used for food, 
except specimens for scientific collec- 
tions, is prohibited: Provided further, 
That the importation of eggs of game 
birds for purposes of propagation is 
hereby authorized, under rules and 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, 


478. Eggs of poultry, birds, fish, and 
insects (except fish roe preserved for 
food purposes): Provided, however, 
That the importation of eggs of game 
birds or eggs of birds not used for 
food, except specimens for scientific 
collections, is prohibited: Provided 
further, That the importation of eggs 
of game birds for purposes of propaga- 
tion is hereby authorized, under rules 
and regulations to be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 655 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
EGGS OF POULTRY. 


Production.—The domestic production of eggs reaches enormous 
figures, in 1909 valued at $281,000,000, with farm sales of $150,000,000. 
Although usually a by-product enterprise, there are large numbers 
of poultry farms and ranches in regions elimatically and economically 
favorable, and especially near dense populations, as in the south- 
eastern counties of Pennsylvania, and at Petaluma, near San Fran- 
cisco. Cold storage and refrigeration in transit have revolutionized 
the business, enabling the commercial shipment of eggs from China, 
California, and even Hungary, to Atlantic markets. Production is 
largely seasonal; a surplus is produced during the four months 
beginning with April, placed in cold storage, and marketed during 
the succeeding months of comparative scarcity and higher prices. 
The annual receipts of cities such as New York and Chicago approxi- 
mate 150,000,000 dozens, and of St. Louis and Cincinnati, 50,000,000 
dozens. 

Imports during 1911-1913 ranged around 1,000,000 dozens. The 
removal of the duty of 5 cents per dozen in 1914 was followed by a 
great increase in imports from Hungary, from Russia (via Germany), 
and especially from China, which subsequently became the chief 
source of foreign supplies. In China 12 dozens can be bought for 
the price of 1 dozen here; and, carefully selected and handled, these 
eggs can be placed on the American market and sold to bakers, who 
use principally cheaper grades known as “seconds.” Chinese eggs 
are marketed chiefly at New York, San Francisco, and Seattle. (For 
dried eggs, see par. 204.) 

Exports.—The normal annual exports of eggs of poultry range 
from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 dozens, going principally to Cuba and 
Canada. , 


EGGS OF GAME BIRDS OR EGGS OF BIRDS NOT USED FOR FOOD. 


This clause prohibits the importation of eggs of game birds or of 
birds not used for food, except for propagation. The purpose of this 
legislation is to prevent decimation of flocks of migratory birds or 
fowls; also to check imports of eggs of undesirable or harmful species, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “ eggs of poultry ” was interpreted to include domestic 
duck eggs packed in boxes, each containing 300 eggs, in a mixture 
of salt water and ashes of the consistency of mud. Paragraph 
203 was inserted in the law to cover a commodity previously im- 
ported consisting of broken eggs, which were imported in tins in a 
frozen condition, and covers also eggs when they are in a prepared 
condition, but not the eggs in question. (Abstract 37344, of 1915, 
followed in Abstract 39198, of 1916.) Salted eggs, classified as eggs 
frozen or otherwise prepared under paragraph 203, were held free of 
duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 39995, of 1916.) 

Sturgeon roe, packed in tin pails, surrounded with ice, and placed 
inside wooden buckets, is free of duty under this paragraph rather 
than dutiable as preserved roe of fish under paragraph 216. (Ab- 
stract 39520, of 1916.) Fish eggs slightly salted, imported in barrels, 
invoiced as “red caviar” and as “fish roe,” were held free of duty 


696. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


as eges of fish under this paragraph rather than as preserved under 
paragraph 216. (Abstract 39564, of 1916.) Fish roe preserved, not 
fit for food purposes, is free of duty under this paragraph. (TT. D. 
36830, of 1916.) Ant’s eggs in the pupa stage are dutiable at the 
rate of 10 per cent ad valorem as a nonenumerated unmanufactured 
article under paragraph 3885. (T. D. 87118, of 1917.) 

(See pars. 2038, 204, and 216.) 


PARAGRAPH 479. 


ACT OF 19509. ACT OF 19138. 
561. Emery ore and corundum. 479. Emery ore and corundum, and 
32, * * *; erude artificial abra- | crude artificial abresives, not specially 
sives, 10 per centum ad valorem. provided for. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


For discussion of emery ore and corundum, see paragraph 343, 
Description and uses.—These artificial abrasives are of two kinds 
(1) silicon carbides, sold under trade names of carborundum, crysto- 
lon, and carbolon; and (2) aluminum oxides, sold as alundum, alox- 
ite, exolon, and lionite. Artificial abrasives sold under other names 
are either the above products or imported materials marketed under 
special trade names. Carbide of silicon is the best abrasive for use 
on cast iron, brass, bronze, and other metals of low tensile strength, 
and marble, granite, pearl, leather, and carbon. It is also used in 
the form of bricks as a refractory in furnace construction. Ozide. of 
aluminum is the best abrasive for grinding steel and wrought iron. 
It also has found considerable use as a refractory and filtering me- 
dium. These artificial abrasives have replaced emery and corundum 
to a large extent and are by far the most important. abrasive 
materials. : 
Production.—Carbide of silicon is made by heating coke, sand, 
sawdust, and salt to a very high temperature in an electric furnace. 
Oxide of aluminum is made by fusing the mineral bauxite and carbon 
in an electric furnace and allowing it to cool and crystallize. By 
variations in conditions of manufacture, several degrees of hardness 
and toughness can be secured. These crude products are crushed and 
separated into grains of uniform size; the grains are then mixed 
with suitable binding materials and shaped into the desired form. 
Production in the United States and Canada (including a small 
quantity of steel abrasives) has increased from 33,489,000 pounds, 
valued at $2,017,458 in 1918, to 115,822,000 pounds, valued at $8,- 
187,242 in 1917. The 1917 production was divided as follows: Silicon 
carbide, 16,646,000 pounds, valued at $1,074,152; aluminum oxide, 
96,926,000 pounds, valued at $6,969,387; and metallic abrasives, 2,- 
250,000 pounds, valued at $93,703. The industry was first established 
at Niagara Falls, N. Y., because of the electrical power. In recent 
years, power at Niagara failing to meet growing demands, branch fac- 
tories have been established in Canada, where water power is avail- 
able; about 65 per cent of the 1917 production was from those plants. 
A large part of the Canadian output is exported to this country and 
manufactured into wheels, stones, and other finished products. 
Imports of crude artificial abrasive have increased steadily from 
a value of $24,249 in 1910 to $1,855,784 in 1918, mutiplying nearly 
eight times from 1915 to 1918. Imports from Canada have increased 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 657 


from 40 per cent of the total in 1914 to 98 per cent in 1918. France 
is the other important source. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Since artificial abrasives have largely replaced emery and corun- 
dum and are by far the most important class of abrasive materials, it 
might be well to provide specifically for “ artificial abrasives, in 
grains or ground, pulverized, or refined,” as in the case of emery 
(par. 348). 

The nee for corundum might be limited to ore by adding the 
word “ ” after “ corundum,” 


PARAGRAPH 480. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


5638. Fans, common palm-leaf, plain 480. Fans, common palm-leaf, plain 
and not ornamented or decorated in | and not ornamented or decorated in 
any manner, and palm leaf in its nat- | any manner, and palm leaf in its nat- 
ural state, not colored, dyed, or other- | ural state, not colored, dyed, or other- 
wise advanced or manufactured. wise advanced or manufactured, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Palm-leaf fans are made from sections of the 
spreading leaf of several varieties of tropical palms. 

Imports in 1914 of plain and not ornamented or decorated palin- 
leaf fans were 617,135 dozens, valued at $57,992, practically all from 
China, with a few from Hongkong and Japan; in 1918, imports were 
117,126 dozens, valued at $23,954, practically all from China and 
Hongkong. 

Imports of natural palm leaf were valued at $14,801 in 1914, mainly 
from China, Hongkong, Germany, and Cuba; in 1918, at $7,419. 


PARAGRAPH 481. 


564, Felt, adhesive, for sheathing 481. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing 
vessels. vessels, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Adhesive felt for sheathing vessels is made 
in sheets or rolls from flax, old tarred hemp, jute or other fibrous 
wastes, saturated with pine or coal tar. Originally it was used for 
sheathing the bottoms of vessels before putting on the copper, and 
was produced principally in Great Britain. It is extensively em- 
ployed as a lining for roofing and in the shoe manufacuring industry. 

Imports in 1914 of adhesive felt for sheathing vessels were valued 
at $34,916; in 1918, at $100,379, mainly from Ireland. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels,’ has been held to mean 
“ adhesive felt, such as is used for sheathing vessels.” (G. A. 4884, 
TF. D. 20848, of 1899, following G. A. 3719, T. D. 17783, of 1896, which 
was affirmed without opinion and which followed 46 Fed., 359, of 1891, 
holding the provision to cover adhesive felt such as was used at the 
date of the act (1888) for sheathing vessels, although imported for 
other uses, among which are for roofing and for shoes.) Adhesive felt, 
although imported in rolls, was found to be used for sheathing vessels 

184911°—20 





658 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 

and held free of duty under this paragraph. (Abstract 38878, of 1915.) 
A brown adhesive sheathing felt in sheets measuring 32 by 40 inches, 
such as was employed for many years for sheathing vessels, was held 
free of duty under the specific provision in paragraph 564 of the act 
of 1909, irrespective of the circumstance that the more extensive use 
of the material is for other purposes than for sheathing vessels. 


(G. A. 7451, T. D. 33302, of 1913.) 


(See par. 320.) 


PARAGRAPH 482. 


ACT OF 1909. 


566. Fibrin, in all forms. 


ACT OF 1918. 


482, Fibrin, in all forms. 





GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Fibrin is a protein substance which is 
formed when blood coagulates. It is obtained by beating blood with 
sticks to which the fibrin clings. It is also obtained by washing all 
of the coloring matter out of lean meat. It is not an important article 
of commerce. 

Imports of fibrin have been very small, the maximum being valued 
at $54, in 1910. None are shown since 1916. 


PARAGRAPH 483. 


270. * * * Fish in packages, con- 
taining less than one-half barrel, and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 


tion, 80 per centum ad valorem; 
5 * * 


483. Fresh-water fish, and all other 
fish not otherwise specially provided 
for in this section. 


271. Fresh-water fish not specially 
provided for in this section, 4 of 1 
cent per pound. P 


272. Herrings, pickled or salted, 
smoked or kippered, 4 of 1 cent per 
pound; herrings, fresh, 4 of 1 cent per 


pound; eels and smeits, fresh or 
frozen, 3 of 1 cent per pound. 
273. Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, 


salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice 
or otherwise prepared for preserva- 
tion, not specially provided for in this 
section, ? of 1 cent per pound; * * * 
mackerel, halibut, or salmon, fresh, 
pickled, or salted, 1 cent per pound. 


567. Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed 
in ice, caught in the Great Lakes or 
other fresh waters by citizens of the 
United States, and all other fish, the 
products of American fisheries. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Under this paragraph are included all fish 
except shellfish (par. 598) and those items included under paragraph 
216, viz, fish canned in oil, all other canned fish, caviar and other pre- 
served roes, and fish skinned or boned. Because of the variable 
habitat of many fish it is difficult to classify them into the groupings 
of fresh-water or salt-water fish except arbitrarily. The places of 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 659 


capture will, in a general way, determine whether they are of the 
fresh or salt water varieties. 

Production statistics are not available for ‘“ fresh-water fish and 
all other fish.” The total catch of fish, except shellfish, in the United 
States in 1908 (latest available figures) amounted to 1,441,317,000 
pounds, valued at $30,247,000. The carp, lake herring, catfish, trout, 
pike perch, yellow perch, and whitefish are the more important fresh- 
water fish, and their catch was 147,608,500 pounds, valued at $5,078,300. 
The cod is the most important fish of this paragraph caught in Ameri- 
can waters. Its air bladder yields isinglass (a pure form of gelatin) 
of high grade and the liver provides cod-liver oil, used medicinally. 
The catch was 110,054,000 pounds, valued at $2,914,000. The shad is 
next in value, the catch being 27,641,000 pounds, valued at $2,113,000. 
The common weakfish or squeteague is abundant along the Atlantic 
coast, 49,869,000 pounds, valued at $1,776,000, being brought in. Hali- 
but is found in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the 1908 catch 
being 34,441,000 pounds, valued at $1,562,000. The lake herring is 
the most important fish product of the Great Lakes region, with 
41,118,000 pounds, valued at $989,000 in 1908. The carp led the fresh- 
water fish, with 42,763,000 pounds, valued at $1,135,000. Menhaden 
is the most abundant fish found in domestic waters, valued mainly 
for oil and guano; the catch in 1908 was 394,776,000 pounds valued 
at $893,000. The mackerel catch was. 12,108,000 pounds, valued at 
$848,000; the herring, 125,050,000 pounds, valued at $796,000. The 
domestic herring is generally sold fresh; the foreign, salted or smoked. 
The United Kingdom leads the world in the amount and value of 
fishery products, with Japan, Norway, the United States, Canada, 
and France following. Herring and cod are the world’s two most im- 
portant fish. 

Imports in 1913 were 189,543,334 pounds, valued at $8,693,514, 
fresh-water fish representing 18 per cent in amount and 15 per cent 
in value; herring, 41 and 87 per cent; cod, haddock, hake, and pol- 
lock, 16 and 18 per cent; mackerel, 15 and 16 per cent; smelts, 8 and 6 
per cent; salmon, halibut, and all other fish, the remaining 2 and 8 
per cent. Practically all of the herring, cod, and mackerel imported — 
were salted or smoked; most of the salmon and mackerel] was fresh or 
frozen. Imports in 1914 increased to 256,034,165 pounds, valued at 
$11,456,949, percentages being about the same as for the previous year. 
Imports in 1918 increased to 306,517,953 pounds, valued at $20,- 
906,125. Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock displaced herring, and rep- 
resented 34 per cent in amount and 82 per cent in value, followed by 
herring with 26 and 18 per cent; fresh-water fish, 16 and 17 per cent; 
mackerel, 7 and 10 per cent; halibut, 6 and 10 per cent; salmon, 
5 and 5 per cent; and all other fish, the remaining 6 and 8 per cent. 
Canada and Newfoundland furnished about 80 per cent of the cod; 
the United Kingdom led in herring, with the Netherlands, Norway, 
and Canada following. About 40 per cent of the imported mackerel 
came from the United Kingdom and about 85 per cent from Norway. 
During the war the largest imports were from Canada. 

Exports of fresh-water fish and all other fish in 1914 amounted to 
approximately 55,000,000 pounds and in 1918 to approximately 
40,000,000 pounds, valued at $3,611,680 and $5,288,583, respectively. 
More than 60 per cent in 1914 was of salmon, other than canned, Ger- 
many being the market for about 85 per cent, Followjng the war, 


660 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


exports of fresh, frozen, or salted salmon dropped rapidly, and in 
1918 cod was 64 per cent of the total, fresh fish (except salmon) 17 
per cent, and herring and salmon 5 per cent each. Most of the cod, 
herring, and all other fish, dried, smoked, or cured, went to the West 
Indies and South America. The United Kingdom and Canada were 
the largest importers of our fresh fish and salmon during the war 
period, 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

Codjish from which a portion of the bones has been removed were 
held free of duty under this paragraph (T. D. 35642, of 1915); also 
salted codjsish in barrels with not quite one-half of the backbone 
removed and with the head taken off, rather than dutiable as fish, 
boned, under paragraph 216 (Abstract 40551, of 1917). Salmon from 
which the larger part of the backbone had been removed, leaving the 
side bones and other bones in the fish and which: had been treated 
with a solution of salt or brine for preserving during transportation, 
with a solution of salt or brine for preserving during transportation, 
not sufficient to affect their being sold as fresh fish, were held en- 
titled to free entry under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 372, of 
1915.) Herrings with all the bones taken out and trimmed, were held 
properly classified as fish, skinned, or boned under paragraph 216. 
But fish with the head and tail cut off, split and the backbone re- 
moved, the side or rib bones remaining in the fish, were held free of 
duty. (Abstract 399738, of 1916.) Pickled cod tongues in half barrels 
were held entitled to free entry under this paragrph. (Abstract 
391138, of 1916.) (See par. 216.) 

‘Not specially provided for in this section ” rather than “ not other- 
wise specially provided for in this section” is the usual form of 
expression. 

PARAGRAPH 484. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


568. Fish skins. ' 484. Tish skins. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Many fishskins are capable of industrial 
uses. Those of flatfish make excellent gloves and upper leather; 
sole. skins make purses; thornback skins are excellent substitutes 
for sandpaper in cabinet-making; eelskins make serviceable sus- 
penders; siluroid skins are made into gloves in Canada; salmon skins 
make a leather as tough as wash leather; while the skins of sharks 
and skates are used in polishing. 

Imports of fishskins in 1914 Pyrcveren 226, weighed 171 pounds, 
and were valued at $174. In 1918 imports weighed 84,507 pounds 
» and were valuea at $1,054. 


PARAGRAPH 485. 


333. Flax straw, $5 per ton. 485. Flax straw, flax, not hackled 
334, Flax, not hackled or dressed, 1 we dresked 5 flax hackled, “known “aa 
: “dressed line,” tow of flax and flax 
cent per pound, ‘ 
noils; hemp, and tow of hemp; hemp 
335. Flax, hackled, known as | hackled, known as “ line of hemp.” 
“dressed line,” 3 cents per pound. 


356. Tow of flax, $20 per ton. 


337. Hemp, and tow of hemp, $22.50 
per ton; hemp, hackled, known as 
‘line of hemp,’’ $45 per ton. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 661 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
FLAX. 


Description and uses.—Flax fiber is obtained from the stem of 
the flax plant by retting (rotting) away the retentive gum. It is 
stronger, glossier, and more durable than cotton, but less pliable and 
elastic and more costly to manufacture and finish, so that cotton is 
rapidly displacing it for shirts, collars, bed “linen,” ete. It is mar- 
keted as linen thread, shoe laces, fishlines and nets, towels, table and 
bed linen, handkerchiefs, collars, and dress goods. Flax straw is the 
dried stem of the flax plant before extraction of the fiber. Tow of 
flax is the waste product of ‘“ scutching”’ (extracting the fiber from 
the retted straw) or of “hackling” (removing impurities and un- 
- suitable fibers). It is used for upholstery and mattress padding, for 
refrigerator-car lining, and, as pulp, for insulation boards. The tow 
or waste from the hackling machine, sometimes called flav noils, is a 
greatly superior product, and much of it is carded and spun into 
coarse yarns. Unhackled flax is the fiber that has been extracted 
from the flax plant by fermentation (retting) and scutching, but 
which has undergone no further treatment. It is an intermediate 
product, of no use as such. Hackled flax is the fiber drawn, by hand 
or machine, over the points of steel pins in preparation for spinning. 
It is also an intermediate product. 

Production.—Russia (about 85 per cent), Austria-Hungary, the 
United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, and France are the chief producers 
of flax fiber. The best qualities come from Belgium (Courtrai) and 
northern Ireland. The United States is a large producer of flaxseed, 
but growing of flax for seed is an industry entirely distinct from and 
much simpler than the production of flax fiber. In 1914 in the United 
States 1,000 acres were devoted to flax-fiber production and 1,645,000 
acres to flaxseed; in 1917, 3,800 acres to flax fiber and 1,809,000 acres 
to flaxseed. The necessity of weeding and pulling the flax by hand 
and the exceedingly disagreeable hand labor involved in retting have 
proven great obstacles to domestic production of fiber in competition 
with crops better adapted to the use of machinery. Attempts have 
recently been made here and in Canada to introduce labor-saving 
devices eliminating weeding -and pulling by hand, and providing for 
artificial retting in central plants. In Canada the acreage increased 
from 2,000 acres in 1914 to 18,000 acres in 1918. 

















Imports. 
1914 1918 
Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 
Flax straw...---- tee ek yar ila la se al wie ii ies + ales 220 $9, 659 85 $9, 577 
ADIN) DG! SE ee GRc cps onste. awEmesccr 1,322 264, 303 1,181 683, 889 
AMM NAGE ID aires on oe medians oa,o aan Sietately, « od adit d 96 8, 388 162 23, 544 
PEM CRIS re yo saat cre daha wal melnigi poe Me wie mie 6,056 | 1,497,660 3, 131 3, 180, 368 
PREG DAS niet neas Sal. Paves wc enacecr espe 2,590 | 1,242,129 1, 082 1, 924, 096 








Pata LOM. Bie eR Oho. 10,284 | 3,022,139|  5,641| 5,821,474 





662 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Over one-hal* the imports’in 1914 came from the United Kingdom, 
followed by Russia and Belgium; but in 1918 more thane one-half 
came from European Russia, followed by the United Kingdom and 
Canada. Imports declined about 50 per cent between 1914 and 1918, 
but the value almost doubled, due chiefly to failure of the Russian 
supply and disorganization in Belgium and France. 


HEMP, 


Description and uses.—Hemp is a term employed for several 
fibers, but correctly denotes soft hemp (Cannabis sativa). Hemp 
fiber is obtained from the stem of the hemp plant by methods similar 
to extracting flax fiber. Like flax, it is stronger, glossier, and more 
durable, but more costly to manufacture than cotton; but it is usually 
eoarser than flax, and even more difficult to bleach. Its great strength ~ 
and resistance to rotting in water lead to its use mainly for rope, 
twine cordage, and fish nets; but it is also used in carpets and rugs, in 
coarse and medium grades of crash, and in sailcloth and canvas. 
Hackied hemp is produced by hand or machine combing similarly to 
haekled flax. T'ow of hemp is the shorter fiber combed out in hack- 
ling. “ The better grades are carded and spun into coarse yarns; 
others find use in calking ships. 

Production.—Russia normally produces about two-thirds of the 
world supply of soft hemp, followed by Austria-Hungary and Italy;. 
but the finest quality comes from Italy. America produces only a 
relatively smail quantity of hemp, 1,339 tons in 1914, about 16 per 
cent of domestic consumption and less than 1 per cent of the world 
supply; but 9,875 tons in 1918, about 72 per cent of consumption. 

Imports of hemp in 1914 were 8,593 tons, valued at $1,568,155; in 
1918, 6,628 tons, valued at $2,698,596. Of that imported in 1914, 
7,880 tons, or over 90 per cent, valued at $1,443,994, was wnhackled 
hemp; 451 tons, valued at $83,911, was hackled hemp; the remainder, 
262, tons, valued at $40,250, was tow of hemp. In 1918, unhackied 
hemp comprised 6,286 tons, or 94 per cent of the whole, valued at 
$2,533,309; hackled hemp, 331 tons, valued at $147,873; and tow of 
hemp, 61 tons, valued at $17,414. Italy was our chief source of 
supply in both years, though by 1918 her shipments greatly declined. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Broken flax straw, produced by passing the crude flax plant 
through a machine called a “brake” which thrashes out the seed, 
breaks or crushes the straw, and eliminates the chaff and dirt, was 
held dutiable as “ flax straw” under paragraph 333 of the act of 
1909 and not as “tow of flax” under paragraph 336. The provision 
for “tow of flax” has no commercial meaning which would include 
flax straw broken. . (G. A. 73895, T. D. 32857, of 1912.) 

Ramie, being of a class with flax and hemp, and increasing in im- 
portation (see par. 497), might be provided for in this paragraph. 


‘(PARAGRAPH 486. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


569. Flint, flints, and flint stones, 485. Flint, flints, and flint stones, 
unground, unground. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. | 663 
-GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Flint, flints, and flint stones are used in 
pebble and tube mills for grinding minerals, ores, cement, and other 
materials. Foreign pebbles are crushed and used as “flint” in the 
ceramic industry. 

Production of pebbles for grinding has been stimulated by the 
war; the supply has been chiefly collected along the beach in San 
Diego County, Calif. Artificial stones have been produced by mechani- 
cally rounding pieces of hard stone. Sales of pebbles for grinding 
in 1918 were about 10,000 tons, valued at $82,851. 

Imports of flints and pebbles for grinding have been chiefly from 
Denmark and France and values decreased from $479,146 in 1914 to 
less than $200,000 in 1917 and 1918. Of the 1917 import, 47 per cent 
was used in grinding gold, copper, and other ores, 25 per cent for 
grinding cement, and 17 per cent for ceramic materials. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Quartzite blocks,” found to be roughly squared stone, 6 by 4 by 4 
inches, of hard siliceous rock of the same general character as jlint, 
used as imported to line metal cylinders for grinding various com- 
modities, were held free of duty as flint stone, unground, under this 
paragraph, rather than dutiable as stone at 25 per cent under para- 
graph 99. (Abstract 41624, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 487. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
570. Fossils. 487. Fossils. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—/Fossils refer to traces, remains, or relics of 
the forms of plants or animals, found buried in deposits or impressed 
on stratified rocks. They are valuable aids in the study and investiga- ~ 
tions of the sciences of biology, geology, physiography, and palen- 
tology. : 

Imports of fossils in 1914 were valued at $1,276; in 1918, at $115. 


PARAGRAPH 488. 


571. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, | 488. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, 
or dried, and fruits in brine, not | or dried, and fruits in brine, not 
specially provided for in this section. | specially provided for in this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
BANANAS. 


Description and uses.—The banana is imported almost entirely in 
its natural state, and may be eaten raw or cooked. Usually it is the 
underripe fruit which is cooked, before the starch has been converted 
wholly into sugar. The Martinique is the most common variety. 
Banana flour, meal, and dried banana are used to a limited extent. 
As most bananas are grown in the Tropics, the success of the in- 
dustry is largely a question of transportation. 

Production.—A few bananas are grown in Florida, Louisiana, and 
California; statistics are not available. The great sources of supply 
are Central America, Jamaica, Mexico, Cuba, and Colombia. 


664 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports in 1914 were 48,691,224 bunches, valued at $16,397,623— 
from Central America, 50 per cent; Jamaica, 32 per cent; Mexico, 54 
per cent; Cuba, 5 per cent; and Colombia, 5 per cent. The 1918 
importation was 34,608,319 bunches, valued at $15,166,697. 


PLANTAIN. 


Description and uses.—Plantain (a fruit) is a species of banana 
which requires cooking. It has a coarse texture and is not so sweet 
as the ripe banana. In tropical countries it is used extensively. 

Production.—There is no production in the United States. British 
Honduras, through New Orleans, is our principal source. 

Imports were valued at $50,276 in 1914, and $13,691 in 1918. 


ORANGE AND LEMON RBEEL, NOT PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. 


Description and uses.—The rinds of oranges and lemons contain 
essential oils, used in making perfumes and, formerly, in flavoring 
liqueurs. Also the peel may be candied and preserved for use as a 
confection. 

Imports were valued at $24,872 in 1914 and at $21,425 in 1918. 


ALL OTHER FRUITS AND BERRIES, GREEN, RIPE, AND DRIED. 


Description and uses.—The miscellaneous fruits and berries ad- 
mitted under this heading are not itemized. They do not occupy a 
prominent place in trade. 

Imports were valued at $155,209 in 1914, while in 1918 they were 
only $96,881. 

FRUITS IN BRINE. 


Description and uses.—The citron is allied to the orange and 
lemon. The large, warted, and furrowed fruit has a thick, tender 
rind, its most valuable part. It is prepared for use in confectionery 
or for culinary purposes by being candied or preserved. Citron in © 
brine, imported in hogsheads, is manufactured into three grades, 
known as glacé, drained, and crystallized citron. It is used in pound- 
cake, French pastry, plum puddings, ete. Other miscellaneous fruits 
in brine are imported in small quantities. 

Production.—The citron is native to India. It is cultivated in 
southern Europe, China, Persia, and to some extent in Florida and 
California. Practically all of the citron in brine is imported. The 
best grade comes from Corsica, the next from Sicily, and the poorest 
from Greece. 

Imports of citron in 1914 were 2,482,940 pounds, valued at $106,- 
677; in 1918, 3,112,822 pounds, valued at $175,389. Imports of miscel- 
_ laneous fruits in brine in 1914 were valued at $456,226, and in 1918 
at $918,057. | 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


No definite percentage of salt has been designated to constitute 
brine. Under the act of 1897 a solution containing not more than 
0.402 per cent of salt was declared not to be brine within paragraph 
559 of the act of 1897, corresponding to this paragraph. (151 Fed. 4, 
of 1906.) In a case under the act of 1909 it was declared to be within ~ 
common knowledge that water containing only 0.07 per cent of salt, so 
small a proportion that its presence can not be detected by the sense 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 665 


of taste, may not properly be called brine. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 18, 20, 
of 1915.) 

A saline solution used in packing fruit is used as a preservative 
simply and fruit of the kind is “in brine” within this provision. (4 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 98, of 1918.) Cherries in a@ saline solution containing 
0.62 per cent of salt have been held within the provision. (T. D. 
28925, of 1908.) In a recent case cherries in a saline solution con- 


-taining from 0.588 to 0.595 of 1 per cent of salt and bleached with 


sulphur fumes were held within the provision, the commodity being 
commercially designated as fruits in brine. (G. A. 8278, T. D. 38090, 
of 1919.) “ Fruits in brine” covers whole cherries in brine and also 
rejects, the incidental removal of pits and stems and sorting, ete., not 
being preparation. (G. A. 8164, T. D. 87616, of 1918.) Chenois or 
sour oranges in brine, described by the appraiser ag limes in brine, 
are within this paragraph (G. A, 8148, T. D. 37573, of 1918), as are 
also limes called chinotti, in brine, with the rougher outside skin and 
dirt removed. (Abstract 48187, of 1919.) Sloe berries, fruit of the 
blackthorn or haw, not edible, and used in making sloe gin, are free 
of duty under this paragraph as fruits or berries, green, ripe, or 
dried. (Abstract 42957, of 1919.) (See pars. 201 and 217.) 


PARAGRAPH 489. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
572. Fruit plants, tropical and semi- 489. Fruit plants, tropical and semi- 
tropical, for the purpose of propaga- | tropical, for the purpose of progagation 
tion or cultivation. or cultivation. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph provides for tropical and 
subtropical plants imported in small quantities by nurserymen, 
amateur plant growers, experimenters, and others, the range of 
plants including many that are rare and grown only in small quan- 
tities. 

Imports of tropical fruit plants amounted to $15,909 in 1914, and 
to $993 in 1918. 3 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “tropical and semitropical” fruit plants is limited to’ 
such species as are indigenous to tropical and semitropical climates, 
(T. D, 32441, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 490. 


434. Fulminates, fulminating pow- 490. Fulminates, fulminating pow- 
ders, and like articles suitable for min- | der, and other like articles not speci- 
ers’ use, 20 per centum ad valorem; all | ally provided for in this section, 
other not specially provided for in 
this section, 30 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Fulminates, metallic salts of fulminic acid, 
are violent explosives. The chief commercial product is fulminate 
of mercury, although fulminate of silver is of some importance. Com- 
mercial mercury fulminate is a gray or brown sandlike powder, used 
as a detonator for high explosives, and to some extent in percussion 
caps and primers to ignite gunpowder and other low explosives. 


666 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Fulminate of silver is extremely sensitive to shock when dry, and may 
be exploded by rubbing ‘when in a moist state. It is, therefore, too 
sensitive for use as an ignitor or detonator, but is used in toy fire- 
works, such as bonbons and the like, in smail and safe quantities. 

Production.—Mercury fulminate is manufactured from purified 
metallic mercury, nitric acid, and alcohol. The product is purified 
by washing with water. Statistics are not available. 

Imports of fulminates since 1914 have averaged $665,849, chiefly . 
from Canada, England, and Germany. 


PARAGRAPH 491. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


573. Furs, undressed. 491, Furs and fur skins, undressed. 


574. Fur skins of all kinds not 
dressed in any manner and not spe- 
cially provided for in this section. 


‘GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The domestic pelts most commonly used in 
wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur are muskrat, skunk, 
opossum, and raccoon. Others used in large quantities are fox, wild 
cat, lynx, otter, beaver, badger, mink, and civet cat (a skunk species). 
Many furs are so finished and dyed as to retain little of their original 
appearance. Wholesale prices vary widely; ordinary muskrat or 
skunk skins often sell for 50 cents each, while silver-fox skins have 
sold for $1,000, and Russian sable as high as $1,200 each. 

Production.—The value of furs sold at the New York and St. Louis 
sales (including many imported furs) during 1919 was about $35,- 
000,000; this sum is a conservative estimate of domestic production 
values. Furs of the smaller fur-bearing animals marketed annually 
are very large in number. The settlement of the country has not 
tended to decrease these animals, although the larger animals are 
quickly exterminated. The seals killed in the Pribilof Islands from 
1867 to 1909 numbered nearly 4,000,000; from 1910 to 1918, 88,770 
were killed; in 1918, 34,890; in 1919, about 26,000. The Government 
has encouraged projects of fur sions but that source is not yet 
yielding extensively. 

Imports.—Some of the most important furs imported are musk- 
rat, marten, fisher (similar to the marten), otter, beaver, and wolf, 
from Canada; sable, ermine (from the stoat), kolinsky (similar to 
our mink), wolf, and squirrel (sought because of its large pelt and 
thick fur), from Russia; rabbits in large quantities from Australia 
and New Zealand, the fur used for fur-felt hats, and the “ nutria ” 
(from the coypu), for the same purpose, from South America; the 
marmot fur from northern HBurope; chinchilla from South America 
(now temporarily prohibited from Chile) ; and skins of lynxes, leop- 
ards, bears, wolves, ete., from many parts of the world. Imports by 
countries show the fur markets rather than the sources, most furs 
coming here indirectly. The largest prewar import of furs and fur 
skins, undressed, was in 1912, valued at $17,339,198, and only slightly 
less in 1913. During 1914 and 1915 imports declined 50 per cent, but 
in 1918 totaled $35,679,554. The sources, in order of importance in 
1913, were Germany, England, Canada, Belgium, France, and Russia. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 667 
In 1918 imports to the value of $8,559,533 came from England, $8,269, 
948 from Canada, and $5,417,664 from Australia. Other important 
sources were Russia, France, Argentina, Japan, and China. 

Export values of raw furs, mostly common varieties of small pelts, 
were $7,866,242 to the United Kingdom and $2,099,925 to Canada, in 
1918, the total for that year being $10,799,532. Exports in 1917 and 
1918 about equaled those of 1911. The largest were in 1913—-seal- 
skins, $188,700; all others, $17,276,203. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 348.) 


PARAGRAPH 492. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


575: Gambier, 492, Gambier. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Gambier (yellow cutch, cubical cutch, cube 
gambier, and, formeriy, terra japonica) is the dried extract of an 
Indian shrub, Uncaria dasyoneura, grown in Malacca, Penang, and 
Singapore. It contains from 35 to 40 per cent tannin and a coloring 
matter, and is used both in tanning and dyeing. It appears in com- 
merce in small cubical blocks or as a liquid containing about 25 per 
cent tannin. } 

Production of gambier extract in 1914 was 704,763 pounds, valued 
at $26,400. 

Imports of gambier for 1910-1918 averaged 16,187,035 pounds, 
valued at $880,129. 

PARAGRAPH 498. 


576, Glass enamel, white, for watch 
and clock dials. 


493. Glass enamel, white, for watch 
and clock dials. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—White glass enamel, a vitreous composi- 
tion which adheres by fusion te the surface of metals, glass, or pot- 
tery, is made by adding arsenic, tin, calcium phosphate, fluor spar, or 
cryolite to a fusible glass base. It is suitable for watch and clock 
- dials, but is often used for scale dials, thermometers, faces of steam 
gauges and speedometers, novelties, and for lettering signs on glass. 

Production.—Befcore the war enamel for watch and clock dials 
was obtained chiefly from Switzerland and France; other white 
enamel has been made here for some years. Some dial enamel was 
produced during the war. Figures, however, are not available. 

Imports of white enamel for watch and clock dials in 1914 were 
valued at $13,284. In 1918 the value was $10,465. 

(For other fusible and glass enamel, see par. 96.) 


PARAGRAPH 494. 


577. Glass plates or disks, rough cut 
or unwrought, for use in the manufac- 
ture of optical instruments, spectacles, 
and eyeglasses, and suitable only for 
such use: Provided, however, That 
such disks exceeding eight inches in 
diameter may be polished sufficiently 
to enable the character of the glass to 
be determined. 


494. Glass plates or disks, rough-cut 
or unwrought, for use in the manufac- 
ture of optical instruments, spectacles, 
and eyeglasses, and suitable only for 
such use: Provided, however, That 
such disks exceeding eight inches in 
diameter may be polished sufficiently 
to enable the character of the glass to 
be determined, 


668 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Optical glass is the essential element in 
the making of microscopes, field glasses, range finders, gun sights, 
periscopes, aiming circles, photographic lenses, ete. It is indis- 
pensable in directing and controlling the firing of modern artillery 
in general, but the quantities needed for range finders, gun sights, 
trench periscopes, etc., are not great in any country, even in time of 
war. However, its commercial uses will cause a steady and increas- 
ing, though limited, demand. 


Production prior to 1918 was negligible. The failure of German 


imports and the necessities of the allied Governments practically 
exhausted our supply. In 1917 four manufacturers, assisted by Gov- 
ernment and other scientists, succeeded in making certain varieties 
of optical glass for the Army and Navy, and factories were built and 
equipped to produce in sufficient quantities to supply domestic require- 
ments. The principal materials used are silica sand, soda, potash, 
lime, lead oxides, baryta, zinc oxide, and borax. In seven months 


(April to October, 1918) the production of eight classes of optical - 


glass was 475,924 pounds. 

Imports of optical glass plates and disks, rough cut and unwrought, 
were valued at $499,364 in 1913 and $612,830 in 1914, falling in 1916, 
1917, and 1918 to less than one-half, partly the result of the new 
domestic industry. In 19138 and 1914 imports from Germany were 50 
per cent and from England 27 per cent of the total. In 1918 the im- 
ports from England were 73 per cent, 40 per cent more than in 1913. 

Imports from France in 1913 were 18 per cent of the total; in 1918, 
26 per cent. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Strips of glass, clear or smoked, used in the manufacture of optical 
instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and which can not be used 
for any other purpose, are free of duty under this provision. (G. A. 
7493, T. D. 38759, of 1913.) Glass used occasionally in art glasswork, 
for moving-picture slides, and set in a frame in front of a furnace, 
is not suitable only for use in the manufacture of optical instruments, 
spectacles, and eyeglasses and therefore is excluded from this pro- 
vision. (Abstract 86798, T. D. 34871, of 1914.) 

(See pars. 98 and 94.) 


PARAGRAPH 495. 


ACT OF 1909. 


456. Women's or children’s “ glace ” 
finish goat, kid, or other leather than 
of sheep origin, not over fourteen 
inches in length, $3 per dozen pairs; 
over fourteen and not over seventeen 
inches in length, $3.75 per dozen pairs ; 
over seventeen inches in length, $4.75 
per dozen pairs; men’s glace” finish, 
kid, goat, or other leather than of 
sheep origin, $4 per dozen pairs. 


458, Women’s or children’s kid, goat, 
or other leather than of sheep origin, 
with exterior grain surface removed, 
by whatever name known, not over 


ACT OF 1918. 


495, Gloves, made wholly or in chief 
value of leather made from horsehides, 
pigskins, and cattle hides of cattle of 
the bovine species, excepting calfskins, 
whether wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, 


a 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 669 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


fourteen inches in length, $3 per dozen 
pairs; over fourteen inches and not 
over seventeen inches in length, $38.75 
per dozen pairs; over seventeen inches 
in length, $4.75 per dozen pairs; men’s 
goat, kid, or other leather than of 
sheep origin, with exterior grain sur- 
face removed, by whatever name 
known, $4 per dozen pairs, 


459. In addition to the foregoing 
rates there shall be paid the following 
cumulative ‘duties: On all leather 
gloves, when lined, $1 per dozen pairs; 
on all pique or prix seam gloves, 40 
cents per dozen pairs; on all gloves 
stitched or embroidered, with more 
than three single strands or cords, 40 
eents per dozen pairs, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Gloves made from horsechide, pigskin, and 
cattle-hide leather are chiefly work gloves including a small propor- 
tion of automobile gauntlets and heavy winter gloves. Work gloves * 
are not used to any extent in foreign countries. Unlined gauntlets of 
horsehide and cowhide are the most important type of work gloves 
manufactured ; some deerskin and elk-skin workman’s gloves are still 
made, but this branch of the business is of comparatively little con- 
sequence. 

Production of work gloves, mittens, and gauntlets of leather in 
1914 was 1,995,807 dozen pairs, valued at $9,802,305—horsehide, 
eattle-hide and calfskin gloves, 852,513 dozen pairs; sheepskin gloves, 
675,190 dozen pairs; deer or elk skin, 94,002 dozen pairs; and all 
other kinds, 374,102 dozen pairs. Women’s and children’s work 
gloves were valued at $199,630; men’s unlined gloves, at $6,312,817; 
and men’s lined gloves, at $2,027,079. Work gloves and automobile 
gloves and gauntiets are manufactured principally in factories 
located in the Middle West. 

Imports in 1914 were 145 dozen pairs, valued at $503; in 1917, 60 
dozen pairs, valued at $965; in 1918, 24,420 dozen pairs, valued at 
$845,401. Sources are not indicated. There has been practically no 
foreign competition in work gloves; they are used principally in this. 
country, and foreign manufacture is negligible. The importation of 
gloves in 1918 was large, but the value per dozen pairs indicates they 
were not largely of the “ work” variety. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Gloves of horsehide, lined with fur, horsehide chief value, are free 
of duty under this paragraph, rather than dutiable as gloves made 
wholly or in ‘chief value of leather under paragraphs 361 and 364. 
(T. D. 36782, of 1916.) (See pars. 361 to 364.) 


PARAGRAPH 496. 


579. Gold beater’s molds and gold 496. Goldbeaters’ molds and _ gold- 
keater’s skins. beaters’ skins, 


670 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


_ 


Description and uses.—Goldbeater’s skin is the outer coat of the 
cecum of the ox prepared for the goldbeater. A goldbeater’s mold 
is a collection of about 850 leaves of parchment, vellum, and gold- 
beater’s skins, each of a double thickness, fixed on a metal mold, 
and between which flattened pieces of gold are placed to be hammered 
out to the full size of the leaf. 

Imports of goldbeater’s molds and skins in 1914 were valued at 
$26,634, nearly all from England and Germany; in 1918, at $22,609. 


PARAGRAPH 497. 





ACT OF 1909. 


578. Grasses and fibers: Ist?e or 
Tampico fiber, jute, jute butts, manila, 
sisal grass, Sunn, and all other textile 
grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
not dressed or manufactured in any 
manner, and not specially provided for 
in this section. 


ACT OF 19158. 


497. Grasses and fibers: Istle or 
Tampico fiber, jute, jute butts, manila, 
sisal grass, sunn, and all other textile 
grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
not dressed or Manufactured in any 
manner, and not specially provided for 
in this section, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
ISTLE. 3 


Description and uses.—Istle, otherwise known as Tampico fiber, 
is obtained from the leaves of several plants found chiefly in the 
tablelands of northern Mexico, but also in the West Indies, Central 
America, and British Guiana. The fiber is extracted from the leaf 
stems by a crude method of stripping and scraping. 'The filaments 
are hard and stiff, but smooth and yellowish white in appearance, an 
admirable substitute for animal bristles in brushes, and also used 
in basketwork, in the cheaper grades of twine (e. g., lath twine) and 
in baling rope. Mexican cotton is usually baled with hand-woven 
istle bagging of wide mesh. 

Imports, exclusively from Mexico, were 10,658 tons, valued at 
$1,032,417 in 1914, and 30,989 tons, valued at $3,030,942 in 1918. 


JUTE AND JUTE BUTTS. 


Description and uses.—Jute fiber, produced exclusively in British 
India, is the cheapest and, next to cotton, the most extensively used 
commercial fiber. Woven jute fabric commands about the same price 
as raw cotton. The fiber is relatively weak, is difficult to bleach, and 
rots easily; but because of its abundance, cheapness, and adapta- 
bility to manufacture into coarse articles, it has become the world’s 
premier wrapping and sacking material. Jute cloths are used in 
covering cotton, grain, coffee, cacao, ete, in transit from field to 
market; as a foundation for linoleum, floor oilcloths, and asphalt 
roofing; for tarpaulins, coat padding, wall decoration, and carpeting ; 
and, to a limited extent, for poor grades of rope and twine. The 
commercial fiber is produced by either pulling or cutting the crop, 
retting, beating, stripping, washing, drying, and sorting into bundles 
of “rejections” (the lowest grade), “cuttings” or jute butts, and 
several grades of long fiber. It is then pressed according to grade 
into 400-pound bales. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 671 


Long jute, the main part of the stalk after the coarse “butt” or 
end has been cut away, contains the better grades of fiber used in the 
products named. 

Jute buits, known abroad as “ cuttings,” are composed of the thick, 
woody fiber cut from the ends of the jute. They are separately baled 
for shipment and are made into cotton bagging (gunny cloth), of 
which some 75,000,000 yards are required to cover our normal Lien irs 
crop. They are also used in the manufacture of paper. 

Production of jute (including jute butts) in British India in 1917 
approximated 8,340,000 bales (400 pounds each), of which nearly 70 
per cent was consumed in Indian mills and locally by the natives. A 
greater portion of the raw material is being consumed each year in 
India and exported in the manufactured state. Calcutta is the great- 
est manufacturing center, although Dundee, Scotland, which ranks 
second, produces higher grade yarns and fabrics. 

Imports in 1914 were 49,036 tons of jute, valued at $3,923,225, and 
41,112 tons of jute butts, valued at $1,938,796; in 1918, 60,460 tons of 
jute, valued at $6,155,897, and 17,834 tons of jute butts, valued at 
$1,051,983. 

MANILA, 


Description and uses.—Manila or abaca, the world’s leading raw 
material for rope making, is obtained from the leaf stalks of a banana 
tree native to the Philippines. The plants are cut near the ground, 
the overlapping leaf sheaves are stripped off, and the strips are drawn 
by hand under a knife held by a spring against a piece of wood. 
The knife scrapes away the pulp, leaving the fiber clean and white. 
After drying, it is bunched and is then ready for export. Because of 
its great lightness, strength, and durability (especially in water), 
manila has become the chief material for making hawsers, ships’ 
cables, and other marine cordage; for well-drilling cables, hoisting 
and transmission ropes; and as much as 6 per cent of the imports 
have been used for binder twine... In the Philippines, manila is used 
to some extent for weaving mixed fabrics for clothing. Manila paper 
is made from disintegrated manila rope. 

Imports of manila were 49,685 tons, valued at $9,779,539 in 1914; 
and 86,268 tons, valued at $30,434,824 in 1918—the largest amount 
imported since 1910 and three times the vaiue of the 1910 imports. 
The Philippines are practically the only source. 


SISAL, 


Description and uses.—Sisal, the Mexican variety of which is 
known as henequen, is produced almost exclusively in Yucatan and, 
prior to the fall of 1919, was marketed under the control of an associa- 
tion of henequen merchants known as the Comision del Reguladora del 
Mercado de Henequen. At that time, however, the assets of this com- 
pany were ordered liquidated by the Mexican Government. The fiber 
is extracted from the leaf and is used in binder twine, other twines, 
cordage, and low-grade rope. Approximately 80 per cent of the world’s 
supply of binder twine is made frony Yucatan henequen and about 90 
per cent of the Yucatan crop is shipped to this country. Only slight 
competition is offered by manila, New Zealand flax, maguey, and a 
few other fibers, these being either too costly or inadequate in 
-gupply. The fiber is cleaned from the leaves of the henequen or sisal 


672 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
by special decorticating machines which scrape the fiber clean of its 
pulpy covering and wash it in running water. It is hung in the air 
several days to dry and then baled for the market. 

Production.—The virtual dependence of wheat and other grain 
production of the world upon a raw material coming almost exclu- 
sively from one small State has led to energetic measures to extend 
cultivation to other countries, so that sisal is now being raised com- 
mercially in British East Africa, the former German East Africa, 
the Philippines (where production of maguey, a similar plant, is 
increasing for this purpose), Hawaii, Japan, Java, India, the Ba- 
hamas, Cuba, Curacoa, and Eritrea. The Secretary of Agriculture 
stated in 1916 that there is no other fiber in large quantities suitable 
for binder, twine and that the increasing production in the Bahamas 
and Hawaii is chiefly in grades too good for economic use in twine. 

Imports in 1914 were 215,654 tons, valued at $25,860,729; in 1918, 
150,237 tons, valued at $51,565,881, the bulk of the increase in value 
eoming between 1917 and 1918. 


SUNN. 


Description and uses.—Sunn, sometimes called sunn hemp, closely 
resembles soft hemp; it comes from southern Asia and tropical 
Australasia. The fiber, obtained from the stalk by a system of ret- 
ting similar to that for flax, is lighter in color, stronger and more 
durable in exposure than jute, but not so strong as hemp. It is 
used mainly in cordage, but to some extent for canvas and coarse 
cloth. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to only 16 tons, valued at $1,388; the 
average for three previous years, however, was 131 tons, valued at 
$9.896. In 1918 imports were 4,178 tons, valued at $735,340. 


NEW ZEALAND FLAX, 


Description and uses.—This fiber is obtained from the leaves of a 
“swamp lily (Phormium tenaxz) which may be found not only in New 
Zealand, but in Australasia, in some European countries, and in Cali- 
fornia. The fiber is white, soft, lustrous, and tougher than either 
flax or hemp, but resists water poorly. It is used principally in 
cordage, twine, and floor matting, though the best fiber can be 
woven into a cloth resembling linen duck. It has been used exten- 
Sively in making “ staff”? (a material for temporary buildings), being 
mixed with plaster for this purpose. When used in binder twine, 

baling rope, and cordage, it is usually mixed with sisal or manila. 
Imports in 1914 were 6,171 tons, valued at $716,953, over one-half 
direct from New Zealand, and most of the remainder via transship- 
ment from the United Kingdom. In 1918 imports were 10,638 tons, 
valued at $3,619,478. 
: KAPOK. 


Description and uses.—Kapok is a vegetable down procured from 
the seed pods of the kapok tree of southern Asia and the East Indies, 
particularly Java. The fiber is soft, silky, and lustrous, but too 
brittle for spinning. The natives gather the pods, separate the fiber 
. from the seed, dry it, and export it to countries where, owing to its 
resilience, it is used for filling mattresses, pillows, cushions, and for 
upholstering ; and, because of its low specific gravity, for the stuffing 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 673, 


of life preservers, the demand for this use greatly increasing, espe- 
cially during the war. Two pounds, when compressed, will support 
the human body (or about thirty-six times the weight of the fiber) 
in water. The bark of the kapok tree is used for tanning purposes, 
and kapok seed is crushed for oil to be used in soap, the residue being 
a stock feed. 

Production.—-The bulk of the world supply of kapok is from Java, 
with 68,129 producing acres in 1911. Annual exports amount to about 
9,000 metric tons or nearly 20,000,000 pounds. Consumption of kapok 
in the United States amounted to 5,815,041 pounds in 1916 and 
8,472,830 pounds in 1917. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,825 tons, valued at $441,109; in 1918, 
4,683 tons, valued at $1,240,070. 


CRIN VEGETAL. 


Description and uses.—Crin vegetal, sometimes called vegetable 
fiber, or vegetable horsehair, is made from the leaves of a wild 
Algerian dwarf palm. The leaves grow abundantly and are picked 
by natives, treated and slightly dried, and sold by local manufacturers 
to export firms on the seacoast. After a few: days’ exposure to the 
sun they are packed into bales weighing 200 to 265 pounds. The 
leaves are separated by a comb into long, flexible filaments, which are 
twisted into a rope shape. The fiber is used chiefly for stuffing fur- 
niture and mattresses, its cheapness (less than 20 cents per mattress) 
and sanitary qualities especially commending it to the steamship lines 
for emigrants’ mattresses, the stuffing of which, to comply with immi- 
gration laws, must be periodically renewed. It is also used to some 
extent for cleaning and polishing floors, wood, and brass work. 

Imports were not separately stated in 1914 and 1918. In 1912 
they were 834 tons, valued at $12,960; in 1915, 220 tons, valued at 
$4,333 ; and in 1917, 7 tons, valued at $988. 


RAMIE. 


Description and uses.—Ramie is a stem fiber extracted from the 
-ramie plant of Asia, particularly China, by decortication (scraping 
away extraneous vegetable matter) and by degumming (dissolving 
the gum which holds the fibers together). It has, in general, the 
same uses as flax and hemp, but is more tenacious, has greater elas- 
ticity than flax, and a luster almost equal to silk. While the strongest 
and most durable of all vegetable fibers, its use has been curtailed 
by the cost of degumming satisfactorily, and by the difficulty of 
spinning fine counts, owing to the lack of coherence of the fibers. 
These difficulties are gradually being overcome, and the fiber now has 
uses ranging from the finest laces to the heaviest canvas. In America 
it has appeared on the market in the form of dress goods, upholstery, 
tablecloths, toweling, lace, knit goods, and especially underwear. It 
is also an excellent material for gas mantles, but is not yet in general 
domestic use. 

Production.—China produces more than any other country, but 
much of the fiber is consumed locally. American imports are largely 
from Formosa (prior to the war, via Hamburg). Ramie can be pro- 
duced here, but the labor cost, even with special decorticating and 
degumming apparatus, makes economic production impossible in com- 
petition with the Far East. 

184911°—20——43 


674 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Imports in 1914 were 55 tons, valued at $10,745; in 1918, 3,378 
tons, valued at $634,343. . 
; BROOM ROOT. 


Description and uses.—Broom root,. sometimes called Mexican 
whisk, is a wild plant of the table-lands of Mexico. The wavy roots 
of the grass—some 9 to 12 inches long, and, when cleansed, a pale 
yellow—are used in brushes and brooms, especially clothes brushes, 
carpet brushes, and velvet brushes. It is used by the French and 
Germans as a substitute for Venetian whisk. The greatest defect of 
this fiber is a tendency to become brittle and break. 

Imports in 1914 were 144 tons, valued at $36,035; in 1918, 1,159 
tons, valued at $294,091. 

OTHER FIBERS. 


[Not specially provided for in paragraph 497 and not separately stated in 
statistics of imports. ] 


Alaguey—A. term used for all varieties of Agave americana (cen- 
tury plant), but more specifically a leaf fiber produced chiefly in the 
Philippines by macerating leaves in water, rubbing, scraping, and 
drying. It is fine, soft, wavy, elastic, of special value for rope subject 
to sudden strain, and is used in Kurope and America for ships’ ropes 
and cables, mine ropes, lines, nets, hammocks, and upholstery. 

Mauritius hemp or aloe fiber—A hard fiber produced chiefly on 
the island of Mauritius (Indian Ocean) and in Africa; softer and 
whiter than other hard fibers. It is used chiefly for mixing with 
manila and sisal in medium grades of cordage, and to some extent for 
gunnybags, halters, and hammocks. 

Piassaba.—A bristle fiber, produced chiefiy in Brazil and Liberia; 
used here for stiff brushes and in Brazil for ropes, mats, and sails. ° 
Imports from Brazil in 1916 were 99,163 pounds, since increased. 

Palmetto fiber, palmyra, and kittul are imported to some extent; 
kittul being of special value in machine brushes for polishing linen 
and cotton yarns, brushing velvet, ete. 

Imports of “ other textile grasses or fibers, unmanufactured,” 
n. s. p. f. either in paragraph 497 or in import statistics, in 1914 
were 9,125 tons, valued at $845,260; in 1918, 8,655 tons, valued at 
$1,774,183. 

Export values of maguey from the Philippines increased from 
$535,203 in 1915 to $1,363,054 in 1918. Of these values over $117,000 
came to the United States in the former and over $114,000 in the 
latter year. Exports to the United States were valued at over 
$1,000,000 in 1916 and 1917. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mauritius hemp is not dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured 
article under paragraph 385 but is free of duty under this paragraph, 
it being shown that there was a long practice to so admit it free of 
duty. (Abstract 42249, followed in Abstract 42516, of 1918.) Pine- 
apple fiber is likewise classified (Abstract 48298, of 1919) ; also carua 
(T. D. 38166, of 1919). Natural sun-bleached wheat stems and heads 
tied into small bundles for use as semifloral ornaments or emblems 
were held free of duty under paragraph 552 as crude or unmanufac- 
tured vegetable substances, or under this paragraph as textile grasses 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 675 
or fibers and not dutiable under paragraph 3885 as unenumerated 
manufactured articles. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37998, of 1919.) 
Under instructions of the Treasury Department, however, merchandise 
of this character is continued to be assessed with duty under para- 
graph 385 pending a further judicial determination of the matter. 
(T. D. 38025, of 1919.) 

Piassaba, bassine, or palmyra fiber cut to lengths to be used in the 
manufacture of brushes and brooms, bunched ready for use, is duti- 
able as a nonenumerated manufactured article. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
491, and 6 Ct. Cust. Appls:, 263, of 1915.) Bass fiber subjected to a 
process that fits it for a definite use is likewise classified. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 276, of 1915.) (See pars. 285, 485, and 552.) 

New Zealand flax, kapok, and maguey are increasing in importance 
and might be provided for by name in this paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 498. 


ACT OF 1909. 


580. Grease, fats, vegetable tallow, 
and oils (excepting fish oils), such as 
are commonly used in soap making 
or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or 
dressing leather, and which are fit 
only for such uses, and not specially 
provided for in this section. 


ACT OF 19158. 


498. Grease, fats, vegetable tallow, 
and oils (excepting fish oils), not 
chemically compounded, such as are 
commonly used in soap making or in 
wire drawing, or for stuffing or dress- 
ing leather, not specially provided for 
iz this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Many of the greases, fats, and oils used for 
soap making, wire drawing, and stuffing and dressing of leather are 
named elsewhere in this act. The most important import under this 
classification is “sulphur oil or olive foots,” an oil extracted by 
means of carbon disulphide from the cake resulting from the expres- 
sion of edible olive oil. ‘Chinese. vegetable tallow” is the most 
important in that class, and is used largely in soap making, whieh 
consumed 6,417,000 pounds in 1917. 

Imports.—About 50 per cent of imports, except in 1918, have been 
“sulphur oil or olive foots.” Like imports from 1910 to 1917 have 
varied between 11,714,795 pounds, valued at $772,055 in 1914, to 
14,565,818 pounds, valued at $869,228 in 1912. They decreased to 
1,712,640 pounds, valued at $175,814 in 1918. Imports of “ail other” 
under this classification have varied widely—7,334,605 pounds, valued 
at $291,933 in 1913; 17,300,356 pounds, valued at $709,330 in 1915; 
8,428,689 pounds, valued at $482,036 in 1917; and 26,345,640 pounds, 
valued at $2,591,044 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Mafura tailow extract from the seed of a tree that grows in 
Mozambique, Portuguese East Africa, being such a substance as is 
commonly used in soap making, is entitled to free entry under the 
provisions of this paragraph. The fact that such tallow had not 
been previously imported into and therefore not used in the United 
States in the making of soap, does not preclude it from free entry, 
since it has been shown to be commonly used in a foreign country 
for such purposes and possesses characteristics similar to like sub- 
stances commonly used in soap making in the United States. The 
Congress in omitting from this paragraph in the tariff revision of 


676 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


1913 the words “and which are fit only for such uses” evidenced 
an intent to permit a more liberal use of the greases. and oils pro- 
vided for in the paragraph. (G. A. 7698, T. D. 35221, of 1915.) Oils 
which are not fish oils and not chemically compounded, commonly 
used for stuffing and dressing leather, are entitled to free entry 
under this paragraph. It is no longer necessary that oils shall be 


“fit only ’ for one or more of the uses prescribed in this paragraph . 


in order to entitle them to free entry. It is enough if they are 
commonly used for one or more of the purposes therein named 
regardless of whether they are capable of or are actually used for 
other purposes., (G. A. 7870, T. D. 36218, of 1916, followed in Ab- 
stracts 39576 .and 40140, of 1916.) Among various oils and greases 
held free under this paragraph are merchandise invoiced as “Dis- 
telfa’”’ and as “ palm-kernel oil soap stock” (Abstract 38965, of 1915) ; 
stearin, an oil which, mixed with other oils and sometimes without 
so mixing, is commonly used for stuffing or dressing leather (G. A. 
7812, T. D. 35894, of 1915, followed in Abstract 40483, of 1916) ; 
Niger-seed oil, largely used for.soap making and for manufacturing 
an article known as “ Duresco” (Abstract 37689, of 1915) ; Niger oil, 
an oil commonly used in soap making, and shea butter made from the 
kernel of the nut of the shea tree, used chiefly for making low-grade 
soap and candles and in soap making in the United States for a 
period of 15 years or more (Abstract 39870, of 1916) ; and damaged 
butter, a product remaining after a fire, which was the butter 
which had melted and run into the cinders and ashes and was 
seraped up and finally determined unfit for butter and was sold and 
used in a soap factory for making soap (Abstract 42302, of 1918). 

An oil hardened by heating in contact with hydrogen and in the 
presence of nickel was also held not to be chemically compounded 
and free of duty under this paragraph rather than -dutiable as & 
chemical compound under paragraph 5. (G. A. 8260, T. D. 38031, 
of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision (T. D. 38060, of 
1919). Tea oil was also held free of duty under this paragraph (9 
Ct. Cust. Appls., , T. D. 37845, of 1918), but under instruc- 
tions of the Treasury Department it is continued to be assessed with 
duty aS an expressed oil not specially provided for under paragraph 
45, pending further judicial determination of the question (T. D. 
37921, of 1919). (See par. 45.) 





PARAGRAPH 499. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


581. Guano, manures, and all sub- 499. Guano, manures, and all sub- 
stances used only for manure, includ- | stances used only for manure, includ- 
ing basic slag, ground or unground, | ing basic slag, ground or unground, 
and calcium cyanamid or lime nitro- | and calcium cyanamid or lime nitro- 
gen, gen. : 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
GUANO. 


Description and use.—Guano is the decomposed excrement and 
carcasses of marine birds mixed with the remains of fish. It is used 
as a fertilizer and contains both nitrogen and phosphoric acid and an 
appreciable wmount of potash. 


~ 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 677 


Production.—The principal deposits were on the Chincha Islands 
off the coast of Peru. These original deposits, estimated at 10,000,000 
tons, became exhausted about 1868. In recent years shipments have 
been made from new deposits on the same islands. Other important 
commercial sources have been Patagonia and the Ichaboe Islands off 
the coast of Africa. 

Imports in 1910 were 52,330 long tons, valued at $845, 765; in 1917, 
3,563 long tons, valued at $73,398; and in 1918, 10,096 tons, valued at 
$287,446. In 1917 and 1918 the imports were chiefly from Mexico. 

Imports of all other substances used only for manures decreased 
from 197,165 tons, valued at $4,241,285 in 1914, to 68,815 tons, valued 
at $1,772,685 in 1918. 

BASIC SLAG. 


Description and uses.—Basic slag is a by-product obtained in the 
manufacture of steel from phosphatic pig iron by the basic process. 
It is used as a fertilizer material for -its phosphoric acid content, 
which is from 15 to 19 per cent. Its trade names are “ basic cinder,” 
“basic slag meal,” “ Thomas slag,” or “‘ Thomas phosphate powder.” 

Production.—Large quantities are produced in Germany, France, 
Belgium, and England; the European production in 19138 exceeded 
4,000,000 long tons, Germany producing about 50 per cent of the total. 
Very little is produced here on account of the comparatively low 
phosphorous content of American iron ores. 

Imports, prior to the war, reached a maximum of 15,124 tons, 
valued at $146,477 in 1918; then decreased to 2 tons, valued at $54 in 
1918. 

CALCIUM CYANAMIDE OR LIME NITROGEN. 


Description and uses.—Calcium cyanamide or lime nitrogen is a 
nitrogenous fertilizer material. Its preparation from calcium car- 
bide is one of the successful methods of nitrogen fixation. Prior to 
the war it was used chiefly as a fertilizer material. It can be con- 
verted into ammonia, which in turn is oxidized to nitric acid, a 
“property made use of in our munitions program. It can also be con- 
verted into sodium cyanide. (See par. 605.) 

Production.—Cyanamide is produced by passing a current of nitro- 
gen over heated carbide of calcium. The crude product is usually 
known as lime nitrogen. It is then ground, treated with water and a 
small amount of mineral oil, and packed in bags. Prior to the war 
we produced no calcium cyanamide. The Government constructed @ 
plant of 220,000 tons capacity at Muscle Shoals, Ala., nearly com- 
plete and in operation when the armistice was proclaimed. Canada 
(plant of an American cyanamide company, Niagara Falls) produces 
64,000 short tons a year, largely exported to this country. The indus- 
try has had its greatest development in Europe. 

Imports were 29,536 tons, valued at $1,590,004 in 1914, and 44, 146 
' tons, valued at $1,951,104 in 1917. Imports decreased in quantity 
and increased in value in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase “wsed only for manure” embraces within its meaning 
substanees used in the manufacture of fertilizer, the word ‘“ manure” 
as used in the act being synonymous with fertilizer. (129 Fed. 845, 
of 1903; G. A. 7257, T. D. 31800, of 1911.) The word “ substances” 


678 SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION. 


as used in the act has a general rather than a special application 
and with the words following, which denote the kind of substances, 
applies generally to the commodities therein described and not to 
the particular shipment which is the subject of a protest. (150 U.S. 
70, of 1893; 60 Fed. 601, of 1894; G. A. 7257, T. D. 31800, of 1911.) 
Among various articles held to be free of duty under this provi- 
sion are the following: Bone precipitate used chiefly as a fertilizer 
(Abstract 38576, of 19153 see also T. D. 34451, of 1914); ground 
limestone the sole use of which is to fertilize the soil (G. A. 7946, 
T. D. 36589, of 1916), paragraph 74 being declared “not designed 
to cover any substance intended for use as a fertilizer” (Ab- 
stract 43483, of 1919); radium residuum, consisting chiefiy of silica, 
alumina, and lime (Abstract 37079, T. D. 85020, of 1914); peanut 





cake (Abstract 42904, of 1919); meat tankage and bone tankage,° - 


used in the manufacture of fertilizer (Abstract 26390, T. D. 31832, of 
1911) ; cotton-seed ashes (Abstract 25657, T. D. 31624, of 1911); and 
ravison meal (Abstract 28905, T. D. 82645, of 1915). Rape meal 
not shown to have any common, practicable, or profitable use other 
than as manure was held excluded from the provision. The evidence 
tended to show that the meal is used in this country for feeding 
stock. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 19138.) Soya-cake meal was also 
excluded. (G. A. 7257, T. D. 81800, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 500. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
488. Amber, and amberoid unmanu- 500. Gum: Amber in chips valued 
factured, or crude gum, gum Kauri, |} at not more than 50 cents per pound, 
and gum Copal. copal, damar, and kauri. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Copal is a class name commercially ap- 
plied to several widely distributed gum resins capable of use in the 
manufacture of oil varnishes. The most important copals for this 
use are damar, kauri, Congo, sandarac and Manila. Other gums 
of lesser importance are pontinak and Hast Indian. There are three 
kinds of commercial copal, classified according to hardness: (1) Hard 
or true, which includes Zanzibar, Mozambique and Madagascar copals; 
(2) medium hard, which comprises the West African copals; and 
(3) soft, which includes American animé, kauri, Manila, and Borneo 
copals. Amber in chips is discussed in detail under paragraph 86. 

A true copal is a hard resin of high melting point exuded from 
several varieties of trees indigenous to the Hast Indies and the Hast 
Coast of Africa. The fossil gum is found in irregular lumps buried 
in the ground or it is sometimes taken directly from the tree. Hard 
copal is the hardest of all resins, except amber, and is the must valu- 
able for varnish making. Damar is the term applied to all gums and 
resins which exude from trees and solidify rapidly on exposure to 
air. The resin derived from the true dammar of the botanists is the 
varnish-maker’s Manila copal. Commercial damar, so-called, is de- 
rived mostly from Dipterocarpus trees, Shorea, Hopea, Vatica, Dry- 
balonops, Vateria, Doone, and other species, and is called Batavian, 
Borneo, or Singapore damar, depending upon its origin. Kawri is a 
resin obtained from the Dammara australis, a yellow pine indigenous 
to the northern island of New Zealand, Of the three varieties, fossil, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


bush, and recent, the fossil is the best grade. 


679 


It is a white resin, 


softer than true copal, but harder than rosin, used in the manufacture 


of varnish. 


Imports for 1914-1918 averaged as follows: 


Copal, 18,369,252 


pounds, valued at $1,185,454; damar, 7,182,848 pounds, valued at 
$635,500; kauri, 7,915,759 pounds, valued at $1,196,889. 


PARAGRAPH 501. 


ACT OF 1909. 


435. Gunpowder, and all explosive 
substances used for mining, blasting, 
artillery, or sporting purposes, when 
valued at 20 cents or less per pound, 


ACT OF 19138. 


501. Gunpowder, and all explosive 
substances, not specially provided for 
in this section, used for mining, blast- 
ing; and artillery purposes. 


2 cents per pound; valued above 20 
cents per pound, 4 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Heplosives are used principally for blasting, signaling, pyrotech- 
nics, and for military and sporting purposes. 

Blasting explosives include mainly black powder, nitroglycerin 
preparations, and the so-called ‘‘ permissible explosives,” which have 
passed certain tests of the Bureau of Mines and are regarded as safe 
for use with proper precautions in coal mines. 

Military explosives include propellants (smokeless powder), prim- 
ers, high explosives for filling shells, torpedoes, hand grenades, etc. 


BLACK POWDER. 


Description and uses.—Black powder consists of an intimate mix- 
ture, usually 75 per cent potassium nitrate, 15 per cent charcoal, and 
10 per cent sulphur. It is used principally for mining, blasting, and 
sporting purposes; also to some extent in fireworks. 

Production of blasting powder in 1914 was 207,423,675 pounds, 
valued at $8,459,118, not far from the average since 1900. The black 
blasting powder: used in 1917 was 277,118,525 pounds. Other high 
explosives for blasting purposes, exclusive of permissible explosives, 
amounted to 262,316,080 pounds; permissible explosives were 438,040,- 
722 pounds. 

_ Imports, mostly from Canada in 1917, are not shown separately. 

Exports, including smokeless powder, prior to 1915, averaged about 
1,000,000 pounds annually. 


SMOKELESS POWDER. 


Description and uses.—Nitrocellulose, or guncotton, is the base 
of all smokeless powders. It is prepared by treating cotton under 
certain conditions with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. In 
making smokeless powder the nitrocellulose is mixed with alcohol, 
ether, and a stabilizer. After these are thoroughly incorporated the 
mixture is pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure and 
when dried is ready for use. Cordite is a smokeless powder made 
from a mixture composed of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, acetone, 
and vaseline. Smokeless powder is used almost entirely for mili- 

tary purposes, and to some extent for sporting purposes, 


680 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production of smokeless powder in 1914 (including the Govern- 
ment) was 12,684,072 pounds, increasing enormously during the war. 
Exports far exceed imports. During the war large quantities were 
supplied the Allies. Figures are not available. , 


NITROGLYCERIN AND DYNAMITE, 


Description and uses.—Nitroglycerin is a heavy, oily liquid, ob- 
tained by treating glycerin with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 
acids. It is very sensitive to shock and is a violent poison. Dynamite 
is made by absorbing nitroglycerin in some porous substance, such 
as infusorial earth, sawdust, or powdered mica. WNitroglycerin is 
used at present in the liquid state only for “‘ shooting” gas or oil 
wells. Its greatest use is in. making dynamite and other high ex- 
plosives. It is sometimes used in medicine as a heart stimulant. 

Production in 1914 of dynamite was 223,667,630 pounds, valued at 
$20,553,653. In the same year 65,302,883 pounds of nitroglycerin 
were produced, of which 3,785,474 pounds were sold as such for 
$950,611. 

Exports of dynamite in 1914 were 14,464,601 pounds, valued at 
$1,587,184; in 1916, 19,561,654 pounds, valued at $3,656,653; and in 
1918, 18,911,668 pounds, valued at $4,991,508. 


NITROSTARCH. 


Description and uses.—Nitrostarch is used as a conscituent - of 
some high explosives. It is made in much the same way as nitrocellu- 
lose, by the treatment of starch with nitric and sulphuric acids. 
Tapioca starch and cornstarch are the ones most used. During the- 
war nitrostarch was used largely in hand grenades. It can also be 
used with good results for blasting purposes. 


PICRIC ACID. 


Description and uses.—Picric acid is a trinitro derivative of 
phenol. It is a solid substance of a pale-yellow color which melts to a 
liquid at 122° C. It is one of the most powerful explosives and is 
used for filling shells. Its raw materials are phenol (carbolic acid) 
or monochlorbenzol, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid. Ammonium pic- 
rate is also largely used for the same purposes as picric acid. 


TRINITROTOLUENE. 


Description and uses.—This substance is also known as trotyl and 
T. N. T. It is a solid and used as a high explosive, principally in 
shells, and is preferable to picric acid for most purposes. It is made 
by the nitration of toluene, the raw materials being toluene, nitric 
acid, and sulphuric acid. 

Production figures are not available but it is believed there was 
but little produced before the war. During the war large quantities 
were made in the United States. 


TETRANITROANILINE. 


Description and uses.—This substance is known as tetryl and is a 
more powerful explosive than picric acid or trotyl and is also some- 
what more sensitive. It is a solid crystalline substance, made by the 
nitration of dimethylaniline. It has much the same use as picric acid | 
and Tc N; ws 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 681 


AMMONIUM NITRATE. 


Uses.—This compound is extensively used as a constituent of ex- 
plosives for both blasting and military purposes, especially in the so- 
called ‘‘ flameless” explosives. It is discussed under paragraph 395. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Trinitrotoluol was held exempt from duty under this paragraph as 
an explosive substance, not specially provided for, used for artillery 
purposes. (T. D. 36526, of 1916; G. A. 8057, T. D. 37157, of 1917.) 

(See revenue act of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 502. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
582, Gutta-percha, crude. _ 502. Gutta-percha, crude. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Gutta-percha is the product obtained by 
coagulating the latex of certain species of trees (Palaquium and 
Payena) native to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. It is a 
grayish white substance possessing great suppleness, but little elas- 
ticity. In many of its properties gutta-percha resembles india rubber 
and is often mixed with it. When vulcanized with sulphur it forms 
a very hard substance. It is used chiefly as an insulator for under- 
ground electrical wiring; in golf balls; temporary fillings for teeth; 
driving belts; rings, valves, and washers for pumps and hydraulic 
presses; boot soles; acid cements; tissue for mending clothing and 
surgical work; and for other minor purposes. 

Production.—The latex is removed from the trees by making 
incisions in the bark. It coagulates on exposure to the air, and is 
then removed and purified by washing. It is also extracted by 
mechanical processes from the leaves and twigs, but this product is 
a poorer quality. 

Imports of gutta-percha, crude, increased from 181,294 pounds, 
valued at $95,690 in 1908, to 2,751,839 pounds, valued at $327,039 
in 1916; in 1918, 891,140 pounds, valued at $118,668, chiefly from the 
East Indies, West Africa, England, and the Philippines, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Gutta siak is crude gutta-percha, and exempt from duty under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 8194, T. D. 37759, of 1918.) Gutta siak, gutta 
Hangkang, gutta Katian, gutta Doerian, and gutta Teweh were held 
exempt from duty either under this paragraph or under paragraph 
518. (Abstract 48050, of 1919.) (See par. 513.) 


PARAGRAPH 503. 


583. Hair of horse, cattle, and 503. Hair of horse, cattle, and 
other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, | other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, 
drawn or undrawn, but unmanufac- | drawn or undrawn, but unmanufac- 
tured, not specially provided for in | tured, not specially provided for in 
this section, this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The long hair from the manes and tails of 
horses is used as a filling, usually with a cotton warp, in making 


682 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


haircloth. (Haircloth dutiable under par. 353.) It is also used in 
making fishlines, straining cloths, and violin bows.” The short hair 
(and that from the tails of cattle) is curled and used in upholstery 
work. (Curled hair dutiable under par. 352.) The hair of cattle 
and other animals is a tannery by-product, used in felt fer roofing 
and for covering steam pipes. Mixed with wool waste or cotton, 
it is made into coarse yarns for carpets, horse blankets, and the 
cheapest grade of tweeds. Cattle hair is also used as binding for 
mortar and plaster. 

Production statistics are not available. Most of the cattle hair 
required is produced here; the horsehair is largely imported. 

Imports of horsehair formerly averaged less than 4,000,000 pounds 
a year, but exceeded 6,000,000 pounds in 1916 and 1917, and were 
3,978,240 pounds, valued at $1,316,643 in 1918. In 1918 two-thirds 
came from Argentina; China was next; while Italy, England, Canada, 
Mexico, and Uruguay also supplied considerable amounts. The im- 
ports of cattle and other animal hair decreased—in 1914, 10,507,680 
pounds, valued at $1,051,698; in 1918, 4,028,839 pounds, valued at 
$550,306, mostly from Canada. A large quantity formerly came from 
Germany. Imports of artificial horsehair in 1914 were valued at 
$56,030, chiefly from Germany ; in 1918, $24,539, from France, England, 
and Switzerland. (See par. 319.) 

Exports of unmanufactured animai hair averaged over $1,000,000, 
chiefly to Great Britain. Export values of manufactures of animal 
hair average between $300,000 and $400,000, principally to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Yak hair, classified as a manufacture of wool, was held exempt 
from duty under this provision as animal hair. (Abstract 24136, 
T. D. 31044, of 1910.) Such hair, bleached, is also exempt. Bleach- 
ing does not necessarily constitute a manufacture. (Abstract 26426, 
T. D. 31842, of 1911.) China goat’s-hair is within this paragraph as 
not being wool (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 500, of 1915), nor hair of the 
Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. (G. A. 8178, T. D. 
387689, of 1918.) (See par. 305.) 


PARAGRAPH 504. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


584. Hide cuttings, raw, with or 504. Hide cuttings, raw, with or 
without hair, and all other glue stock. | without hair, and all other glue stock. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph includes all kinds of hide 
cuttings and all other material used as gite stock. Most hide stock 
is produced by tanners as waste pieces or trimmings, fleshings from 
the flesh side of the hide, and “ skivings,” which are scrapings from 
the hair or grain side of the hide; also sinews from slaughter and 
packing houses, and fish scrap. 

Import values of hide cuttings and other glue stock increased from 
$1,605,482 in 1910 to $2,158,514 in 1914, chiefly from Europe. In 1918 
the import was 21,710,205 pounds, valued at $936,393. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 683 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Glue stock liquor, a by-product from the boiling of whale blubber 
and bone was held to be glue stock (G. A. 6140, T. D. 26680, of 1905) ; 
and cattle tails to be hide cuttings (G. A. 4112, T. D. 19189, of 1898). 


PARAGRAPH 505. 
ACT OF 1869. ACT OF i918, 
585. Hide rope. 505. ide rope. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of hide rope in 1914 were valued at $10, and in 1918 at 
$1,247. Prior to 1909 importations of hide rope were reported with 
hide cuttings, provided for in paragraph 504 of the act of 1913. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A case upon the question whether this paragraph means rope made 
of hides, or rope of other material used in binding hides, is pending 
before the Board of General Appraisers. 


PARAGRAPH 506. 


450. Hides of cattle, raw or uncured, 506. Hides of cattle, raw or uncured, 
whether dry, salted, or pickled, shall { or dry, salted, or pickled. 
be admitted free of duty, * * *, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Caitie hides are employed principally in 
shoe leathers and in belting, harness, upholstery, case, bag, and strap 
leathers. Hides vary greatly “in character, and tanning and finish- 
ing processes give a wide variety of leathers. Animals grown in 
rigorous climates produce tough, close-grained hides; cattle given 
good feed and proper care furnish fine-grained, high-grade hides. 
Domestic hides are commonly “packer” or “country,” the former 
taken off at the stockyards, the latter at smal! slaughterhouses. 
Packer hides, as a rule, command the higher price because of greater 
care in the removal. Kips are small cattle hides, weighing from 
15 to 25 pounds. 

Production of cattle hides numbers about 12,000,000 annually, 
averaging at least 25 pounds each. 

Imports.—In 1913 we imported 268,042, 390 pounds of. catile hides, 
(green and dry)—about 82,000,000 pounds from Hurope, 86,500,000 
pounds from South America, 77,300,000 pounds from North America, 
15,200,000 pounds from Asia, and 7,200,000 pounds from Australasia 
and Africa; in 1917, 386,600,028 pounds, the greater share from 
Central and South America. The imports are classified into (1) dry 
cattie hides and (2) green or pickled cattle hides. The weight of 
dry cattle hides about doubled, while the value nearly trebied. 
Argentina remained the chief source of supply. Russia was prac- 
tically eliminated by 1917, and shipments from China and South 
American countries, especially from Brazil and Colombia, increased. 
In 1913, 88 per cent of the imports came from Argentina, Russia in 
Kurope, Mexico, Venezuela, China, British India, England, Colombia, : 
and Uruguay. In 1917, 87 per cent of a total of $48,714,500 came 
from Argentina, China, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Uruguay, British 


684 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


India, Venezuela, and the Dutch East Indies. Imports of green or 
pickled cattle hides increased rapidly, but not in the ratio of the dry. 
Argentina Jed in 1918 and by 1917 imports from there had trebled in 
value. The imports from Canada remained about the same; Russia, 
France, and Germany were practically eliminated; ‘and Brazil and 
China rose in importance. In 1913 our principal sources for green or 
pickled cattle hides were Argentina, Canada, France, Russia in 
Europe, and Mexico; in 1917, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Canada, 
Cuba, and Mexico. One result of the war was to cause South Ameri- 
ean hides to find an increased market in this country. 

Exports of all hides and skins in 1918 were valued at $1,953,700, 
Canada, the only country to which we export cattle hides in any 
quantity, taking $1,497,454 worth. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


In the trade and commerce of this country the word “ hides” 
applies to the skins of the larger animals, such as horses, oxen, 
cows, and bulls, while the word “ skins” applies to the coverings of 
ealves, sheep, and goats. The dividing line as to weight between 
hides and skins, raw or green, is 25 pounds, and as to dry hides 
and skins, 12 pounds. (G. A. 4052, T. D. 18739, of 1897; G. A. 
4215, T. D. 19716, of 1898; 145 Fed., 36, of 1906; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
129, 1385, of 1911.) The term “hides of cattle” is not used in a 
commercial sense, but according to the ordinary dictionary meaning 
of the words, and refers to the hides of domesticated animals of the 
bovine species, including those of the East India buffaloes (154 Fed., 
734, of 1907; certiorari denied, 209 U. S., 548, of 1908), but not those 
of the mud buffalo of the Straits Settlements (134 Fed., 841, of 1904), 
nor Singapore buffaloes (178 Fed., 1007, affirming 172 Fed., 169, of 
1909), because not domesticated. (See pars. 603 and 604.) 


PARAGRAPH 507. 
ACT OF 1909, ACT OF 1918. 
586. Hones and whetstones. 507. Hones and whetstones. - 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Hones and wheistones, formerly made only 
from natural quarried rocks, are now made from artificial abrasives 
(par. 479), which are fast replacing the natural stones. 

Production of oilstones (including hones and whetstones) and 
scythestones from natural rock has decreased from $207,352 in 1913 
to $115,178 in 1915, and then increased to $168,704 in 1917. Arkansas 
is the chief producer of oilstones, whetstones, and hones; Ohio leads 
in scythestones; but New Hampshire, Vermont, and Michigan also. 
contribute important quotas. . 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This provision embraces only articles used in sharpening edged 
instruments. (135 Fed., 211, and Abstract 752, T. D. 25184, of 1904.) 
Tam O’Shanter stones, used for polishing marble, are dutiable as 
articles composed of earthy or mineral substances. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
406, of 1912; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914.) Water of Ayr stones, 
for smoothing the surfaces of engraved rollers (4 Ct. Cust, Appls., 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 685 _ 
104, of 1918), and English blue whetstones have also been classified 
as articles of earthy or mineral substances. (Abstract 36305, T. D. 
34727, and Abstract 36338, T,. D. 34742, of 1914.) 


PARAGRAPH 508. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


587. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 508. Hoofs, unmanufactured, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The hoofs of neat cattle yield a pale yel- 
low oil, called “ neat’s-foot oil,” almost wholly olein, the liquid part 
of fat, as distinguished from stearin, the solid portion. It is a fine 
lubricant and is extensively employed by manufacturers as.a leather 
dressing. Hoofs are used in making buttons and novelties. 

Imports of hoofs come principally from Argentina, Canada, Uru- | 
guay, and Mexico. Hoofs unmanufactured come under the import 
classification ‘‘ Hoofs, horns and parts of, unmanufactured, includ- 
ing horn strips .and tips,’ valued at $357,399 in 1918, the largest 
figure for several years. Imports of neat’s-foot oil are small com- 
pared with domestic production (8,345,000 pounds in 1917), being 
3,670 pounds in 1914, valued at $468, all from Australia. 


PARAGRAPH 509. 


125. Hoop or band iron, or hoop or 
band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly 


509, Hoop or band iron, or hoop or 
band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly 


or partly manufactured into hoops or 
ties, coated or not coated with paint 
or any other preparation, with or 
without buckles or fastenings, for bal- 


or partly manufactured into hoops or 
ties, coated or not coated with paint 
or any other preparation, with or with- 
out buckles or fastenings, for baling 


ing cotton or any other commodity, 
# of 1 cent per pound. 


cotton or any other commodity. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—This paragraph applies particularly to the 
standard cotton tie, a strip of steel 4@ inch wide by 738 inch thick 
(20 gauge) and 114 feet long, chiefly used in tying bales of cotton. 
Once used, they are rerolled and used again. 

Production is part of the output of rolling mills making also hoops, 
wire nails, smooth wire, barbed wire, woven-wire fence, bars, spikes, . 
and similar products. Four plants are located in Pennsylvania, one 
in Georgia, and one in Alabama. The annual production is estimated 
at 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 bundles of 45 pounds each, approximately 
two-thirds of the world’s output. England and Germany are the prin- 
cipal foreign producers. 

Imports of hoop or band iron, etc., in 1915 were 1,416,538 pounds, 
valued at $22,552; in 1918, 4,600 pounds, valued at $46. 

Exports are irregular, depending almost entirely upon the cotton 
erop and English competition. It is roughly estimated that in recent 
years exports have ranged somewhat over 1,500,000 pounds annually. 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Old cotton tie buckles have been held dutiable under paragraph 167 
as a manufacture of metal. (Abstract 37600, of 1915.) Hoop or band 
iron or steel cut to lengths, which can be identified as cotton ties, is 
exempt from duty under this paragraph; if not identified as cotton 


686 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ties, it is dutiable under paragraph 107. No. 9 annealed wire is not 
wire for baling hay or other commodity. (T. D. 34055, of 1914.). 
Hoop steel in coils of 125 feet has been held dutiable as hoop steel 
and not exempt from duty as hoop steel cut to lengths for baling 
cotton within this paragraph. (G. A. 5714, T. D. 25406, of 1904.) 


PARAGRAPH 510. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
588. Hop roots for cultivation. _ 510. Hop roots for cultivation, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Hops are always propagated from cuttings 
of the roots. Because some brewers have considered German hops 
superior, there has been a small importation of roots. 

Imports of hop roots for cultivation were valued at $58 in 1910, 
$3 in 1913, and $90 in 1918. (See par. 207.) 


PARAGRAPH 511. 


589. Horns and parts of, including | 511. Horns and parts of, including 
horn strips and tips, unmanufactured. | horn strips and tips, unmanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Horns and horn strips and tips are used 
principally for making combs, knife handles, buttons, and various 
novelties, such as napkin rings, ete. 

Production statistics are not available. The domestic output comes 
largely from the packing plants. Those sold to the button makers are 
assorted into three grades, known commercially as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 
ranging from $260 to $125 per ton. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Heads of game animals, as cut from the carcass, are exempt from 
duty under paragraph 4238, 511, or 604. (T. D. 84061, of 1914.) 
Moose heads with skin attached are held not to be classable as an 
entirety, but the horns and parts of separately from the skin. (Ab- 
stract 23064, T. D. 30547, of 1910.) Hlk and moose horns attached to 
the skull, from which the flesh and skin have been removed, are within 
this paragraph. (G. A. 5652, T. D. 25281, of 1904.) Sliced deerhorn, 
used as a medicine by the Chinese, is not within this paragraph, but is 
dutiable as a medicinal preparation. (T. D. 36401, of 1916.) By . 
reason of the change of its location in paragraph 589 of the act of 
1909 and in this paragraph, the word “ unmanufactured ” was held 
to qualify all the enumerations and not merely “ horns and parts of,” 
as in prior tariff acts. Under this construction horn strips, polished, 
with the ends rounded and driiled, are dutiable as manufactures of 
horn under paragraph 368. (T. D. 34535, of 1914.) (See par. 508.) — 


PARAGRAPH 512. 
590. Ice. | 512. Ice. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—IJce, natural or manufactured, as a refriger- 
ating and preserving agent has extended the market for perishable 
foodstuffs, stimulating their production and stabilizing prices as 
between the seasons of plenty and of scarcity. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 687 


Production of manufactured ice in 1914 amounted to 21,048,063 
tons, valued at $62,192,413, an increase of more than 150 per cent 
over the output of 1904. Over 50 per cent was reported by New York, 
Pennsylvania, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Texas, and California. 

Imports of ice in 1914 were 32,093 tons and in 1918 were 57,928 
tons, valued at $16,340 and $26,740, respectively, coming wholly from 
Canada. 

Exports in 1914 were 14,183 tons and in 1917 were 17,642 tons, 
valued at $29,795 and $37,965, respectively, going to Canada and 
Mexico. 

PARAGRAPH 513. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19158. 


591. India rubber, crude, and milk 513. India rubber, crude, and milk 
of, and scrap or refuse india rubber, | of, and scrap or refuse india rubber, 
fit only for remanufacture, and which | fit only for remanufacture. 
has been worn out by use. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—J/ilk of india rubber, or latex, is a white 
to cream colored, more or less viscous liquid obtained by “ tapping” 
various tropical trees, creepers, and shrubs. Crude india rubber 
is coagulated from this milk of rubber by exposure to smoke, by 
heating, or by treatment with organic acids. Many trade names de- 
scribing crude india rubber according to botanical source or country 
of origin are employed in commerce. The physical properties giving 
rubber its value are its pale color, high tensile strength, strong 
adhesion and cohesion values, great elasticity, pliability, imperme- 
ability to water and gases, high insulating powers, ability to take up 
powdered minerals and form a homogeneous mass, and its iow 
specific gravity. 

Production.—The chief crude-rubber producers are Brazil, Ceylon, 
the Malay Peninsula, Africa, Mexico, Central America, and the Indies. 
-Rubber is obtained both from wild forests and from cultivated trees. 
In 1918 one-half of the production came from plantations. 

Imports of india rubber, crude, and milk of, have increased from 
110,101,091 pounds, valued at $92,956,018 in 1912, to 390,338,533 
pounds, valued at $203,122,748 in 1918. Imports of imdia rubber, 
scrap or refuse, fit only for remanufacture, decreased from 44,479,429 
pounds, valued at $3,675,824 in 1918, to 10,584,494 pounds, valued at 
$827,778 in 1915; the maximum import since 1915 was 17,665,403 
pounds, valued at $1,187,113 in 1917. Imports of gutta-percha in- 
creased from 1,552,857 pounds, valued at $302,623 in 1914, to 2,751,- 
839 pounds, valued at $327,039 in 1916, and then decreased to 891,140 
pounds, valued at $118,668 in 1918. Imports of Guayule gum in 
1918 were 3,242,340 pounds, valued at $1,037,030; of balata, crude, 
2,468,403 pounds, valued at $1,285,769; of jelutong, 16,109,099 pounds, 
valued at $969,144. 

Exports of india rubber, scrap and old, have varied in value from 
$598,287 in 1914 to $235,811 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A commodity invoiced as “raw plantation rubbersheet”’ imported 
in the form of sheets about 12 inches wide, 20 inches long, and 
one-fourth inch thick, containing resin having the characteristics of 


688 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


shellac and mineral matter, in part of talc, the tale being sprinkled 
between the sheets to keep them from sticking together, used in 
waterproofing cloth to be made into ponchos; is entitled to free entry 
as “india rubber, crude” under this paragraph and is not dutiable 
as an unenumerated manufactured article. (G. A. 7983, T. D. 86787, 
of 1916.) Jelutong or pontianak, obtained from Borneo, British 
North Borneo, and the island of Sumatra, possessing all of the 
qualities of rubber and used for the same purposes in the manufac- 
ture of commodities such as automobile tires and garden hose, is 
erude rubber or india rubber within-the meaning of this paragraph 
and is free of duty thereunder. (G. A. 8081, T. D. 87284, of 1917, 
Abstract 41775, of 1918; see T. D. 37381, of 1917.) (See par. 502.) 


‘ PARAGRAPH 514. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
25. Indigo extracts or pastes, 2 of 514. Indigo, natural or synthetic, 
1 cent per pound; indigo, carmined, 10 | dry or suspended in water, and dyes 
cents per pound. obtained from indigo. 


592, Indigo. 


This paragraph was repealed by the act of September 8, 1916. 
See “ Interpretation and comments,” paragraph 20. 


PARAGRAPH 515. 
593. Iodine, crude, 515. Iodine, crude, or resublimed. 


27. * ™* *, resublimed “20 cents 
per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Jodine, a nonmetallic element, is a grayish 
or purplish-black solid which volatilizes easily, giving off a violet- 
colored -vapor. It does not occur free in nature, but its salts are 
widely distributed in small amounts, and are always present in sea 
water and in some mineral springs. The principal source of iodine 
is the sodium nitrate beds of Chile. It is used in medicine, and in 
the iodine compounds, which in turn are used in medicine and in 
photography. About 80 per cent of the domestic consumption is 
probably made into sodium and potassium iodides. 

Production of iodine is not commercially important, although 
small amounts have been produced from kelp on the Pacific coast. 

Imports, principally of crude iodine, are chiefly from Chile. These 
increased from 195,030 pounds in 1914 to 1,726,723 pounds in 1917, 
but dropped to 200,448 pounds in 1918. Imports from Japan were 
1,500 pounds in 1915, but increased to 53, 092 pounds in 1918. ens 
imports in 1918 were 268,281 pounds. 


PARAGRAPH 516. 
594. Ipecac. | 516, Ipecac. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Ipecac is a crude root drug. It is used in 
medicine as an emetic and expectorant; also in the manufacture of 
its alkaloids, of which emetine is the most important. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 689 


Production.—Ipecae grows wild in South American forests and 
is collected by Indians. Attempts have been made to cultivate this 
important and high-priced drug in other tropical regions, but only in 
India and the Straits Settlements has commercial suecess on a small 
scale been attained. American supplies are derived from Colombia 
and Brazil. 

Imports of ipecac for 1909-1918 averaged 76,1381 pounds, valued at 
$135,248. In recent years its commercial value has increased largely, 
owing to the demand for emetine. 


PARAGRAPH 517. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


595. Iridium, osmium,  pallidium, 517. Iridium, osmium, palladium, 
rhodium, and ruthenium and native | rhodium, and ruthenium and native 
combinations thereof with one another | combinations thereof with one another 
or with platinum. or with platinum. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
IRIDIUM. 


Description and uses.—Iridium is found in platinum ores as 
osmiridium, a native alloy of iridium and osmium, in varying pro- 
portions, and in the form of native alloys with the other platinum 
metals. It is a white, steel-like metal, brittle when cold, and some- 
what malleable at white heat. The principal sources of these ores 
are the Ural Mountains and the Pacific coast. Platinum iridium 
alloys, which are harder and more resistant to acids than platinum, 
are used in the manufacture of standard weights, knife edges of 
balances, and in other articles to preserve them from atmospheric 
corrosion. Osmiridium is used in the manufacture of the iridium 
tips for gold pen points. 

Production increased from 193 ounces in 1914 to 10,042 ounces in 
1917, and decreased to 3,875 ounces in 1918. 

Imports of iridiwn were 3,619 troy ounces in 1917 and 1,106 ounces 
in 1918. 

OSMIUM. 


Description and uses.—Osmium, one of the metals of the platinum 
group, is found native, alloyed with platinum and iridium. Formerly 
it was used in filaments of electric lamps, but has now been replaced. 
by tungsten. It is used slightly in other arts. 

Imports in 1917 were 400 troy ounces and in 1919, 1,957 ounces; 
also, 259 troy ounces of osmiridium were imported in 1917, and 429 
ounces in 1918. : 

PALLADIUM, 


Description and uses.—Palladium is found in grains of about 2 
per cent when with platinum and iridium, and 5 to 10 per cent when 
with platiniferous gold. The principal sources are the nickeliferous 
copper ores of Ontario. It is light steel-gray in color and fairly malle- 
able and ductile. The metal is used for coating surfaces for showing 
division marks on scales, in wire for dental use, and alloys for 
making astronomical instruments. An alloy of palladium with steel 
is used in making certain parts of physical instruments, Palau, an 

184911°—20. 44 





690 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


alloy of palladium and gold, is a successful substitute for platinum 
in the manufacture of laboratory ware. 

Production was 4,024 ounces in 1918, 

Imports in 1918 were 1,317 ounces. 


RHODIUM. 


Description and uses.—Rhodium occurs with the other metals of 
the platinum group and as an alloy with gold as rhodium gold or 


rhodonite, a mineral found in Mexico. 


metal. 


It is a white, hard, malleable 


With platinum it forms an alloy used in making thermo- 


couples, crucibles, dishes, and as a catalyst. 
Production was 48.5 troy ounces in 1917. 
Imports were 32 troy ounces in 1914 and 49 ounces in 1918. 


RUTHENIUM. 


x 


Description and uses.—Ruthenium is found associated with the 


platinum group of metals in platinum and osmiridium. 


It is used 


to a small extent in solutions to dye silks. 
Imports in 1915 were 90 troy ounces. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph provides for native combinations only; hence wire 
80 per cent of platinum and 20 per cent of iridiwm has been held not 


exempt from 


duty under this paragraph or paragraph 578, but 


dutiable under paragraph 114 as wire not specially provided for. 


(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 50, of 1916.) 


(See par. 578.) 


PARAGRAPH 518. 


ACT OF 1909. 


117. Iron ore, including manganifer- 
ous iron ore, and the dross or residuum 
from burnt pyrites, 15 cents per ton: 
Frovided, That in levying and collect- 
ing the duty on iron ore no deduction 
shall be made from the weight of the 
ere on account of moisture which may 
be chemically or physically combined 
therewith. 


118. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, 
spiegeleisen, and ferromanganese, $2.50 
rer ton; wrought and cast scrap iron, 
and scrap steel, $1 per ton; but noth- 
ing shall be deemed scrap iron or 
scrap steel except waste or refuse iron 
or steel fit only to be remanufactured 
by melting, and excluding pig iron in 
all forms. 


1202; * = “ialk) ironrsin slabs} 
blooms, loops, or other forms less fin- 
ished than iron in bars, and more ad- 
vanced than pig iron, except castings, 
shall be subject to a duty of % of 1 
eent per pound: Provided further, 
hated liete ete ee DIOONS Weprllecs. 
slabs or loops, in the manufacture of 
which charcoal is used as fuel, shall 
be subject to a duty of $8 per ton. 


ACT OF 19138. 


518. Iron ore, including manganifer- 
ous iron ore, and the dross or residuum 
from burnt pyrites; iron in pigs, iron 
kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron 
and scrap and scrap steel; but noth- 
ing shall be deemed scrap iron or 
scrap steel except second-hand or 
waste or refuse iron or steel fit only 
tc be remanufactured ; ferromanganese 
iron in slabs, blooms, loops or other 
forms less finished than iron bars, and 
more advanced than pig iron, except 
castings, not specially provided for in 
this section. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 691 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Commercial iron ore contains from 25 to 70 per cent 
of iron. The American iron ore as mined averages over 50 per cent. 
Manganiferous iron ores are either those which contain iron greatly 
in excess of manganese and which are smelted directly to a manganese 
east iron containing 1 to 4 per cent manganese, or those in which 
manganese equals or is in excess of the iron and which, with other 
iron ores, are smelted to a similar product or low-grade ferroman- 
ganese. The waste cinder of pyrite burners is also a source of iron. 
After the iron pyrites have been used by sulphuric-acid manufac- 
turers the calcined residue is collected, the copper removed, and the 
material sintered for reclamation of the iron. Pig iron is classified 
into Bessemer, basic, low phosphorus, foundry, malleable, forge, and 
the ferro-alloys. The first three are usually manufactured into 
steel; the next three, into castings or into wrought iron; and the 
last are used to purify and give certain desirable qualities to steel. 
Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, specified in paragraph 518, are 
alloys of iron and manganese, the former having a manganese con- 
tent between 10 and 30 per cent, and the latter a manganese content 
in excess of 30 per cent. Jron keniledge is pig iron shipped on a vessel 
as ballast. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used and can be 
forged, rolled, or welded. It is made by puddling pig iron. Loop, 
slab, and bloom are terms applied to pieces of wrought iron, the 
last two being often applied only to material that has been worked to 
some extent. 

Production of iron ore in 1913 amounted to 61,980,437 long tons, 
or approximately 40 per cent of the estimated world total. In 1917 
it was 75,288,851 long tons, and in 1918, 69,658,278 long tons. Min- 
‘nesota, Michigan, Alabama, and Wisconsin are the principal pro- 
ducers, Minnesota yielding over half the output. Domestic pig-iron 
production in 1913 was 30,966,152 long tons out of an estimated world 
total of 77,400,000 tons. In 1918 it was 38,621,216 long tons, valued 
at $1,180,759,565. The leading States are Pennsylvania, Ohio, [llinois, 
Indiana, and New York. The output of spiegeleisen in 1918 amounted 
to 110,338 gross tons, and in 1918, to 288,853 gross tons; that of ferro- 
manganese for the same years was 119,495 and 333,027 gross tons. 

Next to the United States the leading producers of iron ore are 
Germany (26,771,598 gross tons in 1913), France (21,572,835), and 
the United Kingdom (15,997,328), production materially declining 
during the war. The pig-iron production of Germany in 1913 was 
18,987,039 tons, of the United Kingdom 10,316,265 tons, and of France 
5,227,378 tons; in 1917, Germany 12,932,338 gross tons and the United 
Kingdom 9,640,986 gross tons. They are also large producers of spie- 
geleisen and ferromanganese, eae outpnt in 1917 aggregating 
316,577 gross tons. 

World’s leading ore reserves.——The greatest iron-ore fields of the 
world are (1) the Lake Superior district; (2) the Lorraine ore field 
of northeastern France, Luxemburg, and southern Belgium; (8) the 
magnetic deposits of northern Sweden; (4) the ore fields of Oriente, 
Cuba; (5) the ores of Bell Island, Newfoundland; and (6) the ore 
region of southern Brazil. In each of these fields the potential yield 
of iron is estimated to exceed 1,000,000,000 gross tons. The Lorraine 
field is advantageously situated with reference to coal and limestone 


692 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


and is near some of the most important markets of the world. The 
iron content of Lorraine ore, however, is only about 30 to 35 per cent, 
while that of Lake Superior ore averages over 50 per cent. Brazilian 
and Swedish iron ores have a high iron content, averaging from 55 to 
65 per cent, but are mined in countries with a very limited supply of 
coal. The Brazilian field contains the most extensive known deposit 
of “low phosphorus” ore, used largely in the manufacture of ord- 
nance material. 

. Imports in 1918 aggregated 986,506 tons, valued at $10,579,984, 
divided into iron ore, 871,854 tons, $3,144,072; iron in pigs, excluding 
ferrosilicon, 48,859 tons, $6,173,858 (ferromanganese, 34,217 tons, 
$5,332,573; spiegeleisen, 5,987 tons, $519,606; all other, 8,705 tons, 
$321,679) ; scrap iron and scrap steel, 65,6938 tons, $1,255,310; and 
slabs, blooms, loops, etc., 100 tons, $6,744. About 75 per cent of the 
imports of ore came from Cuba, 20 per cent from Canada, and the re- 
mainder from Spain and Sweden. Over one-half entered through the 
customs district of Maryland. Imported ferromanganese comes almost 
entirely from England; pig iron, chiefly from England and Canada; 
and scrap iron and scrap steel, largely from Canada. British pro- 
ducers often secure high-grade manganese ore cheaply from India by 
ballast rates to British ports. 

Exports of iron ore in 1918 amounted to 1,185,769 tons, valued at 
$4,877,380, nearly all to Canada. The exports of pig iron in 1918, 
exclusive of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, totaled 363,478 tons, 
valued at $18,729,612; of ferromanganese, 4,935 tons, valued at $1,054,- 
548; and of scrap iron and scrap steel, 22,385 tons, valued at $636,952. 
The pig iron goes mainly to Canada, Italy, and England; the ferro- 
manganese, to Canada; and the scrap iron and steel, to Italy, Japan, 


and Canada. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Iron in the form of pigs, known by the proprietary name “ tant 
iron,’ having a silicon content greater than that of ordinary pig iron 
but much less than that of ordinary ferrosilicon and manganese, and 
manganese and sulphur contents greater than those of ferrosilicon, 
used for casting and machining into bowls to contain acids, shown to 
be unfit for use like ferrosilicon as an alloy in the manufacture of 
steel, is but a special kind of pig iron and is free of duty as “iron in 
pigs’ under this paragraph. It is not ferrosilicon and is not dutiable 
as such under paragraph 102 nor as “ unwrought metal” under para- 
graph 154. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 426, of 1917.) Parts of worn-out 
railroad bridges in the shape of turntables, trusses, girders, and other 
forms composed of iron or steel scrap, fit only to be remanufactured, 
were held free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 8118, T. D. 37464, 
of 1917.) Unused butt-welded iron and steel pipe, new but containing 
sufficient defects and imperfections to warrant its rejection by the 
manufacturers and used for flag poles, fences, guard rails, ete, 
although not fit to withstand steam or water pressure is dutiable at 
20 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 127. The defective and 
broken parts fit only for remanufacture are free of duty under this 
paragraph. (Abstract 38979, of 1915; see also Abstract 40516, of 
1916.) (See par. 102.) 

The provision for “ wrought iron and scrap and scrap steel” is 
ambiguous, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 693 


PARAGRAPH 519. 
ACT OF 1909, ACT OF 19138. 
597... Jalap. 519. Jalap. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Jalap, the tuberous root of Hxzogonium 
purga is a crude drug. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. 

Production.—Jalap (from Jalapa, a city in Vera Cruz) is native to 
Mexico, where it grows wild, and is also cultivated by the Indians. 
Cultivation on a small scale exists in India, but only the Mexican 
product reaches America. 

Imports of jaélap for 1909-1917 averaged 183,126 pounds, valued at 
$28,574. Quantitatively, jalap is one of the chief drug roots imported. 
Prices in the New York market have increased more than fivefold 
since 1915. 

PARAGRAPH 520. 


598. Jet, unmanufactured. | 520. Jet, unmanufactured, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Jet is a compact, soft, light coal of a 
lustrous black color, hard and solid enough to. be turned in a lathe, 
and made into various ornamental articles. It occurs here in many 
localities, but is not systematically worked. It is found in Austria- 
Hungary, France, Germany, Spain, and England. It has been dis- 
placed by black-colored chalcedony and anthracite. Owing to the 
high polish taken, it finds use as material for dress trimming, mourn- 
ing jewelry, toys, buttons, and personal ornaments. 

Imports of jet are small and irregular, having been received in 
only three years from 1907 to 1918. The largest amount ($8,496) was 
in 1918 and the smallest ($26) in 1907. 


PARAGRAPH 521. 
599. Joss stick, or Joss light. 521, Joss stick or joss light, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Joss sticks are reeds covered with paste 
made from the dust of odoriferous woods, or cylinders made wholly 
of the paste. They are used by the Chinese to burn before their 
idols, as slow matches in measuring time at night, and for lighting 
pipes, and. are widely used by other peoples as deodorizers. 

Imports of joss sticks in 1914 were valued at $6,888, nearly half 
from Japan and the rest from China and India; in 1918 imports were 
valued at $30,660. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A joss stick is a perfumed stick made of wood powder and paste, 
and burned by the Chinese in their temples as incense, and also for 
measuring time at night (Abstract 36003, T. D. 34604, of 1914; Ab- 
stract 37183 of 1915, Abstract 38901 of 1915); mosquito sticks and 
mosquito incense are not within this provision (T. D. 82699, of 1912). 
A protest claiming free entry of punk as joss sticks was overruled 
without affirming the collector’s classification of the importation as 


* 


694 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


an unenumerated manufactured article (Abstract 38407, of 1915), but 
on an extended record punk for lighting firecrackers was held duti- 
able as an unenumerated manufactured article (G. A. 8296, T.. D. 
38169, of 1919). 

After many years of litigation from time to time under this para- 
graph and paragraph 608 for spunk, there is still doubt concerning | 
these articles, Which might be removed by omitting both paragraphs 
from the law and relegating the commodity in any form and however 
described to paragraph 385 (Schedule N, sundries) for unenumerated 
articles. 

PARAGRAPH 522, 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
600. Junk, old. 522. Junk, old. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Junk” in the ordinary meaning consists of worn-out and dis- 
carded material (in general) that may be turned to some use, 
especially old rope, chain, iron, copper, parts of machinery, and 
bottles gathered or bought up by tradesmen known as “ junk dealers.” 
Old rope in scraps has been held to be exempt from duty as “ junk, 
old” (G. A. 5349, T. D. 24474, of 1903) ; but not old bottles (116 Fed., 
773, of 1900) nor scrap iron and steel (159 Fed., 105, of 1907; 3 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 180, 325, of 1912), which are more specifically provided 
for than as junk. So-called badbitt metal, unfit for use as such (G. A, 
7891, T. D. 36345, of 1916), and scrap tin (Abstract 16138, T. D. 
28308, of 1907; G. A. 7344, T. D. 32376, of 1912) have also been held 
not to be classifiable as junk. In the last-mentioned decision it was 
stated that it has never been decided that junk has any commercial 
meaning in the trade of this country. 


PARAGRAPH 523. 
601, Kelp. | 525. Kelp. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The name kelp, originally applied to the 
ash obtained by burning seaweed, has now been extended to the sea- 
weeds themselves, particularly to those yielding potash, iodine, and 
other valuable products. Kelp is used principally for the production 
of potash salts and iodine, though acetic acid and acetone may be 
thus obtained. Dried and ground kelp is sometimes used as fertilizer. 

Production.—Liitle kelp was used here until 1914, when the 
shortage of potash salts caused large quantities. along the Pacific 
coast to be utilized. There were 10 plants manufacturing potash and 
other products from kelp during 1917 and 1918, and their output was 





about 4,800 tons per year. Most of these plants have now shut down, ~ 


ewing to the lower price of potash. 
Imports of kelp have been small and irregular and probably refer 
to the ash. 
PARAGRAPH 524. 


602. Kieserite. | 524. Kieserite. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Kieserite is a natural mineral composed 
of magnesium sulphate combined with one part (molecule) of water 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 695 


of crystallization. It is slowly soluble in water, which property 
serves aS a means of separating it from the other salts naturally 
occurring with it. Kieserite is found chiefly at Stassfurt in Germany 
and Halistatt and Kalusz in Galicia. It is used chiefly as a raw 
material in the production of Epsom salts (par. 42), from which it 
differs only in the amount of water contained. 

Production.—At Stassfurt kieserite is found along with other 
salts which are readily soluble in water; therefore on washing the 
soluble salts are removed. MKieserite is packed in molds and on puri- 
fication is converted into Epsom salts. 

Imports of kieserite for 1910-1914 averaged 6,455 tons, valued at 
$21,043, entirely from Germany. 


-PARAGRAPH 525. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i913. 
604. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. 525. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—A yanite or cyanite ahd kainite are not re- 
lated minerals. A yanite is an aluminum silicate occurring usually as 
blue crystals, is not a common mineral, and is of little or no commer- 
cial importance. Kainite, a complex salt consisting of sulphate of 
potash, the sulphate and chloride of magnesia, and water of crystal- 
lization, is a natural mineral found abundantly in Hurope. It is used 
in the crude state (ground) as a fertilizer. 

Production.—All of the domestic supply is imported. 

Imports of kyanite and kainite have been almost entirely from 
Germany—in 1914, 526,112 tons, valued at $2,579,619; in 1916 only 
64 tons; in 1917 and 1918, none. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Kyanite or cyanite is of little or no commercial importance, and not 
being related to kainite, it might be omitted. 


PARAGRAPH 526. 


605. Lae dye, crude, seed, button, 526. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, 
stick, and shell. stick, and sheil. 


. GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Laec dye is a searlet dye obtained from a 
resinous substance (lac) produced by the female insect Coccus lacca 
and deposited on the twigs of certain trees native to India. The 
coloring matter from lac is extracted with water, dried, and pressed 
into cakes. It is of very little importance. 

Crude lac is probably another term applied to stick lac, the erudest 
form of lac resin. The lac-encrusted twigs are dried and cut into 
sticks, in which form the lac is sometimes supplied to the consumer. 

Seed lac or grain lac consists of stick lac which has been ground, 
crushed, and the wood twigs removed. It may be in two grades (1) 
seed lac containing the lac dye, and (2) washed or bleached seed lac 
from which the lac dye has been removed by bleaching or by extrac- 
tion with water. Seed lac is used as a raw material in the manufac- 
ture of the best grades of shellac. 


696 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Button lac is a form of shellac made by allowing melted and 
strained lae to drop onto a flat surface, forming large rounded cakes. 

Shell lac, or shellac, is seed lac which has been cooked, cooled, and 
rolled into thin sheets. Commercial grades may contain orpiment or 
rosin, which is added to impart certain properties to the shellac. 
Rosin present in quantities exceeding 3 per cent is usually considered 
an adulterant. Shellac is used as a binder in the manufacture of such 
composition goods as buttons, dominos, poker chips, and phonograph 
records; as an insulator in electrical work; in sealing wax and shoe 
dressing; and, when dissolved in alcohol, as a quick-drying varnish 
(spirit varnish), and in paints for ship bottoms. We produce about 
one-half the shellac varnish of the world and are the chief consumer. 

Imports of crude lac, seed, button, and stick, before 1913 averaged 
less than 500,000 pounds. ‘These greatly increased during the war—in 
1915, 1,126,167 pounds, valued at $88,293; in 1916, 3,485,975 pounds, 
valued at $291,176; in 1917, 5,473,174 pounds, valued at $637,846; in 
1918, 1,715,791 pounds, valued at $312,584. Imports of shellac for 
1908-1918 averaged about 21,000,000 pounds, valued at about $4,000,000. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The words “ crude, seed, button, stick and shell” modify “ lae dye” 
instead of lac. A comma between “lac” and “dye” would make all 
forms of lac free of duty. ‘‘ Crude” and “dye” might be transposed, 


PARAGRAPH 527. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


607. Lactarene, or casein. 527. Lactarene or casein. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Casein is a white, ashless, nitrogenous sub- 
stance found in the milk of mammals as a colloidal suspension or emul- . 
sion in combination with calcium. It is soluble in: concentrated 
acid and alkalies. About 3 per cent of the solid matter of cow’s milk 
is casein and represents about 80 per cent of the entire milk protein. 
Casein has a great many commercial applications, including the manu- 
facture of waterproof and coated paper, paints and artists’ colors, 
plastics, electric insulators, foods, medicines, paint remover, shoe 
polish, photographie plates, mucilage and cement, and dressing and 
color-fixing mediums in textiles. 

Production.—It is prepared commercially from skimmed itt by 
precipitating the protein with a dilute mineral acid and filtering, 
washing, and drying to a powder. The powder is packed in air-tight 
containers, with formaldehyde added to prevent decomposition. Milk 
sugar (par. 547) is obtained as a by-product. Casein is also made by 
precipitation with ferments, such as rennet. In 1914 about 18,600,000 
pounds were produced in the United States and were valued at 
approximately $1,000,000. 

Imports of casein for 1910-1918 averaged about 10,000,000 pounds, 
valued at about $1,000,000. Before the war it came chiefly from 
France, but during the war Argentina furnished the bulk. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A gritty, yellowish powder with the trade name of “plasmon,” 
but invoiced as “lactarene” and known to the trade as “ lactarene, — 








4 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 697 


casein or milk albumen,” wags held not to be milk preserved, and 
exempt from duty under this provision. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 292, of 
1911. ) 

The term “casein and lactarene” refer to the same article (166 - 
Fed., 1022, of 1908). ‘‘ Lactarene” is a brand name, “ casein ” is gen- 
eric; consequently “lactarene” might be omitted. 


PARAGRAPH 528. 
ACT OF 1909. , ACT OF 1918. 


288. Lard, 14 cents per pound. 528. Lard, lard compounds, and 
Jard substitutes. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
LARD. 


Description and uses.—Lard is America’s most important fat prod- 


. uct, butter excepted. The term includes prime steam, neutral, leaf, 


and all lards made from hog fat exclusively. By far the larger part 
of the output of big packing plants is prime steam lard, produced 
by the live-steam method of rendering the chopped fats. Leaf lard 
is kettle rendered from the leaf fats that surround the kidneys, 
Neutral lard, or “neutral,” is kettle rendered, but at a lower tem- 
perature than ordinary lard, so that it retains practically no hog 
flavor, and is used largely in oleomargarine. Large quantities of 
lard are chilled and pressed to separate the stearin from the olein 
and palmitin. Stearin is mixed with ordinary lard to give it firmness 
in warm weather and to make a base for margarines, and is used in 
making candies. Olein or lard oil is used in signal lights and miner’s 
lamps and as a lubricant. 

Production of lard in 1914 was 1,119,188,675 pounds, valued at 
$120,414,007, a decrease of 10 per cent compared with 1909, coinciding 
with a greatly increased use of lard compounds and substitutes for 
culinary purposes. The figures given do not include the output of 
small butchers or that of farms, estimated as perhaps 1,000,000,000 
pounds. Under favorable conditions the output can be quickly in- 
creased, as instanced by swine on farms from 67,503,000 in 1917 to 
71,374,000 in 1918. 

Imports of lard are insignificant compared with production or ex- 
port, reaching the maximum of 1,131,998 pounds, including compounds 
and substitutes, in 1918, with 230,816 pounds average for the four 
years previous. Under a duty of 14 cents per pound 4,117 pounds 
were imported in 1913 and 125,686 pounds came in duty free in 1914. 

Exports of lard in 1918 were 892,506,855 pounds, valued at 
$98,216,856, about 160,000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 
53,000,000 to Cuba, and 33,000,000 to France. Exports during the 
war decreased considerably. The average for 1915-1918 was 4834,- 
954,000 pounds, compared with 502,211,000 pounds for 1911-1914. 
Higher prices, difficulties of trans-Atlantic shipping, and loss of ex- 
ports to Germany (normally about 30 per cent) probably explain the 
decrease. Before the war lard was by far the most important ex- 
port of the meat-packing industry. Exports of neutral lard were 
4,258,529 pounds in 1918 as compared with the maximum of 62,317,909 
pounds in 1912, 


698 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


LARD SUBSTITUTES AND LARD COMPOUNDS. 


Description and uses.—Lard substitutes and lard compounds, 
known to the trade as “ compounds,” are of two types (1) those con- 
‘taining a base of animal fats, and (2) those made entirely from 
vegetable oils by a process of hydrogenation. The first is made by 
mixing heated vegetable oil with a proper proportion of melted hog 
or beef fats; this is quickly chilled and violently beaten to give it 
the appearance of natural lard. The second, from vegetable oils, is a 
recent development. The-refined and bleached oil is subjected to a 
hardening process in which reduced nickel is employed to effect a 
combination of the hydrogen gas and liquid glycerides. The oleins of 
the oil are changed into stearins, which are solid at ordinary temper- 
atures. By this process, oils previously considered inedible become 
sweet, white, wholesome products. 

Production of 1,178,446,000 pounds of lard substitutes was re- 
ported in 1917, an increase of 146,313,000 over 1916. The most im- 
portant constituent of this lard substitute was cotton-seed oil, of 
which 1,069,214,000 pounds were used; 55,000,000 pounds of stearin, 
384,000,000 pounds of soy-bean oil, 17,000,000 pounds of vegetable 
stearin, and 12,000,000 pounds of peanut oil were also used. Besides 
an enormous increase in the output of lard substitutes, the variety 
of oils has also increased. 

Imports of lard compounds and substitutes are combined in the 
statistics with the imports of lard. 

Exports of lard compounds and substitutes in 1918 were 31,278,382 
pounds—over 7,000,000 pounds to Cuba, 6,619,000 pounds to Belgium, 
and about 4,500,000 pounds each to Mexico and the United Kingdom. 
Exports decreased during the war, averaging 65,500,000 pounds for 
1911-1914 and 52,500,000 for 1915-1918. 


PARAGRAPH 529. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
608. Lava, unmanufactured. 529. Lava, unmanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Lava, rock of volcanic origin, varying 
greatly in composition and texture, has some specifie uses, e. g., for 
making millstones and for filtering acids. Basaltic lava of vesicular 
texture is used for beater rolls and bed plates, which compete with 
steel or bronze rolls in the preparation of paper pulp. The largest 
use of such rocks is for crushed stone. 

Production of “basalt and related rock” (not for building pur- 
poses) was 9,021,460 tons, valued at $7,531,685, in 1917. A small 
amount, used for beater rolls, is produced in the extreme North- 
western States. 

Imports of lava averaged about 50 tons a year, used entirely for 
beater rolls. The greatest valuation was $1,272 in 1912. Imports 
came from Germany and ceased after 1914. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see pars. 81 and 99.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


699 


PARAGRAPH 530. 


ACT OF 1909. 


451. Band, bend, or belting leather, 
centum ad valorem; dressed upper 
rough leather, and sole leather, 5 per 
and all other leather, calfskins tanned 
or tanned and dressed, kangaroo, 
sheep and goat skins (including lamb 
and kid skins) dressed and finished, 
other skins and _ bookbinders’ © calf- 
skins, all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; * * *, skins 
for morocco, tanned but unfinished, 5 
per centum ad valorem; patent, 
japanned, varnished, or enameled 
leather weighing not over ten pounds 
per dozen hides or skins, 27 cents per 
pound and 15 per centum ad valo- 
rem ; if weighing over ten pounds and 
not over twenty-five pounds per dozen, 
27 cents per pound and 8 per centum 
ad valorem; if weighing over twenty- 
five pounds per dozen, 20 cents per 
pound and 10 per centum ad valo- 
rem; * * * Jeather shoe laces, 
finished or unfinished, 50 cents per 
gross pairs and 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem; boots and shoes made of 
Jeather, 15 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That leather cut into shoe 
uppers or vamps or other forms, suit- 
able for conversion into manufactured 
articles, and gauffre leather, shall pay 
a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem 
in addition to the duty imposed by 
this paragraph on leather of the same 
character as that from which they 
are cut. 


461. Harness, saddles, saddlery, in 
sets or in parts, finished or unfinished, 
35 per centum ad valorem. 


450. * * * Provided, That on 
and after October first, nineteen hun- 
dred and nine, grain, buff, and split 
leather shall pay a duty of 74% per 
centum ad valorem; that all boots and 
shoes, made wholly or in chief value 
of leather made from cattle hides and 
eattle skins of whatever weight, of 
cattle of the bovine species, includ- 
ing calfskins, shall pay a duty of 10 
per centum ad valorem; that harness, 
saddles and saddlery, in sets or in 
parts, finished or unfinished, composed 
wholly or in chief value of leather, 
shall pay a duty of 20 per centum a 
valorem. : 


ACT OF 1918. 


530. All leather not specially pro- 
vided for in this section and leather 
board or compressed leather; leather 
cut into shoe uppers or vamps or 
other forms suitable for conversion 
into boots or shoes; boots and shoes 
made wholly or in chief value of 
leather; leather shoe laces, finished 
or unfinished; harness, saddles, and 
saddlery, in sets or in parts, finished 
or unfinished. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


BELTING AND SOLE LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Belting and sole leather are produced 
from cattle hides by processes identical up to the finishing process, 


700 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Both are frequently made in the same tanneries. Vegetable tanning 
is an old and slow process, but the resistance to water which it im- 
parts makes the leather superior for some purposes to mineral-tanned 
leather. Mineral tanning is usually done in “ drums,” vegetable tan- 
ning frequently in vats. Drum tanning is a quicker process than vat 
tanning. Chrome salts are usually employed in mineral tanning and 
sometimes, as in the case of sole leather for Army shoes, the leather 
is tanned by the quick mineral or “ chrome” process and then given 
a comparatively brief vegetable tanning called “ vegetable retan.” 
Domestic sole leather is tanned chiefly by the vegetable process. 

Production of sole leather in 1914 was valued at $116,188,059 ; 
belting leather, at $8,369,584. The sole-leather industry has grown 
rapidly from a value of approximately $55,000,000 in 1899, the 
belting-leather industry then approximating $7,000,000. Pennsyl- 
vania is the most important producer of sole leather, with a value 
of $50,485,259 in 1914, nearly one-half the total output. Michigan 
was second, with $12,641,509; West Virginia, $9,035,266; Wisconsin, 
$7,646,946; Virginia, $7,535,199; and New York, $7,184,838. Proximity 
to the supplies of oak and hemlock bark formerly determined the 
location of the belting and sole leather tanning establishments. The 
use of quebracho extract and other imported vegetable tanning mate- 
rials now renders location of less importance. 

Imports.—Out of an import value of more than $1,000,000 for belt- 
ing and-sole leather in 1912, $821,640 came from England; in 1913, 
England sent us $1,239,447 worth out of $1,652,460, and Canada over 
$100,000. In 1916 out of more than $3,000,000 worth, Canada sent 
$2,782,226 worth, and England only $131,113. In 1917 imports were 
valued at $2,443,785, Canada supplying $1,600,279 worth, and Hngland 
$74,329. In 1918 the imports of sole leather were $3,086,089, Canada 
supplying $1,893,985 worth, Australia $755,853, and England only 
$5,951. The imports of belting leather were valued at $105,748. 
Total value of imports of belting and sole leather for 1918 was 
$3,191,837. 

Exports of belting leather were valued at $1,105,168 in 1918, 
$38,122,841 in 1917, and $2,544,257 in 1918. The exports of sole leather, 
$8,804,955 in 1913, increased by 1917 to $39,026,278. ‘They were 
$12,245,967 in 1918, with England the largest buyer. France, Cuba, 
England, and Canada were the largest importers of our beiting leather 
in 1918. 

UPPER LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—The principal varieties of upper leather 
are “calf and kip” (kipskins are the hides of small cattle), “ goat 
and kid,” “sheep and lamb,” and ‘all other ” (including cowhide and 
horsehide, buckskin and kangaroo). Cowhide leather is divided into 
‘““sides ’ and “splits.” <A “side” is one-half of a hide, full thickness. 
““ Splits ” are made by splitting the hide into two thicknesses, the out- 
side layer being the “ grain” and the inside layer the “ flesh split.” 
Calfskin is the best material for men’s and boys’ wear, as it is 
stronger and firmer than kid, which is used extensively for women’s 
and children’s shoes. Sheepskin is used for the linings of shoes and . 
for the uppers of cheap grades of shoes and slippers. Cordovan 
leather is horsehide, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 701 


Production of upper: leather in 1914 was valued at $119,350,000 
divided as follows: Calf and kip, $41,812,734; goat and kid, $26,113,- 
234; sheep and lamb, $10,885,175; cabretta (a kind of goatskin), 
kangaroo, and wallaby, $4,198,017; cattle, side upper leather, $32,939,- 
1389; horsehide, upper leather, $1,860,103. About one-half of the cow- 
hides and calfskins used in upper leather are imported, and about 
three-fourths of the sheepskins and practically all of the goatskins. 
During the war imports of hides and skins greatly increased in quan- 
tity and value, and the change in trade currents was very marked. 
Chrome tannage, an American invention, commercially effective be- 
tween 1895 and 1900, revolutionized the leather industry. ‘“ Vegetable 
tannage ’”’ required from six weeks to six months, and involved much 
hand labor. Chrome tanning proper takes only two to six days, 
and quantity production is the rule. Chrome salts are ‘ worked ” 
into the hides by being tumbled about in huge drums. Chrome-tanned 
leather does not resist water as well as the vegetable tanned, and 
therefore the “vegetable retan” is given. Foreign countries also 
employ the chrome process, but not as extensively as the United 
States. 

Imports of upper leather in 1911 were valued at $284,247; in 1912, 
$201,741; and in 1918, $182,562, of which Germany sent us $93,189, 
France $45,080, and England $33,291. In 1914 imports amounted to 
$2,621,585, nearly 50 per cent from England, about 20 per cent from 
France, and somewhat less from Germany; Canada supplied about 
$200,000 worth. i 








1916 1917 1918 
Calf and kip upper leather:...........-----+-+--- | $1,031,699 | $1,140, 729 | $1, 572, 062 
Goat and kid upper leather.......-.-------.-.+-- | 908, 989 946, 262 605, 156 
Sheep and lamb upper leather....-...-...------- 664, 394 1, 153, 523 407, 362 
“All other” upper leather. ....................-- 331, 786 257, 335 191, 785 

Tl a SR Si os Sai air, Se | 2,936, 868 3,497, 849 | 2,776, 365 





Most of the goat and kid upper came from France until 1918, when 
more than 50 per cent came from British West Africa. About 90 per 
cent of the caif and kip upper comes from Canada. France and Eng- 
land have been the leading sources of sheep and lamb upper leather, 
although in 1918 the largest imports came from Italy. 

Exports of upper leather are mainly of goat and kid leather, the 
leading variety being glazed kid. Chrome tanning was first applied to 
kid, then calf, and finally to side and sole leather. Glazed kid is not 
strictly what the name would indicate, but is, rather, “ glossy ” kid. 
About 75 per cent of the world’s output of this upper leather is made 
in the United States. Exports of goat and kid upper leather were 
small in 1895; by 1900 they had grown to $1,909,914 and by 1913 to 
$19,573,000, making up the greater part of the exports of upper 
leather. Exports of goat and kid upper were 106,000,000 square feet 
in 1913 and 88,000,000 square feet in 1917. European countries took 
large quantities of upper leather for army shoes during the war, but 
we also gained many neutral markets. England, France, and Ger- 
many had been the distributors of our upper leather, but during the 
war direct. buying became the rule. In 1913 England took about 


702 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


$7,000,000 worth of our goat and kid upper leather; Germany, about 
$3,000,000; the Netherlands, $1,745,000; Argentina, $1,415,000 and 
Russia, France, Denmark, and Australia each over $500,000. Total 
exports were about $19,000,000. In 1917, of more than $30,000,000 of 
exports, England took over one-third and Denmark $3,615,000, other 
markets being Russia, France, Canada, and South America. Our chief 
markets for calf upper leather in 1913 were England, France, Ger- 
many, Canada, Brazil, Argentina; in 1917 exports increased to $8,229,- 
038 (quantity in 1913, 9,765,000 square feet; in 1917, 19,390,000 square 
feet). A similar expansion took place in other varieties of upper 
leather. 
PATENT LEATHER, 


Description and uses.—Patent leather is a leather treated with a 
preparation of lampblack and> linseed oil. Several coats are spread 
on and polished down with pumice stone. The leather is further 
blackened with a fluid black mixed with turpentine. [It is then dried, 
varnished, baked, and hardened by exposure to the sun. Patent 
leather was formerly all “ vegetable tanned ” and finished on the flesh 
side. France and Germany were the leaders in manufacture. Chrome 
tanning was introduced about 1895. All chrome patent leather is 
varnished on the “ grain” or hair side, which distinguishes American 
patent leather from that of foreign countries. 

Production has increased rapidly; the output of all patent leather 
was valued at $15,590,812 in 1914. 

Imports of patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leather were 
valued at $200,832 in 1913. In 1914 they increased to $735,468, and in 
1915 to $1,388,242. In 1916, after trade with Germany ceased, im- 
ports fell to $69,485; they were $115,022 in 1917 and $142,848 in 1918. 

Exports of patent and enameled leather have increased greatly, in 
1900 being valued at $101,708; in 1910, at $367,601; in 1914, at 
$1,675,667; in 1917, at $7,150,097; and in 1918, at $4,690,320. The 
great increases were sent to England, Brazil, and Chile. 


HARNESS LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Harness leather is made of heavy hides and 
skins, and is principally of the ‘“ bark-tanned” variety. Only 5,320 
out of 2,777,312 “ sides”? of harness leather tanned here in 1914 were 
of the chrome variety. It is treated by the bark process because of 
the better resistance to water of leather so tanned. 

Production.—The equipment of a tannery for making harness 
leather is specialized, but the manufacture is, nevertheless, sometimes 
combined with other tanning. 'The industry has not grown as fast 
as many other branches in recent years, probably because of the 
automobile. The output in 1899 was valued at $16,712,056 and in 
1909 at $24,802,734; but it decreased to $20,969,169 in 1914. Wisconsin, 
California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Maryland, and 
Michigan ranked in order as to value of output in 1909. Tanning of 
harness leather is less localized than some other kinds, and the manu- 
facture of harness and saddlery is widely distributed. 

Imports of harness leather were practically negligible for 1913— 
1915, In 1916 they were valued at about $200,000; in 1917, $1,205,493, 
and in 1918, $3,800,000, largely from Canada, ; 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 708 


UPHOLSTERY LEATHER, e 


Description and uses.—Upholstery leather is made principally out 
of whole cowhides, finished on the grain side, or out of cowhide 
splits. Cowhides are sometimes split into as many as five thicknesses. 
The “ buffing” or thin outside split is used for bookbinder’s leather ; 
the ‘‘slab” or inside split is used for very cheap leather; while the 
second, third, and fourth splits may be used for upholstery leather. 

Production of upholstery leathér increased in value from $5,748,387 
in 1899 to $14,328,358 in 1914, largely due to the automobile. In 
1914, 654,053 hides were made up into whole-hide grain upholstery 
leather, valued at $8,172,698, and 1,104,561 hides into “splits,” valued 
at $6,155,660. New Jersey ranked first in manufacture and Ohio 
second. 

Export of “carriage, automobile, and uphoistery leather’ was 
valued at $107,430 in 19138, $38,987 in 1916, $97,054 in 1917, and 
$130,891 in 1918. 

CASE, BAG, AND STRAP LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Case and bag leather may be either chrome 
or vegetable tanned, but most strap leather is vegetable tanned. 
Cowhide is principally used for these leathers. “Splits” are used 
for all three kinds, but a much heavier split is used for strap leather, — 
which also is made out of the full thickness of the hide. The best 
quality of case and bag leather is bark-tanned calfskin or grain splits 
of cowhide. ‘“ Case, bag, and strap” is not a rigid classification. 
Leather suitable for making shoe uppers is also used for traveling 
bags and suit cases. Some sheep leather may be used either for 
bags or bookbinding, while strap leather may also be used for light 
soles, arch supporters, ete. 

Production of case, bag, and strap leather in 1914 was 1,004,581 
sides, valued at $5,383,255. 

Imports of case, bag, and strap leather were $29,688 in 1915, 
$56,314 in 1916, $43,017 in 1917, and $182,582 in 1918. 


FANCY LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Fancy leather is used for pocketbooks, 
cardcases, music rolls, belts, bag linings, hat sweatbands, and novel- 
ties. It is made principally of sheepskin, although considerable calf 
and goat skin and light splits or skivers of cowhide are used. Some 
genuine seal, walrus, and alligator skins are used, but’ much sheep- 
skin and cowhide split leather is finished and embossed to resemble 
the former kinds. Russia calf, one of the high grades of fancy 
leather, is calfskin tanned by a special process with quebracho, hem- 
lock, or some other vegetable tanning material; it was originally 
tanned in Russia with birch bark, which gave it a peculiar odor, 
now imitated by spraying birch oil on the grain. Other fancy 
leathers are morocco, pigskin, and alum-tanned (or “ tawed’’) sheep- 
skin. 

Production of fancy leather in 1914 was $8,775,968, more than 
half of sheep and lamb skin. 

Imports of “fancy leather including morocco, seal, and fancy calf 
for fancy leather goods” were valued at $199,217 in 1914, $263,971 
in 1915, $529,937 in 1916, $639,602 in 1917, and $37,955 in 1918, 


704 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


BOOKBINDER’S LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Calfskin, cowhide skivers and _ buffings, 
sheep, goat, seal, and pig skins are used for bookbinder’s leather. The 
grain splits of sheepskin are also thus used, and the flesh splits make 
chamois. Morocco leather (goatskin tanned with sumac) is one of 
the favored bookbinding leathers. The sheepskin used generally 
for binding law books is tanned with quebracho or some other vege- 
table tannin, and finished on the grain, without dyeing. Pigskin 
makes a durable leather of rather coarse grain. Russia calf (de- 
scribed under fancy leather) is much used for binding expensive 
editions. 

Production of bookbinder’s leather increased from a value of 
$1,688,413 in 1899 to $2,450,155 in 1909, but decreased to $1,362,673 
in 1914. New Jersey yields more than 50 per cent of the supply. 


LEATHER BOARD OR COMPRESSED LEATHER. 


Description and uses.—Leather board or compressed leather is a 
composition made of leather scrap and paper. It is used principally 
for insoles and heels of shoes. 


LEATHER CUT INTO SHOE UPPERS OR VAMPS OR OTHER FORMS. 


Description and uses.—The “ upper” includes all of the shoe ex- 
cept the sole. The “vamp” is the part of the upper which comes 
next to the sole. > 

Imports in 1914, the first year after shoe uppers and vamps were 
made free, were valued at $77,885; in 1915, at $158,626; in 1916, at 
$60,730; in 1917, at $74,698; and in 1918, at $202,147. The proportion 
of shoe uppers and vamps imported is small compared with domestic 
consumption. 

BOOTS AND SHOES. 


Description.—The five principal kinds of shoes are the Goodyear 
welt, the Mckay, the turned, pegged or nailed, and standard screw. 
Goodyear welt is considered the most durable and comfortable. The 
peculiarity of this kind of shoe is the narrow strip of leather called | 
welting, which is the joint or connecting link between the upper and 
inner sole (which are sewed together) and the outsole. The welt, 
projecting, forms the upper part of the ‘ ledge” or “shelf” around 
the edge of the shoe, and when the outsole is stitched on, the welt and 
outsole are stitched through. By the McKay process the upper, inner 
sole, and outsole are all sewed together at one: operation. They are 
stitched ‘‘ through and through” so that the stitches appear on the 
inside of the shoe, making it less comfortable; the McKay shoe also 
has less elasticity than the Goodyear welt. In making the turned shoe 
the upper is sewed to the sole inside out and then turned. Slippers, 
women’s light shoes, jockey’s boots, and other kinds of lightweight 
footwear are made in this way. Pegged or nailed shoes and standard 
serew shoes are made in the cheaper grades for rough and heavy 
wear. 

Production of boots and shoes in 1914 was valued at $501,000,000. 
The United States is the greatest shoe manufacturer, the United 
Kingdom second with about one-third our production. The industry 
is marked by the greatest specialization. In some less advanced 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 705 


industrial countries it is still largely in the handicraft or “ putting 
out” stage, and even in England, France, and Germany many fac- 
tories continue to produce all grades of men’s, women’s, and chil- 
dren’s shoes. The United States has led in the production of shoe 
machinery, extensively used in Hurope. Another consideration is 
the distinctive character of American styles. These are copied abroad, 
some foreign manufacturers branding their shoes “American made.” 
New England leads in production, about one-half of the boots and 
shoes being made in Massachusetts. Lynn, Brockton, Haverhill, and 
Boston are important cities; St. Louis ranks third, and New York 
sixth. With St. Louis as a center, the Middle West is developing the 
shoe industry very rapidly. 

Import values in 1917 were $275,280, of which $121,426 came from 
Canada and $101,249 from the United Kingdom. They range normally 
between $200,000 and $500,000, a fraction of 1 per cent of domestic 
production. 

Exports in 1910 were valued at $12,408,575; in 1914, at $18,229,714; 
in 1918, at $36,897,690. Before the war the United States ranked 
next to the United Kingdom in exports of boots and shoes, but since 
the war the positions have been reversed. Our exports are widely 
dispersed. 

LEATHER SHOE LACES. 


Description and uses.—Leather shoe laces are usually made from 
porpoise hide. Considerable quantities are also made from calfskin 
and cowhide. 

Production statistics are lacking. Nine companies located in 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York,.and New Jersey have as 
their principal product leather shoe laces. The value of their output 
was approximately $125,000 in 1914. 

Imports of leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, in 19138, were 
valued at $7,722; in 1914, at $16,464; in 1915, at $5,958; in 1916, at 
$2,316; in 1917, at $3,878; in 1918, at $6,688. 


HARNESS, SADDLES, AND SADDLERY IN SETS, OR IN PARTS. 


Description and uses.—These products are principally saddlery, 
stirrups, saddles, and traces, wagon, and: carriage harness, horse 
collars, bridles, lines, and straps. 

Production.—The manufacture of harness and saddlery is widely 
distributed throughout the country. The output was valued at $33,- 
702,563 in 1899, $42,054,842 in 1904, $54,224,602 in 1909, and $53,558,- 
612 in 1914. Seven States—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, 
Missouri, and Texas—in 1914 each manufactured harness and sad- 
diery yalued at between $3,000,000. and $5,000,000; nine States, from 
$1,000,000 to $3,000,000; and nine other States from $500,000 to 
$1,000,000 each. Motor trucks and automobiles perhaps explain the 
arrest of the industry. 

Imports of harness and saddlery were valued at $66,988 in 1915, 
$123,516 in 1914, $227,858 in 1915, $156,147 in 1916, $120,416 in 1917, 
and $146,680 in 1918. . 

Exports of harness and saddles were valued at about $786,000 in 
1913-14, but jumped to $17,460,519 in 1915, due to war needs. France, 
England, and Russia took almost all of this total. Exports decreased 

184911°—20 45 





706 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


to $7,529,720 in 1916, Russia taking $3,117,269 worth. Exports were 
$3,965,086 in 1917 and ¢$751,544 in 1918. Cuba was the chief pur- 
ehaser in 1918, taking more than 50 per cent of the exports. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “ saddlery”’ is not limited to articles of leather, but in- 
cludes all articles used only in the equipment of horses. Buckles, 
tacks, and rivets used on harness and saddles are not entitled to free 
entry as saddlery if of a kind ordinarily used for other purposes. 
(T. D. 34014, of 1913.) Curry combs, hoof picks, horse clippers, whip 
thongs and the like are not saddlery, but are dutiable according to the 
component material of chief value. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 46, of 1911.) 
The following articles have aiso been held not to fall within the pro- 
vision: Celluloid rings and loops not essential to a eomplete harness or 
saddle (G. A. 7739, T. D. 35529, of 1915); saddle nails constituting 
merely one of the classes of materials employed in the manufacture of 
a saddle (G. A. 7749, T. D. 35578, of 1915) ; heavy brass studs (G. A. 
8292, T. D. 38152, of 1919) ; and so-called felt saddle cloths (Abstract 
43324, of 1919). So-called spring bars and swing bars, constructed and 
designed and employed exclusively as parts of saddles, are free under 
the provision. (T. D. 37915, of 1919.) | 

Moccasins made of tanned leather sewed with rawhide are within 
this paragraph as shoes made of leather (Abstract 37028, T. D. 34984, 
of 1914) ; leather moccasins, boots and shoes in chief value of leather 
are also within the paragraph even though embroidered (T. D. 34047, 
of 1914). Leather board containing 82 per cent leather used in 
making heels for shoes was held free of duty as leather board under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 39254, of 1916.) Leather board although 
not composed wholly or in part of leather, but commercially known 
and recognized as leather board, used for making insoles for shoes 
as a substitute for leather, was likewise classified. (Abstract 38978, 
of 1915.) 

There does not appear to be a well-defined line of distinction be- 
tween glove leather (par. 359) and leather not specially provided for 
(this paragraph) in the classification of tanned lambskins. Dressed 
lambskins finished so as to be suitable for making gloves, were held 
more specifically provided for as glove leather than as lambskins, 
dressed, and finished, under the act of 1909. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 545, 
of 1911.) Under the act of 1918, lambskins, tanned, but not finished, 
were found not to be glove leather in their imported condition, but 
were held free as leather not specially provided for under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 37568, of 1915, followed in Abstracts 38078 and 
38693, of 1915.) In more recent cases lambskins, tanned, washed and 
staked, with the deliberate purpose of preparing them for ultimate 
use in making gloves whether known as finished or unfinished skins, 
were held dutiable under the eo nomine provision for glove leathers 
in paragraph 359 rather than free of duty under this paragraph. 
(G. A. 8249, T. D. 37978, of 1919, followed in Abstract 438212, of 1919.) 

The fact that successive tariff acts from 1890 to 1909, both inclu- 
sive, provide for leather cut into forms suitable to be converted into 
manufactured articles separately from manufactures of leather 
shows that Congress regards such merchandise as leather and not 
manufactures of leather. Strips of partly dressed leather to be con- 
verted by further manufacturing processes into razor strops are free 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 707 


of duty under this paragraph. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 394, of 1917.) 
Strips of leather designed to be manufactured into picker straps were 
likewise classified. The language in this paragraph, “all leather not 
specially provided for in this section,” precludes the classification of 
any leather as a material under paragraph 385. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
385, and 388, of 1917.) Slippers whose component materials are 
leather, wool, and cattle hair, leather being the most valuable of the 
three materials, are free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 7989, 
T. D. 36582, of 1916.) Chinese embroidered shoes of silk, leather, 
ramie, cotton, and other materials, silk chief value, were held prop- 
erly classified under paragraph 358, rather than free of duty under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 38021, of 1915.) (See pars. 359 and 360.) 


PARAGRAPH 581. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i913. 
609. Leeches. 531. Leeches. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), 
used in surgery for abstracting blood from patients, is a Huropean 
fresh-water annulate worm with stomach pouches to hold the blood. 

Production.—Leeches are imported from Europe, chiefly through 
London and Paris. An uncultivated variety oceurs in the United — 
States, but is not commonly used in medicine. 

Imports of leeches averaged $6,380 for 1909-1917. Imports in 1917 
were valued at $16,899 and in 1918 at $9,035. 


PARAGRAPH 532. 


610. Lemon juice, lime juice, and 32. Lemon juice, lime juice, and 
sour orange juice, all the foregoing | sour orange juice, all the foregoing 
containing not more than 2 per centum | containing not more than 2 per centum 
of aicohol. of alcohol. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Lemon, lime, and sour orange juices are 
used in making citric acid, the constituent which gives these juices 
their sour taste. The juice has more bulk than citrate of lime, the 
usual form for shipping citric acid (par. 41) and, because of its fluid 
condition, is more difficult to transport. The juice may be dilute as 
expressed from the fruit or it may be concentrated by boiling. 

Imports of lemon, lime, and sour orange juice are relatively unim- 
portant compared with the imports of other citric-acid materials. The 
import values increased from $110,860 in 1914 to $180,088 in i917 
and decreased to $114,404 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 533. 


612. Lifeboats and life-saving ap- 533. Lifeboats and life-saving ap- 
paratus specially imported by societies | paratus specially imported by societies 
incorporated or established to encour- | and institutions incorporated or es- 
age the saving of human life. tablished to encourage the saving of 

human life. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of lifeboats and life-saving apparatus in 1918 were valued 
at $116. In 1914 no imports were specified. 


708 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


- INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Paragraph 550 exempts from duty certain life-saving appliances 
without restriction as to the importer. 


PARAGRAPH 534. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


90. * ™* * . Limestone rock as- 534. Limestone-rock asphalt; as- 
phalt, 50 cents per ton; asphaltum | phaltum, and bitumen. 
and bitumen, not specially provided 
for in this section, crude, if not dried, 
or otherwise advanced in any manner, 
$1.50 per ton; if dried or otherwise 
advanced in any manner, $5 per ton; 
6 * %* 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These terms refer to the native asphalts 
as distinguished from manufactured forms or the by-products or 
residuals in the refining of asphaltic petroleum. JLimestone-rock 
asphalt is a bituminous limestone. Asphalt may be obtained by pow- 
dering and heating this rock, just as, in like manner, from bituminous 
sand and sandstone. Asphaltwm is composed of.sand, water, and 
bitumen and occurs in liquid, viscous, or solid deposits or lakes, 
those of Trinidad and Venezuela being commercially notable. Bitu- 
men designates a humber of inflammable mineral substances, ranging 
from liquids to solids, including petroleum, maltha, asphalt, elaterite, 
wurtzilite, alberite, grahamite, gilsonite, and ozokerite. These mate- 
rials are widely used.in making’ pavements, roads, and roofing. 
Those high in paraffin content are used in making varnishes. The 
demand for both natural and manufactured (oil) asphalts is large, 
although the use of the latter has predominated since 1807. 

Production in 1914 was 77,588 net tons, valued at $630,623, de- 
rived by 11 operators in Utah, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, and Cali- 
fornia. The output in 1917 was 80,904 net tons, valued at $735,924. 
Oil asphalt totaled 674,470 net tons, valued at $7,148,122 in 1914, and 
1,347,422 net tons, valued at $15,176,504 in 1917. 

Imports of limestone-rock asphalt, asphaltum, and bitumen in 1914 
were 180,689 long tons, valued at $918,887; in 1918, 139,849 long tons, 
valued at $862,923. The bulk of this tonnage, of which Trinidad 
supplied 49 per cent and Venezuela 36 per cent, consisted of natural 
soft asphalt. . 

Exports in 1914 were 49,831 long tons, valued at $1,181,086; in 
1918, 22,065 long tons, valued at $548,745. Canada was the principal 


buyer. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Westrumite, consisting of different kinds of asphalt or bitumen 
chemicals and water, is asphalt or bitumen advanced in condition 
and not classable as a chemical compound or mixture. (1 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 400, of 1911.) Mastic asphalt, an article made by crushing 
lime-rock asphalt, which, when ‘reduced to a powder, is mixed with 
bitumen and crude oils, until made into cakes, is asphalt and bitumen, 
dried or otherwise advanced. (G. A. 4878, T. D. 22854, of 1901.) 

(See par, 561.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 709 


PARAGRAPH 535. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
614. Lithographic stones, not en- 535, Lithographic stones, not en- 
graved. graved. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—A compact, fine-grained, porous, slaty 
variety of limestone is used for lithographic purposes. Substitutes of 
aluminum, zine, or rubber plates are satisfactory for many classes of 
ordinary work, but stone is preferred for maps, halftones, and other 
fine-grade lithography. 

Production.—This stone comes chiefly from Bavaria, with small 
amounts from Belgium, England, Italy, and Canada. Kentucky pro- 
duced 40,000 pounds in 1916, the first domestic stone, but difficulties 
arising from poor transportation facilities and quarrying conditions 
reduced the 1917 output to 5,882 pounds; and, as far as can be learned, 
the output ceased entirely in 1918. From 23 to 27 cents per pound 
was realized on this product. In normal times the price of Bavarian 
stone is 5 to 6 cents a pound for 10 by 12 inch slabs of good grade and 
14 cents for poorer grades. 

Import values of lithographic stones for 1908-1913 averaged 
$96,940; in 1914, $71,086. Bavaria contributed 90 per cent and Bel- 
gium 7 per cent. Imports in 1915 were valued at $26,751; in 1916, 
at $1,742; in 1917, at $555. 


PARAGRAPH 536. 


615. Litmus, prepared or not pre- 556. Litmus, prepared or not pre- 
pared. pared, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—JLitmus is a coloring matter obtained from 
those lichens which are used in the manufacture of orchil (par. 564). 
The commercial product consists of calcium carbonate or sulphate 
mixed with the coloring matter and pressed into cubes: It is used for 
eoloring wine and vinegar and in chemical laboratories as an indi- 
cator in determining the acidity and alkalinity of solutions. 

Production.—Litmus is prepared by fermenting the lichens in the 
presence of ammonia, potassium carbonate, lime, and caustic potash, 
and mixing the coloring matter obtained with lime or gypsum. There 
is no domestic production. 

Import values of litmus for 1910-1918 averaged $252. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Litmus paper is not exempt from duty under this paragraph, but 
dutiable as bibulous paper under paragraph 823, or if in book form, 
as a manufacture of bibulous paper under the same paragraph. 
(T. D. 36274, 86519, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 537. 
616. Loadstones, | 537. Loadstones, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Loadstone is a variety of magnetite or magnetic iron- 
stone which has the power of attracting iron. It is obtained mainly 
from Magnet Cove, Ark., though abundant in the United States. 


710 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of loadstones in 1873 were vaiued at $238. From 1874 to 
1897 statistics of loadstones were combined with magnets. After 
1897 loadstones were again listed separately. In 1918 loadstones, 
the first importation since 1906, were valued at $60. 


PARAGRAPH 538. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
617. Madder and munjeet, or Indian 538. Madder ind munject, or Indian 
madder, ground or prepared, and all | madder, ground or prepared, and all 
extracts of. | extracts of. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Madder is the dried root of Rubia tinctorium, 
a plant formerly largely cultivated in Europe and Asia Minor. It 
contains two coloring matters, alizarin and purpurin. An extract, 
prepared by fermentation followed by evaporation, is called garan- 
cine or madder flowers. Madder was formerly used as a dye, but it 
has been largely replaced by artificial alizarin and is now of little 
importance. iunjeet or manjeet is the dried root or stem of a plant 
(Rubia cordifolia) formerly extensively cultivated in India. An 
extract made therefrom was used in dyeing, but is now of little im- 
portance. Jndian madder, chay root or chay-aver, is the root of 
Oldenlandia umbeiiata Rubiacex, a plant grown in North Burma and 
Ceylon. An extract prepared from the root was formerly used as a 
dye, but is no longer important. 

Imports of ground madder for 1910-1918 averaged 41,613 pounds, 
valued at $4,584; of madder extract in 1916, 11,458 pourds, valued 
at $619. 

PARAGRAPH 539. 


618. Magnesite, crude or calcined, | 539. Magnesite, crude or calcined, 
not purified. not purified. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Magnesite is a natural carbonate of mag- 
nesium. When pure, it contains 52.4 per eent carbon dioxide (COz) 
and 47.6 per cent magnesia (magnesium oxide MgO). It is harder 
and heavier than limestone, which it most nearly resembles. Mag- 
nesite, when calcined, forms a highly refractory material which has 
no thoroughly satisfactory substitute in the open-hearth process for 
making steel. About 82 per cent of the domestic consumption is in 
refractories, 15 per cent in the plastic trade, and the remainder in 
minor uses in chemical industries and medicines. We consume the 
largest amount, using about 50 per cent of the world output in 1918. 
Before the war fully 90 per cent of the domestic supply was imported. 

Production.—In 1917 the domestic consumption was over 355,000 
tons, valued at more than $3,700,000. Eighty-nine per cent was of 
domestic origin, valued at $2,899,818 at the mines. An important new 
industry was developed in Washington, while that of California was 
greatly expanded. Production in 1918 was reduced to 231,605 tons, due 
to competition from Canada, and a more general use of substitutes, 
notably burnt dolomite, in metallurgical plants and even in the paper 
trade. The first magnesite produced in the State of Washington was 
715 tons, mined in December, 1916; in 1917 the yield was 105,175 
tons. The chief handicap is the long railroad haul from Pacific 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. TIT 


States to the eastern markets, where it is chiefly consumed. Domestic 
reserves are ample, especially in Washington, where more than 
7,000,000 short tons are in sight or indicated. . 

Imports are from Canada, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Mexico, and 
Venezuela. In 1917, imports of crude magnesite were the largest on 
record, amounting to 89,646 tons, valued at $748,951. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Calcined magnesite, ground but not purified, comes within this pro- 
vision irrespective of use. (G. A. 5003, T. D. 23316, of 1901.) 


PARAGRAPH 540. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
619. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 540. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Manganese is not found in the metallic 
state in nature, occurring only‘in combination with other elements 
as an oxide, carbonate, or silicate, oxides being the most common. 
Manganese ore is the raw material for ferromanganese or spie- 
geleisen, essential to the manufacture of steel. Minor amounts of 
the ore are used in chemical and other industries, but 96 per cent in 
making steel. Practically all steel contains manganese, and of all 
alloys, ferromanganese is used in the largest quantity. Manganese 
alloys when added to steel impart the essential qualities of tough- 
ness and hardness. 

Production.—Prior to the war we produced less than 1 per cent 
of our manganese requirements, the output rarely exceeding 4,000 
tons of high-grade ore. In 1915 production increased to nearly 10,000 
tons; in 1916, to 31,000 tons; in 1917, to 129,000 tons; and in 1918, to 
approximately 805,869 tons. During the war manganese ore produc- 
tion was a profitable industry in many localities, but only because 
prices were from three to four times prewar quotations. Foreign ores 
are of a better general grade and more easily mined, averaging from 
45 to 55 per cent manganese, as compared with domestic “ high grade” 
running from 35 to 45 per cent. Operating costs here are much higher, 
while American mines are situated far from points of consumption, 
and often at considerable distances from railroads. Domestic resources 
have been carefully estimated and found to be insufficient to supply 
our requirements for more than a few years. Under normal trade 
conditions, with a free movement of ore from foreign countries, 
domestic manganese mining ean not continue except ona limited 
output. 

Imports.—Before the war nearly all foreign manganese ore came 
from British India, Brazil, and Russia. In 1914 they supplied -99 
per cent—British India, 40 per cent; Brazil, 25 per cent; and Russia, 
34 per cent. After 1915 imports from Russia ceased, the British 
India supply was greatly reduced, and Brazil showed large increases. 
In 1915 Cuba began mining manganese ore, promoted by American 
capital, and the entire production was sent here, 550 tons in 1915 
and 67,780 tons in 1918, one-ninth of the imports. Total imports 
in 1914 were 288,837 long tons, valued at $1,841,472; in 1918, 557,711 
long tons, valued at $11,944,515. 


aS bs SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Braunstein grob, consisting of manganese oxide and about 0.4 per 
cent of nickel oxide, classified as a chemical mixture, was held not 
taken out of the provision for oxide of manganese by nickel oxide 
naturally present. (Abstract 36912, T. D. 34933, of 1914.) 

To cover all oxides of manganese the word “ oxide” might be 
changed to “ oxides.” 

PARAGRAPH 541. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


= 


620.. Manna. p41. Manna. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—J/anna, the concrete saccharin exudation of 
the European flowering ash (/’rarinus ornus), is a crude drug. It is 
employed in medicine as a laxative and is a source of mannite, which 
may also be derived from tagua-nut waste. . 

Production.—Manna is the product of a variety of ash cultivated 
in Sicily, at present the only commercial souree of the drug. It is 
largely exported to Central and South America. Porto Rico takes 
considerable quantities, but it is little used in the United States. 

Imports of manna for 1909-1918 averaged 65,415 pounds, valued 
at $30,182. 

PARAGRAPH 542. 


621. Manuscripts. | 542. Manuscripts. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—Modern usage considers any group of pages, whether 
written by hand or typewritten (not mimeographed), a manuscript. 
Imports of manuscripts in 1914 were valued at $117,671; in 1918, 
not segregated. 
PARAGRAPH 543. 


622. Marrow, crude. | 543. Marrow, crude. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—J/arrow is the fatty substance filling the 
cavities of most bones, and may be red or yellow. The yellow marrow 
contains the larger per cent of fat, and is used in pharmacy and for 
making pomades. Horse marrow is employed in the manufacture 
of soap. Red bone marrow is sometimes used as a medicinul food 
in cases of ansemia. 

Imports of crude marrow in 1910 were 60,971 pounds, valued at 
$1,376; in 1911, 10,670 pounds, valued: at $327. Later imports are 
not shown until 1918, when 44,8366 pounds, valued at $8,774, were 
imported. 

PARAGRAPH 544, 


623. Marshmallow or althea_ root, d44. Marshmallow or althea_ root, 
leaves or flowers, natural or unmanu- } leaves or flowers, natural or unmanu- 
factured. factured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
Description and uses.—Marshmallow (or althea) root, leaves, and 
flowers, crude drugs with mucilaginous properties, used chiefly in 
pharmacy, are not related to the confectionery marshmallows. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


713 


Production.—These drugs in normal conditions are imported 
chiefly from Germany, but during the war came from Italy, Spain, 


and France. 


The plant is cultivated in Kurope and, though intro- 


duced here, low prices have deterred growth for drug purposes. 
Imports of althea root prior to 1917 averaged. less than 8,000 


pounds. 


In 1917 the imports were 23,120 pounds, valued at $5,846; 
in 1918, 24,246 pounds, at $6,824. 


Imports of leaves in 1917 were 


21,713 pounds, but declined to about one-half that quantity in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision includes marshmallow or althea root peeled and cut 


up into small pieces. 


(G. A. 5156, T. D. 238769, of 1902.) 


PARAGRAPH 545. 


ACT OF 1909. 


285. 


eee aaa 


Fresh beef, veal, mutton, lamb, 
* 11 cents per pound, 


284. 
pound. 


Bacon and hams, 4 cents per 


286. Meats of all kinds, prepared or 
preserved, not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 per centum ad valorem. 


ACT OF 1918. 


545. Meats: Fresh. beef, veal, mut- 
ton, lamb, and pork; bacon and hams; 
meats of all kinds, prepared or pre- 
served, not specially provided for. in 
this section: Provided, however, That 
none of the foregoing meats shall be 
admitted into the United States unless 
the same is healthful, wholesome and 
fit for human food and contains no 
dye, chemical, preservative, or ingredi- 
ent which renders the same unhealth- 
ful, unwholesome ar unfit for human 


‘food, and unless the same also com- 


plies with the rules and regulations 
made by the Secretary of Agriculture, 
and that, after entry into the United 
States in compliance with said rules 
and regulations, said imported meats 
shall be deemed and treated as do- 
mestic meats within the meaning of 
and shall be. subject to the provisions 
of the Act of June thirtieth, nineteen 
hundred and six (Thirty-fourth Stat- 
utes at Large, page six hundred and 
seventy-four), commonly called the 
Meat Inspection Amendment, and the 
Act of June thirtieth, nineteen hun- 


dred and six, (Thirty-fourth Statutes 
at Large, page seven hundred and 


sixty-eight), commonly called the Food 
and Drugs Act, and that the Secretary 
of Agriculture be and hereby is author- 
ized to make rules and regulations to 
carry out the purposes of this para- 
graph, and that in such rules and reg- 
ulations the Secretary of Agriculture 
may prescribe the terms and condi- 
tions for the destruction for food pur- 
poses of all such meats offered for 
entry and refused admission into the 
United States unless the same be ex- 
ported by the consignee within the 
time fixed therefor in such rules and 
regulations, 


714 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


FRESH BEEF AND VEAL. 





Description and uses.—Carcass beef is placed on the market in 
three conditions—chilled, frozen, or unrefrigerated. The greater part 
is chilled or frozen, depending on the length of time involved and the 
conditions of shipment. Chilled beef is stored in refrigerator cars 
and ships at temperatures ranging from 32° to 38° F., which greatly 
retards chemical and bacterial action, permitting beef sides and 
quarters to be kept in good condition for from 30 to 60 days. Meat 
is frozen solid at about 16° F., the growth and reproduction of 
bacteria being arrested... Experiments indicate that it may be main- 
tained in wholesome condition for three years and probably much 
longer. 

Production in 1914 was 3,658,333,660 pounds of fresh beef, valued 
at $421,296,794, considerably less in quantity but greater in value 
than the output of 1909, 4,200,000,000 pounds, valued at $327,000,000. 
Concentration of operation and control is pronounced in the packing 
industry, especially cattle slaughtering. Of the total slaughter of 
eattle in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 81 per cent. was in 12 
large packing centers—24.5 per cent in Chicago, 14.7 per cent in 
Kansas City, 10.2 per cent in Omaha, 8.7 per cent in St. Louis, and 
5.2 per cent in New York City. In 1916 five great interests are re- 
ported to have handled 82.2 per cent of the cattle slaughtered by 
interstate slaughterers. These tendencies result from conditions in 
the raising and marketing of live stock and the very great economies 
in large-scale production, especially in the utilization of by-products. 
Location in the corn belt makes possible great saving in freight of 
finished products as compared with transportation of live animals. . 
With a decline of exports and an increase of population in the West, 
future tendency to concentration may be less marked. 

Imports of fresh beef in 1918 amounted to 24,781,719 pounds, valued 
at $3,495,112; of fresh veal, 917,616 pounds, at $188,660. With the 
removal of the duty in 1914, imports advanced from 4,150,139 pounds 

“in 1913 to 175,740,155 pounds; this was just as the country was 
changing from a beef surplus to a beef importing country. Imports 
increased to 182,000,000 pounds in 1915, 72 per cent coming from 
Argentina and most of the rest from Uruguay, Canada, and Australia. 
In 1916 and 1917 there were sharp declines in imports. It is reported 
that the large packing interests controlled 63.3 per cent of the chilled 
and frozen beef exported from Argentina in 1914. 

Exports of fresh beef in 1918 were 870,032,900 pounds, valued at 
$67,383,426—285,000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom, 
37,000,000 pounds to France, and 37,000,000 pounds to Canada, largely 
in response to extraordinary war demands. This country practically 
dominated the trade in fresh, chilled, and frozen beef 10 to 15 years 
ago, but by 1914 only 6,300,000 pounds were exported, 5,500,000 to 
Panama. Argentine exports have steadily increased, displacing those 
of the United States formerly supplying the United Kingdom. 


FRESH MUTTON AND LAMB. 


Production was 629,232,690 pounds, valued at $74,675,627 in 1914, 
495,000,000 pounds in 1909, 460,000,000 pounds in 1904, and 400,- 
000,000 pounds in 1899. Hstimates show a decline in the production 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 715 


of mutton and goat meat, 495,000,000 pounds being estimated for 
1918 as compared with 739,000,000 pounds in 1914. Of the sheep 
slaughtered in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 86.4 per cent was 
handled by the five big packing companies, 63.4 per cent in Chicago, 
Kansas City, Omaha, and New York City. 

Imports of fresh mutton in 1918 were 1,079,081 pounds; of fresh 
lamb, 1,031,159 pounds, practically all from Argentina and Canada. 
With the removal of the duty in 1914, imports of mutton increased 
from 212,843 pounds in the previous year to 9,705,928 pounds and of 
lamb from 12,722 pounds to 8,026,372 pounds. But even in 1914 im- 
ports were less than 2.5 per cent of domestic production. 

Exports of mutton in 1918 were 2,098,423 pounds, valued at $453,232, 
_ 1,783,382 pounds going to Canada, the rest chiefly to the United 
Kingdom and Panama. Before the war the total taken by the United 
Kingdom decreased from 43 per cent in 1909 to 10 per cent in 1918; 
and that by Canada increased from 16 to 80 per cent. New Zealand 
is the most important exporter, shipping 212,000,000 pounds in 1911. 
Argentina, Australia, and Uruguay export more than this country. 


FRESH PORK. 


Production.—Over 33,000,000 hogs were slaughtered in 1909 and the 
production of dressed pork was 1,547,000,000 pounds, valued at 
$158,000,000, rising to 1,877,000,000 pounds, valued at $226,000,000 
in 1914. Pork packing is well adapted to small establishments, there- 
fore concentration is much less marked than in the slaughter of 
other food animals. Of the hogs handled in 1916 by interstate slaugh- 
terers, 18.4 per cent was slaughtered in Chicago, as compared with 
24.5 per cent of the cattle. 

Imports of fresh pork previous to 1914 ranged from 130,000 pounds 
to 260,000 pounds. With the removal of the duty in 1914 they rose 
to 4,700,000 pounds, and in 1915 to 16,200,000 pounds, coming almost 
entirely from Canada. From 1916 to 1918 imports declined to iess 
than 2,000,000 pounds annually. 

Exports of fresh pork are comparatively unimportant compared 
with exports of pork products. Before the war exports ranged from 
1,040,000 to 2,597,000 pounds, but in 1916- expanded to 68,005,000 
pounds. The United Kingdom took 26,402,000 pounds and Canada 
32,962,000 pounds. 

BACON AND HAMS. 


Imports before 1914 ranged from 400,000 pounds to 650,000 pounds, 
but rose in 1914, with the abolition of the duty, to 2,131,000 pounds 
and in 1915 to 7,533,000 pounds (96 per cent from Canada). 

Exports.—The United States is by far the leading country in the 
export of hams and bacon, Denmark following, but far below, and 
Canada next. Exports of bacon before the war ranged from 152,- 
000,000 pounds in 1910 to 208,000,000 pounds in 1912, and were 
815,000,000 pounds in 1918—533,000,000 pounds going to the United 
Kingdom, 74,000,000 pounds to Italy, 73,000,000 pounds to France, and 
68,000,000 pounds to Belgium. Exports of hams and shoulders also 
reached an unprecedented figure, 419,571,000 pounds in 1918, 372,- 
000,000 pounds going to the United Kingdom. 


716 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


MEATS OF ALL KINDS PREPARED OR PRESERVED N. S. P, F. 


Description and use-——Under this head fall pickled and cured beef, 
pickled pork, canned meats, sausage, meat puddings, scrapple, head 
cheese, livers, sweetbreads, etc. Beef that is dried,-salted, or pickled 
has lost its former prominent position in trade in favor of chilled and 
frozen beef, but pork is in most demand when it is salted, pickled, 
cured, or otherwise preserved. Canned meats, of which there are 
many varieties, are increasing in importance. 

Production of pickled and cured beef for 1899-1914 shows a steady 
decline, from 137,000,000 pounds to 91,600,000 pounds; while pickled 
and cured pork remained fairly steady, amounting to 3,138,000,000 
pounds in 1899 (including bacon and hams) and to 2,929,000,000 
pounds in 1914. The production of canned goods increased from 
112,000,000 pounds in 1899 to 160,000,000 pounds in 1914. In 1914, 
509,000,000 pounds of sausage were produced. 

Imports in this class of products are relatively much less im- 
portant than exports. Imports of canned corn beef ranged in value 
from $118,000 in 1915 to $6,752,927 in 1918. Imports of other canned 
meats in 1918 were valued at $162,510. Imports of all other prepared 
or preserved meats in 1918 were valued at $406,412. Imports of 
sausage ranged from 520,000 pounds to 993,000 pounds before the war 
and declined to 15,000 pounds in 1918. 

Exports of canned beef before the war were from 3,464,000 pounds 
(minimum) in 1914 and 14,804,000 pounds (maximum) in 1910. The 
United Kingdom is normally the largest purchaser, smaller amounts 
going to British Africa, the Philippines, Belgium, and Panama. Ex- 
ports reached the unprecedented figure of 97,348,000 pounds in 1918. 
Exports of pickled and other cured beef also rose during the war, 
reaching the maximum, 58,053,000 pounds, in 1917. Normally the 
United Kingdom takes about 25 per cent; Newfoundland and Ger- 
many rank next in amount imported. 

Hxports of pickled pork in the Jast 10 years have fluctuated most 
during the war, from 638,460,000 pounds in 1916 to 83,221,000 pounds 
in 1918, with Canada and the United Kingdom the most important 
destinations. Exports of canned and other than canned sausage in- 
ereased considerably during the war, to 15,026,449 pounds in 1918. 
Most of this increase went to France, but normally more goes to 
Cuba. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMERTS, 


This paragraph contemplates such meats only as are of every day 
consumption and the subject of meat-inspection laws of the country, 
its States, and municipalities. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 296, of 1916.) 
Beef and mushrooms classified as a nonenumerated manufactured 
article under paragraph 385 were held not to be free of duty under 
this paragraph. Neither the mixed-material clause nor the rule of 
chief value applies to articles on the free list. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
207, of 1915; followed in Abstract 38323, of 1915.) Meats, prepared, 
put up in hermetically sealed tins, known as “meat cake,” “ car- 
bonated beef,’ ‘meat balls,” and “sirloins,” and which consist of 
chopped beef mixed with small quantities of wheat and potato flour, 
milk, and spices, are not dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured 
articles, but are free of duty under this paragraph. (G. A. 8068, T. D. 
37211, of 1917.) Danish liver paste composed of hog liver with 5 per 








T17 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


eent of corn with condiments was also held free as prepared meat. 
(Abstract 40583, of 1916.) Créme sandwich truffée or sandwich 
paste, a cooked commodity put up in small hermetically sealed tins 
and composed of finely chopped pork, goose livers, eggs, truffles, 
spices, and cereals, the pork being the component material of chief 
value, is dutiable as a nonenumerated manufactured article under 
paragraph 885 and is not free of duty as prepared meat under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 8266, T. D. 38063, of 1919.) Various kinds of pre- 
pared meats put up in hermetically sealed tins, classified as non- 
enumerated manufactured articles, were held not to be free of duty 
under this paragraph. It was found that the quantity of meat in the 
commodity was scarcely large enough to warrant classifying it as 
prepared meats. (Abstract 42616, of 1918, following Abstract 39858, 
of 1916.) Whale meat in tin packages is not meat within this para- 
graph, but is dutiable as fish in tin packages under paragraph 216. 


(G. A. 8263, T. D. 38053, of 1919.) 


(See par. 229.) 


PARAGRAPH 546. 


ACT OF 1909. 


624, Medals of gold, silver, or cop- 
per, and other metallic articles actu- 
ally bestowed as trophies or prizes, 
and received and accepted as honorary 
distinctions. 


ACT OF 1918. 


546. Medals of gold, silver, or cop- 
per, and other articles actually be- 
stowed as trophies or prizes, and re- 
ceived and accepted as honorary dis- 
tinctions. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports.—In the fiscal year 1918 imports of medals amounted to 
$1,272. The importation fluctuates in amount from year to year; the 
range during the 10-year period 1909-1918 being $1,220 in the fiscal 
year 1917 and $54,469 in 1910. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The phrase, “other metallic articles usually bestowed as trophies 
or prizes,” in paragraph 624 of the act of 1909 was held not limited 
to such as were ejusdem generis with medals, and a shotgun won as 
a prize in a shooting tournament was adjudged a trophy or prize 
within the provision. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 490, of 1918.) : 


-PARAGRAPH 547. 


547. Milk and cream, including milk 
or cream preserved or condensed, or 
sterilized by heating or other processes, 
and sugar of milk. 


247. Milk, fresh, 2 cents per gallon; 
eream, 5 cents per gallon. 


248. Milk, preserved or condensed, 
or sterilized by heating or other proc- 
esses, including weight of immediate 
eoverings, 2 cents per pound: sugar of 
milk, 5 cents per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


MILK AND CREAM. 


Description and uses.—It has been estimated that milk furnishes 
20 per cent of the food in the diet of the average American family. In 
its raw state it is so bulky (about 87 per cent water) and expensive 
to transport and preserve that, notwithstanding fast trains for re- 
frigerated milk, the extreme radius of shipment to large cities is only 


718 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


400 miles. Hence a great stimulus in developing methods of condens- 
ing and preserving milk, lately so perfected that condensed-milk 
products have deservedly become very popular. The demand not only 
comes from mining camps, the tropie and arctic regions, ships, and 
armies in the field, but there is also an important and increasing 
domestic demand. Condensed milk may aid in the solution of the 
increasingly difficult problem of the milk supply for great cities. Two 
principal forms of condensed milk are in the market: (1) Sweetened 
condensed milk, whole and skim, and (2) unsweetened condensed 
whole milk. The chief difference is the addition, in the former, of a 
considerable quantity of cane sugar, which is a preservative, and 
obviates the rigorous sterilization necessary in making unsweetened 
milk. Condensed-milk factories are ordinarily located in the center 
of a dairy region. To protect their brands the manufacturers closely 
serutinize the quality of the raw milk and employ approved sanitary 
methods in production. Bacteria are destroyed in the process of 
manufacturing condensed milk, rendering it safer than raw milk. 
Fresh milk is put through strainers or centrifugal cleaners, pasteur- 
ized, sweetened, placed in vacuum pans, and condensed (about 4 
to 1). The product is then run into drums containing cold water 
and stirred, and when cooled is put into tins for the retail trade or 
into large cans for confectioners and bakers. Unsweetened milk is, 
in addition, sterilized in the cans at a temperature of 105° C. No 
_preservative is necessary in high-grade condensed milk. The Gov- 
ernment standard for sweetened condensed milk requires 28 per cent 
solids and 8 per cent milk fat; for evaporated or condensed un- 
sweetened milk, 25.5 per cent total solids and. 7.8 per cent milk fat. 

The production of dried milk or milk powder is a well-established 
industry. There are two .general methods: (1) Drying on steam 
heated, rotating drums, and (2) spraying into a chamber through 
which a current of warm air is passing. Powdered skim milk looks 
like ordinary grain flour. Nearly all the milk powder is made from 
skim milk because the fat (in powder made from whole milk) tends 
to become rancid; it absorbs moisture readily and requires air-tight 
containers. Bakers and confectioners are the chief consumers. The 
powder can be converted into liquid form by adding water and so 
may become a popular household article. It has great advantages 
over raw milk in shipping and storing, both because of its keeping 
qualities and its much smaller bulk. From 100 pounds of whole milk 
3.5 pounds of milk fat and 9 pounds of skim-milk powder can be 
produced. 

Production.—HEstimates show an increase of about 4 per cent in 
the quantity of milk produced in 1918 over 1917, the total production 
on farms in 1918 being 11,044,000,000 gallons. The number of milch 
cows increased from 20,700,000 in 1914 to 23,300,000 in 1918. Large 
increases are shown from census to census in the amount of con- 
densed and evaporated milk reported—494,796,544 pounds in 1909: 
and 873,410,504 pounds, valued at $58,747,252 in 1914. Manufacture 
is largely in the Eastern, North Central, and Middle Atlantic States, 
the former yielding 52.5 per cent of the total in 1914, the latter 24 per 
cent. In 1914 the production of powdered milk was 20,454,051 pounds, — 
valued at $1,968,259, New York, Wisconsin, and Michigan being the 
most important producing States, 








719 


Imports of fresh milk in 1918 were 1,933,380 gallons, valued at 
$397,762, and of fresh cream, 711,502 gallons, valued at $675,012, very 
largely a border trade with Canada. Imports of milk, preserved, con- 
densed, or sterilized, amounted to 29,962,931 pounds, valued. at 
$2,598,809 in 1918, almost one-half from Canada. In 1914, 607,848 
gallons of fresh milk were imported as compared with 45,935 gallons 
in 1913; and 14,951,086 pounds of condensed milk in 1914 as com- 
pared with 1,778,048 pounds in 1918. 

Exports of condensed milk increased tremendously, being 528,759,232 
pounds, valued at $68,045,944 in 1918,.as compared with an average 
of 15,773,900 pounds for 1910-1914. In 1918 the United Kingdom took 
248,221,794 pounds; France, 74,859,652 pounds; Belgium, 33,491,513 
pounds; and Cuba, 33,594,661 pounds. Exports of all milk other than 
condensed, including cream, were valued at $227,042 in 1918, chiefly 
to Panama and Canada. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


SUGAR OF MILK. 


Description and uses.—Sugar of milk is usually obtained from 
milk as a hard, white, crystalline mass, but is sold in powdered form. 
It is. odorless, has a faintly sweetish taste, and is soluble in water. 
It is obtained directly from milk as a by-product in other dairy in- 
dustries, and is used in infants’ foods, for the preparation of bacteri- 
ological media, and in the manufacture of pills and tablets. 

Production in 1914 was 4,051,320 pounds, the output of 11 factories, 
and was valued at $400,613. 

Imports were 9,026 pounds in 1913 and 578,727 pounds in 1914, 
largely from Germany and Holland. Imports have since declined, 
none being shown for 1917 and 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Golden butterfly cream sterilized and put up in sealed tins, classi- 
fied as sterilized milk, was held properly classable as cream. (Ab- 
stract 338669, T. D. 33763, of 19138.) Lactic ferment is classable as 
sugar of milk. (Abstract 25794, T. D. 31675, of 1911.) Skimmed- 
milk powder was held properly classified as milk preserved or con- 
densed. (Abstract 32053, T. D. 33348, of 1913.) Modified milk, a 
dry white powder, made from unsterilized milk after abstracting a 
portion of the butter fat and a part of the casein by evaporating the 
moisture therefrom and reducing it to a powder, classified as sugar of 
milk, was held to be within the provision “ milk, preserved or con- 
densed, or sterilized by heating or other processes.” (Abstract 27588, 
T. D. 32149, of 1912.) (See par. 527.) 


PARAGRAPH 548. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


627. Mineral salts obtained by evap- 
oration from mineral waters, when ac- 
companied by a duly authenticated 
certificate and satisfactory proof show- 
ing that they are in no way artificially 
prepared, and are only the product of 
a designated mineral spring. 


548, Mineral salts obtained by evap- 
oration from mineral waters, when ac- 
companied by a duly authenticated cer- 
tificate and satisfactory proof showing 
that they are in no way artificially 
prepared and are only the product of 
a designated mineral spring. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Mineral salis are obtained by evaporation 


of natural mineral waters and are principally medicinal. 


The prod- 


720 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


uct of this evaporation may contain a variety of salts, depending 
on the source of the water. 

Imports of mineral salts have been quite variable—in 1918, 103,337 
pounds, valued at $35,420; in 1914, 82,569 pounds, averaging about 
50 cents per pound. Imports decreased to 425 pounds in 1916 and in 
1918 were 4,699,785 pounds, with a very low value per pound. This 
great increase and low price was due to the fact that most of the 
imports consisted of magnesium sulphate from British Columbia, 
valued at about $5 per ton. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A mechanical mixture of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, 
sodium chloride, and mud, deposited by evaporation from a satu- 
rated solution of spring water, is free of duty as mineral salts 
obtained by evaporation from mineral waters under this paragraph 
and not dutinble as sulphate of magnesium under paragraph 42. 
(G. A. 8042, T. D. 37076, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 549. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


626. Minerals, crude, or not ad- 549, Minerals, crude, or not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by refin- | vanced in value or condition by refin- 
ing or grinding, or by other process of | ing or grinding, or by other process of 
manufacture, not specially provided | manufacture, not specially provided 
for in this section, j for in this section. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph needs to be considered with the provision in para- 
graph 154 for metallic mineral substances, Paragraph 549 was re- 
enacted without material change in every general tariff act since the 
law of 1883 (par. 215), which provided for “ mineral substances in a 
crude state,” as well as for “ crude minerals” (par. 638). Tffeet was 
given to the two provisions in the act of 1883 by restricting that for 
mineral substances in a crude state to such substances as are mined 
and valued for the metals therein. (T. D. 5972, of 1883.) This con- 
struction was adhered to under the act of 1890, when the word 
“metallic” was inserted before the words ‘* mineral substances.” 
(GQ. A CTTS2, TD. deese, Olcxeue.) 

Under later acts, ores such as tungsten and vanadium, not contain- 
ing metals in metallic form, were held exempt from duty as crude 
minerals. (122 Fed., 538, of 1903; G. A. 6673, T. D, 28467, of 1907.) 
Natural gas (172 U. 8., 839, of 1899), holy water from Lourdes (G. A. 
5192, T. D. 23933, of 1902), whetstone blocks (152 Fed., 656, of 1906; 
Abstract 39575, of 1916), and molybdenite (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 
1915), have also been classified as crude minerals. Marble chips 
crushed and screened and known as granito or terrazzo (164 Fed., 
205, of 1908; 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 280, of 1911; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 512, 
of 1916), Mexican onyx (66 Fed., 782, of 1895), polishing stones (5 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914), tale sawed into cubes (180 Fed., 638, 
of 1910), crushed stone or quartz (G. A. 7970, T. D. 86719, of 1916; 
G. A. 8104, T. D. 87896, of 1917), and ground ore, consisting chiefly 
of arsenic and antimony in the form of oxides (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
196, of 1914), have been held not to come within the provision. 
Processes necessary to put ores in an importable condition without 








SUMMARY ‘OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


T2] 


changing their per se character are not regarded as advancing the 


minerals in value or condition. 


392, of 1915.) 


effect its exclusion from the provision. 


1911.) (See par. 154.) 


Concentration, or crushing the rock 
or gangue, does not constitute such advancement, 


(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


A new name does not have to be given the product to 


(1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 506, of 


PARAGRAPH 550. 


ACT OF 1909, 


628. Miners’ rescue appliances, de- 
signed for emergency use in mines 
where artificial breathing is necessary 
in the prescence of poisonous gases to 
aid in the saving of human life, and 
miners’ safety lamps. 


ACT OF 1913. 


550. Miners’ rescue appliances, de- 
signed for emergency use in mines 
where artificial breathing is necessary 
in the presence of poisonous gases, to 
aid in the saving of human life, and 
miners’ safety lamps, and parts, acces- 


sories, and appliances for cleaning, re- 
pairing, and operating all the fore- 
going. 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—In general an oxygen rescue apparatus 
consists of a small tank of compressed oxygen, a reducing valve 
through which the oxygen flows to a mouthpiece connected with the 
breathing bag by flexible tubes, and a receptacle containing caustic 
soda for absorbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaled air. Valves 
that open and close at each breath prevent expired air from returning 
to the lungs before it has passed through the purifier. This appa- 
ratus, worn by those engaged in the work of exploration and rescue, 
should be light to permit freedom gf action and strong enough to 
withstand the accidental knocks incident to rapid movement in re- 
stricted areas, and must be mechanically perfect. 

Production.—The Bureau of Mines a few years ago developed a 
new form of oxygen-breathing apparatus superior in several respects 
to old forms, making the United States independent of similar appa- 
ratus from abroad. 

Imports of miner’s rescue appliances and miner’s safety lamps and 
parts and accessories thereof, in 1914, were valued at $188,509, mainly 
from Germany; in 1918 they were valued at $23,620, chiefly from the 
United Kingdom. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Smoke helmets, pulmotors, and similar articles and apparatus 
used by fire departments, gas companies, and hospitals, have been 
admitted to free entry under this paragraph, as designed for emer- 
gency use in mines. The provision has been held to apply to 
miner’s sofety lamps burning acetylene gas, and used by miners in 
closed cuttings (Abstract 38557, of 1915), and to igniter points, con- 
sisting of a small circular file, made to rotate by means of a powerful 
spring, which when released causes the file to come into close con- 
tact with a cerium point with such a velocity of speed as to produce 
a flame or spark capable of igniting the naphtha in a miner’s safety 
lamp. (Abstract 35911, T. D. 34571, of 1914.) The following were 
excluded from the provision: Filling apparatus, the only purpose of 
which is to facilitate “the filling of safety lamps with naphtha 
(Abstract 28483, T. D. 82507, of 1912; Abstract 37503, of 1915); 

184911°—20 46 





i SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


hygrometers for hygrometriecal observations in coal mines (Abstract 
23430, T. D. 30667, of 1910); caustic soda for miner’s rescue appli- 
ances (Abstract 34161, T. D. 33934, of 1913); and tools, suitable for 
other uses than in connection with lamps or safety appliances (Ab- 
stract 24886, T. D. 31335, of 1911). ; 


PARAGRAPH 551. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


629. Models of inventions and of 551. Models of inventions and of 
other improvements in the arts, to be | other improvements in the arts, to be 
used exclusively as models and inca- | used exclusively as models and inca- 
pable of any other use. pable of any other use. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of models of inventions, etc., in 1914 were valued at $41,333, 
originating chiefly in Canada, England, Denmark, Norway, and Ger- 
many ; in 1918, at $10,566, sources not recorded. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph has been held to include wooden models for parts of 
automobile engines (Abstract 36296, T. D. 34704, of 1914) ; a plaster 
cast of a cross-section of a building showing the interior of a portion 
of two floors (Abstract 35837, T. D. 34548, of 1914) ; specimens of con- 
nections for iron pipes used in gas wells, imported for use as samples, 
and incapable of any other use than as models (Abstract 35596, T. D. 
34459, of 1914); an article made of metal, claimed to be a model. of 
a contrivance to be used on cars to show the name of the station which 
the ear is approaching (Abstrdct 32721, T. D. 38560, of 1918); and 
wooden models of lifeboats (Abstract 30670, T. D. 32997, of 1912). 
These articles have been excluded: Part of an electric mine for use 
in harbor defenses to place in waterways or roadsteads for the 
Signe of the harbor against foreign invasions (Abstract 31749, 
T. D. 338291, of 1918) ; hydraulic motor and pump, used to demonstrate 
a pr wicinie to be afterwards applied and utilized through a different 
machine (Abstract 26818, T. D. 31912, of 1911); a cash register 
(Abstract 23411, T. D. 80667, of 1910) ; and molders’ patterns (G. A. 
7135, T. D. 311382, of 1910). 


PARAGRAPH 552. 


630. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable 552. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable 
substances, crude or unmanufactured, | Substances, crude or unmanufactured, 
not otherwise specially provided for | not otherwise Fetisaye provided for in 
in this section. this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Sea moss is used in making mattresses and 
for upholstering. Certain varieties of mosses and seaweeds are used 
here for food by the Japanese and Chinese. ‘‘ Vegetable substances, 
erude or unmanufactured,” include such products as hulls of the 
pea, cotton seed, mustard seed, and oat seed, used in cattle feed;. 
also dried grasses and leaves, afterwards dyed and used for millinery 
purposes, are imported, chiefly from Italy. Holly branches are inm- 
ported for Christmas decorations. 

Production of moss is world-wide, growing on the ground, on rocks, 
on the bark of trees, and (rarely) in streams. Seaweeds are dis- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 723 


tributed widely in the oceans and may be found from tide level to 
considerable depths. The domestic output of moss in 1908 was valued 
at $26,000; of sea grass, at $1,700. 

Imports of moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances decreased from 
$246,196 in 1914 to $234,465 in 1918. Canada, Japan, and France were 
the chief sources, supplying about 70 per cent. Considerable amounts 
formerly came from Germany. 

Exports of moss increased from $51,006 in 1914 to $99,793 in 1918, 
about 85 per cent going to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


While the rule of ejusdem generis must be applied with some liber- 
ality in construing this paragraph, it would be going too far to hold 
birch bark to be such a vegetable substance as is there named. The 
importation was held dutiable as an unenumerated unmanufactured 
article. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 1914.) Dried stypa grass and 
avoine in a natural state were held to come within this provision 
because of judicial construction of prior acts impliedly approved by 
Congress in reenacting the law. (38 Ct. Cust. Appls., 260, of 1912.) 
Horse-radish roots are vegetable substances unmanufactured rather 
than vegetables for tariff purposes. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142 and 145, 
of 19138.) Seaweeds dried, such as nori (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 487, of 
1917, G. A. 8272, T. D. 38072, of 1919) and hashinori (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 495, of 1917), with nothing added to change their character, 
and packed in tin boxes as a convenient method of getting the prod- 
ucts to market, are crude seaweeds, and not by reason of being edible 
dutiable as vegetables. Natural sun-bleached wheat stems and heads, 
tied into small bundles, for use as semifloral ornaments or emblems, 
are exempt from duty under this paragraph as a crude or unmanu- 
factured vegetable substance, or under paragraph 497 as textile 
grasses or fibers, and not dutiable under paragraph 385, as un- 
enumerated manufactured articles (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 
37998, of 1919); but customs officers were instructed by the Treas- 
ury Department to continue the assessment of duty on such articles, 
pending a further judicial determination of the matter (T. D. 38025, 
of 1919). Merchandise, invoiced as grass strings and classified as 
manufactures of grass under paragraph 868, were held exempt from 
duty under this paragraph as crude vegetable substances. (Abstract 
41292, of 1917.) Musgo was held exempt as a moss. (Abstract 38787, 
of 1915.) 

“Otherwise”? might be omitted to agree with the usual form of 
expression, “not specially provided for in this section.” 


PARAGRAPH 553. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19153. 


632. Myrobolans. 5538. Myrobolans fruit. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—There are several varieties of myrobalans, 
the chief variety in commerce being the Chebullic, or black myro- 
balan, the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz, found throughout India 
and Burma. The dried fruit is used chiefly, in connection with other 
materials, in tanning leather and somewhat in medicine. The ex- 


724 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


tracts, either solid or liquid, are obtained from the fruit by proc- 
essing and are employed in tanning and in the dyeing of silk and 
eotton. 

Imports of myrobalans for 1909-1918 averaged 25,302,519 pounds, 
valued at $284,442, chiefly from India. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

The spelling of the word myrobalans in the tariff law (“ myro- 
bolans”’) is incorrect. Although there are various spellings, “ myro- 
balans” with “‘s” is the form preferred when applied to the dried 


fruit, and “myrobalan” without ‘‘s’” when referring to the extracts, 
which are free as tanning material. (Abstract 37917, of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH 554. 


ACT OF 19909. ACT OF 1918. 
159. Cut nails and cut spikes of 554. Cut nails and cut spikes of 
fron or steel, #4, of 1 cent per pound. iron or steel, horseshoe nails, horse- 


160. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and | shoe nail rods, hobnails, and all other 
all other wrought iron or steel nails |} wrought-iron or steel nails not spe- 
not specially provided for in this sec- | cially provided for in this section; 
tion, 14 cents per pound. wire staples, wire nails made of 

wrought iron or steel, spikes, and 

161. Wire nails made of wrought | horse, mule, or ox shoes, of iron or 
iron or steel, not less than one inch | steel, and cut tacks, brads, or sprigs. 
in length and not lighter than number 
Sixteen wire gauge, ~ of 1 cent per 
pound; less than one inch in length 
and lighter than number sixteen wire 
gauge, $ of 1 cent per pound. 


62> Spikes;= © "> -* “and horse, 
mule, or ox Shoes, of wrought iron 
or steel, % of 1 cent per pound. 


163. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 
not exceeding sixteen ounces to the 
thousand, & of 1 cent per thousand; 
exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- 
sand, # of 1 cent per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
HORSE, MULE, AND OX SHOES. 


Description.—The factory horse or mule shoe usually requires 
further working by the horseshoer to fit it to the hoof. Formerly 
he made the entire shoe from a bar; some shoes are still so produced. 

Production of horse and mule shoes by rolling mills, ete., was 
valued at about $9,000,000 in 1914. Hand production from bar iron 
(not recorded) was very small. In 1917 horse and mule shoes were 
produced by nine establishments, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New 
York, Illinois, and other States, as their principal or only product; 
however, two large companies (one iron and one steel) are included in 
this number. Horse and mule shoes are formed by a series of roll- 
ing, bending, and pressing operations, and, to a lesser extent and at 
a higher cost, by drop forging. The latter method is used chiefly in 
France, Belgium, and Great Britain. Germany and Canada manu- 
facture by a process similar to ours. 

Imports of horse and mule shoes were vvded at $16,517 in 1917, 
and at $9,678 in 1918. They came from Canada. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 725 


Exports in 1918 were valued at $1,713,305, chiefly to Russia. Ex- 
ports to Canada alone were over five times the value of our total 
imports. The Canadian duty on such imports is 874 per cent. 


HORSESHOE NAIL RODS. 


Description and use.—By the tariff act of 1913, horseshoe nail 
rods were separated from the wire and other rods provided for in 
paragraph 113 and, together with horseshoe nails, placed on the 
free list. One nail manufacturing company imported considerable 
quantities of these rods as raw material. (See par. 113.) 

Imports.—The last imports were in 1915, 7,312,441 pounds, valued 


at $129,114, coming from Sweden. 


CUT NAILS AND SPIKES. 


Production of cut nails has been decreasing with the extending 


use of wire nails. In 1918 it amounted to 418,811 kegs of 100 pounds 
: each, the minimum. 


Led 


Imports in 1918 were 2,944 kegs (100 pounds). 
Exports in 1918 were 116,406 kegs (100 pounds) ; for 1915-1918 they 
were 16 per cent of production; for the four preceding years, 20 per 


cent. 


HORSESHOE NAILS. 


Description.—The tariff classification embraces horseshoe nails, the 
product of a distinct industry (the horseshoe nail manufacturers 
generally make no other nail product), and hobnails, shoe nails, and 
other nails, to a great extent made in the tack mills. 

Production of horseshoe nails in 1904 was valued at $2,345,762. 
In 1918 there were six factories located in New York, Connecticut, 
Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The raw material used is nail rods or 
wire of soft steel or iron. One company has imported nail rods from 
Sweden, an important producer of horseshoe nails. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to 810,295 pounds, valued at $89,279; in 
1913, approximately one-eighth of this amount. 


WIRE STAPLES. 


Production.—The Census does not specify wire staples separately. 
In 1914 the production of wire tacks, brads, and staples, mrade in 
establishments drawing wire, was valued at $1,824,948. <A portion 
of the product of wire staples is manufactured in the tack mills. 

Imports in 1918 were 97,559 pounds, valued at $14,590. 


WIRE NAILS. 


Production in 1918 was 12,279,800 kegs (100 pounds) of wire nails, 
ns against 17,040,666 in 1916 and 17,147,665 in 1917. Wire nails are 
merely one product of the wire industry. In 1914 only 6.6 per cent of 
the total value produced was made by establishments which did not 
draw wire; 69 per cent was made in the wire departments of roiling 
mills, and other concerns. In 1914 Pennsylvania led in the annual 
capacity of its wire-nail machines; Ohio, Illinois, Colorado, Alabama, 
and Indiana followed. 

Imports for 1914-1917 averaged 4,314 kegs (100 pounds) ; in 1918, 
25,749 kegs, valued at $135,685. 


726 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports in 1918 were 2,440,098 kegs (100 pounds), the bulk going 
to Asia and Hurope. 
SPIKES. 


Description and use.—Spikes are, in general (1) large nails, or, 
more specifically (2) nails produced by forging from a bar. Cut 
spikes are included with cut nails in the tariff specification; wire 
spikes are not so included, but, together with forged spikes, fall under 
the designation “‘ spikes.” The bulk of the forged spikes made are 
railway-track spikes. . 

Production in 1914 was 1,389,145 kegs (200 pounds) of forged spikes 
by rolling mills. They are sometimes handmade—in the field. In 
1914 Pennsylvania was the chief producer. 

Imports for 1915-1917 averaged 142 kegs (200 pounds) ; in 1918, 
3,416 kegs, valued at $19,525. 

Exports in 1918 of railway-track spikes amounted to 174,160 kegs 
(200 pounds). . 

CUT TACKS, BRADS, AND SPRIGS. 


Description and use.—Tacks and brads are of two kinds, cut and 
wire. Cut tacks and brads fall under this designation; those of 
wire (if of iron or steel) are included under “all other wrought iron 
and steel nails.” ‘‘ Sprig” is an obsolete word in the trade, formerly 
applied to sharp-pointed shoe-heel nails. 

Production of cut tacks and small nails in 1918 was estimated at 
from 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 pounds, valued at approximately $6,- 
600,000. The establishments making cut tacks also manufacture 
small nails cut from sheets, and to some extent wire tacks. Massa- 
chusetts leads in production of cut tacks. 

Imports in 1918 amounted to 97,049 pounds, valued at $14,512. 

Exports in 1918 were estimated as 10 per cent of the production. 
Most of these exports were shoe nails, going to South America, 
principally Argentina. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Wire in U forms used in the manufacture of automobile tires and 
neither imported nor designed for use as staples or fasteners, are 
not exempt from duty as staples under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 200, of 1915.) Steel horseshoe nails known as “frost nails ” 
constructed with wedge-shaped head, which serves the purpose of 
calks and prevents horses from slipping on icy surfaces, are ex- 
empt from duty as horseshoe nails of iron or steel under this para- 
graph, which includes ali horseshoe nails so composed, whether of 
the ordinary or improved or patented. varieties, so long as they re- 
tain their identity as, and are commonly and commercially known 
and recognized under the name of, horseshoe nails. (G. A. 8210, 
T. D. 87818, of 1918.) 

The different kinds of wire products are not advantageously grouped. 
With all of them on the free list, this fact has only statistical im- 
portance, but provision for duties for the various groups would render 
it more vital. Especially it may be pointed out that wire spikes are 
not, aS cut spikes, grouped with nails of a similar method of manu- 
facture, but fall in the general provision for “ spikes,” containing -~ 
forged spikes, an entirely different product, and one manufactured — 
by a different process; that horseshoe nails, the product of a distinct 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 727 


industry, are grouped with hobnails and “all other” nails of wrought 
iron or steel, products manufactured largely by firms making cut 
tacks and brads; and that the word “sprigs,” now obsolete in the 
industry, is retained. The following arrangement would avoid these 
difficulties : 

(1) Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel. 

(2) Horseshoe nails. 

(3) Cut tacks and brads, hobnails, and all other wrought-iron or 
steel nails not specially provided for in this section. 

(4) Wire nails and spikes of wrought iron or steel. 

(5) Wire tacks, brads, or staples of wrought-iron or steel. (Four 
and five might be combined: (4-5) Wire nails, spikes, tacks, brads, 
and staples of wrought-iron or steel.) 

(6) Spikes, not specially provided for in this section. 


PARAGRAPH 555. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
633. Needles, hand-sewing and darn- 555. Needles, hand sewing and darn- 
ing. ing, and needles for shoe machines. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Besides ordinary hand-sewing and darning 
needles, imports under paragraph 555 include also harness, sail, mat- 
tress, and upholsterer’s needles. Shoe-machine needles are of two 
kinds—wax-thread and dry-thread—which differ widely. The waz- 
thread needle is eyeless, curved to almost a _ half circle, and 
has a hook near the point, closely resembling the hook of a crochet 
needle. It is used exclusively in a machine for sewing the sole to the 
* upper with a waxed thread. The dry-thread needle is straight, with 
an eye near the point and closely resembles an ordinary sewing- 
machine needle in appearance and use. The machine using this 
needle differs from the ordinary sewing machine only in the shape of 
the table holding the article. A dry or unwaxed thread is used ordi- 
narily, hence its name. This needle is confined, practically, to the 
sewing of uppers of shoes and not in sewing the sole to the upper. 

Production.—Hand-sewing and darning needles are not domestic 
products. The trade explains that the large capital required yields 
more certain returns in other enterprises. There is not sufficient in- 
ducement for the American manufacturer to risk competition with 
the long-established English and German industries. Americar manu- 
_facturers would be handicapped by lack of raw material, as the wire 

for the finest quality of needles is made by but one or two mills in 
England. Hand labor seems essential for many operations. English 
needles pass through the hands of about 32 workmen and are subject | 
to about 18 different processes. As every workman requires different 
training, much skilled help is necessary, which, if available at all in 
the United States, would so increase the cost of the article as to make 
competition impossible. Practically all the hand-sewing needles used 
here are made in England and Germany, but nearly all the shoe- 
machine needles are a domestic product. 

Imports of hand-sewing and darning needles in 1918 amounted to 
$538,969, the largest annual importation. In general the importation 
varies little from year to year. About 75 per cent came from Eng- 
land and most of the remainder from Germany before 1915. Imports. 


728 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


of shoe-inachine needles in 1918 amounted to $3,038, and in 1915 to 
$3,217, the maximum. 

Exports.—Some domestic shoe-machine needles are exported, but 
the extent is unknown. No hand-sewing and darning needles are ex- 
ported, as they are not made here. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Needles in paper folders, the folders of such a flimsy nature that, 
unless carefully handled, they can not be long used without crumpling 
or breaking, are exempt from duty under this paragraph rather than 
dutiable under paragraph 1385. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 498, of 1916.) 
“ Needlecases ” within paragraph 135 must be primarily such in the 
common acceptation of the term. The provision accordingly does not 
include baskets, boxes, and cases in chief value of leather of such a 
size and so fitted with scissors, thimbles, stilettos, thread, knives, pins, 
buttons, tape, and hooks and eyes as to indicate that they are primarily 
sewing sets and not needlecases. Such articles are dutiable as bas- 
kets, boxes and cases in chief value of leather under paragraph 360. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1917.) Hand-sewing needles packed with 
vaccine virus for use in applying the virus are not thereby changed in 
their dutiable character, but are still classable as hand-sewing needles 
under this paragraph. (G. A. 5014, T. D. 23339, of 1901.) Needles 
used by sailmakers, harness makers, mattress makers, and upholster- 
ers are also hand-sewing needles. (G. A. 1804, T. D. 18502, of 1892.) 
Surgical needles have been classified under various tariff acts under 
the general provisions for needles n. s. p. f. (G. A. 582, T. D. 11228. 
of 1891; G. A. 4147, T. D. 19356, of 1898; G. A. 6019, T. D. 26305, of 
1905 ;.T. D. 26908, of 1905 (suit 4040); G. A. 6249, T. D. 26964, of 
1906) ; but so-called hypodermic needles have been classified as manu- ° 
factures of steel rather than as needles (T. D. 9526, of 1889; G. A. 
2669, 'T. D. 15143, of 1894). (See par. 135.) 


PARAGRAPH 556. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


556. Newspapers and _ periodicals; 
but the term ‘“ periodicals ’’ as herein 


634. Newspapers and _ periodicals; 
but the term ‘“ periodicals ’’ as herein 





used Shall be understood to embrace 
only unbound or paper-covered publi- 
eations issued within six months of 
the time of entry, devoted to current 


literature of the day, or: containing 
current literature as a. predominant 
feature, and issued regularly = at 


stated periods, as weekly, monthly, 
or quarterly, and bearing the date of 
issue. 


GENERAL 


used shall be understood to embrace 
only unbound or paper-covered publi- 
cations issued within six months of 
the time of entry, devoted to current 
literature of the day, or containing 
current literature as a predominant. 
feature, and issued regularly at 
stated periods, as weekly, monthly, 
or quarterly, and bearing the date o 
issue, 


INFORMATION. 


Production of newspapers and periodicals in 1914 was by 19,317 





establishments, with capital of $384,745,000, 114,875 employees, and 
wages of $88,561,000. Raw materials cost $129,082,000 and the fin- 
ished product was valued at $495,906,000, a value of $366,824,000 
being added by manufacture. 

Imports of newspapers and periodicals in 1914 were valued at 
$363,807, in 1918 at $298,862. | 

Exports of publications here mentioned are not segregated. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 729 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Prints on surface-coated paper of the size of the pages of certain 
standard magazines and imported for use as illustrations are not 
exempt from duty under this paragraph, which does not extend to 
parts of periodicals imported alone. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 66, of 1914.) 
-_ Newspapers and periodicals are exempt from duty under this para- 
graph; religious tracts are made dutiable at 15 per cent under para- 
graph 829. (See par. 329.) 


PARAGRAPH 557. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


635." Nuts : * * * marrons 557. Nuts: Marrons, crude; coco- 
crude, palm nuts and palm-nut ker- | nuts in the shell and broken coco- 
nels; cocoanuts in the shell and |} nut meat or copra, not shredded, des- 
broken cocoanut meat or copra, not | iccated, or prepared in any manner ; 
shredded, desiccated, or prepared in |} palm nuts and palm-nut kernels, 
any manner. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Marrons are sweet chestnuts grown in 
southern Europe, much used in faney cooking and confectionery. 
When candied they are called marrons glacés. 

Imports in 1914 were 18,849,257 pounds, valued at $482,761, de- 
creasing to 3,972,257 pounds, valued at $186,444, in 1918. 


COCONUT. 


Description. and uses.—The coconut is a tropical fruit of a species 
of the palm tree. The nut, both ripe and unripe, is used extensively 
as an edible fruit, the milky center as well as the outer meat being 
nourishing food. Most of the whole nuts imported are used in the 
manufacture of shredded coconut for confectionery and culinary pur- 
poses. Copra is the dried, broken kernel of the coconut, and is the 
chief form of the commercial product from which coconut oil is ex- 
pressed. (See par, 221.) , 

Imports of coconut in the shell in 1914 were valued at $2,150,500, 
and in 1918 at $2,792,165. Of the 1918 importation (79,853,004 coco- 
nuts), Panama furnished 29 per cent; Jamaica, 21 per cent; Trinidad 
and Tobago, 19 per cent; and Honduras, 17 per cent. Imports of 
broken coconut meat, or copra, not prepared in any manner, were 
44,459,158 pounds, valued at $2,395,105 in 1914, and 486,833,808 pounds, 
valued at $26,937,621 in 1918. Practically all of the 1914 importa- 
tion came from Oceania (including the Philippines). In 1918 the 
Philippines furnished 45 per cent; Australia and other British 
Oceania, 29 per cent; Dutch Hast Indies, 9 per cent; and French 
Oceania, 6 per cent. 


PALM NUTS AND PALM-NUT KERNELS. 


Description and uses.—Palm ‘nuts are from palm varieties indige- 
nous to western tropical Africa, and valuable for the palm oil they 
yield. The kernels are a distinct article of commerce. The meal left 
after extracting the oil from the kernels has a small value as a feed 
for cattle. 

Imports in 1913 were valued at $4,872, in 1914 at $23,127, and in 
1918 at $338,778. 


730 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchandise invoiced as fresh chestnuts was held free of duty as 
marrons, crude, under this paragraph. (Abstract 40563, of 1917.) 
The word “ crude,” as used in this paragraph and in other tariff legis- 
lation, is a relative term, its meaning depending upon its use in the 
context (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 304, of 1918, holding baked marrons, 
properly classified as nuts under paragraph 226, rather than as 
marrons, crude). Areca nuts, sometimes known as betel nuts, were 
held exempt from duty under this paragraph as the fruit of a species 
of palm tree. (G. A. 8090, T. D. 37889, of 1917.) 


PARAGRAPH 558. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

636. Nux vomica., 558. Nux yvomica. 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Description and uses.—Nux#2 vomica, the dried ripe seed of an 
Asiatie tree, is extensively used in medicine and in the manufacture 
of its alkaloids, of which strychnine is of chief importance. 

Production.—It is derived from a wild tree of India and the sur- 
rounding regions, the only important source of strychnine. 


Imports of nuxw vomica for 1909-1918 averaged 2,714,812 pounds, 
valued at $61,447. 


For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 616. 


PARAGRAPH 559. 
3 


=I 


aD 


. Oakum. | 559. Oakum., 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The trade recognizes two kinds of oakum: 
(1) Marine cakum, recovered from old ropes—usually those that have 
been tarred—of hemp (Cannabis sativa) or sunn, or from tow; it is 
made into a coarse sliver or yarn and used to calk the seams of ves- 
sels. (2) Plumber’s oakum, as largely used here, is made from jute, 
jute waste, and old bagging, usually impregnated with tar, and used 
to calk the joints of cast-iron and other pipes. 

Imports of odkum are mainly from the United Kingdom and 
Russia—in 1914, 1,884,439 pounds, valued at $94,796; in 1918, 97,115 
pounds, valued at $12,748. 

Exports of oakum increased from 1,260,681 pounds, valued at 
$57,215 in 1914, to 2,378,636 pounds, valued at $333,662 in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 560. 
6388. Oil cake. | 560. Oil cake. 


GENERAw INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The process of crushing various vegetable 
seeds when extracting the oil leaves a compressed mass known as 
oil cake, or, when ground, as oil cake meal. This residual cake is 
chiefly derived from cotton seed, flaxseed, soya beans, corn, peanuts, 
and rapeseed. It is not only a valuable feedstuff for dairy, poultry, 
and other live stock, but also an important vegetable fertilizer, enter- 
ing extensively into international trade. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 731 

Production.—The United States, through its great cottonseed-oil, 
linseed-oil, and corn-product industries, is the largest producer and 
exporter of the oil-cake by-product. In 1914 the production of cotton- 
seed cake and meal was 2,191,610 tons; of linseed cake, about 600,000 
tons, and of corn-cake meal around 75,000 tons. 

Imports during 1911-1918 ranged from 10,000,000 to 53,000,000 
pounds, with values varying from $100,000 to $600,000, coming prin- 
cipally from China and Japan (soya-bedn cake), Mexico (cottonseed 
cake), Canada and the United Kingdom (linseed cake). Most of the 
imports move to the Pacific States. 

Exports are about 2,000,000,000 pounds, valued at over $21,000,000, 
cottonseed caek and meal comprising about three-fourths of the total, 
and linseed cake most of the remainder. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This provision includes oil cake produced from the soya bean (T. D. 
30595, of 1910; Abstract 23794, T. D. 30828, of 1910) ; also the residue 
after extracting the oil from cotton seed (Abstract 41802, of 1917), 
and oil cake crumbled into meal in a dry atmosphere or by jarring in 
transportation or other means of handling (G. A. 6305, T. D. 27178, 
of 1906; Abstract 37046, T. D. 35000, of 1914). Ground cottonseed-oil 
cake or meal was held dutiable as an unenumerated manufactured 
article and not as oil cake. (G. A. 5628, T. D. 25167, of 1904.) Soya- 
cake meal was likewise classified rather than as fertilizer. (G. A. 
7257, T. D. 31800, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 561. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


84. Cod-liver oil, 15 cents per gal- 
lon. 


Gjoecnis. = © °*' cajeput, * *°* 
cocoanut (not refined and deodorized), 
cotton-seed, eroton, * * * jchthyol, 
Seer nea niin, oF  F. nut 
oil or oil of nuts, soya-bean, olive oi! 
rendered unfit for use as food or for 
any but mechanical or manufacturing 
purposes, by such means as shail be 
satisfactory to the Secretary of the 
Treasury and under regulations to be 
preseribed py him; 7 e* |). f.+* ‘palm; 
palm-kernel, * * * and also sper- 
maceti, whale, and other fish oils of 
American fisheries, and all fish and 
other products of such fisheries ; petro- 
leum, crude or refined, including kero- 
sene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, and 
similar oils produced from petroleum. 


645. Paraffin. 


561. Oils: Birch, tar, cajeput, coco- 
nut, cod, cod liver, cottonseed, croton, 
ichthyol, juglandium, palm, palm- 
kernel, perilla, soya-bean, and olive oil 
rendered unfit for use as food or for 
any but mechanical or manufacturing 
purposes, by such means as shall be 
satisfactory to the Secretary of the 
Treasury and under regulations to be 
prescribed by him; Chinese nut oil, 
nut oil or oil of nuts not specially pro- 
vided for in this section; petroleum, 
crude or refined, and all products ob- 
tained from petroleum, including kero- 
sene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, par- 
affin, and paraffin oil; and also sper- 
maceti, whale, and other fish oils of 
American fisheries, and all fish and 
other products of such fisheries. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


For a general discussion of oils and fats, see paragraph 44. 


BIRCH-TAR OIL. 


Description and uses.—Birch-tar oil or empyreumatie oil of birch 
is obtained by distilling the tar which results from the destructive 


139 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


distillation of birch wood. It contains guaiacol, cresol, and other 
phenols. This oil should not be confused with the volatile oil of 
sweet birch, which consists chiefly of methyl salicylate. Birch-tar 
oil is used externally as a counterirritant and in pain-relieving appli- 
cations. ; 

Imports have varied greatly—in 1914, 40,128 pounds, valued at 
$1,898 ; in 1918, 110,055 pounds, valued at $22,443. 


OIL OF CAJEPUT. 


Description and uses.—Cajeput oil is distilled from the fresh leaves 
and twigs of a small tree of that name, indigenous to India, Australia, 
the Malay Archipelago, and the Molucca Islands. It is a medicinal, 
the largest part consumed in the Orient, especialiy in British India. 

Production is primitive, by natives of the countries of origin. 

Imports of cajeput oil increased from 9,148 pounds, valued at 
$3,224 in 1913, to 96,626 pounds, valued at $18,992 in 1916, and fell to 
10,563 pounds, valued at $3,588 in 1918. 


COCONUT OIL. 


Description and uses.—Coconut oil, extracted from the kernel of 
the coconut, at ordinary temperature is a solid fat, but melts to an 
oil with a slight increase of temperature, The dried kernel is known 
as copra (par. 221). This is shipped in large quantities and the oil 
then extracted. The coconut palm flourishes in most tropical coun- 
tries. Coconut oil goes mainly into soap, and is also used as a food 
in certain butter substitutes and cooking fats. A stearin obtained 
from it is used in making candles. It is also used in pharmacy as a 
substitute for cod-liver oil and as a base for ointments. ‘The pulp 
from which the oil: has been expressed is a cattle feed. 

Production.—Large quantities of oil are extracted from imported 
copra, increasing from 31,729,000 pounds in 1912 to 188,488,000 pounds 
in 1917 and 841,235,000 pounds in 1918. Copra comes chiefly from the 
Dutch East Indies, the Straits Settlements, and the Philippines. 

Imports of coconut oil have increased greatly since 1914. Pre- 
ceding 1914 the imports averaged about 50,000,000 pounds annually. 
In 1914 they were 74,386,218 pounds, and in 1918, 259,194,853 pounds. 


COD AND COD-LIVER OILS, 


Description and uses.—Genuine cod and cod-liver oils come from 
the liver of the codfish, found chiefly along the coasts of Norway, 
Scotland, North America, Japan, and Siberia. The best grades are 
medicinal, and known as cod-liver oil; inferior grades, known simply 
as cod oil, are used in currying leather and for other purposes. 

Production of cod and cod-liver oil has increased from 367,000 
pounds in 1916 to 712,000 pounds in 1918, less than 10 per cent.of 
the imports for 1918, which were 50 per cent below normal. To re- 
cover the medicinal oil the livers are treated with live steam in 
tin-lined vessels, causing the oil to exude. The large demand for oil 
of unobjectionable taste induced this modern method. ‘These oils are 
by-products of the food-fish industry. 

Imports of cod and cod-liver oils in 1914 were 14,198,000 pounds; 
in 1916, 10,973,000 pounds; in 1917, 16,618,000 pounds; and in 1918, 
8,939,000 pounds (calendar years). Imports of cod oil in 1913 were | 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 7133 


466,494 gallons, valued at $135,969, with a revenue of $37,319. This 
increased in 1918 to 1,747,791 gallons, valued at $1,526,332. Imports 
of cod-liver oil in 1918 were 262,516 gallons, valued at $187,872, with 
a revenue of $39,377. Imports are chiefly from Newfoundland, 
Labrador, and Canada. 

COTTONSEED OIL. 


Description and uses.—Cottonseed oil is the most widely used 
vegetable oil, due to its suitability for both table and cooking pur- 
poses and to the fact that it forms the bulk of lard substitutes and 
is used in large quantities in oleomargarine, in soap, and for other 
technical purposes. In 1917 the lard-substitutes industry consumed 
1,069,214,000 pounds; the soap industry, 126,390,000 pounds; and the 
oleomargarine industry, 68,652,000 pounds of cottonseed oil. Its use 
for lard substitutes represented about 80 per cent of the total output 
in 1917. 

Production of cottonseed oil is over 50 per cent of all domestic 
vegetable oils. The output declined from 1,789,777,000 pounds in 
1914 to 1,348,849,000 in 1917, and 1,283,823,000 in 1918. Production 
depends on the cotton crop and not on the demand for the oil. To 
secure the oil the seed is first screened and sieved to remove foreign 
material and passed through delinters to remove short cotton hairs. 
These linters are sold to mattress makers or guncotton manufac- 
turers. The seeds are then hulled to separate the outer shell, thus 
liberating the soft oil-containing meats, which are heated and pressed 
in either hydraulic or expeller presses. The residual cake is a valu- 
able cattle feed and fertilizer. 

Imports of cottonseed oil in 1914 were 17,293,201 pounds, valued 
at $1,044,834, about 54 per cent from China; in 1918, 14,291,318 
pounds, valued at $1,629,111, 63 per cent from China. Imports in 
1917 and 1918 were about 1 per cent of production. 

Exports have been from seven to ten times the imports. Exports 
in 1912 were 28 per cent and in 1918 about 8 per cent of domestic 
production. Normal prewar exports reached over 300,000,000 pounds 
in 1918; they were 192,963,079 pounds in 1914; 318,366,525 pounds, 
valued at $21,872,948 in 1915; and 100,779,981 pounds, valued at $18,- 
309,854 in 1918. Forty per cent of the 1918 exports went to Canada; 
normally the bulk goes chiefly to Europe. 


CROTON OIL. 


Description and uses.—Ordinary croton oil comes from the seeds 
of Croton tiglium, a native tree of the East Indies and cultivated in 
various tropical countries. The oil is amber color, has a nauseating 
odor, biting taste, and (often adulterated with castor oil) is used as 
a powerful purgative. It is produced in large quantities in India and 
in Great Britain by pressing or by extraction with volatile solvents. 

Imports have been small; prior to 1916 between 4,000 and 6,000 
pounds, since decreasing greatly. 


ICHTHYOL. 


Description and uses.—Ichthyol is an oily, tarlike distillate which 
is obtained by the dry distillation of peculiar shales containing the 
remains of fossil fishes. The best known deposit is near Seefeld in 
the Tyrol Mountains and has been controlled by Germany. The phar- 


734 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


maceutical product is usually an ammonium sulphonate of ichthyol. 
There are other preparations which are various salts, such as sodium, 
calcium, silver, iron, albumin, and formaldehyde salts of sulphonated 
ichthyol. It is used in medicine for treating various skin diseases. 

Imports of ichthyol were 44,347 pounds, valued at $61,796 in 1913; 
91,884 pounds, valued at $60,757 in 1917; and 65,982 pounds, valued at 
$43,541 in 1918. ; 

OIL OF JUGLANDIUM. bn 


Description and uses.—Oil of juglandium or butternut oil is ob- 
tained from the fruit of the butternut or white-walnut tree. It is of 
little commercial importance. 


PALM AND PALM-KERNEL OIL. 


Description and uses.—Palm oil is obtained from the outside fleshy 
portions of the ripe fruit; palm-kernel oil, from the kernels of the 
seeds. Forests of palm trees grow on the west coast of Africa, 
practically the only source of supply. Another species of palm is cul- 
tivated in South America, the West Indies, Java, and North Burma, 
but its yield of oil is commercially unimportant. The native process 
of extracting palm oil is exceedingly crude and only a small portion 
of the oil is recovered. The residue, palm kernels, is usually shipped: 
to Europe or America, where the oil is extracted. Both palm and 
paln-kernel oils are used extensively in soap making—27,345,000 
pounds of palm oil and 4,762,000 pounds of palm-kernel oil in 1917. 
Palm oil mixed with cottonseed and mineral oils is used in the manu- 
facture of. tin plate to protect the iron sheets from oxidation before 
being immersed in the molten tin. Fresh palm-kernel oil is used in 
vegetable butter substitutes and for other edible purposes. 

Production of palm-kernel oil from imported kernels in the United 
States was 3,200,000 pounds in 1912, 402,000 pounds in 1914, 8,619,000 
pounds in 1916, and 3,784,000 pounds in 1918. 

Imports of palm oil in 1914 were 58,040,202 pounds, valued at 
$3,858,001, and 27,405,231 pounds, valued at $2,527,301 in 1918. Prior 
to 1916 Hngland furnished about 90 per cent; in 1918 British West 
Africa shipped us 90 per cent. Imports of palm-kernel oil in 1914 
were 34,327,600 pounds, valued at $3,087,348, declining to 18,618 
pounds, valued at $2,583 in 1918—from South America. Imports prior 
to the war came chiefly from Germany and Hngland. Large quanti- 
ties of palm-kernel oil are now produced in this country from imported 
palm kernels, which explains lessening imports. 


PERILLA OIL. 


Description and uses.—Perilla oil is obtained by crushing the seed 
of Perilla ocymoides, an annul plant indigenous to China, Japan, and 
the northern parts of India, where it is cultivated for its seeds, the 
oil being used for edible purposes. It has been used recently as a 
substitute for linseed oil in paints, varnishes, linoleum, and print- 
ing inks. It is not produced in the United States. 

Imports. of perilla oil have increased from 65,509 pounds, valued 
at $5,504 in 1916, to 1,015,958 pounds, valued at $106,723 in 1918. 


SOYA-BEAN OIL. 


Description and uses.—This oil is expressed from the seeds of a 
plant indigenous to China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Formosa, and 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 735 


Indo-China. There are many varieties of these beans with varying 
‘oil content, but the average is about 18 per cent, the oil extracted 
ranging from 10 to 13 per cent. Previous to 1908 this oil was not 
much used here or in Europe. It is a drying oil used in paint, either 
as a substitute for, or mixed with, linseed oil. Its greatest use is 
in soap making, but the purified oil is edible. After the oil is ex- 
pressed the cake becomes a feed for dairy cattle or a fertilizer. 

Production of soya beans has increased greatly, but only a small 
portion of the crop is used for oil. In 1915 approximately 100,000 
bushels of American-grown beans were pressed for oil. The domes- 
tic output of oil has increased from 2,764,000 pounds in 1914 to 
42,074,000 pounds in 1917, and 79,861,000 pounds in 1918. 

Imports have increased from 16,360,452 pounds in 1914 to 336,824,- 
646 pounds in 1918, the great bulk coming from China and Japan. 


OLIVE OIL. 


Description and uses.—Denatured olive oil, also known as “ olive 
oil foots” and “ sulphured olive oil,” is a very low-grade oil extracted 
from the third and sometimes the fourth pressing of the olive cake or 
pomace. Some volatile solvent, such as gasoline or carbon bisulphide, 
is employed in the process. This oil is used in the manufacture of 
eastiie soap, in wool spinning, and for lubricating and illuminating 
purposes. (See par. 45, edible olive oil.) 

Production is slight and not deemed commercially profitable. Sta- 
tistics are not available. 
Imports are declining—in 1907, 1,845,702 gallons; in 1918, 166,115 
gallons. 
CHINESE NUT OIL. 


Description and uses.—The term ‘“ tung oil” describes two similar 

fatty oils, but differentiated commercially as Chinese or Japanese 
tung oil. Both are also known as wood oil and nut oil. Chinese nut 
oil is obtained from the seeds of an indigenous tree yielding about 40 
per cent of oil on pressing. Cold-pressed oil is known as “ white 
tung,” chiefly from China. Hot-pressed oil is known as “ black tung.” 
The Japanese oil is obtained from the fruit of a similar tree grown in 
the southern part of Japan. Both the Chinese and Japanese tung oils 
have largely replaced linseed oil in waterproof varnishes. 
“Imports of Chinese nut oil have been about 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 
gallons; in 1918, 4,818,740 gallons, valued at $4,038,072. Over 90 per 
cent is from China, Japan supplying a small part since 1916. Im- 
ports of all other nut oils have varied greatly; in 1915 a maximum of 
216,707 gallons, valued at $83,994, falling to 18,423 gallons, valued at 
$18,203, in 1918. 


PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. 


Description and uses.—The provision for petroleum covers crude 
petroleum and its refined products, including kerosene, benzine, 
naphtha, gasoline, paraffin oils, and paraffin. 

Production.—The refined products are obtained by separating the 
erude oil by means of fractional distillation; these may be modified 
by the methods of distillation and the points of separation of the dis- 
tillate. These fractions are usually purified by treatment with sul- 


736 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


phuric acid, caustic soda, and washing with water. If a large yield of 
gasoline is desired a “dry” or destructive distillation (cracking) is 
employed. Marketed crude petroleum has increased steadily from 
8,801,404,416 gallons, valued at $127,899,688 in 1910, to 14,083,255,242 
gallons, valued at $522,685,213, in 1917. This country is the largest 
producer and supplies 66 per cent of the world’s demand. In 1917 
Oklahoma produced 34.26 per cent; California, 16.49 per cent; and 
Kansas, 12.84 per cent of the output. Texas, Illinois, West Virginia, 
- Pennsylvania, and Ohio rank in the order named. 

Imports of crude mineral oil or petroleum increased from 773,- 
052,480 gallons, valued at $11,776,737 in 1914, to 1,347,548,144 gallons 
valued at $17,916,737 in 1918. Over 95 per cent of the imports in 
1918 was from Mexico, in quantity equaling 10 per cent of domestic 
production in 1917. Benzine, gasoline, and naphtha imports have 
varied considerably—in 1915, 7,920,504 gallons valued at $762,556; in 
1916 only 7,738 gallons; 11,069,899 gallons valued at $1,478,033 in 
1918, chiefly from Peru and Mexico. Imports of “all other refined” 
mineral oil increased from 1,945,007 gallons, valued at $488,463 in 1914, 
to 45,114,581 gallons, valued at $2,536,600 in 1918. The total import 
of all petroleum products in 1918 was 1,408,727,624 gallons, valued at 
$21,926,370, and was chiefly crude petroleum, 

Exports of domestic petroleum products in 1918 were 2,677,036,228 
gallons, valued at $298,329,051, about 50 per cent fuel and gas oil. 
The exports in 1917 were 2,651,118,849 gallons, or about 19 per cent 
of domestic production. Exports of crude mineral oil, chiefly to 
Canada, have increased from 146,477,342 gallons, valued at $6,812,672 
in 1914, to 185,069,674 gallons, valued at $9,288,979 in 1918. Exports 
of fuel and oil gds have increased notably, from 475,143,205 gallons 
valued at $13,747,863 in 1914 to 1,223,283,641 gallons valued at $61,- 
137,607 in 1918, going chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada. 
Exports of illuminating oil have decreased about 50 per cent from the 
export of 1,157,283,310 gallons, valued at $74,500,162 in 1914, and have 
been chiefly to Europe. Exports of lubricating oils, including paraffin 
oil, have been principally to Europe, and increased from 196,884,696 
gallons, valued at $27,852,959 in 1914, to 269,673,770 gallons, valued 
at $66,162,117 in 1918. Exports of gasoline, largely ta Europe and 
Canada, have increased from 151,611,537 gallons, valued at $21,- 
699,475 in 1914, to 260,880,122 gallons, valued at $61,642,859 in 1918. 
Exports of all other naphthas (exclusive of gasoline) have increased 
from 40,840,730 gallons, valued at $5,653,210 in 1914 to 209,029,477 
gallons, valued at $52,739,227 in 1918. Export of residuum has de- 
creased from 113,370,245 gallons, valued at $1,907,715 in 1914, to 
881,875 gallons, valued at $96,480 in 1918. 


SPERMACETI, WITALE, AND OTHER FISH OILS. 


These fish oils are described and are dutiable under paragraph 
44 when imported from sources other than American fisheries. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Olive oil to be entitled to entry under this paragraph must either 
have been denatured abroad in such a manner as to satisfy the col- 
lector that it is permanently unfit for use as food or for any but 
mechanical or manufacturing purposes, or it must be denatured after 
arrival under customs supervision and at the expense of the importer, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. = = 737 


(T. D. 29957, of 1909.) To entitle olive oil to free entry, it is abso- 
lutely necessary that, as provided in this paragraph, it shall be 
rendered unfit for use as food or for any but mechanical or manufac- 
turing purposes under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. (G. A. $227, T. D. 37888, of 1919.) Collectors are author- 
ized to sample only 10 per cent of importations of oils invoiced as 
sulphur olive oil or clive oil foots or olive oil which have been rendered 
inedible abroad. (T. D. 34215, of 1914.) 

Only oil which is the product of unhealthy and putrid livers of 
codfish and allied species, whether or not containing the entrails or 
other parts of the fish thrown in and allowed to undergo putrefaction, 
is entitled to admission free of duty under this paragraph as cod oil. 
(T. D. 34160, of 1914.) In an unpublished decision of the Treasury 
Department, of 1918, cod-liver oil made from fresh livers, the cod- 
liver oil of commerce, was held not covered by T. D. 34160, of 1914. 

Tsarol,, known as ichthyol ammonium, ammonium ichthyol sul- 
phonate, or ammonium sulphoichthyolate, a compound obtained by 
the treatment of crude ichthyol oil with sulphuric acid and neu- 
tralized by ammonium carbonate, was held exempt from duty as 
ichthyol oil. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 465, of 1912.) Swlfothyol, essentially 
ammonium sulfoichthyolate, is likewise ichthyol oil within this para- 
graph, (T. D. 36028, of 1915.) Jchtosan imported in capsules, pills, 
tablets, lozenges, or similar forms, being a medicinal substance, was 
held dutiable under the last part of paragraph 17. But ichtosan put 
up in packages of less than 24 pounds gross weight, assessed with 
duty under the first part of the same paragraph, was held free of duty 
as ichthyol oil under this paragraph. (Abstract 40442, of 1916.) 

Merchandise described-on the invoice as jiubricating oil found to be 
a distillate of Peruvian crude oil, a crude petroleum, was held free of 
duty as a product of petroleum under this paragraph, rather than as 
a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 885. (G. A. 
$006, T. D. 36897, of 1916.) But lubricating oil composed of petro- 
leum and a so-called “ transformed” vegetable oil was held dutiable 
as a nonenumerated manufacture. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 444, of +914.) 
Crude petroleum, also known as ‘liquid bitumen,” being classable 
either as “ petroleum crude” (free) or under the provision for bitu- 
men (dutiable, act of 1909), was admitted free under the rule that 
doubt must be-resolved in favor of the importer. (G. A. 7241, T. D. 
31726, of 1911.) German cochin oil, conceded to be what is known as 
coconut oil, and shown by analysis to contain 1.60 per cent of free 
fatty acids, but the testimony on the part of the importers showing 
that it had a coconut odor, was held free of duty as coconut oil not 
refined or deodorized under this provision and not dutiable as refined, 
deodorized, under paragraph 293 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 39619, 
of 1916.) (See pars. 44 and 45.) 

Te restrict in terms as well as in practice the phrase “ unfitness for 
food ” to olive oil, the word “and” might be inserted before “ sova- 
bean.” 

Substitution of “ tung oil” for ‘‘ Chinese nut oil’ would remove any 
doubt as to the inclusion of peanut oil. 


PARAGRAPH 562. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


640. Oleo stearin. 562. Oleo stearin. 
184911°—20——-47 


738 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Oleo stearin is a joint derivative with oleo 
oil from edible tallows. (See par. 622.) The stearin is separated 
from the oil by a “ graining”’ process, which consists in running the 
melted tallow into large truck tanks, then wheeled into a graining 
room and kept for a day or so at the crystallizing temperature of 
stearin. After removal of the solid stearin, the mass is pressed in 
hydraulic or lever presses. The oleo oil is used in margarines and 
the solid stearin as a base for lard substitutes and stiffening for lard 
compounds, also to a less extent in oleomargarines and candles. Most 
of the domestic stearin is produced by the large-scale packing estab- 
lishments having special equipment for the purpose; the smaller 
packers do not ordinarily convert tallows. 

Production.—The Food Administration reports 54,959,000 pounds of 
stearin were used in the manufacture of lard substitutes in 1917; 
74,342,000 pounds of olea stearin are reported. 

Imports of oleo stearin in 1918 were 6,575,379 pounds, valued at 
$1,118,413, principally from Argentina and Uruguay. Imports range 
from about 900,000 pounds in 1916 to over 9,500,000 pounds in 1913. 

Exports are listed as “ stearin from animal fats” and amounted to 
10,360,030 pounds, valued at $2,181,317 in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Stearin, the commodity retained after expressing oleo oil from beef 
fat or tallow and used by tanners to rub into leather, is exempt from 
duty as oleo stearin. (Abstract 26311, T. D. 31818, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 563. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
641. Orange and lemon peel, not pre- 563. Orange and lemon peel, not pre- 
served, candied, or dried. served, candied, or dried. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The rind of buth the orange and the lemon 
are the sources of valuable essential oils, used in flavors, liqueurs, 
and perfumery. The peel, in a candied or preserved state, is used 
as a confection by bakers and candy makers. (See par. 221.) 

Production statistics for orange and lemon peel, obtained in Cali- 
fornia and Florida to a small extent, are not available. 

Imports of orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied or dried, 
were valued at $24,372 in 1914 and at $21,425 in 1918. The annual 
imports of the dried and candied peel are approximately the same. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 221.) 


PARAGRAPH 564. 
642. Orchil, or orchil liquid. | 564. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Archil, orchil, or orseille, is a dye ‘derived 
by chemical processing from certain lichens (genus Roccella) growing 
in the Azores, the Canaries, Cape Verde Islands, Cape of Good Hope, 
Madeira, Corsica, Sardinia, Norway, and Sweden. The red or blue 
dye is sold in several forms (1) as an orchil paste; (2) cudbear, 
which is orchil paste dried and ground fine; (8) orchil éxtract; (4) 
or as orchil liquor of several strengths. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 739 


Production.—The weed is digested with ammonia solution and air 
at about 60° F. for several days, yielding first a blue dye, or, if the 
action is continued, a red dye, known as orchil paste. Orchil liquor 
is prepared by extracting the lichen with boiling water, concentrating 
the solution to about 10° Twad., and treating it with air and ammonia, 
Orchil extract is made by extracting orchil paste with water. 

Imports of orchil for 1910-1918 averaged $52,439. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A liquid or semiliquid dyestuff known as orchil, orchil liquid and 
orchil extract, obtained by maceration from lichens fermented in the 
presence of ammonia which on analysis shows traces of sulphur in 
combination with coloring matter, sulphur being used only for the 
purpose of neutralizing the excess of ammonia, comes within this 
paragraph. (G. A. 7607, T. D. 34817, of 1914, and Abstract 37554, of 
1915; see also Abstract 28371, T. D. 32488, of 1912, sustaining the 
importer’s claim that merchandise invoiced as orchil was dutiable 
under paragraph 22 of the act of 1909 as vegetable extract suitable 
for dyeing, rather than under paragraph 56 as a color, and 166 Fed., 
1015, of 1908, -holding orchil extract to be excluded from the provi- 
sion for “ orchil, or orchil liquid,” in paragraph 628 of the act of 
1897, because it is a manufactured article, and dutiable as an un- 
enumerated manufactured article.) 


PARAGRAPH 565. 


ACT OF i909. ACT OF 1913. 
643. Ores of gold, silver, * * * 565. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel, 
or nickel, and nickel matte; sweepings | and nickel matte; ores of the platinum 
of gold and silver. metals; sweepings of gold and Silver. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


GOLD. 


~ 


Production.—The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels 
in 1918 amounted to 3,320,784 fine ounces, valued at $65,646,700. 
The producing States number about 20, and extend throughout the 
country. In 1917 over one-half of the output was from California, 
Colorado, and Alaska. Production has steadily declined since 1915, 
when it was 4,887,602 fine ounces, valued at $101.035,700. Foreign 
production in 1917 was valued at $339,839,500, nearly one-half from 
South Africa; Australasia, Russia (including Siberia), and Canada 
were the other large producers. Foreign output in 1918 was 
$312,278,000. 

Imports of gold and base bullion in 1914 were $11,001,406, and in 
1918 were $14,826,789, coming chiefly from Canada and Mexico. 

Exports of ore and dase bullion amounted to $459,948 in 1914, and 
to $196,437 in 1918. Practically all exports go to Canada. 


SILVER. 


Production.—The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels 
in 1918 amounted to 67,879,206 fine ounces, valued at $1 per ounce. 
The producing States are widely distributed and number about 20; 
chief among these were Montana, Utah, Idaho, and Nevada. The 
production in 1918 was somewhat smaller than in preceding years. 


740 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The total foreign output in 1917 was 92,252,300 fine ounces, £72» 
duced chiefly in Mexico, Canada, and Peru. Foreign production ha 
1918 was 129,584,800 fine ounces. 

Imports of silver in ore and base bullion in 1914 were $11,439, 428, 
and in 1918 were $38,003,975, coming chiefly from Mexico, Canada, and ~ 
Chile. 

Exports of silver in ore and base bullion amounted to $136,721 in 
1944 and to $118,195 in 1918. 


NICKEL AND NICKEL MATTE. 


Description and uses.—Nickel matte is the product of the smelting 
of nickel sulphide ores. (For the uses of nickel, see par. 155.) 

Production.—Nickel ore is not mined in this country, and but little 
nickel matte is produced. Canada is the largest producer, supplying 
more than one-half of the world’s output. New Caledonia also has 
extensive deposits, which formerly dominated the nickel industry, 
but are now second in importance. Almost every country has work- 
able deposits, but none so extensive as Canada and New Caledonia. 

Imports.—The nickel content of ore and matte (consisting almost 
exclusively of matte) in 1914 was 43,532,278 pounds, valued at 
$6,109,547 ; in 1918, 75,095,770 pounds, valued at $9,120,269. Canada 
furnished over 95 per cent. 

Exports.—No nickel ore is exported and the extent to which matte 
is exported is not known. Exports of nickel, nickel oxide, and matte 
in 1914 amounted to 28,895,242 pounds, valued at $9,403,709; in 1918, 

18,818,212 pounds, valued at $7,680,502. 


ORES OF THE PLATINUM METALS, 


Description.—In its native state platinum is invariably associated 
with smali amounts of rhodium, osmium, iridium, palladium, iron, 
copper, or gold. 

Production.—Statistics of production are not available’ because 
ores of platinum in the United States, produced primarily for their 
platinum content, are insignificant in quantity. In this country plati- 
num is produced from placers and from the residue obtained in refin- 
ing gold and silver bullion and copper and nickel mattes. In 1918 
the value of domestic crude platinum produced was estimated at 
$5,452,900. Foreign platinum comes chiefly from Russia and Colombia. 

Imports.—Ores of platinum metals are entered according to plati- 
num content. Most of the imports are received from Russia and Co- 
lombia, in 1914 amounting to 831 ounces troy, valued at $30,341, and 
in 1918 to 1,076 ounces, valued at $63,184. 


SWEEPINGS OF GOLD AND SILVER. 


Description and uses.—Sweepings of gold and silver are chips of 
these metals from engraving, filing, turning, and polishing jewelry, 
and are invoiced as jeweler’s sweeps. Particles of gold find their way 
to the floors of jewelry establishments, and are swept and saved until 
a sufficient quantity is obtained for reduction by assaying. Their 
only use is conversion into metallic gold and silver. 

Import value in 1914 was $175, 043 ; in 1918, $559,423, over 90 per 
cent from Canada, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


741 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sweepings of silver in sawdust come within this provision. 


. Cust. Appls., 62, of 1914.) 


(3, Ot. 


Also silver chlorides, which come off as 


waste in manufacturing processes and which can not be used commer- 


cially except for the reclamation of the silver therein. 


T. D. 36924, of 1917.) 


(Gat Boe, 


Nickel shot, impure metallic nickel, is not 


vithin the provision of this paragraph for nickel matte, but is 


dutiable as an unwrought metal under paragraph 154. 


of 1919.) 


CDT). cots, 


Specific provision might be made for nickel shot. 


PARAGRAPH 566. 


ACT OF 1909. 


644. Paper stock, crude, of every 
deseription, including all grasses, 
fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, 
including jute waste, shavings, clip- 
pings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, 
and waste bagging, and all other waste 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, including old gunny cloth and old 
gunny bags, used chiefly for paper mak- 
ing. 


ACT OF 1918. 


566. Paper stock, crude, of every de- 
seription, including all grasses, fibers, 
rags, waste, including jute, hemp and 
flax waste, shavings, clippings, old 
paper, rope ends, waste rope, and 
waste bagging, and all other waste 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, including old gunny cloth and 
old gunny bags, used chiefly for paper 
making. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


A sheet of paper, of whatever quality, is an artificially felted 
web of vegetable fiber, purified of extraneous matter, so that the re- 
maining fibers are more or less pure cellulose (cellulose being the 
structural base of all plants). Potentially, therefore, any vegetable 
fiber may be used in making paper simply by isolating the celloluse 
in the form of the longest possible fibers; but in fact, choice of raw 
material (paper stock) depends chiefly upon the quality of the paper 
desired and the cheapness with which the cellulose can be extracted. 
Paper stock may be classified according to the grades of paper de- 
signed. Rags are used chiefly for the better grades, such as writing 
and drawing paper. Wood pulp (elsewhere provided for in the tariff) 
is used chiefly for newspaper and other medium grades. Hsparto, 
a vegetable fiber produced in Spain, is also used (especially in Eng- 
land) for newspaper and similar grades. Cereal straws are used, as 
a rule, for grades inferior to newspaper, though sometimes made into 
an inferior, inflexible grade of news print, noticeable for its rattle. 
Waste materials, such as sweepings, clippings, scutching wastes, ends 
of rovings and yarns, flax, hemp, and manila rope waste, and jute 
wastes (including ‘cuttings,’ butts, and old bagging) are in the 
main made into wrapping and other cheap papers. 

The total imports of paper stock covered by paragraph 566 
amounted to 580,167,637 pounds, valued at $8,526,808 in 1914; 113,- 
412,292 pounds, valued at $3,169,398 in 1918. The United Kingdom 
has been the leading source, although important quantities come from 
continental countries, British India, and Canada. 

Paper stock exports are listed as “rags, n. e. s., and other.” In 
1914 the amount was 40,646,323 pounds, valued at $740,294, one-half 
going to Canada, the remainder to Belgium, Germany, the Nether- 
lands, and other countries; in 1918, 32,823,186 pounds, valued at 
$652,782, again one-half to Canada, but with a notable development 
of new markets in the Far East and Central America. 


742 SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 


RAGS. 


Description and uses.—Rags, usually cotton or linen, were once 
the leading paper stock, but their present use, while large and im- — 
portant, is chiefly in making the better grades of paper. Having been 
already reduced to cellulose during textile manufacture, they require 
less treatment than other paper stock. They are usually received 
from rag dealers in roughly sorted bales, and made into paper by 
cleaning (involving mechanical dusting, hand sorting, and redusting), 
boiling in a lime solution, washing (by means of a rotary steam de- 
vice), bleaching, beating into pulpy “ half stuff,’ and sheeting (by 
deposition on wire cloth). “Rag pulp” is provided for in para- 
graph 649. 

Imports of rags in 1914 were 177,131,605 pounds, valued at 
$2,512,944, from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the 
Netherlands; in 1918, 16,879,915 pounds, valued at $419,239, over one- 
half from the United Kingdom. 


WASTE BAGGING, GUNNY CLOTH, GUNNY BAGS. 


Description and uses.—This class of waste includes worn-out or 
partly rotted jute bags and bagging of all kinds, valuable only or 
chiefly for paper stock. Wool tare (the jute covering for bales of 
wool, usually in a dirty, greasy condition when removed) and frag- 
ments of cotton bagging used ordinarily for sacking potatoes, coal, 
etc., are baled and sold to paper manufacturers. 

Imports of this class of waste in 1914 amounted to 108,914,887 
pounds, valued at $1,346,708 ; in 1918, to 32,638,885 pounds, valued at 
$997,489. The sources are not separately stated. (See imports of 
Grasses, fibers, shavings, etc.) 


GRASSES, FIBERS, SHAVINGS, CLIPPINGS, ETC. 


Description and uses.—Cereal straw: The varieties of straw chiefly 
used for paper making are rye, oat, wheat, and barley, the two for- 
mer more extensively because of their greater yield of fiber. The 
straw is cleaned, dusted, boiled in caustic soda under pressure, and 
is then washed and bleached, as are other fibers, and put through 
the renraining processes regularly employed in paper making. It 
is chiefly made into strawboard (the cheapest paper for binding and 
mounting), though to some extent into news-print paper. Germany 
and France are the chief consumers of straw for this purpose, although 
America produces about 200,000 tons annually. Hsparto: The bulk of 
this fiber, chiefly from Spain and exported in bale form, is consumed 
in England, where it is manufactured into print paper. Manufacture 
is similar to that of cereal straw, with special devices to remove its 
many impurities. Flax and hemp wastes comprise material dis- 
carded at various stages of manufacture, such as scutching waste, 
spinner’s waste (ends of roving and yarn unfit to be remanufactured), 
and card waste (low grades of which, especially when short and full 
of shives, i. e., woody fragments), are paper-making stocks. Jute 
waste is similar to flax and hemp waste, without the scutching waste. 
Low-grade jute butts are used for paper making. Shavings aceumu- 
late in cutting paper in the bulk. They are variously classified as 
hard white No. 1, No. 2, ete.; soft white No. 1, No. 2, ete.; colored 
No. 1, No, 2, etc. Old paper comprises various classes of waste paper, 





1438 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


such as flat stock (heavy stitchless, heavy magazine, crumpled, solid 
ledger, etc.), manilas (numerous subclasses), and old newspaper 
(strictly overissue, folded, mixed, etc.). Rope ends and waste rope 
are composed of ends of flax, hemp, and manila rope that accumulate 
during manufacture, also rotted and worn-out fragments of old rope. 
In addition, several classes of twine may be included, such as india 
(several grades), jute wrapping twine, paper-maker’s twine (vari- 
ous grades), sisal hay, and sisal lathe yarn. Other wastes, such as 
Sweepings from cotton mills, also find use as paper stock. 

Imports of these various fibers, grasses, and wastes amounted, in 
1914, to 294,121,145 pounds, valued at $4,667,156; in 1918, to 63,893,492 
pounds, valued at $1,752,670. Imports are not distinguished as to 
sources from imports of waste bagging, gunny cloth, and gunny bags. 
Considered jointly, these imports in 1914 came chiefly from the United 
Kingdom (about one-third), Germany, British India, Belgium, France, 
Canada, and the Netherlands; in 1918, from the United Kingdom, 
Canada, and France. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Congress has divided the materials mentioned in this paragraph 
into two classes (1) those that are used chiefly for paper making, 
and (2) those used chiefly for other purposes. The burden is on 
the importer to prove that the importation comes within the first 
class. The statement that the largest percentage of tonnage of flax 
waste that is imported goes to paper makers, even if true, would 
not justify the admission of flax waste free of duty without proof that 
the particular sample covered by the protest is chiefly used for 
paper making. (G. A. 7450, T. D. 33290, of 1913.) Mill sweepings, 
wool contents being a negligible quantity, come within this paragraph 
as paper stock. (T. D. 33009, of 1912.) Upon the testimony of a 
competent, undiscredited, and uncontradicted witness that half of a 
certain lot of pieces of old bags was of a kind chiefly used in paper 
making, the protest claiming classification as paper stock under this 
paragraph should have been sustained as to 50 per cent. The rest 
was properly classified as waste not specially provided for under 
paragraph 384. Testimony that merchandise could be used for paper 
making does not sustain a protest claiming classification under this 


paragraph as being “ used chiefly for paper making.” 
(See pars. 384 and 408.) 


Appls., —, T. D. 37946, of 1919.) 


(9 Ct. Cust. 


“ PARAGRAPH 567. 


ACT OF i909. 


409. Printing paper. (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan paper 
by whatever name known), unsized, 
sized, or glued, suitable for the print- 
ing of books and newspapers, but not 
for covers or bindings, not specially 
provided for in this section, valued 
at not above 23 cents per pound, 
$; of 1 cent per pound; valued above 
23 cents and not above 23 cents 
per pound, # of 1 cent per pound; 
* * %* Provided, however, That 


ACT OF 1915. 


567. Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paver, 
japan paper, and imitation japan paper 
by whatever name known), unsized, 
sized, or glued, suitable for the print-- 
ing of books and newspapers, but not 
for covers or bindings, not specially 
provided for in this section, valued at 
not above 23 cents per pound, decal- 


comania paper not printed. 


44 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1905—Continued. : ACT OF 1918. 


if any country, dependency, proy- 
ince, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment shall forbid or restrict in any 
way the exportation of (whether by 
law, order, reguiation, contractual re- 
lation, or otherwise, directly or in- 
directly) or impose any export duty, 
export. license fee, or other export 
charge: of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, there shall be imposed 
upon printing paper when imported 
cither directly or indirectly from such 
country, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, an addi- 
tional duty of one-tenth of 1 cent per 
pound when valued at 3 cents per 
pound, or less, and in addition thereto 
the amount of such export duty or 
other export charge imposed by such 
country, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, upon print- 
ing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use 
in the manufacture of wood pulp. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


This paragraph was amended by section 600 of the revenue act of 
September 8, 1916, by increasing the value from 24 cents to 5 cents per 
pound. 

Description and uses.—Printing paper is manufactured from wood 
pulp, both the mechanically ground and the chemically treated, in 
varying proportions. In news print the proportion is approximately 
SO per cent ground wood pulp and 20 per cent sulphite pulp. The 
larger the proportion of sulphite pulp, the greater the strength of the 
paper. Spruce is the basic wood most commonly used. though hem- 
lock, balsam fir, and poplar also make good paper pulp. China clay 
or tale, which acts as a filler to render the paper more opaque, is 
mixed with the pulp; also rosin, which sizes the paper so that the 
printer’s ink will not be absorbed and blur. The sheet is run over 
several steam-heated iron cylinders, which dry the paper thoroughly, 
and finally it is passed through the calendering or polishing machine, 
giving the surface a glossy finish, and then is wound on cores or 
drums ready to send to the press. 

Production in 1914 was 2,099,910 tons, valued at $101,438,995. 

Imports of printing paper in 1914 were 538,688,657 pounds, valued 
at $10,429,564: in 1918, 1,204,227,574 pounds, valued at $34,193,534. 

Exports in 1914 were 117,568,872 pounds, valued at $3,789,853; in 
_ 1918, 310,483,536 pounds, valued at $16,941,939. 

The figures for production and exports are totals. No segregation 
is attempted between the grades that would be dutiable and those that 
would be free. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par, 322. 





OX 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 74, 


PARAGRAPH 568. 
ACT GF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
646, Parchment and vellum, 568. Parchment and vellum. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Parchment, one of the oldest writing ma- 
terials, consists of sheep or goat skin polished by pumice stone. 
Vellum is prepared from the skins of calves, kids, and stillborn lambs 
in the same manner as are skins for leather. Both parchment and 
vellum are chiefly used for religious works and manuscripts. 

Imports of parchment and vellum in 1914 were valued at $54,800; 
in 1918, at $32,685. 

PARAGRAPH 569. 


57. Paris green, and London purple, 069, Paris green and London purple. 
15 per centum ad valorem. 


GHNERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Paris green, a compound containing both 
copper and arsenic, is light green in color, insoluble in water, and very 
peisonous. It is manufactured from salts of copper and arsenic, and 
used principaily as an insecticide, but not as much as formerly, being 
replaced to a great extent by arseniate of lead. It is used also as a 
pigment. London purple is a by-product of the arsenic-acid method 
for the manufacture of fuchsine. It is essentially calcium arsenite 
and arsenate colored by fuchsine, is insoluble in water, and poisonous. 
This method for the manufacture of fuchsine is now little used, hence 
London purple is nearly obsolete. It was used as an insecticide. Cal- 
cium arseniate is so used, but is not called London purple. 

Imports of Paris green and London purple in 1914 were 38,373 
pounds, more than two-thirds from England, the remainder from Ger- 
many. Only 48 pounds were imported in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 570. 


647. Pearl, mother of, and_ shells, 570. Pearl, mother of, and shells, 
not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise | not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or 
manufactured, or advanced in value | otherwise manufactured, or advanced 
from the natural state. in value from the natural state. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Mother-of-pearl is the hard, pearly, internal 
layer of several kinds of shells, especially of pearl oysters, river 
mussels, and abalone shells. These shells are found in the greatest 
perfection on the coasts of Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, and in the 
Australian seas. Shells of the mollusk have been found in the 
Mississippi River and tributary streams, and to a small extent in 
some other American rivers. Mother-of-pearl is used largely in the 
arts, particularly in inlaid work, knife-handles, buttons, and toys. 

Production.—Practically all domestic mother-of-pearl is derived 
from mussel shells in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, in 1914 
amounting to 8,539 tons of shells, valued at $148,960. 

Imports of mother-of-pearl in 1918 were valued at $2,000,592, 
Australia furnishing between 60 and 65 per cent, the remainder 
supplied by various countries, chiefly the Straits Settlements and 


746 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


French Oceania. The smallest import ($830,563) since 1907 was in 
1908, and the largest ($2,233,997) in 1917. 
Exports.—Small quantities are exported to Canada and Europe. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Bird eggshells, from which the meat has been blown, leaving the 
shells intact, are not within this provision, but are dutiable as 
nonenumerated unmanufactured articles under paragraph 385. (Ab- 
stract 41758 of 1918.) 


PARAGRAPH 571. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
648. Personal effects, not merchan- 571. Personal effects, not merchan- 
dise, of citizens of the United States | dise, of citizens of the United States 
dying in foreign countries. dying in foreign countries. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of personal effects, including household furniture, wearing 
apparel, tools of trade, etc., of immigrants, were valued at $5,019,950 
in 1914 and at $3,755,275 in 1918. In 1914 slightly more than half 
these imports came from Canada, the rest largely from England, 
France, and Germany; in 1918 three-fourths came from Canada and 
the rest largely from England, France, Panama, and Mexico. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An American woman who marries a foreigner takes the nationality 
of her husband. Conflict of decisions was settled by the act of March 
2, 1907. (84 Stat., 1228.) An American woman who by marriage 
with a foreigner became a foreign subject, becomes a redintegrated 
American citizen upon the death of her husband and her return to 
and residence in the United States; and the personal effects of such a 
citizen dying in a foreign country are entitled to free entry under this 
paragraph. (G. A. 7113, T. D. 31008, of 1910.) The political status 
of a married woman is that of her husband; therefore a foreign-born 
woman marrying a naturalized American or a foreigner who there- 
after becomes naturalized, becomes herself an American citizen. A 
foreign woman married to an American and residing abroad for more 
than one year after his death loses her American citizenship unless 
she registers before a United States consul in compliance with section 
4 of said act. (G. A. 7381, T. D. 382718, of 1912.) (See par. 642.) 


PARAGRAPH 572. 


649. Pewter and britannia metal, 572. Pewter and britannia metal, 
old, and fit only to be remanufactured. | old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Deseription and uses.—Pewter is an alloy having tin as its prin- 
cipal constituent. Common pewter consists of 4 parts tin and 1 part 
lead. Another variety, plate pewter, consists of 90 parts tin, 7 parts 
antimony, and 2 parts each of bismuth and copper. It was formerly 
much used in the manufacture of plates, teapots, and other domestic 
utensils, but because of the poisonous character of lead, other alloys 
have largely taken its place. Britannia metal is an alloy of tin and 
antimony with a little copper and sometimes zine. The proportion in 








747 


which the metals are admixed varies, but the tin content is usually 
about 90 per cent. It is harder than pewter. The alloy may be cast, 
but is malleable and can be rolled into thin sheets. It has largely 
superseded pewter for many purposes, notably in the manufacture of 
spoons, drinking cups, teapots, and other domestic utensils, its advan- 
tages being greater hardness, beauty, and freedom from poison. With 
the introduction of electroplating processes it has found an increased 
application as a base for plated ware. 

Production.—Sheffield and Birmingham in England, and Connecti- 
eut in the United States, are the principal localities of manufacture 
of britannia metal. The census of 1914 gives no statistics for 
_ britannia metal and pewter as such, but specifies white metal, which 
embraces them, the value being reported as $5,816,000. 

Imports of pewter and britannia metal, old and fit only to be re- 
manufactured, amounted to 16,883 pounds, valued at $9,841 in 1918, 
and to 10,408 pounds, valued at $2,219 in 1914. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH 573. 


ACT OF 1909. 


650. Philosophical and scientific ap- 
paratus, utensils, instruments, and 
preparations, including bottles and 
koxes containing the same, specially 
imported in good faith for the use 
and by order of any society or insti- 
tution incorporated or established 
solely for religious, philosophical, edu- 
cational, scientific, or literary pur- 
poses, or for the encouragement of the 
fine arts, or for the use and by order 
of any college, academy, school, or 
seminary of learning in the United 
States, or any State or public library, 
and not for sale, subject to such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe. 


ACT OF 1918. 
573. Philosophical and scientific ap- 


paratus, utensils, instruments, and 
preparations, including bottles and 
boxes containing the same, specially 


imported in good faith for the use and 
by order of any society or institution 
incorporated or established solely for 
religious, philosophical, educational, 
scientific, or literary purposes, or for 
the encouragement of the fine arts, or 
for the use and by order of any col- 
lege, academy, school, or seminary of 
learning in the United States, or any 
State or public library, and not for 
sale, and articles solely for experi- 
mental purposes, when imported by 
any society or institution of the char- 
acter herein described, subject to such 
regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall prescribe. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term “ scientific insiruments” covers 
a large variety of articles intended for the accurate observation and 
measurement of natural phenomena. Hlectrical measuring instru- | 
ments, weights and balances, thermometers, and optical instruments 
are examples. 

Production in 1914, excluding medical and surgical instruments, 
was reported as valued at $15,000,000. In general those instruments 
which before the war had a sufficiently large market to permit large- 
scale production were produced here successfully ; but certain instru- 
ments of high precision, for which the demand was not large and 
skillful hand labor was necessary, were imported. Germany, with a 
world-wide reputation based upon skilled hand labor trained for 
generations, was the chief producer. During the war, however, for- 
eign competition was removed and domestic production expanded in 
volume and variety. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $704,496; and in 1918, at $60,067. : 
These figures include certain articles in addition to scientific instru- 


748 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ments, such as chemicals, and exclude scientific instruments not ad- 
mitted free, hence can not properly be used in comparison with pro- 
duction and export figures. Of the imports in 1914, 80 per cent came 
from Germany, the balance mainly from England and Franee. In 
1918 about S4 per cent of the imports came from England, Japan, and 
Canada. , 

Exports of instruments for scientific purposes in 1914 were valued 
at $1,760,861, and in 1918, at $4,872,902. Of these in 1914, $206,421 
were for medical and surgical instruments, two-thirds of which went 
to Canada; $865,074 for optical instruments, more than one-half to 
England, the rest mainly to Canada, Germany, Argentina, Australia, 
and Brazil; and $689,366 fell under the head of “all other,” more 
than one-half to Canada, the balance widely distributed. In 1918 ex- 
ports of medical and surgical instruments amounted to $671,250, 
mainly to Canada, England, Italy, and France; optical instruments 
amounted to $1,073,339, largely to England, Russia, Canada, and Ar- 
gentina; and exports of all other instruments for scientific purposes 
amounted to $3,128,318, mainly to Canada, England, l’rance, Russia, 
Chile, Japan, and Spain. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Three rules of construction have competed, each at times success- 
fully, in litigation under this provision in tariff acts: (1) Intrinsic 
character of article; (2) chief uses of article; and (8) intended or 
actual use of the particular importation. The last was held by the 
Sourt of Customs Appeals to be the proper rule. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
52, of 1915.) 

After the word “ solely” was inserted in this provision in the act 
of 1897, hospitals with incidental educational features, such as the 
training of nurses and the instruction of medical students, were held 
not to be institutions of the exempted class. (Leading case: 112 Fed., 
670, of 1901.) But a medical school established solely to provide a 
postgraduate course in medicine and surgery for practicing physicians, 
and having a hospital as an adjunct to the school, was held to be an 
educational institution within this paragraph, and instruments im- 
ported for use therein were admitted free of duty. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 66, of 1915.) (See pars. 838, 84, 98, 94, 184, 167, and 658.) 


PARAGRAPH 574. 
ACT OF 19809. ACT OF 1918. 
651. Vhosphates, crude. : 574. Phosphates, crude. 
GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Crude phosphates are phosphate rozks con- 
sisting principally of phosphate of lime. They occur in rock forma- 
tions of various forms, such as hard rock in beds between layers of 
sandstone, shale, or other sedimentary rocks; as pebbles in stream 
deposits; and as a residuum from the decomposition of phosphatic 
limestone and other rocks containing phosphates. (For apatite, a 
natural form of calcium phosphate occurring in well-defined crystals, 
see par. 401.) Basic slag (par. 499), obtained from the smelting of 
iron ore containing phosphorus, is extensively used as a fertilizer. 
Crude phosphate rock is used principally as a fertilizer. either directly. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 749 


with no further treatment than grinding, or changed to the acid phos- 
phate by treatment with sulphuric acid or by some other means. 

Production.—We produce more crude phosphate than any other 
country, northern Africa (including Tunis, Algeria, and Egypt) rank- 
ing second. Florida produces 75 to 80 per cent of our output. The 
total domestic production for 1910-1914, inclusive, averaged a little 
less than 3,000,000 long tons, but fell off somewhat during the war 
on account of decreasing exports to Europe. The output in 1918 was 
- 2,490,760 long tons, valued at $8,214,463. 

Imports of crude phosphates have been less than 1 per cent of 
production and decreased from 28,551 long tons in 1914 to 6 tons in 
. 1918. 

Exports amounted to 1,477,871 long tons, valued at $10,617.835 in 
1914, but sharply declined to 269,364 long tons, valued at $1,742,697 
‘in 1915, and still further decreased to 157,579 long tons, valued at 
$829,534, in 1918. 

PARAGRAPH 575. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


ir 


59. Phosphorus, 18 cents per pound. 75. Phosphorus. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Phosphorus is one of the nonmetallic ele- 
ments. As calcium phosphate it is an important constituent of bones, 
and its salts are necessary to aH plant growth. It appears in com- 
merece as yellow and red phosphorus. The yellow variety takes fire 
readily in the air and is poisonous, while the red is not nearly so 
inflammable and is nonpoisonous. Yellow phosphorus was formerly 
much used in the manufacture of matches, a use practically discon- 
tinued because of the imposition of internal-revenue taxes which are, 
im effect and in intent, prohibitive. The importation and exportation 
of such matches are also prohibited. (Act of Apr. 9, 1912, ch. 75, 
see. 10, 87 Stat., 81, 83.) Phosphorus sesquisulphide and red phos- 
phorus are both made from yellow phosphorus and are now used in 
matches instead of the yellow. Phosphorus is also used in the manu- 
facture of phosphor bronze, in. rat poison, and in phosphorus com- 
pounds, including phosphoric anhydride and phosphorus trichloride. 

Production in 1914 was approximately 1,315,000 pounds. It is a 
product of the electric furnace, the raw materials being calcium phos- 
phate, sand, and carbon. During the war production in this country, 
as well as in Europe, multiplied four or five times, but since the war- 
time demand has abated, output has declined, leaving idle a large 
productive capacity. 

Imports of phosphorus in 1914 were 605 pounds; in 1917, 4,010 
pounds; in 1918, 88,692 pounds. 


PARAGRAPH 576. 


474. Photographic * * * _ films, 
not otherwise specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem. * * *™® moving-picture films | 
not developed or exposed, 25 per cen- 
tum ad valorem.: * .* * 


e 


576. Photographic and moving-pic- 
ture films, sensitized but not exposed 
or developed. 








This paragraph is discussed in connection with paragraph 380. 


750 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 577. 


ACT OF 1909. 


652. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, 
seed cane, and seeds, imported by the 
Department of Agriculture or the 
United States Botanic Garden. 


ACT OF 1913. 


577. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, 
seed cane, and seeds, imported by the 
Department of Agriculture or the 
United States Botanic Garden. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The materials here included represent 
plants, trees, seeds, etc., brought in by the Government for experiment 
and study, and cover a wide range in plant material. 

Imports of plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds were 
valued at $32,000 in 1914 and $47,648 in 1915, but declined to $1,401 


in 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 578. 


653. Platinum, unmanufactured or 
in ingots, bars, plates, sheets, wire, 
sponge, or scrap, and vases, retorts, 
and other apparatus, vessels, and 
parts thereof, composed of platinum, 
for chemical uses. 


578. Platinum, unmanufactured or 
in ingots, bars, plates, sheets, wire, 
Sponge, or serap, and vases, retorts, 
and other apparatus, vessels, and 
parts thereof, composed of platinum, 
for chemical uses. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The crude mineral called platinum is an 
alloy of platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium, and other metals. It 
is now of great industrial and military importance and is practically 
indispensable in the chemical industry. Some of its important. uses 
are in the contact process of making concentrated sulphuric acid, in 
the delicate parts of the ignition system of internal-combustion en- 
gines, in instruments of precision, in photographie paper, and as set- 
tings for precious stones, 

Production of crude platinum was 450 troy ounces, valued at 
$20,250 in 1914, and 710 troy ounces, valued at $35,490 in 1916. Cali- 
fornia and southwestern Oregon are the principal sources in this 
country. The domestic output in 1914 was less than 1 per cent of 
total net imports of platinum and its manufactures. Known deposits 
do not indicate that the United States will ever produce a substantial 
part of the platinum supply. World production is small and steadily 
declining. In 1914 Russia produced 241,200 troy ounces, or 92.57 per 
cent of the world’s total; Colombia, 17,500 troy ounces, or 6.72 per 
cent; all other countries, 1,848 troy ounces, or 0.71 per cent. In 
1916 Russia supplied but 63,900 troy ounces, or 71.05 per cent; Colom- 
bia, 25,000 troy ounces, or 27.80 per cent; and all other countries, 
1,082 ounces, or 1.15 per cent. The Russian output is decreasing 
because of exhaustion of the mines, 

Imports of unmanufactured platinum were 38,953 troy ounces, 
valued at $1,418,280 in 1914; 47,669 ounces, valued at $4,245,334 in 
1918. Imports of platinum manufactured into ingots, bars, plates, 
Sheet and wire, sponge, or scrap were 54,932 ounces, valued at 
$2,444,951 in 1914; 3,093 ounces, valued at $261,906 in 1918. Imports 
of vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels and parts of, composed 
of platinum, for chemical uses were valued at $82,000 in 1914 and at 
$2,530 in 1918. Total imports of platinum and manufactures of 
platinum, including a small quantity of ore, were valued at $3,982,708 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 751 


in 1914, and at $4,578,812 in 1918. In 1914 the chief sources of our 
unmanufactured platinum, in order, were Germany, Colombia, and the 
United Kingdom; in 1918, Colombia and Russia in Asia. Manu- 
factures of platinum in 1914 came mostly from Germany, France, 
and the United Kingdom; in 1918 from Colombia, France, the United 
Kingdom, and Canada. 

Exports of unmanufactured platinum in 1914 were 273 troy ounces, 
valued at $12,977, practically all to Canada; in 1918, 468 troy ounces, 
valued at $50,697, all to Canada. Exports of manufactures of plati- 
num in 1914 were valued at $71,172, about 75 per cent going to 
Canada, nearly all the rest to Germany; in 1918, valued at $38,557, 
of which $27,189 worth went to Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Platinum in wire” is not the same thing as “ platinum wire.” 
Platinum in wire is a metal in a certain form containing no sub- 
stantial quantity of any other metal. Platinum wire is an article 
which usually contains a substantial quantity of iridium; hence wire 
composed of 80 per cent platinum and 20 per cent iridium is not ex- 
empt as “platinum * * * in wire” notwithstanding its com- 
mercial designation as platinum wire. It is dutiable under the pro- 
vision in paragraph 114 for ‘all other wire” n.s. p. f. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 50, of 1916.) Paragraph 578 comprehends apparatus and 
parts thereof, whether wholly or in chief value of platinum. (G. A. 
7503, T. D. 33814, of 19138.) Whether it embraces 90 per cenit plati- 
num and 10 per cent iridium in a slab 6 inches long, 8 inches wide, 
and one-fourth inch thick, decided in the negative by the Board of 
General Appraisers (G. A. 8198, T. D. 37791, of 1918) awaits decision, 
on appeal, by the Court of Customs Appeals. Platinum caps, a part 
of apparatus for the manufacture of artificial silk fronr wood pulp, 
and used in an acid precipitating bath wherein cellulose filaments are 
chemically changed and hardened, are employed for chemical uses 
within this provision. (G. A. 7407, T. D. 32980, of 1912.) An old 
and damaged platinum dish, constructed for use in the preparation 
of chemicals and classified as an article composed of platinum, was 
held exempt from duty under this paragraph as scrap platinum. (Ab- 
stract 36738, T. D. 34865, of 1914.) 

All importations of platinum are analyzed to determine the pres- 
ence of other metals, which, if constituting more than 2 per cent, 
takes the article out of this paragraph. One gram, costing ap- 
proximately $4, is used for the analysis. Serap platinum presents 
greater difficulties than plates, sheets, or other forms enumerated in 
the paragraph. A recent importation, valued at £22 an ounce, con- 
sisted of pieces of plate, ring, wire, pyro point, dental plate, jewelry 
setting, rod, screw, automobile ignition point, bolts, contact point, 
tooth pins, chain, and chemical spoon. <A sample of each of the 
different things is necessary for the analysis of such shipments to 
determine classification. (See par. 517.) 


PARAGRAPH 579. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


654. Plumbago. 579. Plumbago. 


152 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—rlumbago, or graphite, is a soft, black 
variety of carbon. It occurs in nature in two forms, crystalline and 
amorphous, and is also produced artificially in the electric furnace 
from coal or other carbonaceous material. Graphite is used in the 
manufacture of crucibles, as a lubricant, in paints, foundry facings, 
shoe polish, stove polish, dry batteries, electrodes, and boiler com- 
pounds, and for other purposes. For the making of good crucibles, 
its chief use, crystalline graphite, with flakes large enough to add 
to the binding power of clay, is essential. 

Production.—Ceylon is the principal source of high-grade crucible 
graphite. Madagascar produces, in large quantity, a somewhat lower 
grade of crystalline graphite, suitable for making crucibles, and 
may become the world’s most important producer. Before the World 
War Austria was the leading producer of amorphous graphite. Pro- 
duction of natural graphite in the United States previous to 1914 
was under 5,000 tons annually. Stimulated by war prices, the out- 
put rose to 8,088 tons in 1916, and to 13,598 tons, valued at $1,-. 
167,879 in 1917. American graphite deposits, although ample in 
quantity, are of low grade and the product generally has not been 
found to be as satisfactory for crucible making as the Ceylon variety. 
Recently, however, producers assert that both a Montana and Ala- 
bama graphite have been accepted as equal to the Ceylon material. 
The artificial graphite industry in the United States is well organized; 
there are no importations. The output amounts to about 5,000 tons 
anuually. 

Imports of plumbago in 1917 amounted to 42,270 tons, valued at 
$9,678,160, and in 1918 to 25,440 tons, valued at $6,018,662. Normally 
imports greatly exceed production, having averaged about 21,000 tons 
during 1910-19138. 

Exports.—Some graphite is normally exported, the quantity in 
1918 having been 2,456 tons, valued at $331,869, and in 1914, 2,688 
tons, valued at $887,075. 


PARAGRAPH 580. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1933. 


655. Potash, crude, or “black 580. Potash: crude, or “black 
salts’; carbonate of potash, crude or | Salts; ” carbonate of; cyanide of; 
refined; hydrate of, or caustic pot- | Sulphate of; hydrate of, when not 
ash, not including refined in sticks | containing more than 15 per centum 
or rolls; nitrate of potash or salt- | of caustic soda; nitrate of, or salt- 
peter, crude; sulphate of potash, | peter, crude; and muriate of, 
crude or refined, and muriate of 
potash. 


G1. Caustic potash, or hydrate of, 
refined, in sticks or rolls, 1 cent per 
DOU te: CRS ue ems 


64. * * * cyanide of potassium, 
3123 per centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


CARBONATE OF POTASH. 


Description and uses.—‘ Black salts” is the name applied to crude 
potassium carbonate obtained from wood ashes. It usually contains 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 758 


considerable: caustic potash; carbon and other impurities give it a 
dark color. It was formerly obtained from wood ashes, but little now 
comes from this source except from the immense forests in Russia. 
Much is manufactured from the Stassfurt salts and some from the 
distillery waste of molasses in beet-sugar manufacture. It is used 
in soft soaps, Bohemian and flint glass, and in dyeing and wool 
washing. 

Production.—A small quantity of carbonate of potash was produced 
here during the war .chiefly from wood ashes—1,035 tons of. crude 
material in 1917 and G09 tons in 1918, 

Imports of carbonate of potash formerly averaged about 20,000,000 
pounds, chiefly from Germany, falling to a minimum of about 2,000,000 
pounds in 1916. In 1918 the imports were 14,468,211 pounds, over 90 
per cent from Russia. 


CYANIDE OF POTASH. 


Description and uses.—Potassium cyanide is a white erystalline 
solid, readily soluble in water, and extremely poisonous. Sodium 
cyanide, much cheaper and having a higher percentage of cyanide, has 
practically replaced potassium cyanide, which is made either by fusing 
potassium ferrocyanide with potassium carbonate and carbon, or by 
fusing cyanamide with potassium chloride and carbon. Its principal 
use is for the extraction of gold and silver from their ores; also for 
fumigating (e. g., citrus fruits), as a solvent for electroplating baths, 
and as a flux in assaying and metallurgy. | 

Production.—Separate figures are not available, but before the 
war the domestic output did not supply the demand. While imports 
were cut off, the demand was supplied by the production of sodium 
eyanide instead of potassium cyanide. 

Imports prior to 1918 averaged more than 2,000,000 pounds (over 
90 per cent coming from Germany), declining to a minimum of about 
44,000 pounds in 1916. In 1917 the imports were mostly from Japan. 
In 1918 imports were 144,225 pounds, mostly from Spain. 


SULPHATE OF POTASH. 


Description and uses.—Potassium sulphate (pure) forms erystals 
which are soluble in water and have a bitter taste. It is used prin- 
cipally in the crude form as a fertilizer; .lso in making potassium 
earbonate by the Leblane process, in potash alum, and by glassworks. 
It is manufactured largely from crude German potash salts; also by 
heating potassium chloride with sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid 
being produced at the same time. | 

Production of sulphate of potash was 6,672 tons of the crude salt 
in 1918. 

Imports.—Formerly the supply came from Germany. Imports in 
1914 were 45,139 tons, declining to 661 tons in 1917, mostly from 
Japan, and 186 tons in 1918. 


F HYDRATE OF POTASH.. 

Description and uses.—This substance is also known as caustic 
potash. It readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air 
and is very easily soluble in water, giving a strongly caustic solution. 

184911°—20-——-48 


754. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The usual method of manufacture is by the electrolysis of a solution 
of potassium chloride, chlorine being a by-product. It is used in soft 
soaps, in the preparation of oxalic acid, in some dyes, in preparing 
caustic lyes, and as a chemical reagent. Owing to the great advance 
in price of potash salts, it has been replaced wherever possible by 
sodium hydroxide. 

Production.—Data are not available, but previous to the war 
nearly all used was imported. 

Imports, which in 1913 amounted to 8,896,805 pounds, declined to 
68,095 pounds in 1917 and to 11,7382 pounds in 1918. 


NITRATE OF POTASH, CRUDE, 


Description and uses.—Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, is the 
potassium salt of nitric acid. It is a white crystalline substance, 
easily soluble in water, formerly obtained almost entirely from nat- 
ural nitrate beds in India, but now produced largely from the double 
decomposition of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride. Its chief 
uses are for making gunpowder, other explosives, and fireworks; in 
matches; for curing meats; and aS a reagent in assaying. Refined 
potassium nitrate is dutiable under paragraph 64. 

Production.—We have no deposits of potassium nitrate, az in 
1914 produced from imported materials 29,480,000 pounds, valued at 
$1,244,051. 

Imports of crude potassium nitrate were 3,546,580 pounds, valued 
at $115,344 in 1914, 677,785 pounds in 1915, and 10,171,654 pounds in 
1917. Before the war imports were from Germany and British India. 
In 1916 and 1917 the largest came from the United sac and 
South America. 


MURIATE OF POTASH (POTASSIUM CHLORIDE). 


Description and uses.—Potassium chloride is known commercially 
as muriate of potash. When pure it is a white crystalline solid 
readily soluble in water. It occurs as sylvite (or sylvine) and also 
as carnalite, a mixed chloride of potassium and magnesium, in the 
Stassfurt and other salt deposits of Europe. lLatfge quantities are 
made from Stassfurt carnalite, and it is also obtained from kelp and 
the liquors left from the manufacture of salt from sea water. The 
chief use of the crude substance is as a fertilizer. It is also a crude 
material in the preparation of caustic potash and potassium chlorate 
by the electrolytic process. ; 

Production.—Some potassium chloride has been produced here 
since the war. In 1918, 30,127 tons of the crude salt were produced, 
and in addition 6,559 tons of low-grade potassium chloride. 

Imports in 1914 were 234,855 tons, valued at $7,925,781, decreasing 
to 606 tons in 1917 and to 596 tons in 1918. Previous to 1916 imports 
were almost entirely from Germany, in 1917 mostly from Japan and 


Scotland. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An article containing 22 per cent of cyanide of potassium, 57 per 
cent of cyanide of sodium, and 21 per cent of other substances, was 
held on the testimony to be commercial cyanide of potassium within 
the meaning of paragraph 64 of the act of 1909. (G. A. 7571, T. D. 
34495, of 1914.) But a substance composed of 10 per cent cyanide of 
potash and the balance cyanide of soda, classified as a chemical com- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 755 


pound under paragraph 38 of the act of 1909, was held not to be 
dutiable as cyanide of potassium under paragraph 64. (Abstract 
36046, T. D. 34609, of 1914.) (See pars. 64, 67, and 605.) 


PARAGRAPH 581. 


ACT OF 1909. ACY OF 1913. 


265. Potatoes, 25 cents per bushel 


581. Potatoes, and potatoes dried, 
of sixty pounds. 


desiccated, or otherwise prepared, not 
specially provided for in this section: 
Provided, That any of the foregoing 
specified articles shall be subject to a 
duty of 10 per centum ad valorem 
when imported directly or indirectly 
from a country, dependency, or other 
subdivision of government which im- 
poses a duty on such articles imported 
from the United States. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
WHITE OR IRISH POTATOES. 


Description and uses.—Potatoes are grown in the United States 
chiefly for food, which to a limited extent is in the form of flour or 
dried potatoes. Potatoes are used extensively in Nuropean industries, 
principally in making starch, dextrin, alcohol, glucose, and lactic 
acid; corn, which is usually cheaper, is substituted for these purposes 
in this country, about 3,000,000 bushels being consumed annually in 
starch factories alone. Large quantities of “ cull’, potatoes are fed 
to swine and other animals on American farms. 

Production and prices fluctuate greatly. YThe crops of 1916, 1917, 
and 1918 amounted to 287,000,000, 442,000,000, and 400,000,000 bushels, 
respectively. Though widely cultivated, the bulk of the commercial 
erop is concentrated in Aroostook County, Me., western New York, 
western Michigan, ‘Minnesota, Colorado, Idaho, and central California. 
Each of the’ potato crops—the “ early,” the “‘ seed,” and the “ late ”— 
enter into a distinct market. Karly potatoes are grown principally in 
the South and move northward, seed and late varieties move south- 
ward and eastward. Hurope produces about 90 per cent of the world’s 
harvest, its physical and economic conditions being better suited to 
this crop. 

Imports from the principal producing countries have been barred 
by quarantines since October, 1912, only Canada and the Bermudas 
shipping without restriction. Shipments from the Bermudas are 
from 150,000 to 200,000 bushels annually; from Canuda, from about 
200,000 to nearly 3,000,000 bushels since 1914. 

Exports for 1910-1918 were between 1,000,000 and 4,000,000 bushels, 
chiefiy to Cuba and Canada. 


SWEET POTATOES AND YAMS. 


Description and. uses.—Besides its familiar table use the sweet 
potato is used for canning and for pies, and to a smali extent is 
ground into flour, dried or desiccated, and converted to starch, de- 
natured alcohol, or commercial stock feed. It is also fed to live 
stock and the vines when cured make a medium grade of hay. The 
term “yam” is frequently applied to a large and somewhat sticky 


756 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


variety of sweet potato, but the true yam is a tropical product that 
is not grown within continental United States to any large extent. ~ 
Production of the great bulk of the crop is in the region east of 
the Mississippi River and south of the Ohio. The harvest of 1918 
amounted to 86,000,000 bushels. 
Imports in unimportant quantities once came from the West Indies, 
but all imports have been stopped by quarantine since January, 1918. 


POTATOES, DRIED, DESICCATED OR OTHERWISE PREPARED. 


Description and uses.—This clause covers potato flour as well as 
dried potatoes. The fresh potato is from 75 to 80 per cent water. 
Potato flour consists of the whole potato except the water and peel, 
washed, cooked and dried, ground and bolted. It is used chiefly for 
Inixing with bread flours, also for soups and other food products. 
Dried or dehydrated potatoes in the form of chips, flakes, or “ rice,” 
contain all the potato except the water and peel, and are used almost 
entirely for food. 

Production.—Our manufacture of potato flour began about 1917, 
and in 1918 (five factories) the production was about 2,500,000 pounds. 
Sixteen plants were producing dried or dehydrated potatoes in 1918, 
chiefly for Army use, with an output of about 7,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of both the flour and dried potatoes amounted to about 
550,000 pounds, valued at $17,000 in 1914, and to about 448,000 pounds 
in 1918. Normally these imports came chiefly from Germany and the 
Netherlands. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sweet potatoes come within this provision as “ potatoes.” (Abstract 
29664, T. D. 32801, of 1912; T. D. 18472, of 1897.) They are not 
“yams.” (Abstract T9T7, T. D. 26694, of 1905.) Nor is the legu- 
minous plant of the genus Pueraria, grown in China, a yam. (1 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 14, of 1910.) The provision includes potato meal or 
flour (kartoffelwalzmehl) used chiefly in bread making.” (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 154, of 1915.) Potatoes from Sweden were held dutiable under 
the proviso to this paragraph, although the Swedish law levies a tax 
on potatoes during only a part of the year and the importation was 
made during a month when no tax was imposed in Sweden. (G. A. 
7731, T. D. 85461, of 1915.) Potatoes dried, desiccated, or otherwise 
prepared are dutiable under the proviso of this paragraph when im- 
ported directly or indirectly from a country imposing a duty on like 
articles from the United States (T. D. 33941, of 1913), while in the 
-proviso to paragraph 644, the wheat paragraph, if a country imposes 
a duty on either wheat, wheat flour, or semolina, that is any one of 
them, when imported from the United States, all the articles pro- 
vided for in the paragraph are dutiable when imported from that 
country (T. D. 88940, of 1913). (See par. 234.) 


PARAGRAPH 582. 
ACT OF 1909. | ACT OF 1913. 


656. Professional books, implements, 582, Professional books, implements, 
instruments, and tools of trade, occu- | instruments, and tools of trade, occu- 
pation, or employment, in the actual | pation, or employment in the actual 
possession at the time of arrival, of | possession of persons emigrating to 
persons emigrating to the United | the United States owned and used by 


SUMMARY’ OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


States; but tnis exemption shall not 
be construed to include machinery or 
other articles imported for use in any 
manufacturing establishment, or for 
any other person or persons, or for 
sale, nor shall it be construed to in- 
clude theatrical scenery, properties, 
and apparel; but such articles brought 
by proprietors or managers of theatri- 
cal exhibitons arriving from abroad, 
for temporary use by them in such ex- 
hibitions, and not for any other per- 
son, and not for sale, and which have 
been used by them abroad, shall be 
admitted free of duty under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury may prescribe; but bonds shall 
be given for the payment to the United 
States of such duties as may be im- 
posed by law upon any and all such 
articles as shall not be exported within 
six months after such importation: 
Provided, That the Secretary of the 
Yreasury may, in his discretion, ex- 
tend such period for a further term 
of six months in case application shall 
be made therefor. 


157 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


them abroad; but this exemption shall 
not be construed to include machinery 
or other articles imported for use in 
any manufacturing establishment, or 
for any other person or persons, or 
for sale, nor shall it be construed to 
include theatrical scenery, properties, 


. and apparel; but such articles brought 


by proprietors or managers of theatri- 
cal exhibitions arriving from abroad, 
for temporary use by them in such ex- 
hibitions, and not for any other per- 
son, and not for sale, and which have 
been used by them abroad, shall be 
admitted free of duty under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury may prescribe; but bonds shall 
be given for the payment to the United 
States of such duties as may be im- 
posed by law upon any and all such 
articles as shall not be exported 
within six months after such im- 
portation: Provided, That the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may, in his dis- 
eretion, extend such period for a fur- 
ther term of six months in case appli- 
cation shall be made therefor. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A citizen of the United States after residence in another country 
is not, upon returning, a person “emigrating to the United States.” 
By changing the language of this paragraph from “ persons arriving ” 
in earlier laws to “persons emigrating” in later ones, Congress evi- 
dently intended to narrow the class of persons who might come under 
it. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 503, of 1916.) The Secretary of the Treasury 
has no power to allow exportation of theatrical effects under bond 
after one year, without payment of duty (Op. Solicitor of the Treas- 
ury, T. D. 33989, of 1913). Moving-picture films are not entitled to 
free entry as theatrical properties, under this paragraph. (T. D. 
32398, of 1912.) Drawings executed by an architect and used in his 
business as such are “implements” or “tools of trade” as these 
terms are used in this paragraph. (G. A. 4783, T. D, 22558, of 1900.) 
The word “immigrating” was declared by the Board of General 
Appraisers to be intended in using the word “emigrating” in this 
provision. (G. A. 6029, T. D. 26337, of 1905.) An animal trainer 
who imports performing bears for exhibition in this country but who 
comes for only a temporary residence, is not an emigrant for the 
purpose of this provision. (G. A. 5649, T. D. 25215, of 1904.) 

Validity of the bond given for theatrical effects does not require 
that the importers shall accompany the effects or be an immigrant, 
nor have a condition that the importer shall deliver the effects to the 
collector and export them rather than a condition that he wiil pay 
duties. (251 Fed., 823, of 1918.) 


PARAGRAPH 583. 


657 Pulu. | 583. Pulu, 


758 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Pulu, or vegetable silk, is the soft, elastic, 
hairlike, yellowish brown scale found on the upper part of the stem 
and at the base of the leaves (frond stalks) of a certain Hawaiian 
tree fern. It is used for stuffing mattresses, cushions, ete. The 
supply is nearly exhausted. 

Imports.—No imports are specified either in 1914 or 1918. 


PARAGRAPH 584. 
ACT OF 1969. ACT OF 1913. 


658. Quinia, sulphate of, and all 584, Quinia, sulphate of, and all 
alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Quinine or quinia, the principal alkaloid 
of cinchona bark, is one of the most important medicinal articles. 
Quinine sulphate (sulphate of quinia) is the most widely used among 
some 50 salts of quinine. Other alkaloids in the bark are quinidine, 
cinchona, and cinchonidine. Recent extensive use in certain proprie- 
tary preparations has increased their importance.:- 

Production.—Quinine is prepared from cinchona bark in Java, 
India, the principal European countries, and America. Java, the chief 
source, is a Dutch dependency, and exportation of cinchona bark is 
restricted to Holland. The processes of manufacture are varied, 
but generally the alkaloids are liberated by treating the ground bark 
with soda or lime and subsequently extracting with a suitable solvent. 
The details of the processes are guarded ag trade secrets. Only two 
domestic firms manufacture quinine on a commercial scale, and sta- 
tistics are not available. The totai alkaloids in cinchona bark run 
from about 5 per cent to occasionally 7 per cent. The 10-year average 
import (3,444,008 pounds) would, therefore, be equivalent to about 
2,750,000 ounces of alkaloids, of which 2,000,000 ounces may be reck- 
oned as quinine. These figures may be somewhat in excess of the 
actual amount, for considerable quantities of cinchona bark are used 
for other purposes. 

Imports of quinine for 1909-1918 averaged 1,855,193 ounces valued 
at $451,469, while imports of cinchonidine averaged 146,617 ounces, 
valued at $20,239. All other alkaloids and salts averaged 375,533 
ounces, valued at $80,890. a 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The Circuit Court of Appeals, Seeond Circuit, declared that “ all 
the experts agree that there is no such thing” as “ salts of cinchona 
bark,” and that the provision means that “quinine (sulphate of 
quinia) and the other derivatives from cinchona bark which preserved 
the controlling or essential medicinal element of the bark should be 
admitted free of duty.” Huquinine, described as “a preparation more 
or less directly from cinchona bark for use in medicine,” and having 
substantially the same qualities as sulphate of quinia and other 
preparations from the same source, was held to come within the 
provision. (168 Fed. 244, of 1909.) Quinine glycerophosphate is 
free of duty under the provision for “all * * *  galts of cinchona 
bark” in this paragraph, as being more specific than “ glycerophos- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. - 759 


phorie acid and salts and compounds thereof” in paragraph 18. A 
salt of cinchona bark is a chemical impossibility and the provision 
therefor if literally construed being meaningless, the phrase “ salts of 
cinchona bark” was interpreted to mean a salt which can be found in 
and may be extracted from cinchona bark. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 137, 
of 1917.) 

This paragraph might be combined with paragraph 410 and be 
extended to include all alkaloids and saits of alkaloids derived from 
the barks mentioned in the two paragraphs. 


PARAGRAPH 585. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


659. Radium, 585. Radium and salts of, radioac- 
tive substitutes, selenium and salts of. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


RADIUM. 


Description and uses.—Radium is a minute metallic element 
formed by the disintegration of uranium, and is therefore always 
present in uranium ores, the source of radium. The largest known | 
deposits of uranium ore are in the United States. Radium is never 
used as a metal, but always in the form of its compounds. The 
principal uses are in luminous paints, and for therapeutic purposes, 
especially the treatment of cancer. As the ratio of radium to uran- 
ium in any ore is only about 1 to 3,000,000, and as most uranium ores 
are low grade, the amount of radium that can be obtained from 1 
ton of ore is extremely small, Uranium ore in sufficient quantity 
to be of commercial value occurs only in a few localities. 

Production.—The United States produces more radium than all 
other countries combined. Data for separate years are difficult to 
obtain; but domestic production in 1918 was between 21 and 22 grams 
in the form of salts of high purity. This was much the greatest 
production for any single year. 

Imports were largest in 1914, valued at $59,816, nearly 90 per cent 
from Germany. No imports are shown for 1918. 


RADIOACTIVE SUBSTITUTES. 


Description and uses.—The only known substitute for radium is 
mesothorium, obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium 
nitrate. It can be very satisfactorily substituted for radium in 
luminous paints and to a limited extent therapeutically. 

Production is quite small, but at least two cémpanies have begun 
its preparation as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium ni- 
trate for gas mantles. Data are as yet not available, but the produc- 
tion of mesothorium never can be very great. 


SELENIUM AND SALTS OF SELENIUM. 


Description and uses.—Selenium is an element with properties 
similar to sulphur and usually occurs in copper ores; production, 
therefore, is as a by-product of the electrolytic refining of copper. 
It appears on the market as a black or red amorphous powder, and 
during 1918 sold for $2.75 to $3.75 per pound. Its chief use is as a 


760 - SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


decolorizer for glass and also, as a substitute for manganese com- 
pounds, in the manufacture of ruby glass. The salts of selenium 
are the two acids, Selenious and selenic; the chloride, a and 
fluoride. None, however, is of commercial importance. 

Production of selenium by the four producing companies in 1918 
was 103,700 pounds, valued at about $200,000, as against 39,630 pounds, 
valued at $70,000, in 1917. If the market conditions warranted the 
domestic production could be greatly increased. 

Imports of selenium and its salts in 1914 were valued at $372, 97 
per cent from Germany. ‘The value was $59 in 1915, $302 in 1916, 
and $2,236 in 1917. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Radiogen-Trinkwasser in.24-pound packages or less is exempt from 
duty under this paragraph. The first clause of paragraph 17 re- 
lating to chemical and other compounds put up in individual pack- 
ages of 23 pounds or less, has no application to articles on the free . 
list. (G. A. 7623, T. D. 34868, of 1914.) Radiogen-Trinkwasser in 
capsules and ampoules is dutiable under the second clause of para- 
graph 17. (Abstract 37895, of 1915.) An apparatus for producing 
emanations of radium, claimed free of duty as radium, and the usual 
containers thereof, was held properly classified as an unenumerated 
article manufactured in whole or in part. (Abstract 37051, T. D. 35000, 
of 1914.) (See par. 17.) 


PARAGRAPH 586. 


ACT OF 1999. ACT OF 1918. 
660. Rags, not otherwise specially 586. Rags, not otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, provided for in this section. 


374. Woolen rags, * * * 10 
cents per pound, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Rags are specifically provided for only in 
paragraph 566, in re paper stock. Within the meaning of the present 
paragraph come silk, linen, and woolen rags, and perhaps cotton rags 
for rug making; but woolen rags used in making recovered wool fiber, 
commonly called shoddy or mungo, are the most important. 

Production.—Exact figures of woolen rags collected each year for 
use in woolen manufacture are not available, but an estimate for 1914 
totals 142,391,312 pounds, valued at $8,653,670. 

Imports of woolen rags and flocks for 1910-1913 averaged 200,128 
pounds, valued at $54,770. In 1914 they were 3,911,708 pounds, valued 
at $378,006 ; in 1918, 1,121,147 pounds, valued at $222,529. Imports of 
rags n. s. p. f. in 1914 totaled 1,405,196 pounds, valued at $18,722; in 
1918, 1,160,244 pounds, valued at $30,272. Fu 

Exports of woolen rags in 1914 were 26,852,042 pounds, valued at 
$973,653 ; in 1918, 8,532,243 pounds, valued at 1,012,350. The explana- 
tion of the cross-movement of the trade appears to be that lower 
grades of rags are exported, while the imports are of higher quality. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Otherwise”? might be omitted to agree with the usual form of 
expression, ‘not specially provided for in this section.” 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 761 


PARAGRAPH 587. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918.) 


126. Railway bars, made of iron or 587. Railway bars, made of iron or 
steel, and railway bars made in part | steel, and railway bars made in part 
of steel, T rails and punched iron or | of steel, T rails, and punched iron 


steel flat rails, 4 of 1 cent per pound; | or steel flat rails. 
cd * 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—fails for steam and electric railways are 
heavy or light, the former 50 pounds or more per lineal yard, and the 
latter less than 50 pounds. Rails with a weight of 85 to 125 pounds 
are standard for the leading railroads; light rails go mostly into 
mining, lumbering, and other industrial operations. Practically all 
rails are now made of steel. The raw material of heavy rails is the 
steel ingot (par. 618); and of light rails, largely old heavy rails. 
- Old heavy rails constitute the raw material for splice bars. Most 
rails, light and heavy, are T rails. About 3 to 5 per cent of the pro- 
duction of the rail mills of the United States consists of girder and 
high T rails for electric and street railways. 

Production of rails in 19183 amounted to 3,502,780 gross tons, and 
in 1918 to 2,540,892 gross tons, nearly 90 per cent heavy rails. For- 
merly Germany manufactured over 1,000,000 tons of rails per year, 
and Great Britain between 800,000 and 1,000,000 tons, France, Bel- 
gium, Russia, and Canada following. | 

Imports of bars or rails for railways in 1918 amounted to 8,385 
tons, valued at $298,851, of which 85 tons, valued at $1,400, were iron. 
The bulk came from Canada, over three-fourths through the customs 
district of Michigan. 

Exports of steel rails in 1918 amounted to 430,347 tons, valued at 
$22,817,400, going principally to France, Japan, Cuba, and Canada. 
In 1914 exports were 338,613 tons, over one-third to Canada. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 108.) 


PARAGRAPH 588. 
662. Rennets, raw or prepared, f 588. Rennets, raw or prepared. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The rennet extracts of commerce are 
preparations from the stomachs of unweaned calves (also of various 
other animals, and from some plants). Such extracts contain rennet 
in dilute and impure form. The chemical ferment contained in rennet 
is prepared in more concentrated state in the form of tablets or 
powders. Rennet is valuable because of its property of curdling 
milk, which makes possible the manufacture of many kinds of cheese. 

Imports of rennet, raw and. prepared, in 1918 were valued at 
$62,173, one-half from Denmark, the rest from Sweden, Canada, and 
Spain. There was a considerable decrease during the war, the 
average value for 1911-1915 being $114,809. Before the war Denmark 
was first and Germany second as exporters to this country. 


PARAGRAPH 589. 


241. Rye, 10 cents per bushel; rye 589, Rye and rye flour, 
fiour, 4 of 1 cent per pound, 


762 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
RYE. 


Description and uses.—Rye is a cereal grain of relative unim- 
portance in the United States compared with wheat, corn, or oats. 
The grain is used both for human food and for stock feed; the plant 
for soiling, occasionally as hay, aS a cover crop, and for green ma- 
nure; the straw as bedding for horses, in packing fruit trees, pottery, 
etc., in making straw articles, and in paper. Rye is often mixed with 
wheat, bran, or oats as a horse feed, and with dairy by-preducts as a 
satisfactory feed for hogs. ; 

Production.—About 96 per cent of the world’s rye crop has been 
produced and consumed in Europe; in the north, it is the principal 
cereal. In nutritive value it ranks next to wheat, explaining its 
culture in north latitudes, ill suited for wheat. In 1908, 1,948,000 
acres, yielding 31,851,000 bushels, valued at $23,455,000, were under 
cultivation here; this increased to 6,185,000 acres, yielding 89,108,000 - 
bushels, valued at $134,947,000, in 1918. 

Imports of rye (grain) rose from: 45 bushels in 1913 to 36,156 in 
1914 and to 809,451 in 1918, valued at $61, $23,223 and $1,747,062, 
respectively. The imports in 1916 were 563,059 bushels. 

Exports increased from 2,222,934 bushels in 1914 to 11,990,123 
bushels in 1918, valued at $1,555,012 and $23,902,840, respectively. 
The United Kingdom, Italy, and Norway were the principal importers 
of rye grown in the United States. 


RYE FLOUR. 


Description and uses.—Rye constitutes the chief bread grain of 
over one-third of the inhabitants of Europe, its use here being vir- 
tually confined to people of European origin. About one-third of the 
domestic rye is made into flour. 2 

Production increased from 1,532,189 barrels in 1909 to 1,937,385 
barrels in 1914, valued at $6,383,538 and $7,845,213, respectively. 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ilinois milled 
about 85 per cent of the output. 

Imports of rye flour increased from 117 barrels in 1914 to 4,153 
barrels in 1918, valued at $657 and $51,461, respectively. 

Exports increased from 8,298 barrels in 1914 to 866,049 barrels in 
1918, valued at $31,119 and $9,298,496, respectively. Norway took 32 
per cent, the United Kingdom 19 per cent, Italy 15 per cent, and 
France 13 per cent. 

PARAGRAPH 590. 


664. Sago, crude, and sago flour. | 590. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Sago is a dry, granulated food starch, 
produced principally in the Kast Indies, used as food by the natives, 
and in Kurope and America for thickening soups and making pud- 
dings. It is made by first grating and then kneading over a strainer 
the pithy trunk of the sago and a few other varieties of the palm tree. 
If sago dough or paste is worked through sieves and allowed to fall 
on hot plates, pearl sago is formed. The uses of sago are similar to 
those ef arrowroot, tapioca, and cornstarch. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 763 


Imports of sago and sago flowr in 1914 were 9,970,717 pounds, 
valued at $160,924; in 1918, 22,179,761 pounds, valued at $754,261; 
mostly from the Straits Settlements and the Dutch Hast Indies. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 234.) 


PARAGRAPH 591. 
ACT OF 1909. | ACT OF 1913. 


665. Salicin. 591. Salicin. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Salicin, a chemical salt prepared from wil- 
low bark, is used in medicine as an antiseptic and antiferment. 

Production.—Salicin was chiefly manufactured in England, prior 
to the war, from willow bark derived as a by-product of the Belgian 
asket industry. It has been experimentally produced here, but 
American willow barks do not contain enough salicin to make pro- 
duction commercially profitable. 

Imports.—Prior to the war an average annual import of 4,000 
pounds of salicin, valued at about $14,000, was reported. Under war 
conditions imports practically ceased. 





PARAGRAPH 592. 
666. Salep, or salop. | 592. Salep, or salop. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Salep is a crude drug from roots of orchis 
plants and_used as a food and mucilaginous addition to medicinals. 

Production.—Salep is extensively grown in Turkey and Asia, 
where it is an important article of diet. 

Imports.—For the years 1912-1915 the total imports of salep or 
salop were valued at $3,035. No imports reported since 1915, 


PARAGRAPH 598. 


295. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, ' 593. Salt, 
or other packages, 11 cents per one 
hundred pounds; in buik, 7 cents per 
one hundred pounds: Provided, That 
imported salt in bond may be used in 
curing fish taken by vessels licensed 
to engage in the fisheries and in cur- 
ing fish on the shores of the navigable 
waters of the United States under 
such regulations as the Secretary of 
.the Treasury shall prescribe; and 
upon proof that the salt has been 
used for either of the purposes stated 
in this proviso, the duties on the same 
shall be remitted: Provided further, 
That exporters of meats, whether 
packed or smoked, which have been 
cured in the United States with im- 
ported salt, shall, upon satisfactory 
proof, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall, pre- 
scribe, that such meats have been 
cured with imported salt, have re- 
funded to them from the Treasury the 
duties paid on the salt so used in 
curing such exported meats, in 
amounts not less than $100, 


764 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Salt, or sodium chloride, is one of the most 
common minerals: Besides its well known uses, it is employed in the 
manufacture of chemicals, such as sodium bicarbonate, soda ash, 
caustic soda, and chlorine, and in the dye industry for diluting dyes. 

Production of salt has shown a _ steady increase from about 
3,000,000 tons in 1900 to about 6,000,000 tons in 1916; since 1914 it 
supplied over 99 per cent of domestic consumption. Michigan and 
New York produced over one-half of the output, with Ohio and 
Kansas also contributing largely. About 50 per cent of the salt is 
used as brine for the manufacture of chemicals. 

Imports of salt are negligible, and Chiefly from England and the 
British West Indies. 

Exports of salt have increased from 41,908 short tons, valued at 
$286,363 in 1910, to 97,075 tons, valued at $726,761 in 1917. 


PARAGRAPH 594. 





ACT OF 1909. 


68. Santonin, and all salts thereof 


containing SO per-centum or over of 
santonin, 50 cents per pound. 


ACT OF 1918. 


594. Santonin, and its combinations 
with acids not subject to duty under 
this section, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Santonin is a chemical compound used as a 
vermifuge. It is derived from Levant wormseed, or santonica, a wild 
shrub occurring in Russia and Turkestan, where santonin was manu- 
factured under supervision of the Russian Government and was prac- 
tically a monopoly. Before the war the article had no large domestic 
use, but about 1917 it was developed considerably in veterinary medi- 
cine for the treatment of hogs, and is now in great demand. The 
elimination of intestinal worms from swine induces a much more 
rapid growth without an increase of feed, therefore santonin is con- 
sidered indispensable by many hog raisers. ; 

Production.—Prior to the war it commanded a price of about $15 
per pound, but during the war reached $70, and at present (August, 
1919) is $100. Even at this price its cost is said to be negligible as 
compared with the increased value of treated hogs. The high price 
and increasing demand have stimulated interest in American produc- 
tion, and santonica has been grown experimentally with favorable 
results. Santonin content of Levant wormseed runs about 2 per cent, 
and it must be obtained and purified by an expensive-process. 

Imports of santonin before the war were mostly from Germany and 
averaged about 5,000 pounds, valued at $40,000. Imports reached a 
maximum of 20,925 pounds in 1916, but decreased to 223 pounds in 
1918. 

PARAGRAPH 595. 


668. Seeds: * * * Cardamom,: 595. Seeds: Cardamom, cauliflower, 


cauliflower, coriander, cotton, cummin,,. 


fennel, 
mangel-wurzel, 
John’s 


hoarhound, 
rape, Saint 
Sugar beet, 


fenugreek, hemp, 
mustard, 
bread or bean, 


sorghum or sugar cane for seed: bulbs- 


and bulbous roots, not edible and not 
otherwise provided for in this sec- 
tion; all flower and grass seeds; ever- 
green seedlings; all the foregoing not 
specially provided for in this section, 


celery, coriander, cotton, cummin, fen- 
nel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, 
mangelwurzel, mustard, rape, Saint 
John’s bread or bean, sorghum, sugar 
beet, and sugar cane for seed: bulbs 
and bulbous roots, not edible and not 
otherwise provided for in this section ; 
all flower and grass seeds; coniferous 
evergreen seedlings; all the foregoing 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 765 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


CARDAMOM SEED. 


Description and uses.—Cardamom is the fruit of various species 
of East Indian or Chinese plants of the ginger family. The true official 
cardamom is native to Malabar and cultivated in India. The fruit is 
three-celled and contains numerous small seeds, forming a pleasant, 
pungent spice used’as a condiment and medicine for its cordial and 
stimulant qualities. 

Imports in 1918 were 255,318 pounds, valued at $108,605. 


CAULIFLOWER SEED. 


Description and uses.—Cauliflower seed is used here primarily 
for planting, about 7,500 pounds being used annually for home and 
market gardens, 

Production of cauliflower seed is negligible, because of unfavorable 
climatic and soil conditions. It is produced more successfully in 
Holland and Denmark, where the domestic supply is obtained. 

Imports in 1918 were 7,969 pounds, valued at $33,859, somewhat 
smaller than the average of 9,834 pounds for 1913-1917. 


CELERY SEED. 


Description and uses.—Celery seed is used for planting, but more 
largely as a condiment. 

Production of celery seed commercially has increased from 5,200 
pounds in 1916 to 28,100 pounds in 1917 and 65,000 pounds in 1918, 
practically all in California. Market gardeners claim that imported 
French-grown seed of some varieties, notably Golden Self-Blanching, 
produces plants more nearly true to type. 

Imports in 1918 were 167,264 pounds, valued at $65,568. The aver- 
age for 1914-1917 was 602,206 pounds and for 1910-1913, 147,764 
pounds. | 

CORIANDER SEED. 


Description and uses.—Coriander is a native of the south of 
Europe and of the East, naturalized in England and in some places 
here. The seed is used as a flavor in cooking and as a stimulant 
and carminative. It is popular among the Germans, who put it in 
bread and liquors. Sugar-coated coriander seeds are used as confec- 
tions. 

Imports in 1918 were 1,829,183 pounds, valued at $255,279, some- 
what above the average. 

COTTON SEED. 


Description and uses.—Cotton seed, from the fibrous cotton plant, 
is used principally in making cottonseed oil (par. 561); the residual 
cottonseed meal or cake is a fertilizer and cattle feed. Cottonseed 
hulls, used chiefly for feeding cattle, and linters (for guncotton, mat- 
tresses, etc.) are less important by-products. About 540,000 tons of 
cotton seed for planting are required annually by farmers in the 
Southern Stattes. 

Production of cotton seed averages nearly 6,000,000 tons annually 
in the United States. 

Imports in 1914 were 4,446 tons, valued at $66,035; in 1916, 15,057 
tons, valued at $251,568 ; in 1918, 17,718 tons, valued at $1,047,657. 


766 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Exports of domestic cotton seed aniounted in 1914 to 8,171 tons, 
valued at $215,115; in 1918, 788 tons, valued at $57,693. Before the 
war most of the exports went to Germany. In 1918, 407 tons went 
to Mexico, the remainder mostly to Barbados and China. | ; 


CUMMIN SEED. 


Description and uses.—Cummin seed, constituting the cummin of 
pharmacy, is stimulative and carminative. It is employed in the 
making of curry powder and veterinary medicines. 

Production.—There is no production here; the seed is imported. 

Imports in 1914 were 530,350 pounds, valued at $31,709; in 1918, 
1,520,691 pounds, valued at $199,255. 


FENNEL SEED. 


Description and uses.—The fennel grows wild in southern Europe, 
and is cultivated in both Europe and America. The aromatic seeds 
are used as a condiment and as a medicine. 

Imports in 1914 were 207,135 pounds, valued at $12,299; in 1918 
practically the same quantity, but with value of $24,133. 


FENUGREEK SEED. 


Description and uses.—Fenugreek, allied to clover, is cultivated as 
a fodder and for its strong-smelling, oily seed, used in bread and curry 
powder. It is the common flavoring substance of patent stock feeds. 
It is native to eastern Europe and western Asia. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,619,280 pounds, valued at $29,601; in 1918, 
851,532 pounds, valued at $80,504. 


HEMPSEED. 


Description and uses.—Hempseed when crushed yields an oil used 
in making soap and an oil cake serving as cattle feed. The seed is . 
used also as feed for poultry and cage birds and for sowing. 

Production.—Hemp is native to temperate Asia, but grows also in 
Europe, India, and Canada. Kentucky supplies practically all of the 
domestic output. In 1909, 5,416 bushels were gathered from 516 
acres; the acreage increased to 42,000 in 1917. Further figures are 
unavailable. China and Japan furnish large quantities, of no value 
for seeding, which is used for poultry feed. 

Imports in 1914 were 2,031,488 pounds, valued at $38,315; in 1918, 
only 449,772 pounds, valued at $12,232. 


HOARHOUND SEED. 


Description and uses.—Hoarhound (or horehound) belongs to the 
mint family. The seed is used only for planting. 

Production.—Hoarhound is native to southern and eastern Hurope. 
The white variety grows in America, but no record of seed produc- 
tion can be found. Dealers usually handle the imported seed. 


MANGELWURZEL (MANGEL BEET) SEED. . 


Description and uses.—Mangelwurzel seed is used here for plant- 
ing. The plant has an unusually large root, which is a succulent 
feed for dairy cows and other farm live stock. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 767 


Production of mangelwurzel seed, very small prior to 1918, was in. 
-that year 286,974 pounds. A greatly increased acreage in 1919 will 
probably yield more than the seeding requirement of 320,000 pounds. 
Commercial growers have had excellent success with this seed, and 
the industry seems fairly well established, California and Washington 
leading. 
MUSTARD SEED. 


Description and uses.—Mustard seed is ground into powder to make 
the common table mustard (par. 285). It is used also for seeding. 

Production.—California produced 3,168,270 pounds in 1909. 

Imports in 1914 were 11,543,941 pounds, valued at $370,964; in 1918, 
13,035,837 pounds, valued at $683,096. 


RAPESEED. 


Description and uses.—Rapeseed is used for planting. Rape pro- 
duces an abundance of green forage, valued highly by farmers for 
feeding or grazing live stock and poultry, and is grown to some ex- 
tent in. practically every State. The seed, together with millet, 
canary, and hemp seed, is used also in bird-seed mixtures, and in 
making industrial oils. 

Production.—It is not produced here commercially. Prior to the 
war Hngland supplied us; during the war it came from Japan, where 
large quantities of seed less desirable for planting purposes are 
produced. 

Imports in 1914, an average year, were 5,970,937 pounds, valued 
at $211,301 ; in 1918, 12,673,276 pounds, valued at $741,810. 


ST. JOHN’S BREAD OR BEAN. 


Description.—St. John’s bread or bean (also called locust bean 
and carob) is a brown, leathery fruit pod 4 to 10 inches long, con- 
taining a gummy pulp, about 60 per cent sugar. The seeds are bitter 
and of no use except for planting. 

Production.—The locust tree bearing this fruit grows in the 
Mediterranean region, and’is being introduced into California. No 
production figures are available. 


SORGHUM SEED. 


Description and uses.—Sorghum includes sweet sorghum and grain 
sorghum, the latter mostly kafir, feterita, and milo. Sweet sorghum 
seed is used only for planting, but the seed of grain sorghum is used 
for feed and for making alcohol-and yeast as well as for planting. 

Production.—Sorghums are grown extensively, principally in the 
southern half of the Great Plains area. Production in Kansas, Texas, 
Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona in 1915 was 114,460,- 
000 bushels, with a farm value of $51,157,000; in 1918 only 66,396,000 
bushels, with farm value of $99,848,000. It is cultivated in Europe, 
India, and other parts of Asia. 


SUGAR-BEET SEED. 


Description and uses.—The sugar beet, closely related to varieties 
of garden beet, is grown almost solely for the production of sugar. 
The roots yield sugar the first year, but seed is not produced until 
the second year. 


768 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production of sugar-beet seed in 1916 was 5,539,000 pounds; in 
1917, 5,076,000 pounds; and in 1918, 5,900,000 pounds. Because im- 
ported seed was difficult to obtain during the war, the seed acreage 
in 1919 was greatly increased, but the production may not be more 
than one-half the planting requirements in 1920. Idaho, Colorado, 
Utah, California, and Michigan lead. Beet-sugar manufacturers, who 
control the supply, endeavor to carry sufficient seed to meet require- 
ments for one or two years and thus provide against unforeseen 
emergencies, 

Imports in 1914 were 10,490,089 pounds, valued at $804,209, 86 
per cent from Germany, 6 per cent from Austria-Hungary, and 3.5 
per cent from Russia; in 1918, 15,636,541 pounds, valued at $4,541,499, 
57 per cent from Russia in Europe, 24 per cent from Canada, and 12 
per cent from the Netherlands, 


SUGAR-CANE SEED. 


Description and uses.—Sugar cane does not yield much fertile 
seed. It is used principally for the development of new varieties and 
strains. 

Production figures are unimportant and imports are insignificant. 


BULBS AND BULBOUS ROOTS NOT EDIBLE AND N. 0. P. F. 


Description and uses.—This heading covers miscellaneous items, 
not commercially important. 

Imports are not stated separately, but are small. Even including 
coniferous evergreen seedlings, hoarhound, mangelwurzel, St. John’s 
bread, sorghum, and sugar-cane seed, the 1914 importation was valued 
at only $863,469 and the 1918, at $247,826. 


. 


FLOWER SEEDS. 


Description and uses.—F lower seeds are used for planting purposes. 
Imports in 1914 were valued at $295,195, and in 1918, at $126,422. 


RED CLOVER SEED. 


Description and uses.—In the United States red clover seed is used 
exclusively for planting, the estimated annual requirement being over 
100,000,000 pounds. 

Production is principally in Michigan, Hllinois, Indiana, Ohio, 
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Oregon, and Idaho. The 
amount decreased during the war. Government officials and large 
seed dealers agree that there is a world shortage of red clover seed. 
The wholesale price, normally $15 to $18, is at present $48 to $50 per 
100 pounds. 3 

Imports in 1918 were only 861,709 pounds, valued at $155,158, 
whereas the average for 1913-1917 was 11,989,767 pounds. In 1918 
nearly all came from Italy, France, and Canada. Before the war 
Germany was the most important source, and the decrease was due 
to scarcity in Europe. ; 

Exports are not separately reported. The average exports for all 
clover seeds for 1913-1917 was 6,560,824 pounds—largely to the 
United Kingdom and Canada, 





‘SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 769 


ALSIKE CLOVER SEED. 


Description and uses.—The seed of alsike clover is used primarily 
for planting, more extensively in 1918 and 1919 than formerly, prob- 
ably because of the scarcity and higher price of red clover seed. 

Production.—Most of this seed is grown in Michigan, Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Idaho, but is not sufficient 
for domestic requirements. 

Imports in 1918 were 3,665,037 pounds, valued at $730,088, coming 
chiefly from Canada. 


CRIMSON CLOVER SEED. 


Description and uses.—Crimson clover seed is used solely for 
planting, American farmers sowing annually over 4,000,000 pounds. 

Production here of crimson clover seed, although greatly increased 
during late years, does not equal requirements. It is produced suc- 
cessfully in Tennessee (2,500,000 pounds in 1919) and lightly in Ala- 
bama, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. 

Imports, averaging 6,266,787 pounds for 1914-1917, were only 
1,601,503 pounds, valued at $264,479 in 1918. 


WHITE CLOVER SEED. 


Description and uses.—White clover seed, used primarily for 
planting, is sown extensively in pastures and on lawns together with 
other clover and grass seed. Compared with the extent to which the 
crops is grown, however, little seed is required—probably not over 
1,000,000 pounds. 

Production.—Wisconsin, Idaho, and Illinois produce most of this 
seed. In Illinois it is mainly a by-product of sem seeds. Some of 
the supply is obtained from Canada. 

Imports in 1913 and 1914 were unusually large, 1,122,551 pounds in 
1914, valued at $207,088, decreasing to 10,828 pounds in 1918, valued at 
$2,712. 

CLOVER SEED N. S§. P. F. 


Description and uses.—Sweet clover, white flowered (Melilotus 
alba), is becoming important as a cultivated crop. It grows wild 
throughout most of the corn belt, portions of the Rocky Mountain 
States, and on the black lands of Alabama and Mississippi. It is 
valuable in restoring waste lands to profitable cultivation. Its in- 
creasing use for hay and Dees has created a strong demand for 
the seed. 

Production is quite large, but data are not available. Sales by 
dealers in 1919 were double those of 1917 or 1918. This plant has a 
wide adaptation and produces seed abundantly. Seed is produced com- 
mercially in Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South 
Dakota, Kentucky, Mississippi, and to a less extent in some other 
States. Canada also produces sweet-clover seed and during 1919 
relatively large quantities were imported for planting. 

Imports of clover seed designated as “all other” amounted to 
6,034,673 pounds, valued at $515,143 in 1914, and 2,062,429 pounds, 
valued at $330,527 in 1918. 

184911°—20—_49 


~ 


770 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ALFALFA SEED. 


Description and uses.—The quantity of alfalfa seed used here for 
planting is estimated as more than 25,000,000 pounds annually. 

Production is very uncertain and commercially localized in South 
’'Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Utah, Mon- 
tana, Idaho, California, and Arizona. Excessive rains or drought and 
grasshopper, alfalfa weevil, and other insect injury affect the pro- 
duction. 

Imports in 1914 anita to 7,439,261 pounds, valued at $740, 810; 
in 1918, 87,244 pounds, valued at $28,374. Much of it comes from 
Turkestan, but is inferior to the domestic seed, and is persistently 
discouraged. 

MILLET SEED. 

Description and uses.—Millet seed is used for planting and about 
25,000,000 pounds are sown annually for hay and forage. Large quan- 
tities are used in poultry feed and bird-seed mixtures. 

Production is sufficient for planting purposes. Kansas, Missouri, 
Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Iowa, Tennessee, and Colo- 
rado produce the bulk of it. 

Import data are combined with “all other” grass seeds. Large 
quantities come from the Orient for poultry and bird-seed mixtures. 


TIMOTHY SEED. 


Description and uses.—Timothy is America’s greatest cultivated 
hay grass. The seed is used solely for planting. 

Production of timothy seed annually exceeds our planting needs. 
Most commercial timothy seed is produced in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, 
South Dakota, Minnesota} Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Utah, and 
Idaho. 

Exports in 1914 were 12,480,294 pounds, valued at $688,118; in 1918, 
8,520,173 pounds, valued at $748,164, mostly to Canada. 


VETCH SEED. 


Description and uses.—Vetch, both hairy (winter) and common 
(spring) varieties, is grown here for hay and forage, and the seed 
is used for planting. The hairy, or winter, is considered much more 
valuable, except perhaps on the Pacific coast, but high prices in recent 
years almost prohibit its use. 

Production.—-Hairy, or winter, vetch seed is difficult to grow, small 
quantities being produced only in Michigan in connection with, or as 
a by-product of, rye for grain. Most of the hairy vetch seed comes 
from Russia, but quantities have been small since 1914. The Willam- 
ette Valley in Oregon produces most of our common, or spring, vetch 
seed. The demand for this species, although the price is lower, 
rarely exceeds production and little is imported. 

Imports of hairy vetch in 1914 were 3,405,750 pounds, valued at 
$135,875 ; in 1918, only 178,766 pounds, valued at $25,052. Imports of 
spring vetch in 1914 were 630,881 pounds, valued at $24,085; and in 
1918, 61,920 pounds, valued at $2,560. 


GRASS SEED N. S. P. F. 


Description and uses.—A few other kinds of grass seeds n. s. p. f. 
in this section are imported. Canada blwe-grass seed, practically 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, (ME: 


all from Ontario, Canada, is used for planting. It was formerly 
used to adulterate Kentucky blue-grass seed. Kentucky blue-grass 
seed is used for sowing, principally in pastures. Sufficient is pro- 
duced in Kentucky, Missouri, and Iowa for domestic requirements. 
Very little is imported. A mixture of alsike clover and timothy seed 
is used extensively for sowing for hay production. This mixture is 
imported and also produced here to a limited extent. Orchard grass 
seed is used for sowing in pastures and meadows, thriving in shady 
places. Kentucky, Indiana; Ohio, and Virginia produce the greater 
part of such requirements. Large quantities formerly were imported 
from New Zealand, but the strain is inferior. Redtop seed gives a 
valuable hay and pasture grass, especially on wet and acid soils. It is 
used mostly in mixtures with alsike clover and alsike and timothy, 
and is a constituent of lawn and turf grass mixtures. [Illinois pro- 
duces the greater portion of the supply; Iowa and Missouri also 
produce fairly large quantities. Very little is imported. Hnglish rye- 
grass seed ig used in meadow and pasture mixtures and also in turf- 
grass mixtures. It is imported from Hurope. Italian rye-grass seed 
is used for the same purpose as English rye grass; it is normally 
imported from Europe, but in recent years a variety has come in 
quantities from Argentina. 

Imports of “all other” grass seed (including timothy and millet, 
treated above) amounted to 23,350,147 pounds, valued at $742,941 in 
1914. The 1918 importation was 5,618,204 pounds, valued at $441,- 
119. Germany furnished the bulk in 1914, while in 1918 Ireland, 
Russia, and Canada furnished about 75 per cent. 

Exports in 1914 were 5,156,801 pounds, valued at $600,368—chiefly 
to Germany, Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands; in 1918, 
3,563,556 pounds, valued at $594,053, chiefly to Canada, Great Britain, 
and Argentina. ! 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Locust pods, chopped into coarse pieces, the pith and seeds being 
indiscriminately mixed, but relatively few broken, are exempt from 
duty under this paragraph as “Saint John’s bread or bean” and 
not dutiable as prepared edible fruit. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 
19138.) (See par. 212.) 


PARAGRAPH 596. 


. ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
669. Sheep dip. 596. Sheep dip. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—“ Sheep dip” is the term used for materials: 
applied to cattle, and in which sheep are dipped to destroy parasites 
and vermin, such as ticks and lice, or to cure skin diseases, such as 
scabies. These are (1) lime-sulphur solution, lime combined chemi- 
cally with sulphur in the form of a polysulphide, for scabies, and, 
when mixed with arsenical solution, for sheep ticks; (2) nicotine or 
nicotine sulphate, a by-product of the tobacco industry, made by 
extracting the nicotine from the stems, ete., and when mixed with 
lime-sulphur solution, for scabies, lice, and ticks; (8) creosote oil 
(dip oil), obtained from coal tar, containing from 20 to 25 per cent 


vie SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, - 


tar acids mixed with rosin soap, for scabies, lice, and ticks; (4) 
arsenical dips, mixtures of arsenious sulphide, sodium arsenite, and 
sulphur, for ticks and other vermin; (5) cresylic acid dip, containing 
about 50 per cent cresylic acid and a suitable oil, such as linseed or 
soya-bean oil. 

Import values of sheep dip during 1908-1918 averaged $22,802. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “sheep dip” being without words of limitation embraces 
all compounds or preparations known as “sheep dip,” although they 
may be used for other purposes. (G. A. 7256, T. D.-31799, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 597. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
670. Shotgun barrels, in single tubes, 597. Shotgun barrels, in single tubes, 
forged, rough bored. forged, rough bored. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of shotgun barrels in single tubes, forged and rough bored, 
in 1917 were valued at $39, from England and Mexico. In 1914 they 
aggregated $171,198, $163,861 from Belgium. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shotgun barrels are exempt from duty under this paragraph; mate- 
rials are dutiable. (See par. 133.) 


PARAGRAPH 598. 


671. Shrimps and other shellfish. 598. Shrimps, lobsters, and other 
shellfish. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Included under “ other shellfish ” are oysters, crabs, clams, scallops, 
squid, abalone, crawfish, and others of little importance. This para- 
graph includes also prepared and canned shellfish. 

Production of shellfish amounted to 444,024,000 pounds, valued at 
$22,218,000 in 1908 (latest figures available). The oyster, the most 
valuable single product of the world’s fisheries, in which America is 
far in the lead, constituted 52 per cent of the shellfish caught in 
1908, and 71 per cent of the total value. In that year 46,593,000 
pounds of oysters were used for canning, the product being valued at 
$3,428,000. About 70 per cent of the oysters were gathered in Mary- 
land, Virginia, Connecticut, Louisiana, New York, and New Jersey, 
while about 85 per cent of the canned product was reported by Louisi- 
ana, Mississippi, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia. In 1918 
lobsters represented 3 per cent in amount and 9 per cent in value of 
the shellfish catch; shrimp, 4 per cent and 2 per cent; crabs, 12 per 
cent and 4 per cent; and clams, 4 per cent and 9 per cent. Maine 
reported 65 per cent of the lobster catch; Massachusetts, 16 per 
cent; and Rhode Island, 9 per cent. The canning of lobster has dis- 
appeared under restrictive legislation necessitated by the very rapid 
diminution of the supply. The canned shrimp product in 1908 was 
3,273,000 pounds, valued at $657,000; canned clams, 5,276,000 pounds, 


valued at $412,000; canned crab meat, 789,000 pounds, valued at 
$166,000. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 773 


Imports of shrimps, lobsters, and other shellfish in 1914 were 
valued at $2,408,377 and in 1918, at $3,587,042. In 1918 imports of 
crab meat were 36 per cent of the total; of canned lobsters, 26 per 
cent; of lobsters, all other, 23 per cent; and of shrimps and other 
shellfish, 15 per cent. Practically all the lobsters came from Canada, 
and the crab meat from Japan. About 90 per cent of the shrimp and 
other shellfish were from Japan, Canada, Hongkong, Mexico, and 
China. 

Export values of shellfish increased from $989,860 in 1914 to 
$1,749,059 in 1918. The oyster is the only enumerated article, decreas- 
ing from $666,432 in 1914 to $425,981 in 1918. All other shellfish 
represent the remainder. About 60 per cent of the oysters went to 
Canada, while Australia, Argentina, and Mexico also took con- 
siderable amounts. The United Kingdom’s oyster imports declined 
during the war from about 25 per cent to less than 1 per cent of our 
exports. The increase in all other shellfish exports is due to the 
heavy war buyings of the United Kingdom and France. 


PARAGRAPH 599. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 
673. Silk cocoons and silk waste. | 599. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


SILK COCOONS. 


Description and use.—The silk cocoon is the envelope of slender 
silk filament spun around itself by the silkworm. Both raw silk (par. 
600) and waste silk are obtained from it. : 

Production.—There is no cocoon production here. (See par. 600.) 
The import, except sporadically for scientific purposes, is of pierced 
or imperfect cocoons unfit for reeling (par. 600) and of value only as 
silk waste. ; 

Imports were 191,315 pounds, valued at $240,205 in 1918, and 1,413 
pounds, valued at $1,118 in 1914. 


SILK WASTE, 


Description and use.—Silk waste comprises those pierced or im- 
perfect cocoons and parts, such as the outer and inner layers, which 
can not be reeled, also “ mill” wastes. It is used almost wholly in 
making spun silk yarn (par. 312). 

Production.—The only domestic production is a small amount of 
mill waste, mostly a by-product of “ silk throwing” (par. 318). 

Imports.—France was the chief source of silk waste prior to 1912, 
but imports have steadily diminished. The principal source now is 
China, with Japan second. Total imports rose from 5,960,109 pounds, 
valued at $3,100,892 in 1914, to 8,552,168 pounds, valued at $7,148,276 
in 1918. Cartridge cloth, calling for waste silk for coarse yarns, 
together with a prewar tendency toward increased consumption, ac- 
counted for abnormal imports in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph embraces silk cocoons and silk waste only when not 
manufactured. Oombed silk that has fallen from or been caught in 
the machines while undergoing further operations is excluded. (154 


774. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


Fed., 1008, of 1907.) So is organzine damaged in dyeing (180 Fed., 
634, of 1910). Tussah noils, not containing an appreciable amount of 
noils exceeding 2 inches in length, have been held, in accordance 
with commercial usage, duty free as silk waste. (Abstract 39083, of 
1916.) (See par. 600.) 


PARAGRAPH 600. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


672. Silk, raw, in skeins reeled from 600. Silk, raw, in skeins reeled from 
the cocoon, or rereeled, but not wound, | the cocoon, or rereeled, but not wound, 
doubled, twisted, or advanced in manu- | doubled, twisted, or advanced in manu- 
facture in any way. facture in any way. P 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Raw silk denotes those silk filaments reeled 
from the cocoon into skeins, and those which have been rereeled. A 
major portion of all-silk fabrics is made from raw silk, which is 
woven directly into fabrics or ‘ thrown” into twisted yarn and then 
woven, knitted, or braided to make fabrics of every variety. 

Production.—lFor centuries attempts have been made to produce 
silk in America, but without permanent success. The raising of 
cocoons and the reeling of silk require, even under the most advanced 
methods, a prohibitive amount of tedious work by hand. Even in 
France, with its cheaper labor, the production of raw silk is de- 
clining, notwithstanding liberal Government subsidies; and the still 
cheaper labor of Italy is failing against oriental competition. Japan 
and China, with abundance of the cheapest hand labor, are the 
principal producers. 

Imports.—We are the greatest consumer of raw silk, importing 
34,920,567 pounds, valued at $183,380,006 in 1918 and 28,825,828 
pounds, valued at $97,844,150 in 1914. In 1916, a typical year, 74 
per cent came from Japan, 16 per cent from China, and 10 per cent 
from Hurope. (See pars. 311, 313, and 319.) 


PARAGRAPH 601. 
674. Silkworm eggs. | 601. Silkworm eggs. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Reference is here made to the eggs of the 
mulberry butterfly, from which silkworms are artificially hatched 
after a lapse of about 10 months, during which the eggs are kept in 
some form of cold storage. These worms feed for about four weeks 
and then spin the cocoon, the latter process taking about three days. 
About 12 to 18 days elapse in the chrysalis stage within the cocoon and 
then the adult insect emerges. With most of the races there is but 
one generation each year. 

Imports of silkworm eggs during the period 1911-1918 occurred in 
only three years and were insignificant; 1911, $6; 1917, $353; 1918, 
$25,185. These imports were made in the course of unsuccessful 
attempts to establish the raw-silk industry in the United States. 
(See par. 600.) 

PARAGRAPH 602. 


675. Skeletons and other prepara- 602. Skeletons and other prepara- 
tions of anatomy. tions of anatomy. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 775 
-GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Imports of skeletons and other preparations of anatomy in 1914 
were valued at $15,958; in 1918, at $3,084. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Parts of human and animal bodies, preserved in an alcoholic fluid, 
manufactured and sold specially for educational purposes, were 
held to be specifically provided for as “preparations of anatomy ” 
under paragraph 675 of the act of 1909, and not dutiable as animal 
objects preserved in alcohol under paragraph 2. (G. A. 7526, T. D. 
84088, of 1914.) Anatomical specimens of animal matter for edu- 
cational purposes, placed in alcohol for preservation, were likewise 
held exempt from duty. (Abstract 33717, T. D. 33778, of 1913.) <A 
preparation showing the bones of the human ear mounted were also 
held free of duty under the provision for “ preparations of anatomy.” 
(Abstract 30533, T. D. 32948, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH 603. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


603. Skins of hares, rabbits, dogs, 
goats, and sheep, undressed, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph is covered by paragraph 491 for “furs and fur 
skins, undressed,” and paragraph 604 for “skins of all kinds, raw, 
and hides not specially provided for,” and is therefore unnecessary. 

Sheepskin plates and mats, not being specifically provided for, are 
subject to a 40 per cent duty as against a 10 per cent duty on plates 
and mats of goat and dog skins (par. 348), practically of the same 
quality and used for identical purposes. (See pars. 305, 506, and 604.) 


PARAGRAPH 604. 


676. Skins of all kinds, raw (except 604. Skins of all kinds, raw, and 
sheepskins with the wool on), and | hides not specially provided for in this 
hides not specially provided for in | section. 
this section. , 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The principal products embraced in this 
paragraph are skins of the sheep, buffalo, horse, colt and ass, kanga- 
roo, and deer. Calfskins are used chiefly for shoe uppers; upholstery ; 
case, bag, and strap leathers; and, to some extent, for bookbinding and 
light leathers. Sheepskins are used for shoe linings, gloves, and fancy 
leathers; goatskins, for shoe uppers, glove, bookbinding, and fancy 
leathers; and buffalo hides, to make heavy sole leather. Horsehide 
is used for shoe uppers and heavy glove leather, and colt skin for 
shoe uppers. Kangaroo skins are used for fine shoe upper leather and 
deerskins for shoe uppers, glove, and piano-action leather. More of 
these skins are used in shoes than for any other one purpose. ‘The 
hides and skins imported are divided into two classes—‘ dry” and 
“green or pickled.” Hides taken off in localities remote from favor- 
able means of transportation often have to be dried to reduce the 
weight, a 12-pound “dry” equaling a 25-pound ‘“ green or pickled ”’ 
hide. It must be softened again, however, for tanning. 


776 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Production here is about 50 per cent of the calfskins used in 
domestic tanneries; about 25 per cent of the sheepskins; very few 
goatskins, horsehides, and deerskins; and practically no buffalo or 
kangaroo skins. 

Imports.—Russia was the greatest source of supply for hides and 
skins before the war. Reexports from Europe were large, colonies 
or protectorates sending them through home countries. The war 
elosed many of these routes and imports from South America, Africa, 
and Asia increased enormously. In 1913 Russia in Hurope supplied 
$8,000,000 worth, which was more than one-half the imports of dry 
calfskin. In 1917 British India advanced to first place, sending 
$4,496,167 worth of skins; Argentina was the other principal source. 
The total imports of dry calfskins in 1917 were valued at $11,062,853. 
In 1913 Germany was the leading source of green or pickled calfskins, 
but Russia in Europe, the Netherlands, France, and Canada were 
also important, with a total value of $11,202,956. In 1917 France 
and Canada continued in the first rank as sources of supply, and 
total value was $4,530,198. British India was the chief source of 
imports of dry goatskins for 1913-1917. China’s proportion increased, 
as did that of several South American countries. Russia in Hurope 
and England were the chief sources of dry sheepskins in 19138, Argen- 
tina taking first place in 1917. Both in 1913 and 1917 England was 
first in green or pickled sheepskins, and Argentina and New Zealand 
next. 

Other principal imports of hides and skins were buffalo hides, prin- 
cipally from British India, valued at $2,790,009 in 1913 and $6,125,219 
in 1917; horse, colt, and ass skins, principally from Russia in Europe, 
valued at $2,234,581 in 1913, and $3,731,858 in ‘1917, mainly from 
Argentina; and kangaroo skins, almost always exclusively from Aus- 
tralia, valued at $719,188 and $721,754 in 1913 and 1917, respectively. 

Exports of hides and skins are comparatively small, as we draw 
on foreign countries for large quantities of raw material for our tan- 
neries. The total of all hides and skins except cattle hides in 1918 
was valued at $2,135,793, of which $1,810,524 worth was to Canada, 
the only country to which we ever export hides or skins in any 
quantity. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. we 


Lambskins, the Court of Customs Appeals has held, can not be 
deemed sheepskins. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 178, of 1914.) (See pars. 
305, 506, and 603.) 


PARAGRAPH 605. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
75. Soda ash, 4 of 1 cent per pound; 605. Soda, arseniate of, cyanide of, 
arseniate of soda, 1 cent per pound. sulphate of, crude, or salt cake and 


niter cake, soda ash, silicate of, nitrate 
77. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, | of, or cubic nitrate. 
or niter cake, $1 per ton. 


76. Silicate of soda, or other alka- 
line silicate, 2 of 1 cent per pound. 


OT, eNOUas sDILTate (OL, SOL -CuUDIG 
nitrate, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. TTT 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 
ARSENIATE OF SODA, 


Description and uses.—Arseniate of soda, or sodium arsenate, is 
a white solid substance, soluble in water, and very poisonous. It is 
usually prepared by heating together white arsenic (arsenious oxide, 
par. 387) and nitrate of soda, the product being purified by crystalliza- 
tion from solution. Its principal use is in insecticides, chiefly arseniate 
of lead. It is also used in dyeing and calico printing. 

Production is by a few companies only ; figures are not available. 

Imports in 1918 were 1,267,998 pounds, but in 1914 only 228,270 
pounds, all from England. Only 35 pounds were imported in 1918. 


CYANIDE OF SODA, 


Description and uses.—Cyanide of soda, or sodium cyanide, is a 
salt of prussic acid, and, taken internally, very poisonous. It has 
largely replaced the potassium salt, because cheaper. It is used in 
the ‘ cyanide process ” of extracting precious metals from their ores; 
in fumigating citrous fruit, raw imported cotton, and grain elevators; 
in electroplating, especially gold and silver; and in case-hardening 
of iron. For fumigating purposes sodium cyanide is on the market 
in the shape of an egg weighing 1 ounce; the trade name is “Cyanegg.”’ 

Production.—Cyanide of soda is produced by the Castner process 
from metallic sodium, ammonia, and coke; also by fusing cyanamide 
(see par. 499) and salt; and by the Bucher process of nitrogen fixation 
which passes nitrogen over soda ash mixed with coke and iron 
filings. Prior to 1907 all of the cyanide produced here was by the 
Castner process, the output being controlled by a single firm. 

Imports have been sporadic, 6,063,659 pounds, valued at $934,354 in 
1915, and 84,652 pounds, valued at $39,405 in 1918, 


SULPHATE OF SODA CRUDE, OR SALT CAKE AND NITER CAKE, 


Description and uses.—Sali cake, sulphate of soda crude, is the 
impure sodium salt of sulphuric acid, obtained chiefly by chemical 
processes. It is used in the manufacture of inferior grades of glass, 
especially bottles, and for the manufacture of sodium sulphide, 
Glauber salt, and ultramarine. In Europe, salt cake is used in making 
soda ash by the Leblanc process. Niter cake is a by-product in the 
manufacture of nitric acid (sodium nitrate-sulphuric acid process). 
It consists chiefly of sodium acid sulphate, with a varying amount of 
sodium sulphate and free sulphurie acid and other impurities, and 
was used as a substitute for sulphuric acid during the war for such 
purposes as acidifying soap stock, acid wash, regenerating plaster, 
acidifying phosphate fertilizers, bleaching paper pulp, preparing 
muriatic acid, recovering grease, removing oxide and scale, and for 
many other purposes where a weak mineral acid is required. 

Production.—Salt cake is obtained (1) from natural deposits or 
brine lakes, (2) as a by-product in the manufacture of muriatic 
acid, (3) and in Europe by the Hargreaves-Robinson process using 
salt, sulphur dioxide, air, and steam. In 1914 over 110,000 short tons 
of salt cake were produced here. Niter cake is obtained as a by- 
product from the manufacture of sulphuric acid and nitrate of soda 
into nitric acid. The demand for nitric acid during the war multi- 
plied the production of niter cake many times. 


\ 
778 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Imports of sulphate of soda crude, or salt cake, and niter cake since 
1911 have been unimportant, averaging a little over 200 short tons. 


SODA ASH. e 


Description and uses.—Soda ash, or calcinéd sodium carbonate, is 
the most important industrial alkali. It is not as strong as caustic 
soda, but is cheaper, easier to handle and ship, and is ordinarily 
used in preference to caustic soda wherever possible. ‘There are 
two commercial grades containing 48 and 58 per cent of actual 
alkali (Na2O). The 58 per cent grade is sold as “ light ” and “ dense.” 
The dense product is twice as heavy per unit as the light and is 
used in glass, where small bulk is desired. The largest use of soda 
ash is in glass, soap, wood pulp and paper, caustic soda, and other 
sodium chemicals; in the dye and textile industries; in the manu- 
facture of drugs, enamel ware, and cleaners; and for softening water. 

Production.—Practically all of the soda ash manufactured is made 
from bicarbonate of soda derived from salt by the ammonia-soda 
process. (See par. 67.) A small quantity of soda ash is made from 
the natural soda brines of the Western States,-but this source is of 
little importance. Bicarbonate of soda is converted into soda ash 
by simply heating continuously in a revolving furnace. Some soda 
ash is also made by the Hargreaves-Bird process, which produces 
caustic soda electrolytically in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, 
which immediately converts the caustic soda into soda ash. This 
process is used by several paper mills in this country: The domestic 
production of soda ash has increased from 935,805 tons in 1914 to 
1,390,628 tons, valued at $35,635,520 in 1918. 

Imports are negligible, less than 1 per cent of production. 

Exports in 1918 were 198, 752, 457 pounds, valued at $6,074,879, 
about 40 per cent to Japan and 35 per cent to Canada. 


SILICATE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Silicate of soda, “ water glass” or “ soluble 
glass,” is a chemical compound produced from silica (sand) and an 
alkali salt, usually soda ash. It is marketed in water solution 
largely, but also to some extent in a solid form, and is used chiefly as 
an adhesive in the manufacture of various forms of fiber and paper 
board and as a filler in soap. 

Production has increased from 169,049 tons in 1914 to 254,011 tons 
in 1917, and 817,161 tons in 1918. The production of silicate of soda 
of the 40° Baumé grade has been estimated by a leading manufac- 
turer as 295,000 tons in 1917 and 335,500 tons in 1918. The process 
of making is comparatively simple and calls for inexpensive equip- 
ment. Some of its uses, however, require considerable accuracy in 
composition, involving large equipment and much technical skill. 
The industry is rather widespread, plants being located near large 
markets, as it is more economical to ship the raw materials (sand 
and soda ash) than the water solution of silicate of soda. 

Imports have averaged about 600 short tons per year. 

Exports.—Since the war the United States has developed an ex- 
port trade—in 1918, 18,062 tons, valued at $373,822. 


NITRATE OF SODA. 


Description and uses.—Nitrate of soda, cubic nitrate or Chilean 
saltpeter, when pure is a white crystalline salt readily soluble in 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 779 


water. The commercial product, ‘of grayish-white color, is of two 
qualities (1) a fertilizer grade, which contains from 91 to 95 per cent 
of sodium nitrate corresponding to about 15 per cent of nitrogen; 
(2) a refined grade, with 96 to 97 per cent of sodium nitrate, used 
in the manufacture of nitric acid and other chemicals. Normally the 
larger part is consumed in fertilizer, but during the war the chief 
use was for explosives. 

Production.—The only ye deposits of nitrate of soda of com- 
mercial importance are in Chile, whose output since 1910 approxi- 
mated 3,000,000 tons annually, temporarily declining to about 1,000,000 
in 1915. The Chilean Government levies an export duty of $11.19 per 
ton, deriving more than $32,000,000 per year, or over 50 per cent of 
its total revenue. Prior to the war over 80 per cent went to Great 
Britain, Germany, and the United States; Great Britain received 
annually about 1,000,000 tons. During the war virtually all of the 
Chilean nitrate was sold to the British and United States Gov- 
ernments. 

Imports prior to 1916 were between 500,000 and 600,000 long tons 
per year. During 1916 and 1917 over 1,000,000 tons were imported 
each year, and in 1918 more than 1,600,000 tons, all of which came 
from Chile. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The spelling “ arseniate” of soda is obsolete, the correct and gen- 
erally used spelling is “ arsenate.” 

Following the “ Interpretation and comments” under paragraph 67, 
the use of the word “ sodium ” instead of ‘‘ soda” is suggested. The 
proposed classification would then read: “Sodium: Arsenate; cya- 
nide; sulphate, crude, or salt cake and niter cake; carbonate, calcined, 
or soda ash; silicate; and nitrate, or cubic nitrate.” 


PARAGRAPH 606. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
606. Soya beans, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Soya beans used in oil mills, the important 
consumers, are chiefly imported. Soya-bean cake, or meal, a by- 
product of oil manufacture, is a valuable cattle feed and enters exten- 
sively into international trade. (See pars. 560 and 561.) In China 
and Japan the beans, cake, and oil are elaborated into a large number 
of food products, such as milk, cheese, flour, bean cake, and soya 
sauce.. While the American crop has been grown largely for forage 
purposes, domestic beans have also been used to some extent by oil 
mills, and as dried edible beans when prices rose too high for the 
crushers. Except by resident Asiatics there is only a limited use of 
soya beans for food purposes. 

Production.—Soya-bean culture has recently developed rapidly. 
Its climatic range is somewhat like that of corn, the product of the 
more northern States being more suitable for forage than for seed. 
In the cotton belt, where the ravages of the boll weevil necessitate 
an alternative crop, the soya bean is promising as an industrial, 
food, and forage crop. The cottonseed-oil mills are able to crush the 


780 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


beans without substantial change of equipment. In 1917 about 
747,000 acres were thus planted, about three times the 1916 acreage. 

In the Orient primitive methods obtain in the growing and handling 
of the beans; in the United States machinery is employed in pro- 
duction, thrashing, and cleaning. The superior American bean com- 
mands higher prices than the Asiatic product. 

Imports of soya beans, too small to be listed separately prior to 
1914, rose from about 2,000,000 pounds in 1914 to about 32,000,000 
pounds in 1918; during the same period imports of soya bean oél rose 
from 16,000,000 to nearly 337,000,000 pounds. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Soya beans cooked and salted, but not enough to so change them as 
to prevent their identification as soya beans, and packed in tins, jars, 
bottles, or similar packages, do not thereby lose their status as soya 
beans and are free of duty under this paragraph rather than dutiable 
under paragraph 199. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 415, of 1915.) Soya beans 
in stone jars and hermetically sealed tins, invoiced as bean sauce, 
were likewise classified, and not dutiable as prepared beans under 
paragraph 199, nor as a sauce under paragraph 201. (G. A. 8217, 
T. D. 37860, of 1918.) Beans and bean sauce prepared or preserved 
in tins, jars, bottles, or similar packages, were also held free of duty 
under this paragraph, analysis of the samples showing them to be 
soya beans, either natural or prepared. (Abstract 41021, of 1917.) 
Certain black beans or black peas were held free of duty under this 
paragraph, but the protest was overruled as to red peas classified 
under paragraph 197. (Abstract 41509, of 1917.) <A black bean 
known to the Japanese as Kuromame, was held not to be free of duty 
under this paragraph, the evidence being insufficient to prove that 
the merchandise was soya beans. (Abstract 42852 of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 607. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


678. Specimens of natural history, 607. Specimens of natural history, 
botany, and mineralogy, when im-| botany, and mineralogy, when im- 
ported for scientific public collections, | ported for scientific public collections, 
and not for sale. and not for sale. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy 
in 1914, mainly from Germany, Canada, England, and the Nether- 
lands, were valued at $47,524; in 1918, chiefly from Canada, Colombia, 
the Netherlands, French Guiana, and the Philippines, at $55,227. 

Exports of specimens of minerals in 1914, mostly to Germany and 
England, were valued at $39,496; in 1915, mainly to France, England, 
and Canada, at $49,800. Specimens of natural history, valued at 
$14,075, went largely to Germany, England, Belgium, and Canada in 
1914. Similar exports in 1915, chiefly to England and Canada, were 
valued at $9,057. No data for 1918 are accessible. 


PARAGRAPH 608. 
680. Spunk. | 608. Spunk. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 781 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Spunk is a kind of tinder made from a 
species of fungus found on old trees. It is also called punk, amadou, 
black match, pyrotechnicalesponge, and German tinder. 

Imports of spunk in 1914 were valued at $115 and in 1918 at $12. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchandise invoiced as punk, reported by the appraiser as such 
and assessed as a nonenumerated manufactured article under para- 
graph 385, was held free of duty as spunk under this paragraph, the 
words “punk” and “spunk” being apparently interchangeable terms. 
(Abstract 41510, of 1917.) In a later case the merchandise under 
consideration was reported to be composed of a mixture of wood 
powder and paste, commonly used in this country for the lighting of 
firecrackers, and it was stipulated that the merchandise was of the 
same character as that the subject of Abstract 41510. In that case 
and other cases decided by the Board and the courts, similar mer- 
chandise was, under the evidence, held to be in some cases spunk, a 
vegetable fungus growth, and in other cases the same as Chinese 
joss sticks (par. 521). In those previous cases the evidence was 
meager and the records unsatisfactory. In this case the evidence 
fully and clearly shows the merchandise to be neither joss sticks nor 
spunk, but a manufactured article intended and used for specific pur- 
poses. The different evidence distinguishes this case from those 
previously decided. The merchandise was held properly classified 
under paragraph 385. (G. A. 8296, T. D. 38169, of 1919; T. D. 37659, 
of 1918.) (See par. 521.) 


PARAGRAPH 609. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


681. Spurs and stilts used in the 609. Spurs and stilts used in the 
manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and | manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and 
stone ware. estone ware. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—Spurs (also called stilts) are small pieces of 
refractory clay ware employed to support articles while they are 
being fired or baked in a saggar. A saggar, or segger, is a pot or 
case of fire clay used to inclose fine or delicate ware when placed in 
the kiln. The spur prevents the pieces from adhering to each other 
or to the pot. ; 

Imports of spurs and stilts in 1914 were valued at $1,599, in 1918 
at $1,779. > 

PARAGRAPH 610. 


682. Stamps: Foreign postage or 610. Stamps: Foreign postage or 
revenue stamps, canceled or uncan- | revenue stamps, canceled or uncan- 
celed, and foreign government stamped | celed, and foreign government stamped 
post cards bearing no other printing ee cards bearing no other printing 


than the official imprint thereon. than the official imprint thereon. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of foreign posiage or revenue stdmps and post cards in 
1914 were valued at $73,156. About one-half of these came from Eng- 
land, the rest largely from Switzerland and Germany. In 1918 the 
imports of stamps and post cards-.were valued at $21,441. 


ty 


782 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The importation of facsimiles of postage stamps, foreign and domes- 


tic, printed on loose sheets, is prohibited. 


(35 Stat., 1088; T. D. 31917, 


of 1911.) Canceled stamps are not prohibéted articles under section 4, 


act of February 10, 1891. 


(Op. Atty. Gen.; T. D. 29444, of 1908.) 


PARAGRAPH 611. 


ACT OF 1909. 


661. Statuary and casts of sculpture 
for use as models or for art educa- 
tional purposes only; regalia and 
gems, where specially imported.in good 
faith for the use and by order of 
any society incorporated or established 
solely for religious, philosophical, 
educational, scientific, or literary pur- 
poses, or for the encouragement of 
the fine arts, or for the use and by 
order of any college, academy, school, 
seminary of learning, orphan asylum, 
or public hospital in the United States, 
or any State or public library, and 
not for sale, subject to such regula- 
tions as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe; but the term 
*“regalia’’ as herein used shall be 
held to embrace only such insignia 


of rank or office or emblems as may - 


be worn upon the person or borne in 
the hand during public exercises of 
the society or institution, and shall 
not include articles of furniture or 
fixtures, or of regular wearing apparel, 
nor personal property of individuals. 


ACT OF 1915. 


611. Statuary and casts of sculp- 
ture for use as models or for art edu- 
cational purposes only; regalia and 
gems, where specially imported in good 
faith for the use and by order of 
any society incorporated or established 
solely for religious, philosophical, edu- 
cational, scientific, or literary pur- 
poses, or for the encouragement of the 
fine arts, or for the use and by order 
of any college, academy, school, semi- 
nary of learning, orphan asylum, or 
public hospital in the United States, 
or any State or public library, and 
not for sale, subject to such regula- 
tions as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe; but the term 
“regalia”? as herein used shall be 
held to embrace only such insignia 
of rank or office or emblems as may 
be worn upon the person or borne in 
the hand during public exercises of 
the society or institution, and shall 
not include articles of furniture or 
fixtures, or of regular wearing ap- 
parel, nor personal property of indi- 
viduals. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Imports of statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models, etc., 
in 1914 were valued at $442,844, and in 1918, at $125,084. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Plaster statuary, the professional production of a sculptor, but not 
original, and suitable only for use as a model, was held free of duty 
under this paragraph rather than dutiable as manufactures of plaster 
of Paris under paragraph 369. (Abstract 42185, of 1918.) Plaster 
of Paris casts of sculpture, imported for use as matrices from which 
to mold reproductions, are models within the meaning of this para- 
graph granting free entry to “statuary and casts of sculpture for 
use as models or for art educational purposes.” (G. A. 7632, T. D. 
34905, of 1914.) Curtains and draperies for use on or about an altar 
of a church, classified under paragraph 358, were held not to be free 
of duty as regalia under this paragraph, nor as works of art under 
paragraph 655. (Abstract 37203, of 1915.) A censer, benitier, and 
pair of burettes, the only articles in the importation carried in the 
hand during the services of the church for which they were imported, 
were held free of duty as regalia under paragraph 661 of the act of 
1909. The protest was overruled as to all other items in the importa- 
tion. (Abstract 26391, T. D. 31832, of 1911.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 788 


PARAGRAPH 612. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


612. Steel engraved forms for bonds, 
debentures, stock certificates, negotia- 
m4 ble receipts, notes and other securi- 
ties; and engraved steel plates, dies 
and rolls, suitable for use in engraving 
or printing bonds, stock certificates or 
other securities, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description.—These articles are. not essentially different from 
those covered by paragraph 1387, except that they are designed for 
use in the engraving or printing of bonds, stock certificates, or other 
securities. (For engraved plates, see par. 137.) 

Imports of engraved steel plates, dies, and rolls in 1918 amounted 
to $16,682. | 

Export figures, covering plates and cuts (electrotype, stereotype, 
and engraved). amounted to $225,422 for the fiscal year 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Steel engraved forms for stock certificates were held free of duty 
under this paragraph rather than dutiable as engravings under para- 
graph 329. (Abstract 38877, of 1915.) <A steel engraved plate for 
use in printing stock certificates is entitled to free entry, though the 
design constitutes only a portion of the matter appearing on the 
certificate. This paragraph is unlimited as to the merchandise in- 
tended to be covered, including all engraved plates suitable for use 
in printing stock certificates. (G. A. 8011, T. D. 36926, of 1917.) 

These finished articles are free, while the materials are dutiable. 


PARAGRAPH 613. 


131. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 613. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms, and slabs, by whatever process | blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, 
made; die blocks or blanks; billets | and billets, if made by the Bessemer, 
* * *, all of the above valued at | Siemens-Martin, open-hearth or similar 
three-fourths of 1 cent per pound or | processes, not containing alloy, such 
less, #% of 1 cent per pound; valued | as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, 
above three-fourths of 1 cent and not | tungsten, or wolfram, molybdenum, 
above 1.3 cents per pound, 3 of 1 | titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, 
cent per pound; valued above 1.8 | boron, and similar alloys. 
cents and not above 1.8 cents per 
pound, 3 of 1 cent per pound; valued 
above 1.8 cents and not above 2.2 
cents per pound, of 1 cent per 
pound; valued above 2.2 cents and 
not above 3 cents per pound, 4 of 1 
cent per pound; valued above 38 cents 
per pound and not above 4 cents per 
pound, 1.1 cents per pound; valued 
above 4 cents and not above 7 cents 
per pound, 1.2 cents per pound; valued 
above 7 cents and not above 10 cents 
per pound, 1.9 cents per pound ; valued 
above 10 cents and not above 13 cents 
per pound, 2.38 cents per pound; 
valued above 13 cents and not above 
16 cents per pound, 2.7 cents per 
pound; valued above 16 cents and ‘ 


784 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. — f 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1918. 


not above 24 cents per pound, 4.6 
cents per pound; valued above 24 
cents and not above 382 cents per 
pound, 6 cents per pound; valued 
above 32 cents and not above 40 cents 
per pound, 7 cents per pound; valued 
above 40 cents per pound, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description.—The ingot is the first solid form of steel after con- 
version from pig iron. Blooms, slabs, and billets are early modifica- 
tions of the ingot (par. 110). These forms vary greatly as commodi- 
ties of trade. For example, billets are an important commercial 
product, but ingots are not, ordinarily, in the United States. Steel 
manufactured by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes is relatively 
abundant and cheap compared with steel made by the crucible, cemen- 
tation, and electric processes. (See par, 110.) 

Production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots in 1918 
amounted to 42,533,953 gross tons; ingots of all kinds, 43,051,022 tons, 
nearly double that of 1914. Of the 1918 output, 33,318,561 tons con- 
sisted of open-hearth steel. The leading foreign producers are Ger- 
many, the United Kingdom, and France, whose output in 1918 was 
14,874,000 tons, 9,591,000 tons, and 1,912,000 tons, respectively. 

Imports of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots, blooms, slabs, 
die blocks, and billets in 1918 amounted to 36,129 tons, valued at 
$1,704,429. -The principal contributing countries were Canada ‘(98 
per cent) and Sweden. In 1914 the leading countries were Seetta ae 
Great Britain, and Sweden. 

Exports of ingots, blooms, and billets in 1918 aggregated 1,970, 831 
tons, valued at $164,883,827, nearly all Bessemer and open-hearth 
steel. About 40 per cent went to the United Kingdom, 334 per cent 
to France, and 162% per cent to Italy. ; 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Steel blooms differ from steel bars in that the former have not the 
regular and uniform surface dimensions of the latter. Therefore 
blooms made by the Bessemer process, but not hammered sufficiently 
to transform them into articles commercially known as bars, are free 
under this paragraph. Steel strips measuring more than 5 inches in 
width are not specifically provided for and are relegated to the gen- 
eral provision in paragraph 105 for “strips of iron or steel, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section.” (G. A. 7861, T. D. 36176, of 1916.) 

As the Siemens-Martin process is a form of open-hearth manufac- 
ture, this phrase might be dropped for the more inclusive phrase 
“‘open-hearth process.” 

(See par. 110 concerning the “ comma” and the word “ or ” between 
the words “ tungsten ” and “ wolfram.”’) ts 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 785 


PARAGRAPH 614. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


688. Stone and sand: Burrstone in 614, Stone and sand: Burrstone in 
blocks, rough or unmanufactured; cliff | blocks, rough or unmanufactured; 
stone, unmanufactured; rotten stone, | rotten stone, tripoli, and sand, crude 
tripoli, and sand, crude or manufac- | or manufactured; cliff stone, free- 
tured, not otherwise provided for in| stone, granite, sandstone, and lime- 
this section. stone, unmanufactured, and not suit- 

able for use as monumental or build- 
ing stone; all of the foregoing not 
specially provided for in this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Burrstones, rough or unmanufactured, were discussed in connection 
with paragraph 488. 


ROTTENSTONE AND TRIPOLI. 


Description and uses.—Rotienstone is a siliceous stone, the resi- 
due of a siliceous limestone whose calcareous matter has been re- 
moved by the solvent action of water. The term tripoli designates 
two products similar in properties, uses, and chemical composition, 
but different in geological origin: (1) In our trade it is a light, white 
or yellowish, porous, and generally purely siliceous rock which 
has resulted from the leaching of the calcareous matter from very 
siliceous limestone or highly calcareous cherts, therefore synony- 
-mous with rottenstone; (2) diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr, a de- 
posit of a fine, white, siliceous powder composed chiefly or wholly 
of the remains of diatoms or minute aquatic plants, occurs in Tripoli, 
and enters the trade as tripoli or tripolite. These materials are 
usually loose and powdery, but in some cases are more or less firmly 
coherent. They are used chiefly as an abrasive for polishing pur- 
poses, scouring soaps, and soap powders; as absorbents, chiefly for 
nitroglycerin in making dynamite; as a filtering medium, packing 
material, and heat insulating material. 

Production of tripoli increased from 17,218 short tons, valued at 
$142,428 in 1914, to 48,257 short tons, valued at $215,216 in 1916; 
and decreased to 26,069 short tons, valued at $92,416 in 1917. Illi- 
nois has been the chief producer, although the output of Eastern 
States (Pennsylvania) is higher priced, and is sold for polishing 
preparations. The production of diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr 
decreased from 11,012 tons, valued at $109,899 in 1914, to 2,721 tons, 
valued at $26,337 in 1916, and 3,033 tons, valued at $31,868 in 1917. 
Since 1915 there has been considerable production for special pur- 
poses. Western States lead in the output. 

Imports of tripoli and rottenstone have increased in value from 
' $20,004 in 1914 to $37,573 in 1916, then decreased to $14,551 in 1918. 
Imports have been chiefly from England, Canada, and Germany. 


SAND, CRUDE OF MANUFACTURED. 


Description and uses.—Besides familiar uses, sand is used as an 
abrasive in sand blasting, in making glass, and to form molds in 
casting iron and steel. 

Production of sand and gravel increased from 66,846,959 tons, 
valued at $21,158,583 in 1911, to 89,091,732 tons, valued at $29,809,995 

184911°—20——_50 


786 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


in 1916, and 76,419,825 tons, valued at $35,296,932 in 1917, 60 to 65 
per cent of the total being sand. The output of sand in 1917 was: 
Glass sand, 1,942,675 tons, valued at $2,685,014; molding sand, 4,660,- 
968 tons, valued at $4,303,809; building sand, 25,874,987 tons, valued 
at $9,837,688 ; grinding and polishing sand, 1,179,190 tons, valued at 
$1,220,708; fire or furnace sand, 604,035 tons, valued at $695,455; 
engine sand, 1,410,222 tons, valued at $832,834; paving sand, 4,348,474 
tons, valued at $1,789,474; filter sand, 62,170 tons, valued at $47,351; 
and other sand, 1,262,785 tons, valued at $376,415. 

Imports of sand in 1918 were valued at $135,140, chiefly from 
Canada. 

Exports of sand and gravel increased from $132,221 in 1915, to 
$552,409 in 1918, 90 per cent or more going to Canada. 


CLIFFSTONE. 


Description and uses.—This is a hard chalk, used to some extent 
in the manufacture of paint, paper, and rubber, and_as a filler on 
wood. 

Imports in 1914 were 9,079 tons, valued at $11,046; in 1918, 5,306 
tons, valued at $10,293. 

GRANITE. 


Production of granite, other than building and monumental, was 
4,978,600 tons, valued at $6,678,887 in 1917; proportion, by value, for 
various uses was crushed stone, 40 per cent; paving, 35 per cent; 
curbing, 10 per cent; riprap, 9 per cent; rubble and all other, 6 per 
cent. The industry is widespread, Vermont, Massachusetts, North 
Carolina, Maine, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, as named, leading. 

Imports were negligible, in 1914 valued at $24,134, and in 1918 
at $4,400, including all freestone, sandstone, granite, and limestone 
unsuitable for building or monumental use. 

Exports of all wnmanufactured stone (including marble) have aver- 
aged, for the past five years, about $500,000. 


FREESTONE, SANDSTONE, AND LIMESTONE, 


Description and uses.—Freestone is a kind of sandstone, so named 
because easily split and worked. ‘The various uses of these stones 
appear below. 

Production of sandstone, including freestone, quartzite, and blue- 
stone, in 1917 was 8,867,640 tons, valued at $5,512,421, distributed as 
to use and value as follows: Building stone, 18.9 per cent (par. 99) ; 
paving blocks, 6.4 per cent; curbing, 11.8 per cent; flagging, 6.3 per 
cent; ganister, 24.5 per cent; crushed stone, 25.4 per cent; riprap and 
rubble, the remainder. Of 35 producing States, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
and New York furnished 66 per cent of the total. Limestone produc- 
tion in 1917 was 63,481,500 tons, valued at $46,263,379, of which, by 
value, 8.9 per cent was used for building stone (par. 99), 40.4 per 
cent for flux, 13.9 per cent for road making, 7.4 per cent for railroad 
ballast, 16.7 per cent for concrete, 3.1 per cent for alkali works, and 
2.9 per cent for agriculture. The remainder was used for riprap, 
rubble, paving, curbing, and in sugar, glass, paper factories, lime burn- 
ers, etc. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, New York, Michigan, and IIli- 
nois lead among 44 States reporting. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 787 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Ground geyserite classified as a nonenumerated article under para- 
graph 480 of the act of 1909 or as an earthy or mineral substance 
wholly or partly manufactured under paragraph 81 of the act of 1913, 
was held entitled to free entry as sand, crude or manufactured, under 
paragraph 683 of the act of 1909 or this paragraph of the act of 1913. 
(Abstract> 36371, T. D. 34742, of 1914.) Rottenstone put through a 
process of sieving and screening and then moistened and molded into 
the form of a brick, nothing apparently having been added to the 
stone, was held free of duty under this paragraph and not dutiable 
as an article of earthy or mineral substance under paragraph 81. 
(Abstract 42319, of 1918.) Sand dug from pits in Germany, shipped 
exactly as taken out of the pits except that some of it is ground to 
finer powder before shipping, was held classable under this paragraph. 
The protest claiming under paragraph 479 was held insufficient. 
(Abstract 38569, of 1915.) So-called polishing. sand, taken from a 
hill or mountain and brought down to a hut where it is dumped into 
an improvised hopper and pounded with a stone by hand to the con- 
dition in which imported, was held free of duty as sand under this 
paragraph, rather than dutiable under paragraph 81. (Abstract 
43278, of 1919.) (See par. 438.) 


PARAGRAPH 615. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
685. Strontia, oxide of, and protox- 615. Strontia, oxide of, protoxide of 
ide of strontian, and strontianite, or | strontian, and strontianite or min- 
mineral carbonate of strontia. eral carbonate of strontia. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—Strontianite, the natural carbonate of 
strontium, is of little commercial! value; it is a rare mineral not gen- 
erally found in deposits of commercial size. The most abundant ore 
and the one most used is celestite, the natural sulphate of strontium, 
not specialy provided for and free under paragraph 549. Before 
1915 very little strontium ore was used here, most of the compounds 
consumed being imported. With the war, there was an increased 
demand for strontium salts to be used in signal lights and this, com- 
bined with the embargo placed by England on all strontium com- 
pounds, compelled their domestic manufacture. Strontium compounds 
are used principally in red lights (the nitrate) and in the refining 
of beet sugar (the hydrate), and are employed to some extent in 
medicine. 

Production.—In 1916 the domestic output of strontium ore was 250 
short tons, not all marketed; in 1917, approximately 4,085 tons, over 
70 per cent of consumption. Most of this production was celestite. 
In 1918 the production was 400 tons of strontianite, but no celestite. 
The Western States are the principal producers. 

Imports listed as “strontia, oxide of, protoxides of strontian, and 
strontianite or mineral carbonate of strontia ” in 1918 were valued at 
$474; in 1915, at $7,268; in 1917, at $21,184; and in 1918, at $6,873. 
Imports of salis of strontiwm in 1914 were 1,834,733 pounds of the 
nitrate, 55,134 pounds of the carbonate, 16,189 pounds of precipitated 
sulphate, and smaller amounts of other salts. 


788 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Strontia is the oxide of strontium; “ oxide of” might, therefore, be 
omitted. ‘“‘ Strontium ” rather than “ Strontian ” or “ strontia ” is the 
name of the metal and proper terminology for the protoxide and car- 
bonate. 

PARAGRAPH 616. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


80. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all 616. Strychnia or strychnine, and 
salts thereof, 15 cents per ounce. its combinations with acids not sub- 
ject to duty under this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Strychnine is an alkaloid manufactured 
from nux vomica (par. 558). It is also sold in combination with 
various acids, the most important salts being the acetate, nitrate, 
phosphate, and sulphate. It is used as a stimulant in medicine and as 
a poison for vermin and predatory animals. One ounce of strychnine 
corresponds to 17,500 medicinal doses. 

Production.—Our strychnine is derived from nux vomica imported 
from India. Production figures are not available, but the annual 
import of nux vomica is equivalent to 400,000 to 600,000 ounces of 
strychnine. It is also manufactured in England and Germany, but no 
commercial production has been noted in India. 

Imports of strychnine and its combinations with acids from 1909 
to 1913 were negligible. During 1914-1918 an average of 29,305 
ounces valued at $17,946 was reported. 


PARAGRAPH 617. 


81. Sulphur, refined or sublimed, or 617. Sulphur in any form, brim- 
flowers of, $4 per ton. stone, and sulphur ore as pyrites, or 
sulphuret of iron in its natural state, 
686. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, | containing in excess of 25 per centum 
and sulphur or brimstone, crude, in | of sulphur, 
bulk, sulphur ore as pyrites; or sul- 
phuret of iron in its natural state, 
containing in excess of 25 per centum 
orf sulphur, and sulphur not otherwise 
provided for in this section. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


SULPHUR. 


Description and uses.—Sulphur or brimstone is a free chemical 
element found in the vicinity of volcanoes, active and extinct, and 
also occurs in nature in chemical combination with other elements, 
the most important compounds being the sulphides of iron, copper, 
lead, and zine. Crude sulphur as mined here is often 99 per cent 
pure. It is used chiefly in the production of sulphur dioxide, which in 
turn is used for digesting wood pulp, the manufacture of sulphuric 
acid, bleaching of silk and straw, preservation of beverages and foods, 
and the manufacture of sodium sulphite and bisulphite. Sulphur is 
also used to vulcanize rubber, in the manufacture of matches, carbon 
disulphide, sodium thiosulphate, and other chemicals, in the yulcani- 
zation of corn and linseed oils, for combating fungus diseases of 
plants, and in making lime-sulphur solution for “ spraying trees and 
sheep dip.” 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 789 


Production.—The leading producers are the United States, Italy, 
Japan, and Chile, in order. The domestic output of sulphur increased 
from 827,634 long tons in 1914 to about 1,350,000 tons in 1918, due 
to the large demand for sulphuric acid, which could not be supplied 
by either imported or domestic pyrites, previously used as the. raw 
material. The large deposits in Louisiana and Texas, discovered in 
1865, became commercial sources in 19038. It is mined by sinking a 
pipe to the deposits and forcing superheated water through another 
pipe to melt the sulphur, which is forced to the surface in liquid 
condition through the first pipe. This comparatively cheap method 
(reported by the Federal Trade Commission as about $6 per ton in 
1917), places the industry of this country in a dominant position. 

Imports since the development of the industry have been small, in 
1918 only 282 long tons, valued at $8,677. 

Exports of sulphur, chiefly to Canada, increased from 45,595 
long tons, valued at $864,808 in 1910, to 177,548 long tons, valued at 
$38,595,512 in 1917. In 1918 imports were 140,525 tons. 


PYRITES, 


Description and uses.—The term ‘“pyrites” generally refers to 
disulphide of iron, but more recently it has been used to designate a 
variety of sulphide minerals. Ordinary grades of ‘ pyrites or sul- 
phuret of iron” contain from 438 to 48 per cent of sulphur. An ore 
containing less than 35 per cent is seldom used for making sulphuric 
acid, as it will not support its own combustion. Commercial transac- 
tions in pyrites are based on a unit, 1 per cent of sulphur per ton 
of ore. The chief use of pyrites is for the manufacture of sulphuric 
acid. About 1,250,000 tons are consumed here annually. 

Production.—Spain and Portugal possess the largest deposits, sup- 
plying about 75 per cent of the total consumption. Spanish ore, espe- 
cially from the Rio Tinto mines (the important Spanish mines are 
controlled by French and English capital), has long been considered 
the best for manufacturing sulphuric acid; its pyrites contains about 
3 per cent copper, and the residue, after the copper is extracted, is 
still suitable for making sulphuric acid. Spain’s production of cop- 
per mineral and iron pyrites normally was between 3,000,000 and 
5,000,000 tons. Domestic production of pyrites in 1913 was 341,338 
long tons, valued at $1,286,084, increased during the war by about 385 
per cent, primarily from existing mines rather than new deposits. 
Prior to 1915 Virginia led, yielding about 50 per cent; California fol- 
lowed, increasing her output for 1914-1918 to nearly that of Virginia. 

Imports of pyrites for 1910-1917 averaged about 980,000 long tons, 
with 1,244,662 long tons in 1916, the maximum. They furnished about 
70 per cent of our consumption. Imports of pyrites from Spain and 
. Portugal in 1918 were limited to 600,000 tons, owing to scarcity of 
shipping, the actual imports being 496,792 tons. Imports from Canada 
in 1918 were about six times the prewar volume. 

-For detailed discussion of-pyrites and sulphur, see report of United 
States Tariff Commission on Pyrites and Sulphur Industry. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Sulphur from Japan, expelled by volcanic force from geysers, drawn 
off in conduits, and, when cool, broken into various shapes and placed 
in sacks for transportation, was held free of duty under the appro- 


790 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


priate paragraphs of the acts of 1897 and 1909 as sulphur n. o. p. f. 
This sulphur, very nearly pure, can not be said to have been refined, 
nor is it crude. Sublimation of sulphur is the artificial distillation 
thereof in the course of which the sulphur content of the article dis- 
tilled is, after evaporation, deposited, collected, and formed according 
to the commercial or other uses for which it may be designed. 
“Crude” refers commonly to substances or articles in a condition 
unfit for the ultimate purposes or uses for which they are intended. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1384, of 1913.) 
PARAGRAPH 618. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 19138. 


| 


82. Sumac, ground, of 1 cent per 618. Sumac, ground or unground. 
pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Sumac is the dried and powdered leaves or 
stalks of certain shrubs (Rhus) which are native throughout the 
world. The best grades of sumac contain from 15 to 20 per cent 
tannin and are sold as ground or unground leaves, twigs, and stems, 
or as an extract prepared by chemical treatment (par. 30). 

Imports of sumac since 1913 have been free and from 1918 to 1918 
averaged 12,947,616 pounds, valued at $339,161. 


PARAGRAPH 619. 


226. Swine, $1.50 per head. 619. Swine, cattle, sheep, and all 
other domestic live animals suitable 
225, Cattle, if less than one year | for human food not otherwise provided 
old, $2 per head; all other cattle if | for in this section. 
valued at not more than $14 per head, 
$3.75 per head; if valued at more 
than $14 per head, 274 per centum ad 
valorem. 


228. Sheep, one year old or over, 
$1.50 per head; less than one year 
old, 75 cents per head. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
SWINE. 


Production.—The United States is by far the most important swine 
producing country in the world, the Number on farms, January 
1, 1919, being estimated as 75,587,000, a steady increase from about 
59,000,000 in 1914. This increase was influenced by demands during 
the war. The distribution is wide, but about one-half is found in the 
corn belt—Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Indiana, and 
Ohio. These States convert corn into pork which, because of its much | 
greater value per pound, can better bear transportation charges, 

Imports in 1918 numbered 12,745, valued at $325,042, practically all 
from Canada and Mexico. With the removal of the duty of $1.50 
per head, there was an increase from 1,547 in 1918 to 96,429 in 1914, 
valued at $1,473,357. 

Exports in 1918 numbered 9,280, valued at $256,629, mostly to 
Cuba, Mexico, and Canada. The trade in live animals, excepting 
in pure-bred stock, is confined for the most part to local border 
transaction. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 791 


CATTLE. 


Production.—Only India exceeds the United States in gross num- 
ber of cattle, but Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Australia, and New 
Zealand each have more cattle per thousand population. The domestic 
beef-cattle supply responded to the extraordinary demands of the 
war, rising from 35,800,000 in 1914 to 44,400,000 in 1918. In recent 
years the population has increased much faster than the number 
of beef cattle, and with the curtailment of western ranges, the pro- 
duction of cattle comes more and more into competition with cereals. 
The distribution of beef cattle depends largely on cheap fodder and 
pasture. Concentration of supply of steers and bulls is in Iowa 
and portions of western Kansas, while Texas yields the maximum 
of steers. Contrary to the general opinion, the States east of the 
Mississippi Valley produce more beef cattle than the Western States, 
with a tendency to an increase of cattle in general farming sections 
and a relative decrease for the western ranges. Dairy cattle in 1919 
_was estimated at 23,400,000, a little over one-half the number of beef 
cattle, the former valued at $1,836,000,000 and the latter at $1,960,- 
000,000. Dairy cattle from census to census show a steady increase 
and tendency to displace the beef industry in the areas of denser 
population. Wisconsin, New York, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and 
Ohio rank in order as to their number of dairy cows. 

Imports of cattle in 1918 numbered 294,207, valued at $17,801,579, 
nearly all from Canada, Mexico, and England, mostly a border trade. 
Imports from England—probably breeding cattle, though no separate 
statistics are available since 1914—continued throughout the war. 
Compared with 425,146 in 1913, 872,093 cattle valued at $18,742,908, 
entered in 1914, of which 72 per cent came from Mexico, probably be- 
cause of unsettled conditions in that country. 

Exports of cattle in 1918 numbered 18,213, valued at $1,247,800, 

chiefly and about equally to Mexico and Canada. 


SHEEP. 


Production.—This country. ranked fourth in sheep production in 
1916, exceeded by Australia, Russia, and Argentina, but ranked very 
low in output per capita in 1916—about one sheep per capita, against 
25.2 for Uruguay, 22.7 for New Zealand, and 17.5 for Australia, the 
ratio steadily declining since 1900. In 1919 our sheep on farms was 
estimated at 49,863,000, valued at $579,016,000. Sheep are especially 
adapted to rough country with relatively dry and scant herbage and 
poorer farm lands. Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Ohio rank 
in order in sheep produced. The decline in the western sections is 
due to encroachment of homesteads on the public ranges. The concen- 
tration in production is found in southeastern Ohio, with a specializa- 
tion in merino wool sheep. 

Imports in 1918 numbered 177,696, valued at $1,980,261, almost ex- 
clusively from Canada, Mexico, and England. In 1914 there was an 
increase to 223,729 from 15,207 sheep imported in 1918, 92 per cent 
from Mexico and most of the rest from Canada. - 

Exports in 1918 numbered 7,959, valued at $97,028. The average 
for 19138-1917 was $99,606. 


792 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ALL OTHER DOMESTIC LIVE ANIMALS SUITABLE FOR HUMAN FOOD, N. O. P. F. 


Production.—In this class of animals are goats, rabbits, and 
reindeer. Goats are of minor importance except in the rough, 
semiarid plateau region of southwestern Texas, where 25 per cent of 
the 3,000,000 goats are found. The production of rabbits, compara- 
tively insignificant, is increasing. In California, Oregon, Washing- 
ton, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and other States the domesticated 
rabbit is a recognized meat animal. Federal inspection of the slaugh- 
ter of horses for food purposes, as yet a new and unimportant industry 
here, is now established. The reindeer, it is reported, is now re- 
garded as a meat animal in Alaska, and is imported from Siberia for 
breeding purposes. 

Imports of all these animals in 1918 numbered 29,740, valued at 


$65,022. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Live goats, bred on the island of Guadeloupe, uninhabited except 
by the few men who have gone there to corral and export the goats, 
‘were held free of duty under this paragraph as ‘“ domestic live 
animals suitable for human food,” rather than dutiable under para- 
graph 187 as live animals not specially provided for. The goats, 
though at first shy, soon became accustomed to the presence of men. 
They are imported for their hides and flesh and as milk producers. 
(G. A. 8218, T. D. 378381, of 1918.) 

“ Specially > might be substituted for ‘ otherwise” as the term 
ordinarily used in “not otherwise provided for in this section.” 


PARAGRAPH 620. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


596. * * * vegetable ivory in its 620. Tagua nuts. 
natural state. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tagua nuts, also called corrozzo nuts, are 
from a palm in the Peruvian Andes and other parts of South America. 
The kernel is so hard and white it is fittingly called vegetable ivory. 
It is used in the manufacture of buttons, umbrella handles, and small 
trinkets. The coquilla nut, from another species of: palm, also sup- 
plies a kind of vegetable ivory with like uses. 

Imports of tagua nuts in 1914 were 26,736,148 pounds, valued at 
$883,055—10,413,5389 pounds from Hecuador, 7,917,488 pounds from 
Colombia, and 5,209,774 pounds from Panama. In 1918 imports were 
43,544,465 pounds, valued at $1,351,262, one-half from Ecuador and 
the rest-_ largely from Colombia and Panama. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tagua nuts, cut into slabs as a preparation for the making of but- 
tons or like products, with no indication that the cutting into slabs 
has either fitted the nut for new uses or withdrawn it from any 
general uses to which it was adapted, are free of duty under this | 
paragraph and not dutiable as nonenumerated partly manufactured 
articles under paragraph 385. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 68, of 1917.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 798 


PARAGRAPH 621. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


621. Talceum, steatite, and French 
chalk, crude and unground., 


For “General information,’ see paragraph 69. 


PARAGRAPH 622. 


290. Tallow, 4 of 1 cent per pound. 622. Tallow. 
co * * 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The term “tallow” includes the fats from 
sheep and cattle, but the larger part of the tallow produced here 
comes from the fat of cattle, averaging 50 pounds from a steer and 1 
pound from a sheep or goat. There are two classes, edible and in- 
edible. The edible fats of beef are handled much the same as hog 
fats. Oleo stock is merely a high grade of edible beef tallow, used 
in making oleo oil and stearin. Oleo oil is used in the manufacture 
of margarines and ig also heavily exported, especially to Holland. 
Edible tallows are also used in making sausage, suet puddings, mince- 
meat, and similar products. ‘The inedible tallows are used in soap, 
leather dressings, greases, and in the technical industries. 

Production.—The output of tallows in the United States in 1917 
was 259,509,000 pounds. If 153,188,000 pounds of oleo produced in 
1917 are added, tallows rank fourth in production of all fats and oils. 
Production in 1916 and 1917 shows a considerable increase over 1914 
and 1912, and data give a 30 per cent increase in the slaughter of 
cattle during the five years 1913 to 1917. 

Imports of tallow in 1918 were unprecedented, 98,176,560 pounds, 
valued at $14,365,676. The raw tallow imported (mostly from Can- 
ada) was over six times the exports. The average imports for 1911- 
1914 were only 1,299,025 pounds; in 1914, 3,871,833 pounds. 

Exports of tallow, as such, decreased from an average of 28,900,000 
pounds for 1911-1914 ‘to 5,014,000 pounds in 1918. Exportation of oleo 
oil, the most important tallow derivative, similarly decreased. Much 
more oleo oil is exported than raw tallow, averaging 113,759,000 
pounds for 1911-1914. Holland is normally the largest importer of 
American oleo oil, manufacturing it into margarines for the Huropean 
trade. 

PARAGRAPH 623. 


688. Tamarinds. | 628. Tamarinds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The tamarind is the fruit or pod of a 
leguminous tree. The pods are hard externally, but contain a juicy, 
pleasantly acid pulp. It is used as a table preserve and in confec- 
tions. A cooling laxative drink is made from the pulp. 

Production.—The tree is a native of tropical Africa, but is found 
in Australia, India, South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. 

Import values of tamarinds were $4,211 in 1914 and $7,038 in 1918. 


794 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “ tamarinds” is a commercial designation and has been 
accepted for a number of years in the administration of our tariff 
laws and, having been incorporated in the tariff act of 1909, it is to 
be inferred the interpretation so established was there adhered to. 
The addition of the words ‘“ packed in molasses” will not suffice to 


change the classification. 
entry. 


The importation was held entitled to free 
(2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 380, of 1911.) 


PARAGRAPH 624. 


ACT OF 1909. 


22, * * * Hxtracts of bark, such 
as are commonly used for * * #* 
tanning, not specially provided for in 
this section, Z of 1 cent per pound; 
* * * extracts of quebracho, not 
exceeding in density twenty-eight de- 
grees Baumé, 4 of 1 cent per pound; 
exceeding in density twenty-eight de- 
grees Baumé, 2? of 1 cent per pound; 


extracts of hemlock bark, 4 of 1 cent 
per pound; extracts Sh Te of 
woods other than dyewoods, not 


specially provided for in this section, 
& of 1 cent per pound * #* *#, 


509) Drugs, such-as *- * *. nuts, 
nutgalls, * * * and woods used 
expressly for dyeing or tanning; any 
of the foregoing which are natural 
and uncompounded drugs and not 
edible and not specially provided for 
in this section, and are in a crude 
state, not advanced in value or condi- 
tion by any process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture: Provided, That 
no article containing alcohol, or in 
the preparation of which alcohol is 
used, shall be admitted free of duty 
under this paragraph. 


499. Articles in a crude state used 
in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- 


vided for in this section. 4 


20. Drugs; jsuchoas | ee. See nuts, 
nutgalls, * * * and woods used 
expressly for dyeing or tanning; any 
of the foregoing which are natural 
and uncompounded drugs and not 
edible, and not specially provided for 
in this section, but which are ad- 
vanced in value or condition by any 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing 
of the drugs and the prevention of de- 
cay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture, % of 1 cent per pound, and 
in addition thereto 10 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol, or in the prepara- 
tion of which alcohol is used, shall be 
classified for duty under this para- 
graph, 


ACT OF 1918. 


624, Tanning material: Extracts of 
quebracho, and of hemlock bark; ex- 
tracts of oak and chestnut and other 
barks and woods other thar dyewoods 
such as are commonly used for tan- 
ning not specially provided for in this 
section; nuts and nutgalls and woods 
uséd expressly for dyeing or tanning, 
whether or not~advanced in value or 
condition by shredding, grinding, chip- 
ping, crushing, or any other process; 
and articles in a crude state used in 
dyeing or tanning; all the foregoing 
not containing alcohol and _ not 
specially provided for in this section. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 795 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


TANNING MATERIALS. 


The term “tanning materials,” in a broad sense, includes all sub- 
stances, whether of vegetable, mineral, or animal origin, used for 
changing animal hides into leather. The most important are vege- 
table, including a variety of woods, barks, leaves, excrescences, roots, 
bulbs, fruits, and seeds containing tannic acid. The preparation of all 
these extracts is very similar, but purification by chemical treatment 
is sometimes necessary. The process in general consists of (1) chip- 
' ping, grinding, or shredding the crude material in a suitable machine; 
(2) extracting the prepared crude material in water in open or 
vacuum pans or tanks heated by steam; (8) concentrating the ex: 
tracted liquor to desired strengths in liquid or solid form. 


QUEBRACHO EXTRACT. 


Description and uses.—Quebracho extract, obtained from hard- 
wood trees belonging to the genus Quebrachia, native to South 
America, contains from 15 to 25 per cent tannin. It is sold in a 
solid or liquid form, and in 1914 constituted 88 per cent of all the 
tanning materials used. The extract is from wood found in Argentina, 
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. 

Production is from imported logs. It is manufactured extensively 
in Argentina. 

Imports for 1914-1918 averaged 92,472,279 pounds, valued at 
$4,380,896, the maximum being 125,565,857 pounds, valued at $3,676,- 
749 in 1915. Argentina is the chief exporter, but small quantities 
come from England, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. 


HEMLOCK-BARK EXTRACT. 


Description and uses.—This extract is obtained from the bark of 
the hemlock (Abies canadensis) native to North America. It is sold 
on its tannin content, in a liquid or solid state, and used in tanning 
sole and other heavy leathers. 

Production in 1914 was 18,978,013 pounds, valued at $340,402. 

Imports in 1915 were 5,263,296 pounds, valued at $173,998. 


EXTRACT OF OAK AND CHESTNUT. 


Description and uses.—Oak extract, obtainable from chestnut-oak 
or black-oak bark, is one of the oldest tanning materials used for 
soles and. heavy leathers. Chestnut extract, from the wood of the 
chestnut (Castanea vesca), contains from 25 to 60 per cent of tannin, 
according to whether liquid or solid. It is used in connection with 
hemlock extract to modify the color. 

Production of oak and chestnut extract in 1914 was 328,197,524 
pounds, valued at $4,130,042, or 52.3 per cent in value-of all domestic 
tanning materials. 

Imports of chestnut-bark extract in 1914 were 256,078 pounds, 
valued at $4,234, chiefly from France; in 1916 and 1917, negligible. 
Imports of oak-bark extract in 1914 were 143,094 pounds, valued at 
$6,539 ; in 1915, 65,298 pounds, valued at $2,628. 

Exports are not shown separately. (See “Bark, extract of, for 
tanning.” ) 


796 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


EXTRACTS OF OTHER BARKS AND WOODS, N. S. P. F. 


Description.—Under this heading the following extracts would be 
included: Cutch (catechu) is a dried extract obtained from trees com- 
mon in India and East Africa. Mangrove-bark extract, from the 
bark of mangrove trees native to East Africa, Madagascar, the Hast 
Indies, Venezuela, and Colombia, igs extensively used in the tanning 
industry. It occurs in commerce as a solid or liquid, from 25 to 50 
‘per cent tannin, made from imported bark. 

Imports of mangrove-bark extract in 1914 were 1,981,266 pounds, 
valued at $59,899; of cutch, 328,940 pounds, valued at $16,187, chiefly 
from the Straits Settlements and British India. Imports of woods 
other than dyewoods, n. s. p. f., for 1915-1918 averaged about 800,000 
pounds, valued at about $40,000. Imports of bark extract used for 
tanning, n. s. p. f., for 1916-1918 averaged about 4,000,000 pounds, 
valued at about $225,000. Imports of nuts and nutgalls for 1908-1918 
averaged about $230,000. (See par. 30, p. 35.) Imports of logwood, 
crude, for 1910-1915 averaged 35,000 tons, valued at about $472,000; 
in 1916, 184,819 tons, valued at $3,437,388; in 1917, 121,762 tons, 
valued at $4,127,031; in 1918, 55,354 tons, valued at $1,175,049. Im- 
ports of camwood in 1916 was 80 tons, valued at $5,991. Imports of 
fustic wood for 1909-1914 averaged about 4,000 tons, valued at about 
$65,000; for 1915-1918 about 18,000 tons, valued at about $262,000. . 
The imports of other dyewoods in 1918 were 16,489 tons, valued at 
$425,942. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Valonia extract, made from the cup of the acorn of the Valonia oak, 
was held free of duty under this paragraph. This paragraph was 
evidently intended to be all embracing. While it may be said that 
the cup of an acorn of an oak tree is not, in a highly technical sense, 
the bark or the wood of the oak tree, for the purposes of the tariff 
law it must be so considered. (Abstract 37219, of 1915.) Myrobalan, 
classified as a nonenumerated manufactured article under paragraph 
385, was held free of duty as tanning material under this paragraph. 
(Abstract 87917, of 1915.) Mangrove extract, classified under para- 
graph 380 as an extract of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, was 
held free of duty as tanning material under this paragraph. (Ab- 
stract 88085, of 1915.) Cutch, made from the bark of the mangrove 
tree, is free of duty under that provision of this paragraph for “ ex- 
tracts of oak and chestnut and other barks and woods other than dye- 
woods such as are commonly used for tanning.” Cutch made from 
the wood and leaves of the acacia catechu tree is dutiable at the rate 
of three-eighths of 1 cent per pound under paragraph 30 as an ex- 
tract of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing. (G. A. 8265, T. D. 
88055, of 1919.) 

As dyeing as well as tanning materials are enumerated in this 
paragraph the subheading might be changed to read “ Dyeing and 
tanning materials.” 


PARAGRAPH 625. 
ACT OF 1909. © ACT OF 1913. 


689. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cassava 625. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cassava 
or cassady. or cassady. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 797 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Cassava is a shrubby plant, native to tropi- 
cal America, but grown extensively in the Dutch East Indies, Central 
America, the West Indies, Afriea, and to some extent in the south- 
eastern United States. There are two principal types. The Dit- 
ter cassava of Brazil contains considerable volatile poison, but this is 
dissipated by heat and the washing of the grated roots. The sweet 
cassava, or manihot, is cultivated, principally <n Florida, for the 
starch, which is used in the textile and other industries. Cassava 
bread and cakes are made from both varieties. Tapioca is formed 
when moist cassava starch is properly heated upon an iron plate. The 
granules rupture and agglomerate into irregular pellets which become 
hard and translucent when cooled. Tapioca is a light, pleasant, diges- 
tible food, much used for puddings and for thickening soup. Tapioca 
dextrin starch is also used for sizing textiles and for gumming stamps 
and envelopes, 250 tons per year going to the Bureau of Printing and 
Engraving. During the war tapioca nitrostarch assumed some im- 
portance as an explosive. 

Production.—Cassava in Florida yields 5 to 10 bushels per acre. 

Import figures for these various items are not given separately. 
Imports of tapioca, tapioca flour, and cassava or cassady in 1914 were 
71,304,728 pounds, valued at $1,590,614; in 1918, 92,351,460, valued at 
$4,734,860, practically all coming from the Dutch East Indies and the 
Straits Settlements. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Tapioca starch, classified as starch under paragraph 296 of the act 
of 1909, was held more specifically provided for as tapioca under para- 
graph 689. (Abstract 36021, T. D. 34609, of 1914, following 176 U. S. 
156, of 1900.) Cassava in the shape of thin wafers classified as wafers 
not specially provided for under paragraph 244 of the act of 1909 
was held free of duty as cassava under paragraph 689. (Abstract 
31713, T. D. 33280, of 1913, following G. A. 5737, T. D. 25443, of 1904.) 


PARAGRAPH 626. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
690. Tar and pitch of wood. 626. Tar and pitch of wood. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tar and pitch of wood are products ob- 
tained from the destructive distillation of wood. Tar is distilled, pro- 
ducing tar oils and a residual product known as wood pitch. Tar 
is used in the manufacture of ropes, in the paint industry, and in 
making tar soaps. Pitch is used for calking wooden ships and for 
coating silos to render them impervious to moisture. Wood creosote 
is obtained from heavy tar oils by a refining process. 

Production of tar by the wood distillation industry in 1914 was 
2,965,354 gallons, of which 1,476,797 gallons were sold, valued at 
$145,984. The production of wood creosote in 1914 was 2,073,057 
pounds, valued at $38,872. 

Imports of tar and pitch of wood have been less than 1,000 bar- 
rels since 1911. 


798 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Exports of tar, turpentine (crude gum turpentine), and pitch in 
1914 were 351,353 barrels, valued at $568,891, decreasing in 1916 to 


67,963 barrels, valued at $291,731. 


PARAGRAPH 627. 


ACT OF 1909. 


691. Tea and tea plants: Provided, 
That nothing herein contained shall 
be construed to repeal or impair the 
provisions of an Act entitled “An Act 
to prevent the importation of impure 
and unwholesome tea,’ approved 
March second, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-seven, and any Act amenda- 
tory thereof. 


ACT OF 1913. 


627. Tea not specially provided for 
in this section, and tea plants: Pro- 
vided, That the cans, boxes, or other 
containers of tea packed in packages 
of Jess than five pounds each shall be 
dutiable at the rate chargeable thereon 
if imported empty: Provided further, 
That nothing herein contained shall 
be construed to repeal or impair the 





provisions of an Act entitled ‘‘An Act 
to prevent the importation of impure 
and unwholesome_ tea,’ approved 
March second, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-seven, and any Act amendatory 
thereof, 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


Description and uses.—The tea plant is an evergreen shrub of 
tropical and subtropical climates. Its tender leaves compose the tea 
of commerce; the older woody leaves, and tea dust, waste, siftings, 
and stalk are used for the manufacture of caffeine (par. 18), for 
adulterating purposes, and in making brick and other low-grade teas. 
’ Production.—The bulk of commercial teas may be divided into 
three general classes according to methods of preparation—black, 
green, and Oolong (an intermediate type). Subclasses such as Or- 
ange Pekoe and Souchong indicate the gradation from the fine leaf 
bud to the expanded and woody leaf. Virtually the entire supply 
is produced in densely populated regions of the Orient, having ample 
supplies of cheap labor. Producers are organized into strong guilds 
and associations, which regulate the trade and conditions of pro- 
duction. Definite figures of production are not available, but the 
aggregate exports of producing countries for 1909-1918 approximated 
750,000,000 pounds. British India contributed about 34 per cent; 
Ceylon about 25 per cent, almost exclusively black teas; China about 
26 per cent (chiefly green teas); the balance coming from Japan 
proper, Formosa, and Java. The plant is successfully grown in 
South Carolina and Georgia, local needs being supplied by tea gar- 
dens. Physical conditions are not so favorable as in the Orient, and 
the absence of cheap labor appears to be an insurmountable handicap 
to commercial production. 

Imports of tea for 1910-1918 fluctuated, averaging about 100,000,000 
pounds, valued at from $17,000,000 to $30,000,000. Nearly one-half 
came from Japan proper and Formosa, about one-fourth from China. 
The balance consisted chiefly of Indian and Ceylon tea, mostly re- 
exported from England (about 15,000,000 pounds) ‘and Canada 
(3,000,000 pounds). 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


The first proviso has been construed to levy duty not upon the con- 
tainer of the tea itself, but upon the container of the packages of tea. 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 458, of 1914; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 528, of 1916; 8 Ct. 


/ 


a> el 


a -- - -- - 


et le elie eee 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 799 


Cust. Appls., 208, of 1917.) The container so dutiable may be the 
packing case. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 208, of 1917.) Intermediate con- 


._tainers of tea packed in packages of less than 5 pounds each are 


dutiable under this paragraph, whether or not the total weight of 
the tea in such intermediate containers is less than 5 pounds. Out- 
side cases containing tea packed in packages of less than 5 pounds 
each are also dutiable under this paragraph whether or not there 
are intermediate containers, such assessment to be in addition to 
the duty on the intermediate containers when there are such. (T. D. 
36376, of 1916.) Both the intermediate containers and the packing 
cases or bales containing a number of packages of tea of less than 5 
pounds each are dutiable. (G. A. 8248, T. D. 37956, of 1919.) Bam- 
boo baskets containing tin packages of tea of less than 5 pounds each * 
are dutiable, whether or not they are regarded as unusual containers. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 87208, of 1919.) Tea sifting and tea 
sweepings, decided upon appeal to the tea board to be tea not inferior 
in purity, quality, and fitness for consumption to the standard pro- 
vided in the act of March 2, 1897, assessed with duty as tea siftings 
under paragraph 13, were held free of duty as tea under this para- 
graph, based on the tea board’s findings. (G. A. 8155, T. D. 37594, 


of 1918.) 


Paragraph 195 of the act of 1909, imposing duty on containers of 
all kinds except such as were hermetically sealed by soldering or 
otherwise, composed wholly or in chief value of metal, lacquered or 
printed by any process of lithography, if filled or unfilled, and whether 
the contents be dutiable or free, was construed to embrace lacquered 
tins containing tea and to exclude them from free entry as usual 
coverings. (Abstract 33158, T. D. 33660, of 1918.) Under prior acts 
such containers were treated for tariff purposes simply as usual or as 
unusual coverings. (T. D. 26877, of 1904, following T. D. 23040, of 
1901; 126 Fed., 837, T. D. 25114, of 1901.) 

A bill brought by importers of tea to prevent general appraisers, 
constituting a tea board, from applying to tea the Read test for 
determining the presence of coloring matter was dismissed by the 
United States District Court. (215 Fed., 456, of 1914.) The decree 
was, however, reversed and an injunction ordered by the Circuit 
Court of Appeals. (224 Fed., 359, of 1915.) This decree was affirmed 
by the Supreme Court. (246 U. S., 606, of 1918.) The tea regula- 
tions were amended accordingly. (T. D. 37566, 376387, of 1918; T. D. 
37925, of 1919.) Tea sweepings mixed with lime and asafetida to 
make them unfit for beverage use, imported for making caffeine, have 
not ceased to be tea sweepings, and are dutiable as such under para- 
graph 138 of the act of 1918, and not as a drug nor as waste nor as an 
unenumerated article. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 128, of 1916; 7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 340, of 1916.) Allowance is made for excessive moisture in 
tea waste. (Abstract 41371, of 1917.) (See par. 13.) 

Provision might be made for yerba maté or Paraguayan tea, held 


- dutiable as an unenumerated article. (Abstract 36476, T. D. 34763. 


of 1914; T. D. 3909, of 1879.) 
If it shall be deemed advisable to impose duty on immediate con- 
tainers of tea the first proviso might be changed to read: Provided, 


That all cans, boxes, and other immediate containers, including paper 
and other wrappings, of tea in packages of less than five pounds 


each, and all intermediate containers of such tea, except mats, shall 
be dutiable at the rate chargeable thereon if imported empty. 


800 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 628. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


628. Teeth, natural, or unmanufac- 
tured. 


692. Teeth, natural, or unmanufac- 
tured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and use.—The teeth of some animals were formerly 
used in dentistry ; only the manufactured article is now used. There 
is little if any commercial demand for natural teeth, except perhaps 
for decorative purposes. 

Imports of teeth, natural or unmanufactured, in 1914 were valued 
at $197; in 1918, at $25. 


PARAGRAPH 629. 


629, Terra alba, not made from gyp- 
sum or plaster rock, 


693. Terra alba, not made from gyp- 
sum or plaster rock. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Terra alba is a name rather loosely ap- 
plied to a number of white earthy substances, including ground gyp- 
sum, kaolin when used as a pigment, burnt alum, magnesia, calcium 
sulphate, and pipe clay, all of which are more specifically provided 
for elsewhere in the tariff. It is used in the manufacture of plaster 
of Paris and by paper makers. 

Production figures, owing to the vagueness of the term, can not 
be given. * 

Imports of terra alba in 1914 were valued at $97; in 1918 at $5.. 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 

For the reasons stated under ‘‘ Description and uses,” this para- 

graph might be eliminated. 
PARAGRAPH 680. 
694. Terra japonica. | * 630, Terra japonica. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Terra japonica is an obsolete term applied to gambier (par. 492). 
This paragraph might be eliminated, as it is a duplication of para- 
graph 492. 
PARAGRAPH 631. 


695. Tin ore, cassiterite or black 631. Tin ore, cassiterite or black 





oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, 
pigs, or grain or granulated: Provided, 
That there shall be imposed and paid 
upon cassiterite, or black oxide of tin, 
and upon bar, block, pig tin and grain 
or granulated, a duty of 4 cents per 
pound when it is made to appear to 
the satisfaction of the President of 
the United States that the mines of 
the United States are producing one 
thousand five hundred tons of cas- 
siterite and bar, block, and pig tin per 
year. The President shall make known 
this fact by proclamation, and there- 
after said duties shall go into effect. 


oxide of tin, tin in bars, blocks, pigs, 
or grain or granulated, and scrap tin: 
Provided, That there shall be imposed 
and paid upon cassitgrite, or black 


oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, pig 


tin and grain or granulated, a duty of 
4 cents per pound when it is made to 
appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- 
ident of the United States that the 
mines of the United States are pro- 
ducing one thousand five hundred tons 
of cassiterite and bar, block, and pig 
tin per year. The President shall 
make known this fact by proclamation, 
and thereafter said duties shall go into 
effect. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 801 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


TIN ORE, CASSITERITE, OR BLACK OXIDE OF TIN. 





Description.—Cassiterite, or oxide of tin, is the ore of tin. It is 
also known as black tin, stream tin, tin stone, ete. Black oxide of 
tin in the meaning of this paragraph is tin dross containing no lead; 
it is also commercially known as black grain tin, scuff, and tin ash. 

Production is insignificant, in 1918 about 68 tons, nearly all from 
Alaska. Production in foreign countries in 1918 amounted to 144,038 
tons, over one-half in the Malay Peninsula and in Bolivia. The 
center of production is the Malay Peninsula, but the industry extends 
into China, the Dutch East Indies, and Australia; other countries are 
of minor importance. 

Imports of cassiterite or black oxide of tin in 1914 were 19,549 
pounds, valued at $3,022; in 1918, 29,014 pounds, valued at $8,994. 
Imports of tin ore in 1918 were 13,960 long tons, valued at $8,626,281. 

Exports of “tin pigs, and oxide of tin” in 1915 ‘amounted to 
801,213 pounds, valued at $77,783; in 1918, 209,391 pounds, valued at 
$127,219. 


TIN IN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS, OR GRAIN, OR GRANULATED. 


Description and uses.—Tin in bars, blocks, and pigs is com- 
mercial tin cast into convenient shapes, and only partially refined. 
Grain or granulated tin has been tested for its purity at the smelter 
and is a finer grade. Tin is used chiefly as a protective coating for 
other metals, and in the making of alloys, especially bearing metals 
and solders. A considerable quantity of pure tin oxide goes into 
white enamel. By increasing the proportions of lead, aluminum, zinc, 
antimony, copper, cadmium, and bismuth in alloys of these metals 
with tin, the latter has been considerably conserved. A complete 
substitute for tin is not known. 

Production.—Harly in 1918 one smelter was in operation which 
was producing metallic tin at approximately 1,000 tons per month. 
Another smelter with an output of about 250 tons of metal was built 
that year. The greater part of the ore from the Malay Peninsula, 
China, Dutch East Indies, Australia, and South Africa is smelted at 
Singapore or in the Dutch Islands. 

Imports of tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated in 1914, 
were 100,447,854 pounds, valued at $39,440,280; in 1918, 187,218,528 
pounds, valued at $74,860,871. Prior to 1915 about one-half were 
transshipments from England, and only since 1914 have shipments 
come direct from the Dutch East Indies, with increasing amounts 
from the Straits Settlements. 


SCRAP TIN. 


Description and uses.—Considerable tin- is recovered from scrap 
metals, bronze, solder, pewter, and electrotype metal, and some from 
old tin cans and containers. 

Production.—Practically no clean tin scrap and clippings are 
wasted, but it is difficult to collect and transport old tin cans and 
containers, and with no sale for the residue (black tin plate) the 
output from this source is greatly curtailed. The tin content of the 
average tin can and container is about 2 per cent. Detinners formerly 

184911°—-20———51 


802 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


recovered from 60 to 70 pounds of tin from a long ton of scrap, but 
only 40 to 45 pounds are now regained, and from used cans only 
29 to 30 pounds. 

Imports in 1914 were 6,187,571 pounds, valued at $45,367; in 1918, 
17,718,044 pounds, valued at $115,968. Scrap tin is imported mainly 
from Canada and Mexico. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $75,426; in 1917, at $140,996. Prior 
to 1914 scrap tin was exported chiefly to Germany and Belgium; the 
1917 exports practically all went to Japan. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cassiterite being the one and only ore of tin and quite different 
from black oxide of tin, the paragraph would be more clearly stuted 
as “Tin ore or cassiterite, black oxide of tin, tin in bars,” ete. 


PARAGRAPH 682. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


696. Tobacco stems. f 632. Tobacco stems. 
, GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tobacco stems are the midrib or stalk of 
the leaf. When the cured leaf is used as wrapper or binder for 
cigars or in making chewing tobacco, etc., the midrib or stem (bout 
25 to 80 per cent of the leaf) is removed to reduce the weight and 
cost of transportation. Stems are manufactured into snuff and low 
grades of smoking tobacco, are a source of nicotine for insecticides, 
and fortify weaker tobaccos. They contain considerable potash and 
nitrogen and are extensively used as a fertilizer. 

Production of stems as a by-product is large, exceeding 50,000,000 
pounds in 1917, about 19,000,000 pounds used in tobacco manufacture. 

Imports-.of tobacco stems are about 1,000,000 pounds normally, in 
1917 and 1918 exceeding 4,000,000 pounds. 

Exports of stems (including trimmings) averaged approximately 
2,000,000 pounds in the years immediately preceding the war, prin- 
cipally to the Netherlands and Germany. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The practice is to classify tobacco stems cut into short pieces or 
finely ground as unenumerated manufactured articles. The words 
“not advanced in condition or value” might be added. 


PARAGRAPH 633. 


190. Tungsten-bearing ores of all 633. Tungsten-bearing ores of all 
kinds, 10 per centum ad valorem, kinds. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Tungsten metal is never found native, but 
only in the form of tungstates of iron, manganese, or calcium. Hx- 
cept in the United States it is usually accompanied by tin ore. There 
are four commercial tungsten minerals—scheelite, ferberite, hueb- 
nerite, and wolframite. Scheelite is the tungstate of ¥r? The other 
three are frequently grouped together as the woijramite g2ries, rang- 
ing in composition from ferberite (tungstate of iron) te -hwebnerite 
(tungstate of manganese). The pure minerals of the wolframite 








Pt Or ee ee Ae, 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 803 


series contain over 76 per cent tungsten trioxide (W0Os); scheelite 
contains about 80 per cent (WO;). The tungsten ore of commerce, 
however, contains a certain amount of nontungsten-bearing material 
in addition to one or more of the above minerals. The standard ore 
contains 60 per cent (WO;) and this tenor is usually obtained by 
concentration of low-grade ore. Although the occurrence of tungsten 
is widespread, the individual deposits are never of large extent. The 
ore comes in lenticular shoots: and masses, in veins, or irregularly 
distributed along contacts. The deposits of Boulder County, Colo., 
are narrow stringers; the lodes of the Southwest are usually wider 
and can be worked on a larger scale. Lode mining of tungsten does 
not differ essentially from the mining of other ores, except that tung- 
sten rarely is found in sufficient amounts or in ghoots regular enough 
to permit of systematic extraction. The ores are concentrated to 60 
per cent or more tungsten-trioxide, but the production of so high 
grade a product from the ore usually containing only 2 to 10 per cent 
results in high losses and much waste of tungsten. To increase the 
extraction, many mills make two grades of concentrate—a high-grade 
sand concentrate, containing approximately 60 per cent, and suitable 
for making ferrotungsten in the electric furnace; and a slime con- 
centrate of lower grade, containing about 20 per cent, and suitable 
only for chemical process. 

Of all the tungsten ore now produced 90 to 95 per cent goes into 
the manufacture of tungsten powder, ferrotungsten, and tungsten 
steel for making of high-speed tool steels, The addition of tungsten 
to steel gives it the property of holding its temper at a much higher 
heat than that at which simple carbon steels and most other alloy 
steels become soft and worthless. Molybdenum has somewhat similar 
properties, and is used to some extent, especially in Europe, but it 
has never proved so satisfactory and is now generally used in con- 
junction with tungsten, replacing only a part of the latter. 

Production.—The maximum domestic production of tungsten ore, 
was, in 1917, 6,144 short tons of concentrates containing 60 per cent 
(WOs); in 1916, 5,923 short tons, valued respectively at $6,783,162 
and $12,075,417. The 1918 output was 5,041 short tons. The tungsten 
industry is characterized by a large number of smali independent 
producers with only a few well-financed companies. A considerable 
number of the stronger operators have connections with manufac- 
turers or consumers of tungsten metal and ore. The largest producer 
is in California, with a prewar output about 80 per cent of the total. 
Fully 75 per cent of the prewar output was by four large companies, 
one in California and three in Boulder County, Colo. The balance 
comes from a large and constantly shifting group of small operators. 
Domestic production was slightly over 50 per cent of this country’s 
requirements in 1917 and about 30 per cent in 1918. In 1916 and 
1917 the combined productions of Colorado and California were 4,582 
and 5,488 short tons, 77 and 89 per cent of the total output in these 
years. Nevada comes third with an output considerably less. Ari- 
zona is a small but regular producer. 

The metallurgical treatment of tungsten ores is as efficient in this 
country as elsewhere and far in advance of most other countries, 
though the foreign ore is decidedly more easily mined. While Ameri- 
can labor is superior to that in any other large tungsten-producing 
region, it is necessarily much better paid. Where the output depends 


804. SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


on a large amount of hand work, as in mines of the Boulder County 
type, there is no possibility of producing ore as cheaply as in countries 
of low wages. The main dependence of the United States therefore 
is in the probably extensive but low-grade deposits of the Southwest. 

Imports of tungsten-bearing ores are large, normally from 30 to 50 
per cent of oyr supply. Before the war Germany furnished about 
two-thirds, besides large amounts of tungsten metal and ferro-alloy ; 
but most of these shipments were from ore of other countries, either 
made into metal or ferrotungsten in Germany, or better grades 
reshipped through brokerage to the United States. In 1913 (fiscal 
year) a total of 766 long tons of tungsten ore came in, 600 long tons 
from Germany. In 1917 (calendar year) total imports were 4,876 
short tons of 60 per eent (WOs), or 44 per cent of the total consump- 
tion; in 1918, 11,750 tons, or 70 per cent. 


PARAGRAPH 684. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
698. Turmeric. 634. Turmeric. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Turmeric root is a vegetable product native 
to India and cultivated largely in tropical climates. It is sold in the 
form of a dry powder, and used principally as a condiment; it is also 
used as a dye in foods and pharmaceutical preparations. This root 
has a peculiar odor and a warm, bitterish, feebly aromatic taste. In 
the East it is employed as an ingredient of curry powders. The color- 
ing principle of turmeric is called curcumin. 

Production.—In the preparation of turmeric, the root is cleaned, 
boiled, dried, and the outer skin removed. It comes chiefly from 
India and China, and is not produced in this country. 

Import values of turmeric for the period of 1910-1918 averaged 
$51,428. 

PARAGRAPH 6835. 


699. Turpentine, Venice. 635. Turpentine, Venice, and spirits 
of. 
200.5% ...% > %  Spirite ok 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Turpentine, strictly speaking, is the oleo- 
resin exudation of coniferous trees, but the term is also applied to the 
oil or spirits of turpentine which is obtained by distilling the crude 
gum. Venice or Venetian turpentine is the crude gum exudation of 
the European larch (Pinus lari#). Only a small part of the com- 
mercial product is true Venice turpentine, but a factitious product 
made by dissolving rosin in spirits of turpentine. Spirits of tur- 
pentine, treated with caustic soda and redistilled, is known as “ rec- 
tified spirits of turpentine ” and has medicinal uses. Wood turpentime 
is oil of turpentine obtained from pine wood by destructive or steam 
distillation. Oil of turpentine is chiefly used in the manufacture of 
paints and varnishes. It is also used as a solvent for rubber and 
other gums and in making synthetic camphor. (See par. 36.) 

Production.—Over 97 per cent of the oil of turpentine is produced 
from gum turpentine, the remainder being from wood. The gum tur- 





a” i es 


7 
: 
i 





SUMMARY .OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 805 


pentine industry in 1914 was capitalized at $20,745,000; there were 
1,394 establishments, employing nearly 35,000 persons, with products 
valued at $20,990,191. Oil of turpentine amounted to 27,648,939 gal- 
lons, valued at $10,740,327 in 1914. The turpentine and rosin industry 
is located in the South Atlantic and Gulf States adjacent to the pine 
forests of those regions. Florida leads with about 45 per cent of the 
total output; Georgia follows with 22 per cent. The United States 
is much the largest producer, with France ranking second. 

Imports of turpentine are less than 1 per cent of the domestic 
production. . 

Exports of spirits of turpentine were between 15,000,000 and 
20,000,000 gallons, or about 60 per cent of the domestic production 
prior to 1915. During the war they decreased to about 8,000,000 gal- 
lons. The United Kingdom, prior to 1915, received about 35 per cent 
of the exports and during 1916 and 1917 about 60 per cent. .The 
Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium were the other large consumers. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Turpentine and rosin are products of the same industry and are 
produced simultaneously from crude gum turpentine, but receive 
different tariff treatment, turpentine being exempt from duty under 
this paragraph, while rosin is classified as a nonenumerated unmanu- 
factured article under paragraph 3885, following 7 Ct. Cust. Applis., 
114, of 1916, upon spruce gum. 


PARAGRAPH 636. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF i913. 
701. Turtles. 636, Turtles. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The best known varieties of turtles are the 
edible terrapin and green turtle, highly prized for soup making, and 
the hawksbill, furnishing the tortoise shell. 

Production in 1908 amounted to 1,088,000 pounds, valued at $40,000, 
of which the States of Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida reported about 
65 per cent. 

(For “ Interpretation and comments,” see par. 419.) 


PARAGRAPH 637. 


702. Types, old, and fit only to be 637. Type, stereotype metal, electro- 
remanufactured. : type metal, linotype composition, all 
‘of the foregoing, old and fit only to 

be remanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Old type, stereotype metal, etc., are alloys 
consisting primarily of lead and antimony. These materials may be 
remelted easily and remanufactured into the original form. 

Production.—Type metal together with hard lead drosses, babbitt, 
solder, and pewter, are the main sources of secondary antimonial lead. 

Imports are small; in 1918, 330,325 pounds, valued at $20,863; in 
1914, 755,780 pounds, valued at $17,780. 


806 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. — 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Antimony and lead, which chiefly constitute antimonial lead, pay 
duties of 10 per cent (par. 144) and 25 per cent (par. 163), respec- 
tively, while antimonial lead as type metal pays 15 per cent duty 
(par. 160), and in the form of type, stereotype metal, electrotype 
metal, or Linotype composition, old and fit only to be remanufactured, 
is exempt from duty under this paragraph. (See par. 160.) 


PARAGRAPH 638. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


703. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 638. Uranium, oxide and salts of, 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Uranium is one of the rare metals. Its 
ores~are not abundant and occur in workable quantities in only a few 
localities. The most important ores are pitchblend, an oxide, and 
carnotite, a mineral containing potassium, vanadium, and uranium. 
Uranium minerals and salts contain and are the source of radium. 
The most important compounds of uranium are the oxide, the nitrate, 
the acetate, the double ammonium-uranium carbonate, and sodium 
uranate. Uranium is used only in alloys, principally steel. The 
compounds are used for coloring glass and enamels, in china painting, ~ 
as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing and to some extent in 
photography and medicine. Uranium ore is used chiefiy for the pro- 
duction of radium, leaving a residue of crude uranium compounds, the 
principal source of such compounds; these are, therefore, by-products 
of the radium industry. ‘ 

Production.—This country is the largest producer of uranium ores 
and uranium products and salts. Separate figures for uranium com- 
pounds are not shown. The production of ferro-uranium has increased 
greatly since the beginning of the war, due to its use in high-speed 
steel. 

Imports of uranium compounds in 1913 were valued at $21,435; in 
1914, at $5,782; and in 1917, at $38,018. No imports are shown in 
1918. Before the war they came largely from Germany. 


PARAGRAPH 639. 


705. Valonia. | 6389. Valonia. 


- 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Valonia is the dried acorn cup of certain 
species of oak grown in Morea, Roumelia, the Greek Archipelago, 
Asia Minor, Palestine, and Greece. The cups contain from 20 to 40 
per cent tannin and are used to some extent in tanning leather. 

Imports of valonia for 1910-1915 averaged $106,361; there have 
been no imports since 1915. 


PARAGRAPH 640. 


708. Wafers, unleavened or not 640. Wafers, unleavened or not 
edible. edible. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—These wafers, composed of wheat flour and 
water only, are used as a vehicle for pills and other nauseous medi- 
cines, and in sacramental observances. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 807 


Imports of wafers, unleavened or not edible, decreased in value 
from $32,816 in 1914 to $7,253 in 1918. Previous to the war Germany 
supplied about 60 per cent of the imports, the Netherlands, France, 
and the United Kingdom providing most of the remainder. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Small envelopes, used to inclose nauseous medicines which are to be 
administered, made of wheat flour and unmedicated, identical in com- 
ponent materials with the wafers held to be free in previous deci- 
sions of the Board, and used precisely for the same purpose, differing 
only in form, were held free of duty under paragraph 708 of the act 
of 1909, and not dutiable as nonenumerated manufactured articles. 
(G. A. 7098, T. D. 30904, of 1910.) 


PARAGRAPH 641. 
ACT OF 1909. ° ACT OF 19138. 
707. Wax, vegetable or mineral, 641. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—The waves of this paragraph are sub- 
Stances which resemble beeswax (par. 412) in physical properties 
and are mixtures of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen. Vegetable waxes are obtained from the fruit, leaves, or stems 
of many plants, a small number only being of commercial value. The 
principal vegetable waxes are carnauba, candelilla, Japan, myrtle or 
bayberry, and Cochin China or cay-cay. Chinese or insect wax, though 
classed as a vegetable, is really an animal wax. The mineral waxes, 
similar to paraffin (par. 561), come from patural bituminous sub- 
stances; the most important are ceresin and montan. 

Carnauba waz is obtained from the leaves of a palm growing in 
Brazil. The wax coats both the upper and lower surfaces of the 
young leaves, which are gathered, dried, and the wax removed by 
beating over a cloth, and is then purified by wetting with a little 
water. It is used in making hard candles, leather polishes and floor 
waxes, and certain varnishes, in phonograph records, and for adulter- 
ating beeswax. Mixed with paraffin, ceresin, or beeswax, it increases 
their hardness. 

Candelilla waz occurs as a secretion covering all parts, except the 
roots, of a plant growing abundantly in northern Mexico and south- 
western United States, obtained by boiling the plant with water and 
skimming off the melted wax. It can be used for making varnishes, 
insulating materialsshoe polishes, floor wax, dental molding, composi- 
tions, sealing wax, waterproof papers, lacquers for metals, and in 
other waxes to raise the melting point. 

Japan wax, one of the most important vegetable waxes, comes from 
the berries of certain species of Rhus in Japan and China. The wax 
is obtained by crushing the berries and pressing out the wax, extract- 
ing it with volatile solvents, or by boiling with water. The crude 
wax is of a greenish color, but may be bleached in the sun. It is used 
in polishes, floor waxes, and for currying leather. Japan wax is 
essentially a by-product of the lacquer industry, the tree exuding a 
lacquer for which it is principally cultivated; it is prepared only 
in India and China. 


808 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Mirtle or bayberry waz is obtained by boiling the berries of various 
species of Myrica with water. It is green in color, due to chlorophyll, 
but may be bleached on exposure to sunlight or air. Its principal 
use is in candles. 

Cochin China or cay-cay wae is obtained from the seed kernels of 
a tree growing in Cochin China. Its principal use is in candles. 

Chinese or insect war is a secretion of an insect, cultivated for the 
purpose, which feeds on a certain species of Chinese tree. It is yel- 
lowish white and crystalline, odorless and tasteless, and used as a 
polish for furniture and jade ware, as a sizing for paper, silk, and 
eotton goods, and as exterior coating for candles. 

Ceresin (ozokerite paraffin) is a mineral wax obtained from the 
natural bituminous substance ozokerite. The best-known deposits of 
ozokerite are in Galicia ; it is also found in Roumania, Utah, Argentina, 
and the Orange River Colony. To obtain ceresin the crude ozokerite 
is stirred constantly while being heated with sulphurie acid. The 
resulting material is decolorized with char and filtered through a 
filter press. Ceresin thus obtained is yellow, but can be made white 
by further refining. It is largely adulterated with paraffin wax and 
bleached rosin, and used in candles, as a constituent of wood fillers 
and floor polishes, in insulating compounds, for making black shoe 
polish, and as an adulterant of beeswax. 

Monten wae is obtained by the extraction of certain lignites found 
in Saxony and Thuringia. The crude wax is brown in color, but by 
distillation with superheated steam may be obtained nearly white. 
It is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in polishes, in place of 
ceresin in insulating materials, for phonograph records, and, mixed 
with tar, for waterproofing roofs. 

Imports of mineral wares varied from 8,128,243 pounds, valued at 
$586,076 in 1910, to 5,852,362 pounds, valued at $489,376 in 1912. In 
1914 the imports were 8,086,422, pounds, valued at $548,103, decreas- 
ing to 1,708,514 pounds, valued at $135,920 in 1918. The largest 
imports were formerly from Germany and Austria-Hungary; in 1917 
and 1918, mostly from British India. Imports of vegetable waxes 
for 1910-1915 uveraged about 5,000,000 pounds annually, but increased 
in 1916 to 9,727,312 pounds, valued at $1,580,530. In 1918 they were 
8,707.396 pounds, valued at $2,698,258, about 58 per cent from Brazil 
and about 380 per cent from Japan. 

Exports, except for small amounts of imported material, are not 


shown. 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Shellac wax used in the manufacture of shoe pelishes, creams, etce., 
was held free of duty under this paragraph, and also monten wan. 
(Abstract 38982, of 1915.) Black waz and montan waz, assessed with 
duty under paragraph 479 of the act of 1909 and paragraph 384 of 
the act of 1918, were held free of duty as wax, vegetable or mineral. 
(Abstract 37611, of 1915.) Black mineral waz, classified as waste, 
was held free of duty as wax, vegetable or mineral, under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 38053, of 1915.) Montan waz, reported by the 
chemist to contain a large percentage of free fatty acid, was held 
free of duty under this paragraph, rather than dutiable as an acid not 
specially provided for under paragraph 1, the evidence showing that 
it is known commercially and bought and sold as montan wax. (Ab- 
stract 39632, of 1916.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


809 


Chinese or insect wax is an animal rather than a vegetable or 


mineral product. 


PARAGRAPH 642. 


ACT OF 1909. 


709. Wearing apparel, articles of 
personal adornment, toilet articles, and 
similar persona! effects of persons ar- 
riving in the United States; but this 
exemption shall only include such ar- 
ticles as actually accompany and are 
in the use of, and as are necessary and 
appropriate for the wear and use of 
such persons, for’ the immediate pur- 
poses of the journey and present com- 
fort and convenience, and shall not be 
held to apply to merchandise or ar- 
ticles intended for other persons or for 
sale: Provided, That in case of resi- 
dents of the United States returning 
from abroad, all wearing apparel and 
other personal effects taken by them 
out of the United States to foreign 
countries shall be admitted free of 
duty, without regard to their value, 
upon their identity being established, 
under appropriate rules and regula- 
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, but no more than 
$100 in value of articles purchased 
abroad by such residents of the United 
States shall be admitted free of duty 
upon their return. 


ACT OF 1918. 


642. Wearing apparel, articles of 
personal adornment, toilet articles, and 
Similar personal effects of persons ar- 
riving in the United States; but this 
exemption shall include only such ar- 
ticles as were actually owned by them 
and in their possession abroad at the 
time of or prior to their departure 
from a foreign country, and as are 
necessary and appropriate for the 
wear and use of such persons and are 
intended for such wear and use, and 
shall not beheld to apply to merchan- 
dise or articles intended for other per- 
sons or for sale: Provided, That in 
case of residents of the United States 
returning from abroad all wearing ap- 
parel, personal and household effects 
taken by them out of the United 
States to foreign countries shall be 
admitted free of duty, without regard 
to their value, upon their identity be- 
ing established under appropriate rules 
and regulations to be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury: Pro- 
vided further, That up to but not ex- 
ceeding $100 in value of articles ac- 
quired abroad by such residents of the 
United States for personal or house- 
hold use or as souvenirs or curios, but 
not bought on commission or intended 
for sale, shall be admitt2d free of 
duty. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cigars, cigarettes, tobacco, liquors, and foodstuffs can not be in- 
cluded within the $100 exemption allowed returning residents of the 
United States under the last proviso to this paragraph. Said ex- 
emption should be confined to such articles in the nature of personal 
and household effects, curios, and souvenirs usually purchased by 
tourists and carried in baggage, such as wearing apparel, made up or 
unmade, table linen, pictures, books, musical instruments, pipes, 
cutlery, chinaware, stationery,. bric-a-brac, etc. (T. D. 383994, of 
1913.) But vegetables and fruits canned, preserved, or otherwise 
prepared for household use by residents of the United States residing 
abroad may be brought into the United States free of duty under this 
exemption. (T. D. 37326, of 1917.) Bicycles, baby carriages, and 
wheel chairs are not personal effects under the first part of the para- 
graph, but may be included within the $100 exemption allowed return- 
ing residents of the United States. (T. D. 34282, of 1914.) Surgical 
instruments and other articles may be included within the $100 ex- 
emption, whether intended for the personal or business use of the 
returning resident. (T. D. 34486, of 1914.) A motion-picture film 
of the protestant flying in an aeroplane, not intended for sale, but 
intended only to be shown to his friends, is an article acquired for 
personal use and a souvenir within the meaning of that word as used 


810 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


in the paragraph. (G. A. 7645, T. D. 84931, of 1914.) In the case of 
husband and wife and minor child traveling together, exempted 
articles may be grouped without regard to individual ownership. 
(T. D. 84512, of 1914.) Articles arriving subsequent to arrival of 
returning residents may be included within the $100 exemption if the 
articles were actually acquired abroad by such residents. (T. D. 
35296, of 1915.) Passengers from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast 
and vice versa, by way of the Panama Canal, are entitled to exemp- 
tion provided for in the paragraph. (T. D. 35764, of 1915.) 
Residence of married women.—The appellant, though born in the 
United States, lived in England for many years with her father, who 
at her birth and continuously thereafter was a citizen of England. 
She married in London a citizen of the United States. Voyaging to 
the United States after her marriage, she is not to be deemed a resi- 
dent of the United States returning thereto, but a person arriving in 
the United States and under this paragraph her personal effects are 
entitled to entry free of duty. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 341, of 1914, fol- 
lowed in Abstract 38161, of 1915.) Residence of a married woman 
is that of her husband. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 414, of 19138.) 
Nonresidents arriving in the United States may under the pro- 
visions of this paragraph bring with them free of duty such articles 
as are enumerated in the paragraph’ without regard to their value or 
where purchased. (G. A. 8183, T. D. 37518, of 1918.) One who is in 
good faith residing and making his home abroad and who visits the 
United States with no intention of remaining here is entitled to bring 
in his personal effects free of duty. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 184, of 1911.) 
The status of a minor is that of the parent, hence the minor daughter 
of a resident of the United States spending several years abroad as a 
student is yet a resident of the United States within this paragraph. 
(G. A. 7953, T. D. 36614, of 1916.) Merchandise ordered by appellee 
in a foreign country, from a foreign country, for delivery in a foreign 
country, but delivered and paid for by appellee in this country, was 
not “ acquired abroad” within the meaning of this paragraph. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 2838, of 1916.) Paintings acquired abroad and brought 
into the United States by a passenger on a vessel are not such personal 
effects as to relieve the passenger of the necessity of producing a 
certified invoice as required by section 3, paragraph E. It is not 
necessary aS prerequisite to forfeiture that the Government be “de- 
prived of customs revenues. Proof of intent to do the forbidden act 
satisfies the requirements of the statute. (T. D. 38111, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH 643. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF®1913. 
710. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 643. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Whalebone is a light, flexible, strong, 
elastic substance obtained from the plates that serve as teeth in 
baleen whales. These plates vary in length from a few inches to 10 
or even 12 feet. Chemically the substance is composed of albumen, 
hardened by phosphate of lime. From it are made bristles for 
brushes and stuffing for mattresses; knobs for canes, umbrellas, and 
parasols; whips and artificial flowers; and, formerly, umbrella ribs, 








“ from a country, dependency, or other 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 811 


and ribs for stiffening corsets and waists. It has been supplanted by 
steel in umbrellas, while gutta-percha, celluloid, featherbone, and 
similar materials are used in dressmaking. 

Production.—Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia in 1914 
produced 2,800 pounds, 3,000 pounds, and 10,000 pounds, respectively ; 
in 1915, 120,717 pounds, 15,000 pounds, and 31,000 pounds; in 1916, 
26,624 pounds, 10,000 pounds, and 60,000 pounds. In 1918 the Alaskan 
output was 9,250 pounds. 

Imports of whalebone, unmanufactured, inv 1914 were 9,524 pounds, 
valued at $11,781; in 1918, 36,107 pounds, valued at $16,480, mainly 
from the Falkland Islands and Asiatic Russia. 

Exports in 1914 were 35,034 pounds, valued at $58,165—23,525 
pounds to France and the balance to Germany ; in 1917, 40,717 pounds, 
valued at $53,717, chiefly to England, France, and Canada. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Whalebone strips, tied in bundles, assessed with duty under para- 
graph 463 of the act of 1909, were held free of duty as whalebone 
unmanufactured under paragraph 710 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 
32241, T. D. 33409, of 1913.) 


2 


PARAGRAPH 644. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
242. Wheat, 25 cents per bushel. 644. Wheat, wheat flour, semolina, 
243. Wheat flour, and semolina, 25 | and other wheat products, not spe- 
per centum ad valorem. cially provided for in this section: 


Provided, That wheat shall be subject 
to a duty of 10 cents per bushel, that 
wheat flour shall be subject to a duty 
of 45 cents per barrel of 196 pounds, 
and semolina and other products of 
wheat, not specially provided for in 
this section, 10 per centum ad valorem, 
when imported directly or indirectly 


subdivision of government which im- 
poses a duty on wheat or wheat flour 
or semolina imported from the United 
States. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
W HEAT, 


Description and uses.—Three principal kinds of wheat—hard, soft, 
and durum—are recognized commercially. Hard wheat is preferred 
for bread flours; soft wheat for pastry, biscuits, and crackers; and 
durum wheat, a very hard variety with a high gluten content, for 
macaroni and other edible pastes. In milling practice it is customary 
to mix different types of wheat to obtain flour of varying grades. 
Color, weight, and strength are the principal standards by which 
wheat is judged. In addition to its familiar uses, wheat is aiso used 
in semolina for the edible pastes, in starch manufacture, and in 
various breakfast foods; the low grades or “feed wheat” and the 
by-products of flour milling are used for live-stock feed. About 
85,000,000 bushels are required annually for domestic replanting. 

Production.—The average annual wheat crop during 1911-1915 was 
about 800,000,000 bushels, with a farm value of $750,000,000. The 


812 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


United States is the world’s largest wheat producer. Wheat growing 
is widely distributed, but about half the crop is from the west North 
Central States. Of the hard wheat, the spring varieties are produced 
chiefly in the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Montana, and the hard winter 
varieties largely in Kansas and parts of adjacent States. Durum 
wheat is grown principally in Montana and the western part of the 
Dakotas. HKlsewhere soft wheats predominate. Of the world produc- 
tion of 3,500,000,000 to 4,000,000,000 bushels, Europe produces about 
one-half, but it also (excepting Russia, Hungary, and Roumania) 
absorbs the bulk of world exports. The world crop is largely of 
the soft varieties, the harder wheats being. produced chiefly in Russia, 
Canada, and the United States. 

Imports fluctuate greatly.. They come almost entirely from Canada, 
which produces chiefly hard spring wheat of excellent quality. Dur- 
ing 1897-1913, with a duty of 25 cents per bushel, imports exceeded 
100,000 bushels only in years of shortage or poor quality in the do- 
mestic hard-wheat crop. Since 1914 imports have markedly increased, 
but trade conditions were greatly affected by Governmental control 
of consumption, imports, and exports. 

Exports constitute from 11 to 87 per cent of the domestic produc- 
tion during norma! years. An increasing proportion takes the form of 
wheat flour rather than of grain. Exports of grain move in con- 
siderable volume to many countries, chiefly to the United Kingdom, 
the Netherlands, and Germany. From 1910 to 1918 they ranged from 
34,118,853 to 259,642,533 bushels, valued at $80,000,000 to $333,000,000. 





WHEAT FLOUR. 


Description and uses.—In the modern flour mills wheat is first 
thoroughly cleaned and scoured, and then subjected to a succession 
of grindings or “breaks” between several sets of rollers (usually 
four), in which the grain is slowly broken and the outer layers of 
hull or skin (producing bran, middlings, shorts) sifted away. ‘The 
flour produced in the various breaks is blended in standard grades., ~ 
About 72 per cent of the wheat is usually received in the form of 
flour, 44 bushels of No. 2 hard wheat (270 pounds) making 1 barrel 
of flour (196 pounds) and 70 pounds of feed, with 4 pounds of loss. 
Two main commercial types of flour are (1) the soft, starchy flours 
from soft wheats and (2) the granular flour from hard wheats, the 
latter producing a larger quantity of bread per unit of flour, as well 
as a lighter loaf. Graham flour is the unbolted wheat meal ground 
from the whole kernel; while whole-wheat flour contains all of the 
kernel except the bran. 

Production of wheat flour in 1914 was 116,403,770 barrels, valued 
at $548,8389,000, from 546,000,000 bushels of wheat. The two principal 
milling States were Minnesota (27,132,153 barrels) and Kansas (12,- 
777,582 barrels). While there were 6,876 wheat-flour mills in 1914, 
the industry is large-scale, over 60 per cent of the flour output being 
ground in 218 large mills, each producing 100,000 barrels or more. 

Import values of wheat flour average $500,000 normally, almost 
exclusively from Canada. | 

Exports for 1910-1918 ranged from about 9,000,000 to nearly 
22,000,000 barrels, valued at $48,000,000 to $245,000,000, going to many 
countries, the United Kingdom being the most important. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 813 


SEMOLINA, 
e 


Description and uses.—Semolina is a coarse granular meal with 
the bran removed, made from hard varieties of wheat. It is exten- 
sively used in macaroni, spaghetti, and other edible pastes. The term 
“semolina”’ is also applied to the particles retained in the bolting 
machine of the fiour mill and used in soups, puddings, etc. Some 
cereal breakfast foods are also made from semolina. 

Production statistics are not available. This country is one of 
the largest producers and exporters of durum and hard wheats, and 
supplies most of the semolina for domestic use. 

Import values rose from legs than $3,000 prior to 1914 to around 
$30,000 in later years. 


OTHER WHEAT PRODUCTS. 


Description and uses.—This provision covers the by-products of 
milling—such as bran, shorts, middlings—used chiefly as feed for 
animals. 

Production of bran and middlings in 1914 was 4,666,534 tons, 
valued at $104,702,735; of feed and offal, 4,753,280 tons, valued at 
$137,067,959; and of breakfast foods of all kinds, 92,676,085 pounds, 
valued at $2,932,238. 

Import values of bran and middlings from 1914 to 1918 ranged 
from $750,000 to $2,250,000, coming chiefly from Canada. 

Export values of mill feed for 1910-1918 ranged between $1,000,000 
and $4,000,000, formerly going chiefly to Germany. Exports of bran 
and middlings were valued from $70,000 to $400,000. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Vegetable albumen from Germany.—To entitle merchandise to free 
entry under this paragraph it must appear that it is a wheat product 
not specially provided for and that it is imported from a country or 
subdivision thereof which does not impose a duty on wheat products 
imported from the United States. It is not a matter of common 
knowledge that the substance obtained as this was is albumen within 
paragraph 392, the chemical analysis relied on by the importer show- 
ing the substance to be 77.90 protein, 10 per cent starch, and 12.10 
per cent moisture and fat. The protest did not call the attention of 
the collector to any other claim than that of free entry under para- 
graph 644, nor did it intimate that any different claim was then in 
the importer’s mind. It was insufficient. (6 Ct. Cust. Appis., 142, 
of 1915.) Wheat bran, the product of Canadian wheat ground in 
England, is free of duty under this paragraph. (T. D. 34868, of 
1914.) Wheat bran from Costa Rica is dutiable under the proviso of 
this paragraph, that country imposing a duty on wheat flour and 
semolina imported from the United States, although not on wheat 
bran. (G. A. 8080, T. D. 37283, of 1917.) By an order in council 
of the Canadian Government under date of April 16, 1917, put into 
effect by the commissioner of customs at Ottawa on April 17, 1917, 
the duty on wheat imported into Canada was removed. Wheat im- 
ported from Canada into the United States prior to April 16, 1917, 
and held in bonded warehouses and entered for consumption at 4 
o’clock on April 16, 1917, but not released from the custody of the 
Government by permit of delivery until 11 o’clock on April 17, 1917, 


814 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


“was held free of duty. (G. A. 8193, T. D. 37746, of 1918; appeal 
dismissed, 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, of 1919.) Wheat scalpings or 
screenings, the residue after screening, from wheat as it comes 
from the thrasher, all the merchantable wheat, not sold or used as 
wheat, but bought and sold as wheat screenings and used as sheep 
feed or as an ingredient in the manufacture of chicken feed, are 
dutiable as a nonenumerated unmanufactured article under para- 
graph 885. They are not wheat within the meaning of this para- 
graph. It being shown that the wheat content can not as a com- 
mercial practicability be separated and that even if that were done 
it could not be marketed as wheat, segregation and dutiability under 
this paragraph can not be had. (8 %t. Cust. Appls.,. 2777 Offs ies 
followed in Abstract 43186, of 1919.) Wheat screenings are not a 
wheat product under this paragraph, but are dutiable, though im- 
ported from Canada, at the rate of 10 per cent ad valorem as a non- 
manufactured article under paragraph 385, whether in wheat entered 
for consumption or separated from wheat passing through the United 
States in transit or imported as a separate commodity. (T. D. 37187, 
of 1917; see also 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 267, of 1918.) Merchandise in- 
voiced as wheat screenings or scalpings, the importer’s witness 
testifying that it compares altogether with wheat, that it is prac- 
tically all wheat, and that it is sold as wheat and as feed wheat and 
chicken wheat, also that it is considered by the handlers of wheat in 
his country to be wheat, was held free of duty under this para- 
graph. (Abstract 42489, of 1918.) Wheat, of inferior quality and 
suitable alone for animal food, is still within the common, ordi- 
nary designation of wheat. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 465, of 1914.) 
Heated wheat, notwithstanding the commodity had been “ bin burned ” 
and “dry heated,” was also held to be wheat, it remaining essen- 
tially wheat and was bought and sold as such. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
472, of 1914.) Speltz, invoiced and entered as barley, was claimed to 
be free of duty as wheat. The testimony indicated that it was con- 
sidered as a kind of wheat, to wit, Russian wheat, raised in Canada, 
but never bought and sold as wheat, but known and dealt in as speltz, 
and it was held there was nothing in the evidence upon which the 
Board could safely predicate a finding that it is wheat. (Abstract 
42930, of 1919.) (See par. 581.) 


PARAGRAPH 645. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


1385. * * *; barbed fence wire, # 645. All barbed wire, galvanized 
of 1 cent per pound, but the same | wire not larger than twenty one-hun- 
shall not be subject to any additional | dredths of one inch in diameter and 
or other rate of duty hereinbefore pro- | not smaller than eight one-hundredths 
wided.;: es) Se. of one inch in diameter of the kind 

commonly used for fencing purposes, 
galvanized wire fencing composed of 
wires not larger than twenty one-hun- 
dredths of one inch in diameter -nor 
smaller than eight one-hundredths of 
one inch in diameter, and wire com- 
monly used for baling hay or other 
commodities. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 815 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


BARBED WIRE, 


Production of barbed wire in 1914 was 348,693 tons. The capacity 
of the country has been regarded as 50,000 tons per month and the 
normal output as 30,000. Under war demands the output rose to 
40,000 tons per month. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana are 
important producing States. Imports in 1914 formed only 0.002 per 
cent of production; exports, 26 per cent. 

Imports.—The largest recorded import was 247 tons, in 1916. In 
1918 imports were 67 tons. 

Exports.—The largest export was 407,952 short tons, in 1916. In 
1918 they amounted to 208,260 short tons. 


GALVANIZED FENCE WIRE: 


Imports.—The act of 1913 separated galvanized fence wire from 
other coated wire, provided for in paragraph 114. Average yearly 
imports under the act of 19138 to June 30, 1917, amounted to 10 short 
tons. In 1918, 0.4 ton, valued at $67, was imported. 


GALVANIZED WIRE FENCING. 


Woven wire fencing, made of wire of the gauges ordinarily used 
for that purpose, is admitted under this clause. Netting made of 
smaller wire, as poultry netting, would fall under paragraph 114. 

Production.—Production in 1914 was valued at $35,424,000. This 
figure included poultry netting made by establishments drawing wire. 
Pennsylvania and Illinois have over two-thirds of the country’s woven 
wire fence machines. Approximately 56 per cent of the product was 
made in establishments drawing wire. This percentage includes 
poultry netting for such establishments, but not for those purchasing 
the wire used. 

Imports in 1918 were 36 short tons, valued at $3,585. 

Exports of woven wire fencing in 1918 were valued at $837,621. 


BALING WIRE. 


Imports.—The act of 1913 separated baling wire from other iron 
and steel wire, provided for in paragraph 114. For 1918-1917 imports 
averaged 84 short tons; in 1918, 2.6 short tons, valued at $347. 


PARAGRAPH 646. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


711. Witherite. 646. Witherite. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Witherite is a mineral consisting chiefly 
of barium carbonate. It is sparingly distributed, England having the 
only deposits that can be mined economically. It is used principally 
as a mineral filler in the rubber industry, and to some extent in the 
manufacture of barium chemicals. (See pars. 10 and 51 for other 
barium products.) 

Production.—A deposit of witherite was discovered in California 
in 1914, but it has not proved to be of commercial importance. 

Imports of witherite in 1914 were 1,223,986 pounds, valued at 
. $7,927, entirely from .Hngland. 


816 


/ 
SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provision for witherite in paragraph 711 of the act of 1909, was 
held limited in its application only to the natural crude mineral ore, 


and not to include precipitated carbonate of baryta. 


T. D. 31810, of 1911.) 


(G. A. 7262, 


PARAGRAPH 647. 


ACT OF 1909. 


712. Wood: Logs and round un- 
manufactured timber, including pulp 
woods, firewood, handle bolts, shingle 
bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks rough 
hewn or sawed or planed on one side, 
hop poles, ship timber and ship plank- 
ing; all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section. 

206. Hubs for wheels, posts, head- 
ing bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, 
wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading 
blocks, and all like blocks or Sticks, 
rough hewn, sawed or bored, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 


201. Sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and other lumber of whitewood, syca- 
more, and basswood, 50 cents per 
thousand feet board measure; sawed 
lumber, not specially provided for in 
this section, $1.25 per thousand feet 
board measure; but when lumber of 
any sort is planed or finished, there 
shall be levied in addition to the 
rates herein provided the following: 
For one side so planed or finished, 
50 cents per thousand feet board meas- 
ure; for planing or finishing on one 
side and tonguing and grooving or for 
planing or finishing on two sides, 75 
cents per thousand feet board meas- 
ure; for planing or finishing on three 
sides, or planing and finishing on two 
sides and tonguing and _ grooving, 
$1.123 per thousand feet board meas- 
ure; for planing and finishing on 
four sides, $1.50 per thousand feet 
board measure; and in estimating 
board measure under this schedule no 
deduction shall be made on board 
measure on account of planing, tongu- 
ing, and grooving. 

205. Clapboards, $1.25 per thou- 
sand. 

207. Laths, 20 cents per one thou- 
sand pieces. 

208. Pickets, palings and staves of 
wood, of all kinds, 10 per centun’ ad 
valorem, 

209. Shingles, 
sand. 

200. Timber, hewn, sided or squared 
otherwise than by sawing (not less 
than eight inches square) and round 
timber used for spars or in building 
wharves, 4 of 1 cent per cubic foot. 

565. Fence posts of wood. 


603. Kindling wood. 


50 cents per thou- 


‘biocks, 


ACT OF 1918. 


647. Wood: Logs, timber, round, un- 
manufactured, hewn or sawed, sided 
or squared ; pulp woods, kindling wood, 
firewood, hop poles, hoop poles, fence 
posts, handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun 
blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn or 
sawed, or planed on one side; hubs for 
wheels, posts, heading bolts, stave 
bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar 
heading blocks, and all like 
blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or 
bored; sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and other lumber, not further manu- 
factured than sawed, planed, and 
tongued and grooved; clapboards, 
laths, pickets, palings, staves, shingles, 
ship timber, ship planking, broom 
handles, sawdust, and wood flour; all 
the foregoing not specially provided 
for in this section. 





* 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 817 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The original stand of timber within the present area of continental 
United States has been estimated at 850,000,000 acres, about one- 
third of which has been removed. The logging and lumbering indus- 
tries as hitherto conducted has resulted in the depletion of a natural 
resource. Government agencies are thinking of conservation and 
reforestation, as are also some railroads and pulp mills, but at present 
depletion is proceeding much more rapidly than new growth. The 
great forest areas of New England and the Lake States have nearly 
disappeared, and it is estimated the southern forests of yellow pine, 
now the most important supply, will last only 10 or 15 years. The 
greatest potential supply is in the virgin forests of Douglas fir, 
western yellow pine, redwood, western red cedar, and other conifers, 
located in Idaho, Montana, and the Pacific States. Jn spite of rapid 
depletion this country is third in acreage of standing timber. Russia 
(territory before the war) is first (813,000,000 acres) and Canada sec- 
ond (799,000,000 acres). The forests of the United States furnish 
many varieties of general building and cabinet woods. However, 
mahogany, rosewood, briar wood, and some others, mostly tropical, 
do not grow here. The principal native woods, in order of commercial 
importance and annual cut in billions of feet, are: Yellow pine, 14.8 
(i. e. 14,800,000,000 feet) ; Douglas fir, 5.5; oak, 3.2; white pine, 2.6; 
hemlock, 2.38; western pine, 1.3; cypress, 1.1; spruce, 1.0; maple, 0.9; 
red gum, 0.8; yellow poplar, 0.6; redwood, 0.5; chestnut, 0.5; larch, 
0.4; birch, 0.4; beech, 0.4; cedar, 0.4; basswood, 0.3; elm, 0.2; cotton- 
wood, 0.2; ash, 0.2; hickory, 0.2; sugar pine, 0.15; and tupelo, 0.1. 

Forest ownership is for the most part private and is much concen- 
trated. The great private holdings, acquired largely as speculative 
investments and heavily mortgaged, involve large carrying charges 
for interest, taxes, and fire protection. There is thus a constant pres- 
sure upon the owners to realize on their investments. When unable 
to sell their holdings at a satisfactory price to lumbermen, they set 
up sawmills and turn lumbermen themselves. Partly as a result of 
this situation there is a great excess of sawmill capacity over lum- 
ber production, the actual cut averaging only 82 per cent of the 
capacity of the mills. The consequence is considerable fluctuation in 
the prices of lumber anda large proportion of the industry is ¢con- 
ducted at a loss. Records obtained from 108 manufacturers of south- 
ern pine in 1914 showed that as manufacturers they were conducting 
business at an average loss of approximately 32 cents per 1,000 feet. 
When, however, aS was usually the case, they were also owners of the 
timberland, they realized by this method a sufficient return on the 
original investment to more than offset losses incident to manufacture. 

The rapid depletion of the forests brought about by the above- 
mentioned forces is a matter of concern not only to producers and 
consumers of lumber, but also (because of the effect of forests located 
along the great watersheds upon rivers) to the agricultural interests 
of the country and to those connected with inland navigation 
and water power. The situation in the lumber industry, therefore, 
is such that in so far as it is a matter for legislation, the problem 
of conservation ranks in importance with the problems of protection 
and revenue, if indeed it is not paramount to them. Moreover, be- 


cause of the specifie uses of different kinds of wood, it is not merely a 
184911°—20—__52 


818 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


problem of the conservation of forests, but of the conservation of 
an adequate supply of different species of trees—spruce for pulp wood ; 
elm for various parts of vehicles, for baskets, and for slack cooper- 
age; hickory and ash for handles; ash, beech, and maple for kitchen 
furniture, butter-tub staves, and various articles of woodenware; 
birch for spools; cedar for shingles, poles, and posts; oak and black 
walnut for furniture; oak and hemlock for tanning; ete. For most 
of these uses substitutes can be found, but for each there is one 
wood which is best. 

Production.—The lumber industry includes five stages: (1) The 
ownership of standing timber; (2) logging, or cutting trees into logs, 
and delivering them to the sawmills; (8) manufacturing logs into 
lumber,. including seasoning, surfacing, and finishing into special 
forms; (4) wholesale lumber distribution; and (5) retail distribution. 
The logging and milling branches rank first among manufactures 
in the employment of labor—736,000 employees, or 104 per cent of 
wage earners in all manufacturing industries; they are third among 
manufacturing industries in value of annual product, $1,156,000,000 in 
1909. Retail establishments numbered 42,000 in 1914, with 126,000 em- 
ployees. The manufacturing and retail branches have a combined 
investment of over $2,000,000,000. A summary of data for sawmills 
and planing mills (1914) shows 38,070 establishments, 576,000 wage 
earners, $1,283,378,871 in capital, $301,925,792 paid in wages, and 
$1,022,982,811 value of products. The States, ranked in importance 
with reference to value of output in millions of dollars, are: Washing- 
ton, 78 (i. e., $78,000,000) ; Louisiana, 62; Arkansas, 39; Wisconsin, 
37; Mississippi, 36; Michigan, 34; Minnesota, 32; North Carolina, 30; 
Oregon, 27; West Virginia, 24; California, 23; Texas, 23; Virginia, 
23; Maine, 22; Tennessee, 22; and Alabama, 21. This includes only 
States with an output exceeding $20,000,000 in value. The industry 
is important, however, in many other States. 

Imports and exports.—Imports and exports are made comparable 
in the following tables as far as data will admit. Pulp wood is not 
separately listed in the export trade. Paving posts, railroad ties, 
telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph poles (not included 
because dutiable) should be added in order to obtain the imports and 
exports of wood only slightly advanced beyond the round-timber 
stage (par. 170). Canadian percentages of exports and imports are 
given because of their importance and because it is with Canada that 
the most serious tariff problems arise. Over 90 per cent of the 
total log and lumber imports are from Canada. About 20 per cent 
of the total log and lumber exports are to Canada; the remaining 
80 per cent are widely distributed, nearly all countries receiving part 
of their lumber supply from the United States. The chief purchasers 
in normal times are the United Kingdom, Mexico, Cuba, Germany, 
the Netherlands, France, Argentina, Panama, and the West Indies. 
The kinds of wood entering the export trade, with value in millions 
of dollars (1914), are: Yellow pine (long leaf, short leaf, and other), 
23.1 (i. e., $23,100,000) ; oak, 10.6; fir, 8.7; gum, 2.2;-redwood, 1.9; 
white pine, 1.6; poplar, 1.4; spruce, 0.5; cypress, 0.4; and all other, 
6.9. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 819 


Imports of logs and lumber not further advanced than finished boards. 








Item. 1914 1918 
Logs, round timber.....-.-..--.-. M feet. - 148, 938 | $1, 657, 605 65, 394 $815, 247 
Percentage from Canada. ....-...----- 94.4 94.5 99.4. 98.8 
NS, eee ea cords.-| 1,073,023 | $7,245,466 | 1,172,033 $11, 088, 422 
Percentage from Canada. ......-.....- 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 
All other unmanufactured woods.........-|.-.---.----- $559, 036 [-...-.--.225 | $1,281, 626 
Percentage from Canada ........scccccjeosonsccceee oH a eS eee Se . 30. 8 
Total unmanufactured . ..........-2-|..0-s.0-00e OO; 4020107 [os secccdene — $13, 185, 295 
Percentage from Canada........|..........-- UG0 Tatewerat sees ) 93.2 
Sawed boards, planks, deals...... M feet. . 924, 567 |$17,511,627 | 1,278,482 , $32, 428, 405 
Percentage from Canada.........-..-- 96.6 96.6 98. 2 | 98.4 
cee sre cone |anasnncnony. eT he | $8si, 122 
PRMRERE OG 4FOT CANAGS... 50. ceccceclesas asec cass Fes Piles = erage ata | 91.6 
Motalananilactured seve. 2-5-5. 2- 28) esi geese! $18, 326, 906 |.......-.-.. | $33, 309, 527 
Percentage from Canada.......-|.-.-.--++-0- po ORE SE) a eh eat 98.3 


Exports of logs and lumber not further advanced than finished boards. 





Item. 1914 ‘ 1918 
iogs, round timber ....-.-........ M feet-. 138, 067 | $3, 256, 023 33, 917 $703, 809 
Percentage to Canada................- 35. 2 18.4 59.7 50. 4 
Hewn and sawed timber....-....- M feet. . 441,166 | $9,172,411 106,217 | $3,255, 545 
Percentage to Canada.....-......-...- 8.5 11.4 “18.7 22.3 
Total unmanufactured.........-...- 579, 233 |$12, 428, 434 140,134 | $3,959,354 
Percentage to Canada.........-. 14.9 13.2 28.6 27.3 
Boards, planks, scantlings.....-.- M feet..| 2,417,439 |$57, 781,467 | 1,067,709 | $44,307,977 
Percentage to Canada............-.--- 18.0 18.0 | 21.2 18.9 








« 


Competition.—The lumber industry is highly competitive. Hold- 
ings of timberland are concentrated and attempts have been made by 
the owners to cooperate in controlling output and prices, but with no 
permanent success. The pressure to realize on investment as above 
described has held in check monopolistic tendencies. In milling and 

marketing, competition is especially severe; it is local, regional, and 
foreign. Individual establishments in every important lumber region 
compete with one another, and timber from the South competes in the 
markets of the Middle West with lumber from the Pacific and Lake 
States. Moreover, the industry as a whole is subjected to competition 
with Canada; the fact that American producers are able to sell their 
products in all the principal markets of the world, including Canada 
itself, demonstrates that they are able to meet Canadian competition. 
However, at some points on the northern frontier American pro- 
ducers are at a disadvantage. Cost studies in the Douglas fir region 
show that the cost per 1,000 feet varies greatly as between individual 
establishments. Hence, while some producers can meet Canadian 
competition at a profit, others can not. Finally, there is competition 
with substitutes. There is hardly a major use for wood—unless it be 
railroad ties—for which a substitute is not available, Iron and steel, 


= 


820 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


brick and stone, and reinforced concrete are supplanting wood for 
building; metal, felt, paper, and various patent roofings compete with 
shingles; coal, oil, and industrial alcohol take the place of wood for 
fuel; the wooden sidewalk has nearly disappeared and the wooden 
fence is disappearing. It is estimated that substitutes for lumber 
aggregate 8,090,000,000 board feet, and for wood in all its uses, inc!ud- 
ing fuel, 27,715,000,000 board feet. The total lumber consumption of 
the United States in 1915 was about 40,000,000,000 board feet. Hence 
the annual substitution amounts to about 20 per cent of the annual 
consumption. ; 
PULP WOOD. 


Production.—One of the most important items of unmanufactured 
wood is that ground into pulp for making paper. The total con- 
sumption in 1914 was 4,470,763 cords, valued at $39,408,453, and in- 
creased during the war to 5,250,794 cords, valued at $73,167,118 in 
1918. From these figures it appears that the quantity consumed in- 
creased by 17 per cent and the value by 86 per cent. Spruce is by far 
the most important, constituting 54.7 per cent of the entire consump- 
tion. Other pulp woods, in order of importance, are hemlock, balsam 
fir, poplar, jack pine, yellow pine, yellow poplar, tamarack, gum, 
white fir, cottonwood, basswood, white pine, beech, birch, maple, and 
chestnut. Of the total consumption, 3,886,767 cords are domestic and 
1,870,027 cords are imported. Exports of pulp woods are not segre- 
gated from logs and round timber, but should be added to the above 
to give the total domestic production. 

-‘Imports.—Pulp wood is imported rough or with the bark removed 
by the processes of peeling or rossing, practically all from Canada. 


Imports of pulp wood, 1914 and 1918 (calendar years). 

















1914 1918 
Form. a ie 
alue alue 
Cords. Per cent. per cord, Cords. Per cent. per cord 
} 
FRQUAG 6 cane ch ae oe ch « 198, 414 19.8 $6. 04 276, 644 20. 2 $9.11 
RGGLOU woce es cinaten ae secs 599, 299 60. 0 6. 40 964, 804 70. 4 9.63 
HOSSGGs ct eaecemet eee ate 201, 936 | 20.2 8.61 128, 579 9.4 12.04 
Rotel. socccceien a 999, 649 100; Deltas need 1,370, 027 100, 0: -2o2eee 
SHINGLES. 


Production.—Shingles are among the important wood products and 
have given rise to considerable tariff controversy. They are produced 
from several kinds of wood and in nearly all the States, but about 
one-half the output is of western red cedar in the State of Washing- 
ton alone. In 1912 the total output was 12,037,685,000; of these 
9,500,908,000 were of cedar (western red and white) and 1,311,750,000 
were of cypress, two woods particularly suitable because of their 
resistance to decay. Other woods in order of importance (amounts 
in millions of shingles) were: Yellow pine, 578 (i. e., 578,000,000 
shingles) ; red wood, 447; white pine, 69; chestnut, 45; western pine, 
80; hemlock, 29; and spruce, 8, In 1911 the States producing over 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 821 


100,000,000 shingles (amounts in millions) were Washington, 7,745 
(i. e., 7,745,000,000 shingles) ; Louisiana, 800; Maine, 559; Michigan, 
510; California, 404; Oregon, 392; Wisconsin, 324; Georgia, 256; 
Florida, 167; North Carolina, 161; Alabama, 148; and Arkansas, 146. 
It will be seen that the industry centers in the Pacific Northwest, the 
South, the Lake States, and the State of Maine. The four States, 
Washington, Louisiana, Maine, and Michigan, each typical of these 
regions, produce about 80 per cent of the total output. 

In the United States the red cedar grows in mixed stands with 
the Douglas fir. As the cutting of Douglas fir is the preponderant 
logging interest, cedar bolts and logs are somewhat of the nature of a 
by-product. The supply of raw material for the shingle mills there- 
fore depends upon conditions in the fir trade. Other factors are the 
proportion of cedar in the timber being logged, and the proportion of 
cedar logs used for other purposes than shingles. When there is a 
curtailment of output on the part of loggers because of the low price 
of fir, cedar logs become scarce. It also sometimes happens that 
there is a strong demand for cedar logs for siding or other purposes. 
In either case the shingle manufacturers have difficulty in obtaining 
raw material and at times have been compelled to shut down. A 
considerable proportion of the shingles are made from bolts derived 
from dead stumps left in cut-over land. This is especially true in the 
“straight shingle mills” (mills producing shingles only). Logs are 
more extensively used in the ‘ combination mills” (mills producing 
other products as well as shingles). 

Imports were 895,038 thousand, valued at $2,190,170 in 1914 and 
1,878,465 thousand, valued at $5,453,951 in 1918, virtually all from 
Canada. 

Exports were 46,964 thousand, valued at $112,463, in 1914 and 
20,606 thousand, valued at $96,142 in 1918. 

Competition.—Numerous attempts have been made by shingle 
manufacturers to control prices, but with little success. ‘ Straight ”’ 
shingle mills can be set up with small capital, and when prices are 
good the increase of supply due to such mills soon reduces the 
price. Moreover, the capacity of the mills at all times is much in 
excess of the demand. Competition is therefore severe among the 
domestic producers, also with Canada, whose industry has some ad- 
vantage in raw material. As stated, the supply of red cedar logs and 
bolts depends upon conditions in the Douglas fir industry, and hence 
is often inadequate to the demand and the price is high. This is 
a serious matter, as the raw material is the chief item of cost. . 
In British Columbia there are large pure stands of red cedar and the 
industry is not so dependent on the logging conditions of Douglas fir. 
Canadian logs are admitted free of duty, but until recently the Pro- 
vincial Government imposed a tax, which was remitted if the logs 
were manufactured in the Province. This virtually amounted to an 
export duty and placed American manufacturers at a disadvantage. 
In 1919 this tax was suspended by order in council and the importa- 
tion of-logs greatly mcreased. ‘There is no warrant, however, that the 
tax will not be restored. It is claimed that the employment of Hindus 
gives Canada a considerable advantage in labor costs. This claim, 
however, is contested. Wages are undoubtedly lower, but the labor is 
less efficient. Canadian shingles have had a better reputation for 
quality than the American, which, to reduce freight costs, have been 


822 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


kiln dried until the life is baked out of them. Recently, however, con- 
ditions in respect to quality have been improved through the activities 
of the shingle branch of the West Coast Lumbermen’s Association in 
grading and standardizing the product. Finally, any effort to control 
price is held in check by the competition of substitutes. Felt, metal, 
paper, and other roofings are everywhere pushed by the most efficient 
methods of advertising and salesmanship, and only the application of 
similar means wil! enable the shingle industry to maintain itself in 
the contest, 
ALL OTHER ITEMS. 


Other items in paragraph 647 are either of minor importance or 
data as to production and export are not available. Impo.ts are 
given in the following table: 





Items. 1914 1918 
Kindling wood. ..25. 3... c.oc2 sae bundles. . 1, 830 $1,014 |. ...5. Sooo cee eee 
Firewood. .. 4. -.20)--50 ice. aes scenes cords. . 16, 217 57,378 26, 872 $125, 197 
Bop poled hoop Poles née csc<d sais oes ass ohne =e eee 2, 557 jcvnisiee ape 804 
HENGS POSTS ites eee ieee Se eee number. - 433, 207 32, 901 994, 705 86, 029 
Handle bo!ts, shingle bolts.......-. cords. - 10, 366 31, 760 1, 853 5, 956 
Gun blocks for gunstocks..-........------|.--ss---+---- 10,258 |. as crecuxey 39, 319 


Hubs for whee!s, posts, heading bolts, 
stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, 


oar blocks, heading blocks, and like 

bicdkal (ii) oAW ule ie. Sie 18, 549. 10..02- 55, 669 
Grapboatig. seb ses oi Sesion ates M.. 2, 934 99, 221 3, 819 110, 220 
Tenth ese wena aace tdcae eee M..| 571,472 | . 1,616,515 410,535 | 1,376,278 
Pickets and palings......-.-.-..-.--=- ae 39, 174 188, 629 398, 766 163, 234 
Ship planking hese. eect M fepto| < wp cecatacs 25, 758 51 7,133 
DOWOUSE. < cc citcnneavecus weg wd ops SOA nA wheel sg ae bie eee 21,634 |.ccccecceacn 956 








INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“Planing” includes beading, the beading giving the boards no new 
name, character, or use. Sawed and dressed boards known as 
“novelty sidings’ with ornamental beading are free of duty as “not 
further manufactured than sawed, planed, and tongued and grooved ” 
under this paragraph. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 541, of 1915.) Battens 
or weather strips of sawed spruce are free of duty under this para- 
graph (Abstract 88867, of 1915); also spruce molding (Abstract 
38652, of 1915); wood strips invoiced as “aspen crating stock” for 
use in making crates (Abstract 40748, of 1917) ; rough sawed spruce 
boards cut from slabs and used for making circular tops and bottoms 
of butter boxes (Abstract 42558, of 1918) ; birch lumber sawed into 
strips, planed on two sides (Abstract 40167, of 1916) ; “ auto shipping 
chocks,” as blocks (Abstract 39897, of 1916) ; and oak flooring planed, 
tongued, grooved, end-matched, with knots and discolorations removed 
(G. A. 8275, T. D. 38075, of 1919). Cedar poles of a kind shown to 
be mainly used as “telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph 
poles” are dutiable under paragraph 170, rather than free under this 
paragraph, notwithstanding that they may be and are used also for 
other purposes and notwithstanding that before being used as desig- 
nated they are usually draw-shaved, painted, notched, squared, creo- 
soted, and roofed (9 Ct. Cust. Appls, —, T. D, 37975, of 1919). 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


8238 


Birch flooring planed on two sides, tongued, grooved and bored with 
nail holes are also excluded from this paragraph (Abstract 38734, of 
1915, following Abstract 37717, of 1915) ; also wooden staves, bottoms 
and tops of tubs imported in knocked down condition, held to be as 
entireties (G. A. 8268, T. D. 38065, of 1919) ; and Japanese white oak 


flooring (T. D. 35233, of 1915). 


(See par. 169.) 


It is the practice to classify cedar (Thuya gigantea) beveled siding 
under this paragraph as lumber not further manufactured than sawed, 


planed, tongued and grooved. 


“Fence posts”? might be omitted since they are covered by “ posts ” 


in the same paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 648. 


ACT OF 1909. 


713. Woods: Cedar, lignum-vite, 
lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, ma- 
hogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all 
forms of cabinet woods, in the log, 
rough, or hewn only, and red cedar 
(Juniperus Virginiana) timber, hewn, 
sided, squared, or round; sticks of 
partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, 
myrtle, bamboo, rattan, reeds unmanu- 
factured, india malacca joints, and 
other woods not specially provided for 
in this section, in the rough, or not 
further advanced than cut into lengths 
suitable for sticks for umbrellas, para- 
.sols, sunshades, whips, fishing rods, or 
walking canes. 


ACT OF 1913. 


648. Woods: Cedar, including Span- 
ish cedar, lignum-vite, lancewood, eb- 
ony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rose- 
wood, satinwood, and all forms of ecab- 
inet woods, in the log, rough, or hewn 
only, and red cedar (Juniperus vir- 
giniana) timber, hewn, sided, squared, 
or round; sticks of partridge, hair 
wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, bam- 
boo, rattan, reeds unmanufactured, 
india malaceca joints, and other woods 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, in the rough, or not further ad- 
vanced than cut into lengths suitable 
for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sun- 
shades, whips, fishing rods, or walking 
canes. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—For Spanish cedar, lignum-vite, lance- 
wood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, and satinwood, see 


paragraph 169. 


Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), a native of North America, the 
West Indies, and Japan, is a durable, strongly scented wood of a red- 


dish to bright-red color. 


It is used for cooper’s staves, shingles, cigar 


boxes, coverings for lead pencils, and cabinetwork, especially clothes 


chests. 


Partridge, named from a wavy pattern in the grain, is the varie- 
gated wood of certain South American and East Indian trees, used 


mostly for umbrella handles and walking sticks. 


The name is also 


given to an extremely heavy, hard, dense, dark-brown wood from 


Brazil, used in marquetry. 


Pimento (Pimenta vulgaris), both the black and the red, belongs 
to the myrtle family found in Jamaica, Trinidad, and St. Lucia; 


it is also called allspice, baywood, and Jamaica pepper. 


It attains 


a height of 50 feet and a diameter of 20 inches, is imported in balks 
20 feet long by 12 inches square, and is used for posts, fences, 
sleepers, naves and felloes for wheels, and for umbrellas and walking 


sticks. 
pleasant smell. 


Bay rum is distilled from the leaves, which have a strong, 
The berries are known as a spice. 


Oil of pimento is 


obtained by distillation from the fruit. 
Orange (Citrus aurantium), familiar for its fruit, is also used as 
a cabinet wood, in turnery, and in a superior grade of toothpicks. 


824 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


The wood is of great beauty, has a fine grain, compares with boxwood 
in hardness, and is scarcely distinguishable from lemon wood (Citrus 
medica). The chief sources are southern Europe, Asia, America, and 
Africa. ; 

Myrtle wood (Fagus betuloides and Fagus cunningham) is de- 
rived from the Victorian or Tasmanian beech found in Tierra del 
Fuego and Tasmania. It attains a diameter of from 8 to 4 feet. 
The wood has a silky luster and is used in bedroom furniture. 

The bamboos (Bambusex) are giant grasses, including some 20 
genera and 200 species. They are tropical plants, but may be grown 
in California and along the south ~Atlantic coast, and are of sur- 
prisingly rapid growth, Florida stalks having attained a height of 
72 feet in a single season. The foliage consists of delicate ostrich- 
like plumes. The stems, upward of 70 feet high, with a diameter of 
4 to 6 inches, are broken by knots or joints. The Chinese eat tender 
bamboo shoots with bamboo chopsticks; paper is made from the fiber 
and pencils from small joints in which are inserted tufts of goat’s 
hair. The hard siliceous exterior is impervious to water, while the 
fresh, uncured stems may be bent to many uses. It is used for 
masts, cables, rafters, chains, flutes, rattles, posts, poles, utensils, 
troughs, pipes, roofing, balloon frames, and incandescent lamps. A 
common use in this country is for fishing rods. 

Rattan, reeds.—(See par. 173.) 

India malacca joints—Canes from various species of the genus 
Calamus, as Calamus scipiomun, Calamus latifolium, and others, are 
imported from the Orient as malacca joints or canes, used as walking 
sticks or umbrella handles. | 

Imports.—The bamboo thrives in Florida and California; the red 
cedar also flourishes here. In the main, howéver, the woods of para- 
graph 648 are imported. Figures are given in the following table: 





1914 1918 
M feet M feet 

BOK uc vge oatnasvevecadgiavepcesses cd avian tus seenede $49, 446 |...-.---.--- $24, 317 
Cedar, including Spanish cedar......-..-.. 17, 144 977, 746 12, 431 842, 968 
EDONY ..-------- see sew ence ee cece weece nen lacecoccecese 86; 786" |.’ ss eaeeee 8, 812 
Granadillac aco censee cae esse sccemenisis. |e emamtes orem 206 |... ccccccescn|ss sameeren 
Ragniim- ites. i cdiw eet Hew Aine Joba ds ccmiaPoaee suun ae we 72, 632 |} .22.24oeaee 171, 844 
Ming atty tice de deeds biceps meee mee 70,112 | 4,919,368 50, 303 3, 736, 688 
Ros OWO0G 5-2 ic wenn nas on cnaGuliciem oe mea nt lebivks aasuan 5 73, 551 |. - onc snwens 53,716 
SAU W OOS gisnae io sein S cee Maeve oe oom mietaictes | aete eee weir 10, 845, | secant <a 596 
WOAINDEL css scene temeascevesees. phaneenine 2,626 382, 940 408 28, 295 
Al DUN Of ores an se cwna> cece sae oe hie ears 630,780 |... 0eae eee 193, 686 

Total J... Jose Se~ savanenccens 1s ahah cpiawake’s heden 7; YD, 800 f2222sScceee 5, 060, 922 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Split rattan cut into lengths was held free of duty under this para- 
graph as not being further advanced than cut into lengths suitable 
for umbrella sticks, ete. They can not be said to be, by their condi- 
tion, definitely appropriated to any specified use. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
273, of 1915.) Bamboo split and cut into lengths was also held free 
under this paragraph. The splitting and cutting into lengths of the 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 825 


bamboo does not in fact make it anything, or putting it up into 
‘bundles did not change its character. It has not been manufactured. 
The decisions and the legislative history show the merchandise was 
entitled to free entry. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 275, of 1915.) Boxwood 
sticks in the rough and not further advanced than cut into lengths 
suitable for use in making umbrellas, parasols, etc., are also free of 
duty under this paragraph. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 92 and 97, of 1915.) 
Reeds imported in the rough in the crudest form in which such reeds 
are imported were held free of duty under this provision (4 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 522, of 1913); also slab rattan, and broom and split rattan, 
used only in the manufacture of brooms (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 
1915. See, however, decisions under paragraph 173). Cedar logs 
sawed on one or two sides for facility in shipment and not to secure 
uniformity in dimensions, are free of duty as cedar in the log, rough 
or hewn only, under this paragraph and not dutiable at 10 per cent 
ad valorem as sawed cedar under paragraph 169. (Abstract 39610, 
of 1916.) (See pars. 169 and 173.) 


PARAGRAPH 649. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


406. Mechanically ground wood pulp, 649. Mechanically ground wood pulp, 
vz of 1 cent per pound, dry weight: | chemical wood pulp, unbleached or 
Provided, however, That mechanically | bleached, and rag pulp. 
ground wood pulp shall be admitted 
free of duty from any country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivi- ) 

@ion of government (being the product 

thereof) which does not forbid or re- ‘ 
strict in any way the exportation of 
(whether by law, order, regulation, 
contractual relation, or otherwise, di- 
rectly or indirectly) or impose any ex- 
port duty, export license fee, or other 
export charge of any kind whatsoever, 
either directly or indirectly (whether 
in the form of additional charge or 
license fee or otherwise) upon printing 
paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, 
or wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp: Provided further, That if 
any country, dependency, province, or 
other subdivision of government, shall 
impose an export duty or other export 
charge of any kind whatsoever, either 
directly or indirectly (whether in the 
form of additional charge, or license 
fee, or otherwise) upon printing paper, 
mechanically ground wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, the amount of such export 
duty or other export charge shall be 
added as an additional duty to the 
duty herein imposed upon mechanically 
ground wood pulp when imported di- 
rectly or indirectly from such country, 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government. Chemical wood 
pulp, unbleached, % of 1 cent per 
pound, dry weight; bleached, 4 of 1 
cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, 
That if any country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of govern- 


826 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


ment shall impose an export duty, or 
other export charge of any kind what- 
soever, either directly or. indirectly 
(whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, chemical wood 
pulp, or wood for use in the manufac- 
ture of wood pulp, the amount of such 
export duty, or other export charge, 
shall be added as an additional duty 
to the duties herein imposed upon 
chemical wood pulp when imported di- 
rectly or indirectly from such country, 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sien of government. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Wood pulp consists essentially of cellulose 
extracted from trees, and is mostly used in making paper. Other 
uses are in paper board, papier-maché (pulped paper molded while 
moist into various forms), wall paper, etc. A Pennsylvania com- 
pany manufactures wood pulp into yarn which is woven into all 
sorts of clothing, including imitation silk. This yarn may also be 
used with cotton, linen, or wool. The central drum of car wheels is 
often made of wood pulp molded and pressed into the proper shape 
with a steel rim frozen to the paper core. ; 

Production.—There are two principal processes of manufacturing 
wood pulp, namely, the mechanically ground and the chemically® 
treated. The mechanically ground pulp is manufactured by feeding 
2-foot logs stripped of their bark to heavy grindstones, usually oper- 
ated by water power or electric turbines. After grinding, the wood 
is screened to remove chips and the water pressed out; i. e., the pulp 
is merely raw wood with the base unchanged except in form. ‘The 
chemically treated comprises three processes, the sulphite, sulphate, 
and soda methods. The fiber is isolated and becomes almost a pure 
form of cellulose, the other constituents of the wood being removed. 
Jn the sulphite process the wood is first prepared as in the mechanical 
process and then treated with sulphuric acid and its salts in large 
boilers for a definite time. By varying the strength of the liquid 
and the time of boiling, the quality of the cellulose can be governed 
for different qualities of paper. The sulphate process is applied to 
coniferous woods which do not soften readily under the soda method. 
This process yields an excellent pulp, but because of an action between 
sodium sulphite and organic matter, with resultant ill-smelling com- 
pounds, the method is not extensively employed in this country. In 
the soda process the wood is mechanically ground to small chips and, 
with a solution of caustic soda, boiled in large closed vats. The non- 
fibrous matter is thus dissolved and a pulp of brownish color ob- 
tained ; wood and vegetable fibrous material of almost every kind can 
be converted into pulp-by this method. 

Substitutes for wood pulp in the manufacture of paper are hemp, 
jute, cotton waste, old rope and linen rags, bagasse (the residue of 
cane sugar), and other vegetable fibers. But paper-making pulp can 
not be produced as readily or cheaply from any of them as from tree 
fibers, nor can these substitutes be grown on such a large scale or in 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 827 


unfavorable climates. The principal woods used are spruce, hemlock, 
balsam fir, and aspen (better known as poplar), with the spruce pre- 
dominating. Others, such as yellow pine, yellow poplar, gum, tama- 
rack, white fir, cottonwood, basswood, beech, birch, maple, and chest- 
nut, are also used, but amount to barely 1 per cent of the total con- 
sumption. The main reason spruce is so highly valued is because it 
is the least resinous. 

The United States does not produce sufficient wood pulp to satisfy 
the home market, and receives large imports from Canada (one-third 
of our consumption), Norway, Sweden, and Germany (before the 
war). The 1916 census showed 287 mills here and 72 in Canada. 
Our mills are located as follows: New York, 75; Maine, 32; Wiscon- 
sin, 38; Pennsylvania, 13; New Hampshire, 11; Vermont, 10; Michi- 
gan, 10; Virginia, 6; Minnesota, 5; Massachusetts, 3; and California, 
Oregon, and Washington, combined, 8; all other States, 11. In 1914 
the total production of wood pulp was 2,893,150 tons, valued at 
$89,865,156; in 1916, 3,271,310 tons, valued at $116,041,348; in 1917, 
3,509,939 tons, valued at $150,902,280; in 1918, 3,313,861 tons, valued 
at $174,579,645. In 1914, 63 factories were engaged in making pulp 
only, with 5,807 employees; wages of $38,255,228; capital of $36,027,- 
869; value of product, $20,526,886; value added by manufacture, 
$6,793,306. Rags for rag pulp amounted to 361,667 tons, valued at 
$12,151,288 in 1914. In addition 160 establishments manufactured 
both pulp and paper having an estimated value of $69,338,770. 

Imports of wood pulp in 1914 were valued at $17,023,338; in 1918, 
‘at $31,589,090, coming principally from Canada, Norway, and Sweden. 
Imports of rag pulp in 1914 were 197,180 pounds, valued at $9,744; 
in 1918, 3,209,883 pounds, valued at $59,782. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $529,741, in 1918 at $3,531,304. 

(Sec pars. 320 and 322.) 


PARAGRAPH 650. 


ACT OF 1909. 


860. All wools, 
* * * 


hair of the camel, 
and other like animals shall 
be divided, for the purpose of fixing 
the duties to be charged thereon, into 
the three following classes: 


861. Class one, that is to say, me- 
rino, mestiza, metz, or metisS wools, or 
other wools of Merino blood, imme- 
diate or remote, Down clothing wools, 
and wools of like character with any 
of the preceding, including Bagdad 
wool, China lamb’s. wool, Castel 
Branco, Adrianople skin wool or 
butcher’s wool, and such as have been 
heretofore usually imported into the 
United States from Buenos Aires, New 
Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good 
Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada, 
Egypt, Morocco, and elsewhere, and 
all wools not hereinafter included in 
classes two and three. 


362. Class two, that is to say, Lei- 
cester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down 


ACT OF 1915. 


650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the 
camel, and other like animals, and all 
wools and hair on the skin of such 
animals, and paper twine for binding 
any of the foregoing. This paragraph 
shall be effective on and after the first 
day of December, nineteen hundred 
and thirteen, until which time the 
rates of duty now provided by sched- 
ule K of the existing law shall remain 
in full force and effect. 


828 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 





combing wools, Canada long wools, or 
other like combing wools of English 
blood, and usually known by the 
terms herein used, and also hair of 
the camel, * * * and other like 
animals. 


363. Class three, that is to say, 
Donskoi, native South American, Cor- 
dova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Rus- 
sian camel's hair, and all such wools 
of like character as have been hereto- 
fore usually imported into the United 
States from Turkey, Greece, Syria, 
and elsewhere, excepting improved 
wools hereinafter provided for. 


3864. The standard samples of all 
wools which are now or may be here- 
after deposited in the principal custom- 
houses of the United States, under 
the authority of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, shall be the standards for 
the classification of wools under this 
Act, and the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is authorized to renew _ these 
standards and to make such additions 
to them from time to time as may be 
required, and he shall cause to be de- 
posited like standards in other custom- 
» houses of the United States when they 
may be needed. 


365. Whenever wools of class three 
shall have been improved by the ad- 
mixture of Merino or English blood 
from their present character as repre- 
sented by the standard samples now 
or hereafter to be deposited in the 
principal cuStom-houses of the United 
States, Such improved wools shall be 
classified for duty either as class one 
cr as class two, as the case may be. 


366, The duty on wools of the first 
class which shall be imported washed 
shall be twice the amount of the duty 
to which they would be subjected if 
imported unwashed; and the duty on 
wools of the first and second classes 
which shall be imported scoured shall 
be three times the duty to which they 
would be subjected if imported un- 
washed. The duty on wools of the 
third class, if imported in condition 
for use in carding or spinning into 
yarns, or which shall not contaiu 
more than 8 per centum of dirt or 
other foreign substance, shall be three 
times the duty to which they would 
otherwise be subjected. 


367. Unwashed wools shall be con- 
sidered such as shall have been shorn 
from the sheep without any cleansing ; 


ACT OF 1913. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


that is, in their natural condition. 
Washed wools shall be considered such 
as have been washed with water only 
on the sheep’s back or on the skin. 
Wools of the first and second classes 
washed in any other manner than on 
the sheep’s back or on the skin shall 
be considered as scoured wool. 


368. The duty upon wool of the 
sheep or hair of the camel, * * * 
and other like animals, of class one 
and class two, which shall be im- 
ported in any other than ordinary 
condition, or which has been sorted 
or increased in value by the rejection 
ef any part of the original fleece, shall 
be twice the duty to which it would 
be otherwise subject: Provided, That 
skirted wools as imported in eighteen 
hundred and ninety and prior thereto 
are hereby excepted. The duty upon 
wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, 
= * * ‘and other like animals of 
any class which shal! be changed in 
its character or condition for the pur- 
pose of evading the duty, or which 
shall be reduced in value by the ad- 
mixture of dirt or any other foreign 
substance, shall be twice the duty to 
which it would be otherwise subject. 
When the duty assessed upon any 
wool equals three times or more that 
which would be assessed if said wool 
was imported unwashed, the duty shall 
not be doubled on account of the wool 
keing sorted. If any bale or package 
of wool or hair specified in this Act 
invoiced or entered as of any specified 
class, or claimed by the importer to 
be dutiable as of any specified class, 
shall contain any wool or hair subject 
to a higher rate of duty than the class 
so specified, the whole bale or pack- 
age shall be subject to the highest 
rate of duty chargeable on wool of the 
elass subject to such higher rate of 
duty, and if any bale or package be 
claimed by the importer to be shoddy, 
niungo, flocks, wool, hair, or other ma- 
terial of any class specified in this 
Act, and such bale contain any admix- 
ture of any one or more of said ma- 
terials, or of any other material, the 
whole bale or package shall be subject 
to duty at the highest rate imposed 
upon any article in said bale or pack- 
age. 


369. The duty upon all wools and 
hair of the first class shall be 11 
cents per pound, and upon all wools 
or hair of, the second class 12 cents 
per pound. 


ACT OF 1913. 


829 


830 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913. 


3870. On wools of the third class and 
on camel’s hair of the third class the 
value whereof shall be 12 cents or 
less per pound, the duty shall be 4 
cents per pound. On -:wools of the 
third class, and on camel’s hair of 
the third class, the value whereof 
shall exceed 12 cents per pound, the 
duty shall be 7 cents per pound. 


3871. The duty on wools on the 
skin shall be 1 cent less per pound 
than is imposed in this schedule on 
other wools of the same class and 
condition, the quantity and value to 
be ascertained under such rules as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 
WOOL. 


Description and uses.—There are many different kinds and quali- 
ties of wool, separated each from the other by slight yet distinct 
gradations. The standard samples which were used in classifying 
wool at the principal customhouses before the removal of the duty in 
1913 numbered 381, besides 78 samples of wool waste of various 
kinds, and of goat and cattle hair. Wool varies not only according 
to the breed of sheep, but with the climate where grown, the pastur- 
age, and the care and attention bestowed on the fleece in shearing 
and packing. 

Merino wool.—The finest wool comes from merino sheep (originat- 
ing.in Spain, now in many parts of the world), which have undergone 
variations through selective breeding. They are small, hardy, good 
herders, and covered with a dense fleece, naturally very oily. The oil 
helps to preserve the elasticity of the fiber, but in consequence a large 
amount of dirt clings to it, causing a shrinkage in weight when 
scoured, often as much as 60 per cent. The fiber is covered with 
numerous scales, giving it a clinging quality desirable in yarn for 
fine fabrics. 

English wools—The “ English breeds” of sheep form a distinct 
group, noted for their excellent mutton qualities and a good (though 
for many purposes not the finest) wool, divided into two main 
classes, the “ long wools”’ and the “ down wools.” The long wools are 
“combing” wools, produced principally by the Lincoln, Leicester, 
Cotswold, and Kent or Romney Marsh sheep, and noted for luster 
and brilliancy as well as for length. The fiber is from 6 to 15 inches 
long, strong and fairly fine, and makes excellent lustrous dress goods 
and braids. The Down combing wools are shorter and not so fine as 
merino wools, but long enough to comb easily with modern ma- 
chinery, the fleeces usually containing less oil and dirt than the 
merino. The great popularity of the ‘‘ Down” sheep is due to a com- 
bination of excellent mutton-producing and fairly good wool-producing 
qualities. The leading breeds of ‘‘ Down” are the Southdown, Suffolk, 
Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire, and Dorset. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 831. 


Crossbred wool.—The “ crossbreds ” are sheep partly of merino and 
partly of “ English” blood, with size and weight of a good mutton 
sheep, and wool which retains much of the fineness and elasticity of 
the merino. These kinds of wool, made by crossing different kinds of 
English sheep with the various types of merinos, are becoming in- 
creasingly significant with the relative importance of mutton. 

Poorer grades of wool.—The “carpet,” or Class III wools, are 
miscellaneous kinds coming from many parts of the world, but 
principally from Russia and Asia. They are coarse, often gray, brown, 
or black, and kempy (having white brittle hairs which resist dyeing) 
or cotted (that is, matted or felted). Some are used in coarse 
blankets and felts, robes, upholstery goods, or to mix with better 
wools in the manufacture of tweeds or cheviots, but most of them go 
into carpets—some of the best into the Wilton, Axminster, and Brus- 
sels varieties. Donskoi wools, grown in Russia, are the most im- 
portant. The Savolga, Kasan, Tscherskoi, and Kuban wools are all 
included in the general term ‘ Donskoi.” These are the better sorts 
of carpet wools and have a long “combing” staple. Wools from 
the Province of Georgia also make up an important part of the 
Russian preduct. ‘“ Carpet’ wools also come from the “ Criolla ” 
of South America, originally a Spanish sheep. From Syria wools 
known as “Aleppo,” “ Orfa,” ‘‘ Damascus,” and “ Jaffa,” long combing 
wools used in high-grade carpets, are imported washed. From France 
and Spain comes the “ Pyrenean,” a strong, long-stapled wool rather 
irregular in grade; from Germany, the “heide” or heath wool, 
which resembles the wool from the Scotch black-faced sheep; from 
Hungary, the “ Zackel”; from the mountains of the Turco-Grecian 
frontier, the “ Volo,’ which is a straight-fibered combing wool of 
good color; and from the short-tailed or heath sheep of Iceland, 
Norway, Finland, and other northern regions, various kinds of coarse 
wool with an undergrowth of fine, silky down. 

Production in this country has remained practically unchanged 
in quantity for 85 years—about 300,000,000 pounds in 1883, with 
over 20,000,000 pounds variation in only a dozen years. The minimum 
was in 1897, 259,000,000 pounds; the maximum in 1893, 348,000,000 
pounds. The crossbred wools have steadily increased as the meat 
value of sheep has grown. The western ranches and the Ohio region 
still produce mainly the fine wools with merino characteristics; else- 
where the infusion of the blood of the English mutton breeds has 
greatly influenced the nature of the wool. The average world pro- 
duction is near 3,000,000,000 pounds. The leading producers are 
Australia, Russia in Europe, the United States, Argentina, New 


Zealand, South Africa, Uruguay, and the United Kingdom, in order, 


yielding more than two-thirds of the world supply and probably 
more than four-fifths of all fine wool. Three of these, the United 
States, Russia, and the United Kingdom, use most of their product; 
the others normally export most of their output. Smaltl amounts of 
fine wool are grown in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, but 
most of the 375,000,000 pounds grown in Asia, Turkey, and the 
Balkan States is low grade from the “native” unimproved breeds. 
The Russian product is mostly low grade, exports being largely the 
Donskoi wools of southern Russia. The output of Jeading countries, 
in order, in 1914, a normal year, follows: 


832 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


Australia, 632,000,000 pounds (exports), mostly merino. The pro- 
portion of crossbred wool has increased greatly during the war, but 
the greater part of the fine wool of international trade comes from 
Australia. 

Argentina, 264,500,000 pounds, principally crossbred with strong 
traces of merino. South American wool is not marketed in as good 
condition, usually, as the Australian, often containing sand, or is 
filled with burrs. ; 

New Zealand, 195,000,000 pounds, mostly crossbred. ‘The sheep are 
primarily for lamb and mutton; merino is about 8 per cent of the 
clip. . 

South Africa, 157,000,000 pounds, largely merino. The native 
“woolless”” sheep of South Africa have been greatly improved by 
cross-breeding. 

Uruguay, 148,000,000 pounds, merino and crossbred. The pasture 
lands permit exports in better condition than those of Argentina. 

The United Kingdom, 125,000,000 pounds, ‘Down wools” and 
“English long wools.” Its sheep-raising is an adjunct of intensive 
agriculture, primarily for mutton, but skillful breeding and care 
insure a high quality of fleece. e 

Imports of wool averaged about 200,000,000 pounds a year before 
the war, about equally divided between those known as Class I and 
Class III (supra). Most of Class I came from Australia (largely 
via the London market) and from Argentina and Uruguay; while 
Class III came from many countries, principally China and eastern 
HKurope. During the war wool imports increased greatly, to 525,194,- 
257 pounds in 1916, 364,210,719 pounds in 1917, and 376,708,218 pounds 
in 1918, the increases practically all in Class I. Imports of Class II 
(the English “long wools”) were small, about 11,500,000 pounds in 
1913, not increasing greatly during the war. 


PULLED WOOL. 


Description and uses.—Wool pulled from the skins of slaughtered 
sheep is not as good, for most purposes, as that sheared from the 
live animal. The pulling injures the spinning quality by damaging the 
serration of the fibers, and it does not dye satisfactorily, due princi- 
pally to the action of the chemicals in pulling. The different methods 
of pulling are the “ sweating” process (by which the action of heat 
and moisture loosens the roots of the wool), the ‘lime,’ and the 
“ depilatory ” process. In the latter a compound of sodium sulphide, 
sulphuric acid, and oyster shells is applied to the flesh side of the 
skin to loosen the wool—the process most widely used here. Puiled 
wool is used for soft-twist knitting yarns, for blankets, carpets and ~ 
rugs, woven paper-mill felts, flannels, etc. The short pulled wool 
goes into felt for hats. 

Production.—Pulled wool is a by-product of the meat-packing in- 
dustry. ‘There are about 40 “ pulleries,”’ Chicago, St. Louis, St. Joseph, 
Kansas City, and New York City being important centers. The 
average output is about 40,000,000 pounds a year. 

Imports.—In 1910, 43,940,000 pounds of washed pulled wool and 
11,782,000 pounds of scoured pulled wool were exported from Mazamet, 
France, 65 per cent of which was taken by England. Australia, Ar- 
gentina, Germany, and Austria also have wool-pulling establishments, 
Imports of pulled wool into the United States are not separately 
reported. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 833 


CAMEL’S HAIR. 


Description and uses.—Camel’s hair is of two sorts—the soft, fine 
under hair, about 24 inches long, of a yellow or brown color; and 
the outer hair, 4 to 12 inches long, coarser, and of a darker color. 
The chief domestic use for camel’s hair is in press cloth for cotton- 
seed and linseed oil compresses. Decrease of imports and increase of 
price have caused manufacturers of press cloth to utilize human hair. 
(See pars. 351 and 353.) It is also used, mixed with wool or cotton, 
for making robes, rugs, blankets, and novelty fabrics. 

Imports.—Most of the camel’s hair used in this country before 
the war came from Russia and China. Russian camel’s hair came 
under Class III before 1913 and most of it was dutiable at 7 cents a 
pound, being over 12 cents a pound in value. All other camel’s hair 
came under Class II and was dutiable at 12 cents a pound. The aver- 
age import of Russian camel’s hair was over 3,000,000 pounds a year 
before 1914. After the war imports decreased about one-half, and in 
1918 fell to less than 800,000 pounds. Imports of Class II camel’s hair 
remained fairly constant—838,082 pounds in 19138 and 925,250 pounds 
in 1918. The value per pound of Class II increased from 26 cents 
in 1913 to 50 cents in 1918, and of Class III (washed and unwashed) 
from 17 cents to 43 cents. 


SCOURED WOOL, 


Description and use.—Wool, as sheared or pulled, contains nu- 
merous substances which must be eliminated before manufacture. 
e. g., natural wool grease, potassium salts (perspiration), dirt, and 
burrs. These are mostly removed in scouring, that is, washing the 
fiber in a bath of chemicals and water. The resulting loss in weight 
is large—for some wools 75 per cent, with an average of about 50 
per cent. Generally speaking, the finer the wool the heavier the 
shrinkage. : 

Washed wool is wool washed with water only, the shrinkage run- 
ning to 15 or 20 per cent. However, it must be scoured much the 
same as grease wool before it can be utilized. 

Production.—wNearly all wool is scoured in the mill. An independ- 
ent wool-scouring industry—scouring on commission for importers, 
dealers, and manufacturers—has recently developed. 

Imports.—Under the tariff acts of 1897 and 1909 the imports of 
wool in the scoured condition rarely exceeded a few hundred pounds, 
Under the tariff of 19138, which made no discrimination between 
scoured and grease wools, there was a considerable increase of im- 
ports. From a few hundred pounds a year they increased to 1,775,654 
pounds from December, 1913, to June 30, 1914. In 1916, 27,100,490 
pounds of scoured wool were imported, 7,618,515 pounds in 1917, and 
24,407,672 in 1918. This increased importation of scoured wool has 
been largely due to the lack of shipping space for the grease wool. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Paper tivine is dutiable as a manufacture of paper under paragraph 
332, unless a declaration is attached to the invoice and an affidavit 
submitted by the importers that it is intended for use in the binding 
of wool of the sheep, etc. (T. D. 34268, of 1914.) The proviso in this 

184911°—20-—_53 





834 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


paragraph providing that, “ this paragraph shali be effective on and 
after the first day of December, 1913, until which time the rates of 
duty now provided by Schedule K of the existing law shall remain 
in full force and effect,” was designed to continue the rates upon 
wool as part of the new act until the first of December, 1918. Conse- 
quently wool which was withdrawn from warehouse and entered be- 
tween said dates was properly classified at the rate provided by para- 
graph 370 of the act of 1909. A claim by the importer that there 
was no wool schedule between said dates, and that consequently the 
importation should be assessed as a nonenumerated article was over- 
ruled. (G. A. 7676, T. D. 35104, of 1915.) (See pars. 305, 348, and 651.) 


PARAGRAPH 651. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


372. Top waste, slubbing waste, rov- 651. Wool wastes: All noils, top 
ing waste, ring waste, and garnetted | waste, card waste, slubbing waste, 





waste, 30 cents per pound; 

373. Shoddy, 25 cents per pound; 
noils, wool extract, yarn waste, thread 
waste, and ail other wastes composed 
wholly or in part of wool, and not 


roving waste, ring waste, yarn waste, 
bur waste, thread waste, garnetted 
waste, shoddies, mungo, flocks, wool 
extract, carbonized wooi, carbonized 
noils, and all other wastes not 
specially provided for in this section. 


This paragraph shall be effective on 
and after the first day of December, 
nineteen hundred and thirteen, until 
which time the rates of duty now 
provided by schedule K of the exist- 
ing law shall remain in full force and 
effect. 


specially provided for in this section, 
20 cents per pound. 


374. Woolen * * *, mungo, and | 
flocks, 10 cents per pound. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Wool wastes consist of the material dis- 
carded in wool manufacture (‘‘ mill waste’) and the wool fiber recoyv- 
ered from rags and cloth clippings. Mill waste is divided into soft 
waste and hard waste. The soft includes noils, top, card, slub- 
bing, and roving wastes; the hard includes yarn, bur, thread, 
ring, garnetted wastes, and flocks. The soft wastes, not spun or 
twisted, do not require the manipulation necessary to recover fiber 
from the hard wastes, which, like the rags and clippings, must be 
torn apart, or garnetted, and carded. Noils are short wool fibers 
discarded in combing. Top waste, card waste, slubbing waste, and 
roving waste are portions of wool broken off or caught in the ma- 
chinery in the combing, carding, and drawing processes. Ring waste, 
yarn waste, and thread waste are pieces of yarn broken off in the 
spinning and weaving operations. Bur waste consists of burs, with 
particles of wool clinging thereto. Flocks are the wastes from the 
shearing and fulling processes. Carbonized noils are noils from 
which extraneous vegetable matter has been burned with chemicals. 
Carbonized wool is any wool so treated. Shoddy is the wool fiber 
secured by the tearing apart of soft woolen fabrics, such as old stock- 
ings and sweaters. Mungo is similarly produced from bard woolen 
cloth; and wool extract is the residuum after removal of the vegetable 
fibers from both shoddy and mungo by carbonization (treatment with 
acids). Recovered wool fiber is used as a substitute for new wool 
in the manufacture of woolen yarn. It can not be used in worsted 
yarn on account of its short, broken condition. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 835 


Production of noils in 1914 was 24,449,227 pounds, valued at 
$6,930,475 ; other mill wastes, 29,571,562 pounds, valued at $3,482,305. 
The total shoddy output was 84,886,759 pounds, independent shoddy 
industries producing 43,156,037 pounds. . 

Imports of mill wastes, chiefly noils and hard wastes, including 
wool extract, in 1918 were 235,142 pounds, valued at $133,524. Prior 
to 1914 there were practically no imports of shoddy and other re- 
covered fiber. In 1914 there were 2,747,472 pounds of mill «wastes, 
valued at $690,006, and in 1918, 2,074,486 pounds, valued at $1,074,209. 
Shoddy and mungo aggregated 239,902 pounds, valued at $36,795 in 
1914, and 3,517 pounds, valued at $1,238 in 1918. Most of the waste 
came from England, with Germany second in 1914 and Canada in 1918. 


ENTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The term “wool wastes” of this paragraph, embracing as it does 
all noils, includes noils of hair from Angora goats. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 187, of 1915.) Cashmere noils were also held free under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 38198, of 1915.) Garnetted mohair waste, 
assessed with duty under paragraph 384, was held free of duty under 
this paragraph. (Abstract 37976, of 1915.) Mohair backings were 
likewise classified. (Abstract 38863, of 1915.) Small scraps of sheep- 
skin with wool on them are not dutiable under paragraph 384 as 
waste n. s. p. f., but are free of duty as wool waste under this para- 
graph. (G. A. 7774, T. D. 35714, of 1915.) Pulp felt manufactured 
from wool, for use on pulp rollers, after being discarded, was held 
not to be wool waste within this paragraph. (G. A. 8262, T. D. 
38052, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. 

(See par, 384.) 

PARAGRAPH 652. 


ACT OF 1909. 


717. Works of art, including paint- 
ings in oil, mineral, water, or other 
colors, pastels, original drawings and 
sketches, etchings and engravings, and 
sculptures, which are proved to the 
satisfaction of the Secretary of the 
Treasury under rules prescribed by 
him to have been in existence more 
than twenty years prior to the date 
of their importation, but the term 
“ sculptures’ as herein used shall be 
-understood to include _ professional 
productions of sculptors only, whether 
round or in relief, in bronze, marble, 
stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or 
metal; and the word ‘ painting,” as 
used in this Act, shall not be under- 
stood to include any article of utility 
nor such as are made wholly or in 
part by stenciling or any other me- 
chanical process; and the words 
* etchings ”’ and “‘ engravings,”’ as used 
in this Act, shall be understood to 
include only such as are printed by 
hand from plates or blocks etched or 
engraved with hand tools, and not 
such as are printed from plates or 
blocks etched or engraved by photo- 
chemical processes. * * * 


ACT OF i915. 


652. Original paintings in oil, 
mineral, water, or other’ colors, 


pastels, original drawings and sketches 
in pen and ink or pencil and water 
eolors, artists’ proof etchings un- 
bound, and engravings and woodcuts 
unbound, original sculptures or stat- 
uary, including not more than two 
replicas or reproductions of the same; 
but the terms ‘“ sculpture ”’ and * stat- 
uary ’’ aS used in this paragraph shall 
be understood to include professional 
productions of sculptors only, whether 
in round or in relief, in bronze, marble, 
stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or 
metal, or whether cut, carved, or other- 
wise wrought by hand from the solid 
bieck or mass of marble, stone, or 
alabaster, or from metal, or cast in 
bronze or other metal or substance, 
or from wax or plaster, made as the 
professional productions of sculptors 


only; and the words “ painting” and 
“sculpture” and ‘‘ statuary’”’ as used 


in this paragraph shall not be under- 
stood to include any articles of utility, 
nor such as are made wholly or in 
part by stenciling or any other me- 
chanical process; and the words 


836 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


* etchings,” ‘“‘ engravings,’’ and ‘* wood- 
cuts’? as used in this paragraph shall 
be understood to include only such as 
are printed by hand from plates or 
blocks etched or engraved with hand 
tools and not such as are printed from 
plates or blocks etched or engraved 
by photochemical or other mechanical 
processes, 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


For description and uses of works of art, original paintings, etc., 
see paragraph 376. 

Imports of works of art, ete., in 1914 were valued at $11,303,541, 
and in 1918 at $2,061,599. | 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Where paintings have been admitted free of duty, the frames on 
these, when framed, have, by a long course of practice in the customs, 
recognized by law, been dutiable, and where paintings are dutiable 
and are imported in frames these frames are not integral parts of the 
pictures and can not be deemed containers either in themselves or by 
the rule ejusdem generis. The pictures and the frames are separable 
for tariff purposes. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 222, of 1914.) Pen and ink 
or pencil drawings colored with water colors, made on paper by 
artists working under direction of a master artist, used as originals 
for making plates to illustrate women’s wearing apparel in dress 
catalogues and magazines, are clasSable as ‘ original drawings and 
sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water colors” under this para- 
graph and not dutiable as manufactures of paper. A sketch or draw- 
ing is not taken outside the meaning of the word “ original” in this 
paragraph by the fact that it is the result of the combined concur- 
rent efforts of several artists. The provision in this paragraph for 
* original drawings and sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water 
colors ”’-is narrower than the provision in the same paragraph for 
“original paintings in * * * water, or other colors.” (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —; T. D. 38046, of 1919.) An appeal is: pending from Ab- 
stract 43068, of 1919, involving a somewhat similar issue. Pen and 
wash drawings were held entitled to free entry as original drawings 
under this paragraph. (Abstract 87944, of 1915.) Chinese water 
color paintings bound in book form were found to be original paint- 
ings and works of art and held free under this paragraph. (Abstract 
42334, of 1918.) The provision for “statuary * * * wrought by 
hand * * * from metal” in paragraph 454 of the act of 1897 does 
not include a bronze statue cast in a foundry by artisans from a 
model that was made in plastic material by an artist, but upon which 
he did but little or no retouching. (224 U. S., 583, of 1912.) Among 
articles excluded from the paragraph are: Parts of fountains in the - 
shape of two bronze figures cast by the cire-perdue process from 
metals made by professional sculptors and the castings finished by 
professional sculptors, held dutiable under paragraph 376, they not 
being shown to be originals or first or second replicas within the 
meaning of this paragraph (G. A, 8196, T. D. 87785, of 1918); and 
marble statues executed by professional sculptors from sketches or 








’ SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 837 


photographs furnished to them, though artistic and considered works 
of art, not being original sculptures within this paragraph, since 
sculpture to be original must be the work of the artist from its con- 
ception or creation in the mind of the artist until its completion in 
its material form (G. A. 8220, T. D. 37863, of 1918). A portrait done 
in oil which was a copy or replica of a portrait by the same painter, 
it being held to be not an original painting in oil but a copy, replica, 
or reproduction and the paragraph providing for original paintings 
only (G. A. 8199, T, D. 37792, of 1918), and oil paintings in the form 
of panels of various sizes intended for the decoration of a wall of a 
room, held not to be originals (Abstract 42612, of 1918) were held 
dutiable under paragraph 876 as works of art. A marble bench with 
base and top of single pieces or slabs of marble, as an original sculp- 
ture to be free under the paragraph must also be a work of art (G. A. 
8134, T. D. 387514, of 1918), and small marble busts and statuettes pro- 
duced in a commercial way (Abstract 42613, of 1918) were held duti- 
able as manufactures of marble or of alabaster. <A bronze statue cast 
by the cire-perdue process from an original model made in terra cotta 
by Rodin, the casting being carved, remodeled, and improved by the 
artist, was held free of duty under this paragraph as an original 
sculpture cast in bronze and the professional production of a sculptor. 
(G. A. 8229, T. D. 37898, of 1919.) Vases, plaques, and. ornaments, 
mineral painted, the original work of an artist and having no utili- 
tarian purposes, are free of duty under this paragraph as paintings 
in mineral colors. ‘‘ Mechanical process” should be interpreted under 
the rule of ejusdem generis as relating to a mechanical process of like 
kind as stenciling, that is to say, a process for producing the repre- 
sentation or artistic effect and not a process for fixing more perma- 
nently the production of the artist. “ Firing” of a painting on earth- 
enware is not a “ mechanical process ” within the meaning of the par- 
agraph. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 125, of 1917.) (See pars. 329 and 376.) 


PARAGRAPH 653. 


ACT OF 1909. 


714. Works of art, drawings, en- 
gravings, photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus 
brought by professional artists, lectur- 
ers, or Scientists arriving from abroad 
for use by them temporarily for ex- 
hibition and in illustration, promotion, 
and encouragement of art, science, or 
industry in the United States, and 
not for sale, shall be admitted free 
of duty, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
scribe; but bonds shall be given for 
the payment to the United States of 
such duties as may be imposed by law 
upon any and all such articles as shall 
not be exported within six months 
after such importation : Provided, That 
the Secretary of the Treasury may, 
in his discretion, extend such period 


- for a further term of six months in 


cases where applications therefor shall 


-be made, 


ACT OF 19138. 


653. Works of art, drawings, en- 
gravings, photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus 
brought by professional artists, lectur- 
ers, or Scientists arriving from abroad 
for use by them temporarily for ex- 
hibition and in illustration, promotion, 
and encouragement of art, science, or 
industry in the United States, and 
not for sale, shall be admitted free 
of duty, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
scribe; but bonds shall be given for 
the payment to the United States of 
such duties as may be imposed by law 
upon any ana all such articles as shall 
not be exported within six months 
after such importation : Provided, That 
the Secretary of the Treasury may, 
in his discretion, extend such period 
for a further term of six months in 
cases where application therefor shall 
be made, 


For description and uses, see paragraphs 376, 5738, 652, 654-656. 


838 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH 654. 


ACT OF 1909. 


715. Works of art, collections in il- 
lustration of the progress of the arts, 
sciences, or manufactures, photographs, 
works in terra cotta, parian, pottery, 
or porcelain, antiquities and artistic 
copies thereof in metal or other ma- 
terial, imported in good faith for ex- 
hibition at a tixed place by any State 
or by any society or institution estab- 
lished for the encouragement of the 
arts, science, or education, or for a 
municipal corporation, and all like 


articles imported in good faith by any 


society or association, or for a munici- 
pal corporation for the purpose of 
erecting a public monument, and not 
intended for sale, nor for any other 
purpose than herein expressed; but 
bonds shall be given under such rules 
and regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe, for the pay- 
ment of lawful duties which may ac- 
erue should any of the articles afore- 
said be sold, transferred, or used con- 
trary to this provision and such arti- 
cles shall be subject, at any time, to 
examination and inspection by the 
proper officers of the customs: Pyro- 
vided, That the privileges of this and 
the preceding section shall not be al- 
lowed to associations or corporations 
engaged in or connected with business 
of a private or commercial character. 


ACT OF 19138. 


654. Works of art, collections in il- 
lustration of the progress of the arts, 
sciences, agriculture, or manufactures, 
photographs, works in terra cotta, pa- 
rian, pottery, or porcelain, antiquities 
and artistic copies thereof in metal or 
other material, imported in good faith 
for exhibition at a fixed place by any 
State or by any society or institution 
established for the encouragement of 
the arts, science, agriculture, or edu- 
cation, or for a municipal corporation, 
and all like articles imported in good 
faith by any society or association, or 
for a municipal corporation, for the 
purpose of erecting a public monu- 
ment, and not intended for sale nor 
for any other purpose than herein ex- 
pressed ; but bond shall be given under 
such rules and regulations as the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may prescribe, 
for the payment of lawful duties which 
may accrue should any of the articles 
aforesaid be sold, transferred, or used 
contrary to this provision, and such 
articles shall be subject, at any time, 
to examination and inspection by the 
proper officers of the customs: Pro- 
vided, That the privileges of this and 
the preceding paragraph shall not be 
allowed to associations ar corporations 
engaged in or connected with business 
of a private or commercial character. 





GENERAL INFORMATION. 


For description and uses of works of art for exhibition, see para- 
graph 876. 

Imports of works of art imported for exhibition in 1914 were valued 
at $936,642; in 1918, at $240,507. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


When pictures are admitted free of duty under bond for exhibition, 
the frames are also entitled to free entry. (JT. D. 33728, of 1913.) 
Furniture, imported by the Ohio State Archeological and Historical 
Society, for permanent exhibition at the home of the late President 
Hayes at Fremont, Ohic, was held not to-be free of duty under this 
paragraph. The home was deeded to the State of Ohio, with a life 
estate reserved to President Hayes’ children and grandchildren in 
whose possession it was being used as a private residence, and not 
open to the public. (G. A. 8259, T. D. 38080, of 1919.) The principal 
purpose. of the Olynpic Club is to encourage athletics, and to do this 
a regular corps of teachers is employed to give systematic physical 
instruction. Such an institution is engaged in educational work and 
a statue artistic in character, imported for exhibition in the club, _ 
was held to fall within the terms of paragraph 715 of the act of 1909, 
and entitled to free entry, (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 251, of 1914.) 





ee EEE @o -. «~ + = 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 839 


ACT OF 1909. 


716. Works of art, productions of 
American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, includ- 
ing pictorial paintings on glass, im- 
ported expressly for presentation to a 
national institution, or to any State or 
municipal corporation or incorporated 
religicus society, college, or other pub- 
lic institution, except stained or 
painted window glass or stained or 
painted glass windows, and except any 
article, in whole or in part, molded, 
east, or mechanically wrought from 
metal within twenty years prior to 
importation ; but such exemption shall 
be subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe. 


PARAGRAPH 655. 


ACT OF 1918. 


655. Works of art, productions of 
American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, includ- 
ing pictorial paintings on glass, im- 
ported expressly for presentation to a 
national institution or to any State or 
municipal corporation or incorporated 
religious society, college, or other pub- 
lie institution, ineluding stained or 
painted window glass or stained or 
painted glass windows imported to be 
used in houses of worship, and exclud- 
ing any article, in whole or in part, 
molded, cast, or mechanically wrought 
from metal within twenty years prior 
to importation; but such exemption 
shall be subject to such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe. 


GENEBAL INFORMATION. 


For description and uses of works of art, productions of American 
artists, see paragraph 376. 

Imports of works of art, productions of American artists residing 
temporarily abroad, etc., in 1914, were valued at $287,418; in 1918, at 
$100,341, 

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The legislative history of that portion of this paragraph that relates 
to painted or stained glass windows shows clearly, and the language 
itself must be taken to show, that it is a complete and independent 
provision in no wise modified or affected by the clause of exclusion 
in the paragraph. Houses of worship are those designated as bene- 


ficiaries in importing free of duty painted or stained glass windows, 


and they are so entitled whether incorporated or not. (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 201, of 1915.) Pieces of painted or stained glass, intended 
for use in repairing painted or stained glass windows already in 
churches, are not dutiable under the provision of paragraph 95 for 
“stained or painted glass windows, or parts thereof,’ but are free 
of duty under this paragraph as “stained or painted window glass 
* + * imported to be used in houses of worship.” (G. A. 8005, 
T. D. 36898, of 1916.) Stained glass paneis, 2 feet long and i foot wide, 
imported for presentation to Wellesley College, are not entitled to 
free entry under this paragraph as “ works of art * * * ineluding 
pictorial paintings on glass, imported expressly for presentation to 
a * * * eollege.” (G. A. 7856, T. D. 36165, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH 656. 


Tig. *  *" * “Work? of art (except 656. Works of art (except rugs and 


rugs and carpets), collections in illus- 
tration of the progress of the arts, 
works in bronze, marble, terra cotta, 
parian, pottery, or porcelain, artistic 
antiquities, and objects of art of orna- 
mental character or educational value 
which shall have been produced more 
than one hundred years prior to the 


earpets), collections in illustration of 
the progress of the arts, works in 


‘bronze, marble, terra cotta, parian, 


pottery, or porcelain, artistic antiqui- 
ties, and objects of art of ornamental 
character or educational value which 
shall have been produced more than 
one hundred years prior to the date 


840 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. _ ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


date of importation, but the free im- | of importation, but the free importa- 
portation of such objects shall be sub- | tion of such objects shall be subject 
ject to such regulations as to proof | to such regulations as to proof of 
of antiquity as the Secretary of the | antiquity as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe. Treasury may prescribe. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 


For description and uses of works of art produced more than 100 
vears, see paragraph 376. 

Imports of works of art produced more than 100 years prior to 
date of importation in 1914 were valued at $22,302,626; in 1918, at 
$8,824,910—mostly from France, England, Germany, and Italy in 1914 
and from France, England, and Italy in 1918. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Article 8395 of the Customs Regulations of 1915, providing that the 
importer of antiquities shall furnish a certificate stating from whom 
the merchandise was acquired and the date of its acquisition, is rea- 
sonable. A certificate stating that antiquities were acquired ‘ from 
various persons” on different dates of the years 1914 and 1915 is 
not a compliance therewith. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37902, 
of 1919.) 

Chairs, upholstered in tapestry, classified as manufactures in part 
of wool, claimed to be free as artistic antiquities as to the upholstery, 
were held not separable for dutable purposes. (Abstract 38885, 
1915, following G. A. 7203, T. D. 31492, of 1911.) The Treasury 
Department has held that when articles are composed in part of 
artistic antiquities and in part of modern portions not rendering 
them works of art, such parts, when capable of being appraised and 
reported on separately, are to be treated separately for classification 
purposes. (T. D. 37894, of 1917.) Since this decision the rulings 
have not been entirely uniform; as table spreads, centerpieces, 
and other articles made of lace and embroidery, partly antique and 
partly modern, were held not separable so as to permit the antique 
portion to be admitted free of duty (G. A, 8115, T. D. 37446, of 1917) ; 
also pillow slips or covers made principally of silk with embroidered 
and gold lace decorations, the embroidered silk in the face of the ar- 
ticle being over 100 years old and the gold lace and fringe modern, were 
held, as imported, not to be an artistic antiquity (Abstract 43306, of 
1919). But as to an importation of certain portions of the walls of @ 
room taken from an old house in England (Kilburn Grange), claimed to 
be made in the time of Charles the Second, together with certain mod- 
ern additions and restorations, returned as an entirety, it was held that 
the modern additions and restorations are dutiable and the balance 
free as antiques (Abstract 42942, of 1919) ; and modern wooden settees 
and antique tapestry covers cut and shaped to fit the frames of the 
settees, but not attached thereto, itemized separately on the same 
invoice, were held not entireties and to be treated separately, the set- 
tees duitable as ae ote and the antique tapestries free under this 
paragraph (G. A. 8285, T. D. 38109, of 1919). In another case under 
this paragraph various ar cise of furniture, some of which had been 
repaired, among other ways with replacement of parts, such as new 
legs, were held exempt from duty as having been “ produced more 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 841 


than 100 years prior to the date of importation.” (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
814, of 1917.) Parts of a house imported to be used in the construc- 
tion of another house in this country, though antique and the house 
‘in its original surroundings interesting and possibly artistic, were 
held not free under this paragraph. (G. A. 8114, T. D. 87485, of 
1917.) 

A rate of duty sufficient to reimburse the Government for the heavy 
expenses incurred might be advisable if duty for revenue should not be 
imposed upon the articles enumerated in this paragraph. Apart from 
the work in the collector’s office, 8 to 10 examiners and from 25 to 30 
employees at New York devote a large part of their time to the ex- 
amination of such importations, Every importation has to be exam- 
ined in its entirety, and occasionally experts are called in to assist 
the examiners in determining the question of antiquity. 

A definite date instead of 100 years might be inserted in the law; 
1820 would be especially appropriate for furniture and might be 
applied also to other articles enumerated in the paragraph. 


PARAGRAPH 657. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 
718. Zaffer. 657. Zaffer. 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 


Description and uses.—Zaffer is the name given to an impure 
variety of cobalt oxide obtained by roasting speiss or carefully 
picked cobalt ores. This name is often loosely applied to mixtures of 
zatfer proper with silica, oxides of iron, manganese, etc. It is used 
to produce a blue color in porcelain painting and in enameling pottery, 

Production.—Little, if any, zaffer is produced in the United States. 

Imports of caffer are received almost wholly from Canada, Im- 
port statistics are included with those of cobalt and cobalt ore. 


[Section II, income tax, omitted.] 


SECTION III. 


ADMINISTRATIVE. 


PARAGRAPH A. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Src. 28. That the Act entitled ‘“‘An 
Act to simplify the laws in relation 
to the collection of the revenues,” ap- 
proved June tenth, eighteen hundred 
and ninety, as amended, be further 
amended to read as follows: 


ACT OF 19138. 


A. That the Act entitled “An Act to 
simplify the laws in relation to the 
collection of the revenues,’ approved 
June tenth, eighteen hundred and 
ninety, as amended, be _ further 
amended to read as follows: 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The act of June 10, 1890, was amended by various laws before 1909, 
as well as by the tariff acts of 1909 and 1918. There has been no 
complete revision since 1799. The consensus of opinion, both of ex- 
ecutive officers of the Government and of importers and manufac- 
turers consulted by the Tariff Commission, is that all the laws regu- 
lating the collection of duties on imports should be revised and codi- 
fied and enacted independently of the tariff. (See report of Tariff 
Commission dated Aug. 26, 1918.) 


PARAGRAPH B. OWNER AND CONSIGNEE. 


SuBsec, 1. That all merchandise im- 
ported into the United States shall, 
for the purpose of this Act, be deemed 
and held to be the property of the 
person to whom the same is consigned ; 
and the holder of a bill of lading duly 
indorsed by the consignee therein 
named, or, if consigned to order, by 
the consignor, shall be deemed the 
consignee thereof; and in case of the 
abandonment of any merchandise to 
the underwriters the latter may be 
recognized as the consignee, 


2 


B. That all merchandise imported 
into the United States shall, for the 
purpose of this Act, be deemed and 
held to be the property of the per- 
son to whom the same is consigned ; 
and the holder of a bill of lading 
duly indorsed by the consignee therein 
named, or, if consigned to order, by 
the consignor, shall be deemed the 
consignee thereof; and in case of the 
abandonment of any merchandise to 
the underwriters the latter may be 
recognized as the consignee, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A bill of lading is necessary to establish the right to make entry in 
every case where it is the custom to issue such document. Where, as 
in the case of express companies, it is the practice to issue shipping re- 
ceipts in lieu of bills of lading, such receipts may be aecepted for the 
purpose of entry. (Art. 219, Customs Regulations of 1915.) 

A bond of indemnity may be accepted by the collector for production 
of a bill of lading. (T. D. 38042, of 1919.) 

The collector was held not liable in damages for delivery of an im- 
portation to parties named in the,ship’s manifest as the consignees 
and who entered the merchandise on a pro forma invoice, declared 
themselves as owners, and paid the duties without production of a bill 
of lading or intimation of adverse interests, the bill of lading not being 


842 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 843 


_ presented by the holder before entry and delivery of the goods. (126 


Fed., 581, of 1903; stricken from docket of Supreme Court for want of 
prosecution ; 199 U. S., 614, of 19035.) 

The Government may go behind the Dill of lading to show true 
ownership or to determine forfeitability. (166 Fed., 562, of 1908.) 

A person to whom merchandise is consigned without his authority is 
not liabie for duties upon refusal to make entry. (129 Fed., 909, of 
1904; Abstract 37631, of 1915.) <A consignee, who is not the owner, 
making entry is liable for duties, including additional duties. (113 
Fed., 213, 217, of 1902; certiorari denied, 184 U. S., 700, of 1902.) 
And it is no defense that the consignor or any other party who at 
the request or with the consent of the conSignee procured the im- 
portation failed to obey the latter’s instruction or to comply with the 
terms of the contract between them. (125 Fed., 181, of 1903.) 


PARAGRAPH C. INVOICE, CURRENCY, AND DESCRIPTION. 


ACT OF 1909. 


SussEc. -2. That all invoices of im- 
ported merchandise shall be made out 
in the currency of the place or country 
whence the importations shall be made, 
or, if purchased, in the currency actu- 
ally paid therefor, shail contain a cor- 
rect, complete, and detailed description 
of such merchandise, and of the pack- 
ages, wrappings, or other coverings 
containing it, and skall be made in 
triplicate or in quadruplicate in case 
of merchandise intended for immediate 
transportation without appraisement, 
and signed by the person owning or 
shipping the same, if the merchandise 
has been actually purchased, or by the 
manufacturer or owner thereof, if the 
same has been procured otherwise than 
by purchase, or by the duly authorized 
agent of such purchaser, seller, manu- 
facturer, or owner. 


ACT OF 19138. 


C. That ail invoices of imported 
merchandise shall be made out in the 
currency of the place or country from 
whence the importations shall be made, 
or, if purchased, or agreed to be pur- 
chased, in the currency actually paid, 
agreed upon, or to be paid therefor, 
shall contain a correct, complete, and 
detailed description of such merchan- 
dise and of the packages, wrappings, 
or other coverings containing it, and 
shall be made in triplicate or in quad- 
ruplicate in ease of merchandise in- 
tended for immediate transportation 
without appraisement, and signed by 
the person owning or shipping the 
same, if the merchandise has been ac- 
tually purchased, or price agreed upon, 
fixed, or determined, or by the manu- 
facturer or owner thereof, if the same 
has been procured otherwise than by 
purchase, or agreement of purchase, or 
by the duly authorized agent of such 
purchaser, seller, manufacturer, or 
owner. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


There is no penalty for failure to comply with this paragraph ex- 


cept the refusal of the collector to allow entry of the goods. 


6083, T. D. 26515, of 1905.) 


(Gres 


The conversion of foreign currency of the invoice into money of 
the United States is a function of the collector. * (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


149, of 1911.) 


Merchandise must be invoiced in the currency of the country or place 


whence exported, and appraisement must be made in the same cur- 
rency. (G. A. 7725, T. D. 35416, of 1915.) 

The gauger’s report of capacity of containers, accepted by the col- 
lector, is conclusive of quantity at the time of exportation, in de- 
termining outage, where the invoice of imported liquor does not 
state the quantity or states it incorrectly. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, 


T. D, 37906, of 1919,) 


844 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


3y Executive order of November 138, 1919, paragraph 692 of the 
Consular Regulations of 1896 was amended to read as follows: 


CURRENCY CERTIFICATES.—(a) Depreciation as compared with the 
corresponding stardard coin currency of the country, Form 144.— 
When the price or value of merchandise obtained by purchase shipped 
pursuant to an agreement of purchase, or consigned for sale in the 
United States is expressed in the invoice in a curreney which is de- 
preciated as compared to the corresponding standard coin currency, a 
currency certificate (Form 144) must be attached to the invoice 
showing the percentage of depreciation as compared with the cor- 
responding standard coin currency and the value in such standard 
coin currency of the total amount of the depreciated currency stated 
in the invoice. (Rev. Stat., sec. 2903; T. D. 17252.) This certificate 
should show, not the value of the depreciated currency in money of 
account of the United States, but its value in the terms of the 
standard coin currency in comparison with which the currency 
stated in the invoice is depreciated. (T. D. 11314, T. D. 17170.) 

(b) Haechange value as compared with United States currency, 
Form 144a.—\f for any reason the consul is unable to certify that 
the currency of the invoice is depreciated as compared with the 
standard currency and if the currency specified in the invoice is ex- 
changed for United States currency in the country of exportation at 
a rate which is lower than the value proclaimed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, the consul shall attach to the invoice a certificate 
(Form 144a) showing the rate at which such currency is exchanged 
for United States money in the principal markets of the country on 
the date of the certification of the invoice and such currency shall 
be reduced by the collector of customs to United States currency in 
accordance with the currency certificate (Form 144a). 

In the assessment of duty the currency of the invoice is reduced to 
the money of account of the United States upon the basis of the 
values of foreign coins at the date of shipment, as proclaimed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury for the Ist day of January, April, July, 
and October of each year. (Tariff of 1894, sec. 25; T. D. 16921.) The 
date of the consular certification of any invoice shall, for the purposes 
of this section, be considered the date of exportation. (Tariff of 
1894, sec. 25.) In the absence of a currency certificate no allowance 
will be made by the collector of customs for depreciated currency. 
(T. D. 15435.) 

When an invoice is certified by a consul of a nation at the time of 
amity with the United States, or by two respectable merchants, as 
provided by section 2844, Revised Statutes, the currency certificate 
required by this regulation may be issued by the foreign consul or 
the two respectable merchants who certify the invoice. 

For statistical purposes the currency certificates required by these 
regulations must be attached to all invoices whether the merchandise 
be dutiable or nondutiable. (T. D. 38187, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH D. DECLARATION OF COST OR VALUE. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


SupsEec. 3. That all such invoices D. That all such invoices shall, at 
shall, at or before the shipment of the | or before the shipment of the mer- 
merchandise, be produced to the con- | chandise, be produced to the consular 
sular officer of the United States of | officer of the United States of the con- 
the cousular district in which the mer- | sular district in which~the merchan- 
chandise was manufactured or pur- | dise was manufactured, or purchased, 
‘chased, as the case may be, for export | or contracted to be delivered from, or 
to the United States, and shall have | when purchases or agreements for pur- 
indorsed thereon, when so produced, a | chase are made in several places, in 
declaration signed by the purchaser, | the consular district where the mer- 
seller, manufacturer, owner, or agent, | chandise is assembled for shipment, as 
setting forth that the invoice is in all | the case may be, for export to the 
respects correct and true, and was | United States, and shall have indorsed 
made at the place from which the mer- | thereon, when so produced, a declara-. 
chandise is to be exported to the | tion signed by the purchaser, seller, 








9 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 845 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


United States; that it contains, if the 
merchandise was obtained by purchase, 
a true and full statement of the time 
when, the place where, the person 
from whom the same was purchased, 
and the actual cost thereof, and of all 
charges thereon, as provided by this 
Act; and that no discounts, bounties, 
or drawbacks are contained in the in- 
voice but such as have been actually 
allowed thereon; and when obtained in 
any other manner than by purchase, 
the actual market value or wholesale 
price thereof, at the time of exporta- 
tion to the United States, in the prin- 
cipal markets of the country from 
whence exported; that such actual 


market value is the price at which the 


merchandise described in the invoice 
is freely offered for sale to all pur- 
chasers in said markets, and that it is 
the price which the manufacturer or 
owner making the declaration would 
have received, and was willing to re- 
ceive, for such merchandise sold in the 
ordinary course of.trade in the usual 
wholesale quantities, and that it in- 
cludes all charges thereon as provided 
by this Act, and the actual quantity 
thereof; and that no different invoice 
of the merchandise mentioned in the 
invoice so produced has been or will 
be furnished to anyone, If the mer- 
chandise was actually purchased, the 
declaration shall also contain a state- 
ment that the currency in which such 
invoice is made out is that which was 
actually paid for the merchandise by 
the purchaser, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


manufacturer, owner, or agent, setting 
forth that the invoice is in all respects 
correct and true and was made at the 
place from which the merchandise is 
to be exported to the United States; 
that it contains, if the merchandise 
was obtained by purchase, or agree- 
ment for purchase, a true and full 
statement of the time when, the place 
where, the person from whom the same 
was purchased, or agreed to be pur- 
chased, and the actual cost thereof, 
or price agreed upon, fixed, or deter- 
mined, and of all charges thereon, as 
provided by this Act; and that no dis- 
counts, rebates, or commissions are 
contained in the invoice but such as 
have been actually allowed thereon, 
and that all drawbacks or bounties 
received or to be received are shown 
therein; and when obtained in any 
other manner than by purchase, or 
agreement of purchase, the actual 
market value or wholesale price there- 
of, at the time of exportation to the 
United States, in the principal mar- 
kets of the country from whence ex- 
ported ; that such actual market value 
is the price at which the merchandise 
described in the invoice is freely of- 
fered for sale to all purchasers in said 
markets, and that it is the price which 
the manufacturer or owner making 
the declaration would have received, 
and was willing to receive, for such 
merchandise sold in the ordinary 
course of trade in the usual wholesale 
quantities, and that it includes all 
charges thereon as provided by this 
Act, and the actual quantity thereof ; 
and that no different invoice of the 
merchandise mentioned in the -invoice 
so produced has been or will be fur- 
nished to anyone. If the merchandise 
was actually purchased, or agreed to 
be purchased, the declaration shall 
also contain a statement that the cur- 
rency in which such invoice is made 
out is that which was actually paid 
for the merchandise by the purchaser, 
or agreed to be paid, fixed, or deter 
mined, 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


An invoice is a detailed statement of the nature, quantity, and price 
or cost of merchandise. (91 U. S. 618, 630, of 1875.) The tariff act 
of 1913 provides a clear and distinct method of invoicing imported 
merchandise. Invoices should show of whom the goods are purchased, 


when, where, and the price paid. 


Failure so to do is not compliance 


With the law and does not permit of appeal to reappraisement. If 
goods are purchased on commission, that fact should be stated in the 
invoice, and also of whom, when, where, and amount paid if the com- 
mission is to be nondutiable, (G, A. 7583, T, D, 34608, of 1914.) But 


846 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

after acceptance of the invoice by the collector and appraisement of 
the goods covered thereby the importer may demand a reappraisement., 
(G. A. 7605, T. D. 34809, of 1914.) 

The word “ country” as used in this paragraph means the locality 
and not the political domain itself. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 168, of 1915.) 

Merchandise must be invoiced upon the “ purchased” form when- 
ever the price or amount to be paid or remitted therefor is fixed or 
cetermined at the time of or prior to the shipment of the merchandise, 
whether or not the merchandise is to be appraised under paragraph L. 
The law and regulations require that the price paid or agreed to be 
paid by the purchaser shall be stated in the invoice in every case 
where the goods have been purchased or agreed to- be purchased by 
a purchaser in this country, whether shipped direct to a purchaser 
or to an agent or branch house of the seller. The market value may 
also be stated, but is not required. The purchaser in this country 
who in turn sold the merchandise should state the price paid to the 
foreign seller but not necessarily the price which he Tecertere or is 
to receive for the goods. (T. D. 34700, of 1914.) 

Collectors should refuse to accept invoices signed by the agent of 
the purchaser when such invoices do not state the name of the person 
from whom the goods were purchased. Entry may be permitted on a 
pro forma invoice and bond taken for-the production of a correct con- 
sular invoice. (T. D. 34779, of 1914.) 

A person or firm purchasing goods for an American importer with 
no interest in the goods other than his commission should be considered 
an agent of the purchaser, 'The evidence to be required of such agency 
is primarily for determination by the consular officer. In case of 
regularly constituted commissionaires a written order from the pur- 
chaser should be considered sufficient evidence of the agency. A bona 
fide commission is not a dutiable charge; it is not part of the market 





value. (T. D. 34163, of 1914.) 


PARAGRAPH E. 


ACT OF 1309. 


SussgEc. 4. That, except in case of 
personal effects accompanying the pas- 
senger, no importation of any mer- 
chandise exceeding $100 in value shall 
be admitted to entry without the pro- 
duction of a duly certified invoice 
thereof as required by law, or of an 
affidavit made by the owner, importer, 
or consignee, before the collector or 
his deputy, showing why it is im- 
practicable to produce such invoice; 
and no entry shall be made in the ab- 
sence of a certified invoice, upon afii- 
davit as aforesaid, unless such affi- 
davit be accompanied by a statement 
in the form of an invoice, or other- 
wise, showing the actual cost of such 
merchandise, if purchased, or if ob- 
tained otherwise than by purchase, the 
actual market value or wholesale price 
thereof at the time of exportation to 
the United States in the principal 
markets of the country from which 
the same has been imported, which 


INVOICE. 
ACT OF 1913. 


HEH. That, except in -case of per- 
sonal effects accompanying the pas- 
senger, no importation of any mer- 
chandise exceeding $100 in value shall 
be admitted to entry without the pro- 
duction of a duly certified invoice 
thereof as required by law, or of an 
affidavit made by the owner, importer, 
or consignee, before the collector or 
his deputy, showing why it is’ im- 
practicable to produce such invoice; 
and no entry shall be made in the ab- 
sence of a certified invoice, upon affi- 
davit as aforesaid, unless such - affi- 
Cavit be accompanied by a statement 
in the form of an invoice, or other- 
wise, showing the actual cost of such 
merchandise, if purchased, or if ob- 
tained otherwise than by purchase, the 
actual market value or wholesale price 
thereof at the time of exportation to 
the United States in the principal mar- 
kets of the country from which the 
same has been imported, which state- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


statement shall be verified by the oath 
of the owner, importer, consignee, or 
agent desiring to make entry of the 
merchandise, to be administered by the 
collector or his deputy, and it shall be 
lawful for the collector or his deputy 
to examine fhe deponent under oath, 
touching the sources.of his knowledge, 
information, or belief in the premises, 
and to require him to produce any 
letter, paper, or statement of account 
in his possession, or under his control, 
which may assist the officers of cus- 
toms in ascertaining the actual value 
cf the importation or any part thereof, 
and in default of such production, 
when so requested, such owner, im- 
porter, consignee, or agent shall be 
thereafter debarred from producing 
any such letter, paper, or statement 
for the purpose of avoiding any addi- 


tional duty, penalty, or forfeiture in-. 


curred under this Act, unless he shall 
show to the satisfaction of the court 
or the officers of the customs, as the 
case may be, that it was not in his 
power to produce the same when so 
demanded; and no merchandise shall 
be admitted to entry under the pro- 
visions of this section unless the col- 
lector shall be satisfied that the fail- 
ure to produce a duly certified invoice 
is due to causes beyond the control of 
the owner, consignee, or agent thereof : 
Provided, That the Secretary of the 
Treasury may make regulations by 
which books, magazines, and other 
periodicals published and imported in 
successive parts, numbers, or volumes, 
and entitled to be imported free of 
duty, shall require but one declaration 
for the entire series. And when entry 
of merchandise exceeding $100 in 
value is made by a statement in the 
form of an invoice, the collector shall 
require a bond for the production of a 
duly certified invoice. 


847 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ment shall be verified by the oath of 
the owner, importer, consignee, or 
agent desiring to make entry of the 
merchandise, to be administered by the 
collector or his deputy, and it shall be 
lawful for the collector or his deputy 
to examine the deponent under oath, 
teuching the sources of his knowledge, 
information, or belief in the premises, 
and to require him to produce any 
letter, paper, or statement of aceount 
in his possession, or under his control, 
which may assist the officers of cus- 
toms in ascertaining the actual value 
of the importation or any part thereof, 
and in default of such production, 
when so requested, such owner, im- 
porter, consignee, or agent shail be 
thereafter debarred from producing 
any such letter, paper, or statement 
for the purpose of avoiding any addi- 
tional duty, penalty, or forfeiture in- 
curred under this Act, unless he ghail 
show to the satisfaction of the court 
or the officers of the customs, as the 
case may be, that it was not in his 
power to preduce the same when so 
demanded; and no merchandise shall 
be admitted to entry under the pro- 
visions of this section unless the col- 
lector shall be satisfied that the fail- 
ure to produce a duly certified invoice 
is due to causes beyond the control of 
the owner, consignee, or agent thereof : 
Provided, That the Secretary of the 
Treasury may make regulations by 
which books, magazines, and other 
periodicals published and imported in 
successive parts, numbers, or volumes, 
and entitled to be imported free of 
duty, shall require but one declaration 
for the entire series. And when entry 
of merchandise exceeding $100 in value 
is made by a statement in the form 
of an invoice, the collector shall re- 
quire a bond for the production of a 
duly certified invoice. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Where a certified invoice shows a higher value than that declared 
on entry upon a pro forma invoice the collector will not reliquidate 
the entry, but will advise the appraiser and refer the papers to the 


special agent of the district for investigation as to fraud. 


37692, of 1918.) 


(TeeD. 


_A pro forma invoice is for entry purposes a recognized lawful 


invoice made under oath as a substitute for a certified invoice. 


No 


entry upon a pro forma invoice should be held open until production 
of the certified invoice or forfeiture of the bond given for its produc- 
tion, nor is authority found for holding that liquidation is proper 
on an amount less than the entered value where entry is made upon a 
pro forma invoice, no manifest clerical error or duress appearing. 
(2 Ct. Cust, Appls., 249, of 1911.) 


848 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


An importer is not only permitted but required to make entry on 
the triplicate copy of an invoice.where he has failed to receive his 
copy of the invoice, and no entry upon a pro forma invoice will be 
allowed until it has been shown that no triplicate is on file. (T. D. 
25124, of 1904.) 

Where importers discover that invoices sent them from abroad 
are incorrect, they have a right to seek to procure correct ones and 
substitute them for the originals. (G. A. 4951, T. D. 23141, of 
1901.) 

A bond voluntarily given for the payment of increased duties in 
case the certified invoice shall show a higher value than the pro forma 
juvoice upon which entry was made was held valid under the act of 
1909 making invoice as well as entered value a minimum for duty 
assessment. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 256, of 1912.) 

Paintings acquired abroad and brought into the United States by a 
passenger on a vessel are not such “ personal effects” as to relieve the 
passenger from the necessity of producing a certified invoice (T. D. 
38111, of 1919.) (See par. 656.) 


PARAGRAPH F. DECLARATION ON ENTRY. 





ACT OF 1909. 


-_ 


SuspsEc. 5. That whenever merchan- 
dise imported into the United States 
is entered by invoice, one of the fol- 
lowing declarations, according to the 
nature of the case, shall be filed with 
the collector of the port at the time 
of entry by the owner, importer, con- 
signee, or agent, which declaration so 
filed shall be duly signed by the owner, 
importer, consignee, or agent before 
the collector, or before a notary public 
or other officer duly authorized by law 
to administer oaths and take acknowl- 
edgments, who may be designated by 
the Secretary of the Treasury to re- 
ceive such declarations and to certify 
to the identity of the persons making 
them, under regulations to be pre- 
seribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; and every officer so designated 
shall file with the collector of the port 
a copy of his official signature and 
seal: Provided, That if any of the in- 
voices or bills of lading of any mer- 
ehandise imported in any one vessel 
which should otherwise be embraced 
in Said entry, have not been received 
at the date of the entry, the declara- 
tion may state the fact, and thereupon 
such merchandise, of which the in- 
voices or bills of lading are not pro- 
duced, shall not be included in such 
entry, but may be entered _ subSe- 
quently, 


ACT OF 19138.. 


F. That whenever merchandise im- 
ported into the United States is en- 
tered by invoice, a declaration upon a 
form to be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, according to the na- 
ture of the case, shall be filed with 
the collector of the port at the time 
of entry by the owner, importer, con- 
signee, or agent, which declaration so 
filed shall be duly signed by the owner, 
importer, consignee, or agent before 
the collector, or before a notary public 
or Other officer duly authorized by law 
to administer oaths and take acknowl- 
edgments, under regulations to be pre- 
seribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury: Provided, That if any of the in- 
voices or bills of lading of any mer- 
chandise imported in any one vessel 
which should otherwise be embraced 
in said entry have not been received 
at the date of the entry the declara- 
tion may state the fact, and thereupon 
such merchandise, of which the in- 
voices or bills of lading are not pro- 
duced, shall not be included in such 
entry, but may be entered subse- 
quently. That the Secretary of the 
Treasury and the Secretary of Com- 
merce are hereby authorized and di- 
rected to establish from time to time 
for statistical purposes a list or enu-- 
meration of articles in such detail as 
in their judgment may be necessary 
comprehending all goods, wares, and 
merchandise imported into the United 
States, and that as a part of the dec- 
laration herein provided there shall be 
either attached thereto or included 
therein an accurate statement specify- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 849 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ing, in the terms of the said detailed 
list or enumeration, the kinds and 
quantities of all merchandise imported, 
and the value of the total quantity of 
each kind of article, and it shall be 
the duty of the consular officer, to 
whom the invoice shall be produced, to 
require such information to be given. 


[The forms prescribed are omitted. } 


GENERAL INFORMATION, 


All goods lawfully imported must be entered ; there can be no appraise- 
ment without an entry and no certain determination or assessment of 
ad valorem duties without an appraisement. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 215, 
of 1917.) 

An importer may recover duties paid upon an entry made under . 
duress. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 36, of 1910; 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 478, of: 
1911; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 447, of 1914.) 

The owner’s declaration can not be made by an agent. When entry 
is made on an indorsed bill of lading, the name of the owner must be 
given and his declaration produced. The agent for merchandise sold 
at a price delivered may make the declaration of ultimate consignee 
when goods are consigned to him for delivery. Only one bond is re- 
quired for the declaration of several owners when the merchandise is 
included in one entry. The owner’s declaration antedating the entry 
may be accepted when the agent’s declaration is made at the time of 
entry. (T. D. 35264, of 1915.) The consignee of goods sold at a price 
delivered who acts as agent of the shipper for the delivery thereof 
may make the declaration as ultimate consignee or he may give bond 
for production of the declaration of the purchaser. (T. D. 86338, 
of 1916.) | 

Entries of merchandise stating no commercial value are not to be 
accepted. (T. D. 387442, of 1917.) . 


PARAGRAPHS G AND H. FRAUDULENT IMPORTATIONS. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 


Supsec. 6. That any person who G. That if any. consignor, seller, 
shall knowingly make any false state- | owner, importer, consignee, agent, or 
ment in the declarations provided for | other person or persons shall enter 
ir the preceding section, or shall aid | or introduce, or attempt to enter or 
cr procure the making of any such | introduce, into the commerce of the 
false statement as to any matter ma- | United States any imported merchan- 
terial thereto, shall, on conviction | dise by means of any fraudulent or 
thereof, be punished by a fine not ex- | false invoice, declaration, affidavit, 
ceeding $5,000, or by imprisonment at | letter, paper, or by means of any false 
hard labor not more than two years, | Statement, written or verbal, or by 
or both, in ‘the discretion of the | means of any false or fraudulent prac- 
court: Provided, That nothing in this | tice or appliance whatsoever, or shall 
section shall be construed to relieve | Make any false statement in the dec- 
imported merchandise from forfeiture | larations provided for in paragraph 
by reason of such false statement or F without reasonable cause to believe 
for any cause elsewhere provided by the truth of such statement, or shall 
law. aid or procure the making of any 

such false statement as to any matter 
material thereto without reasonable 
cause to believe the truth of such 
statement, or shall be guilty of any 


184911°—20 54 





850 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


Suspsec. 9. That if any consignor, 


seller, owner, importer, consignee, 
agent, or other person or persons, 
shall enter or introduce, or attempt 
to enter or introduce, into the com- 
merce of the United States any im- 
ported merchandise by means of any 
fraudulent or false invoice, affidavit, 
letter, paper, or by means of any 
false statement, written or verbal, or 
by means of any false or fraudulent 
practice or appliance whatsoever, or 
shall be guilty of any willful act or 
omission by means whereof the United 
States shall or may be deprived of 


the lawful duties, or any portion 
thereof, accruing upon the merchan- 
dise, or any portion thereof, em- 


braced or referred to in such invoice, 
affidavit, letter, paper, or statement, 
or affected by such act or omission, 
such merchandise, or the value thereof, 
to be recovered from such person or 
persons, Shall be forfeited, which for- 
feiture shall only apply to the whole 
of the merchandise or the value 
thereof in the case or package con- 
taining the particular article or ar- 
ticles of merchandise to which such 
fraud or false paper or statement re- 


lates; and such person or persons 
shall, upon conviction, be fined for 
each offense a sum not exceeding 


$5,000, or be imprisoned for a time 
not exceeding two years, or both, in 
the discretion of the court. 


ja time 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 19183—Continued. 


willful act or omission by means 
whereof the United States. shall or 
may be deprived of the lawful duties, 
cr any portion thereof, accruing upon 
the merchandise, or any portion 
thereof, embraced or referred to in 
such invoice, declaration, affidavit, let- 
ter, paper, or statement, or affected 
by such act or omission, such person 
or persons shall upon conviction be 
fined for each offense a sum not ex- 
ceeding $5,000, or be imprisoned for 
not exceeding two years, or 
both, in the discretion of the court: 
Provided, That nothing in this sec- 
tion shall be construed to relieve im- 
ported merchandise from forfeiture by 
reason of such false statement or for 
any cause elsewhere provided by law. 


H. That if any consignor, seller, 
owner, importer, consignee, agent, or 
other person or persons shall enter or 
introduce, or attempt to enter or in- 
troduce, into the commerce of the 
United States any imported merchan- 
dise by means of any fraudulent or 
false invoice, declaration, affidavit, 
letter, paper, or by means of any false 
statement, written or verbal, or by 
means of any false or fraudulent prac- 
tice or appliance whatsoever, or shall 
make any false statement in the dec- 
larations provided for in paragraph 
F without reasonable cause to believe 
the truth of such statement, or shall 
aid or procure the making of any sueh 
false statement as to any matter ma- 
terial thereto without reasonable cause 
to believe the truth of such state- 
ment, or shall be guilty of any willful 
act or omission by means whereof the 
United States shall or may be deprived 
of the lawful duties or any portion 
thereof, accruing upon the merchan- 
dise or any portion thereof, embraced 
or referred to in such invoice, decla- 


ration, affidavit, letter, paper, or 
statement, or affected by such act or 
omission, such merchandise, or the 


value thereof, to be recovered from 
such person or persons, shall be for- 
feited, which forfeiture shall only ap- 
ply to the whole of the merchandise 
or the value thereof in the case or 
package containing the particular ar- 
ticle or articles of merchandise ‘to 
which such fraud or falSe paper or 
statement relates. That the arrival 
within the territorial limits of the 
United States of any merchandise con- 
signed for sale and remaining the 
property of the shipper or consignor, 
and the acceptance of a false or 
fraudulent invoice thereof by the con- 
signee or the agent of the consignor, 








—_— 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 851 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


or the existence of any other facts 
constituting an attempted fraud, shall 
be deemed, for the purposes of this 
paragraph, to be an attempt to enter 
such merchandise notwithstanding no 
actual entry has been made or offered. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Neither the Board of General Appraisers nor the Court of Customs 
Appeals has jurisdiction of forfeitures or suits in forfeiture. (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 215, of 1917.) The suppression clause in the declara- 
tion required to be made by the consignee or agent of imported mer- 
chandise by paragraph G relates to the omission of matter proper to 
be included in the invoice and account attached and not to independ- 
ent facts.. (235 U. S., 287, of 1914.) A mere mistake in the descrip- 
tion of imported merchandise, unaccompanied by acts from which 
an intent to defraud may be presumed, is insufficient to justify for- 
feiture. (147 Fed., 127, of 1906; see also T. D. 34891. of 1914.) These 
provisions apply where a consignee falseiy describes himself as 
owner. (166 Fed., 562, of 1908.) 

Falsification must be such that, if consummated, it would deprive 
the Government of lawful duties. (163 Fed., 369, also p. 367, of 1908.) 

Section 22 of the act of June 22, 1874 (18 Stat., 186, 190), limiting 
proceedings for the recovery of “any pecuniary penalty or forfeiture 
of property accruing under the customs revente laws,” rather than 
section 1047 of the Revised Statutes, allowing five years for recovery 
of any penalty or forfeiture, pecuniary or otherwise, applies to pen- 
alties and forfeitures under the customs laws, and requires suit to be 
brought within three years. (152 Fed., 377, of 1907.) 

These provisions govern fraudulent undervaluation shown by a 
private invoice produced, upon the colleector’s demand, after entry 
and appraisement upon a certified invoice, and the collector is with- 
out authority to reliquidate duties upon the higher value. (G. A. 
7636, T. D. 34917, of 1914; see also T. D. 36279, of 1916, and T. D. 
87778, of 1918.) Goods fraudulently undervalued by the consignor 
and placed in general-order stores are introduced into the coninrerce 
of the United States. (231 U. S., 358, of 1913.) 

Certification is not necessarily a part of entry within the provision 
relating to illegal “ entry.” Entry begins the acts through which, by 
application to customs officials, owners obtain possession of goods. 
(184 Fed., 317, of 1911, affirming 171 Fed., 772, of 1909.) 

Where a plan to smuggle is shown by the manner of packing and 
invoicing, imported: merchandise is liable to forfeiture, though the 
invoice may have been corrected before entry. (166 Fed., 562, of 
1908.) There is no “ attempt to enter” where a corrected invoice was 
used instead of a prior fraudulent invoice. (192 Fed., 913, of 1912.) 


PARAGRAPH I. UNDERVALUATION. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 


SuBsEec. 7. That the owner, con- I, That the owner, consignee, or 
signee, or agent of any imported mer- | agent of any imported merchandise 
chandise may, at the time when he | may, at the time when he shall make 
shall make and verify his written | entry of such merchandise, but not 
entry of such merchandise, but not | after either the invoice or the mer- 


852 SUMMARY OF 


ACT OF 1909—Continucd. 


afterwards, make such addition in the 
entry to or such deduction from the 
cost or value given in the invoice or 
pro forma invoice or statement in 
form of an- invoice, which he shall 
produce with his entry,-as in his opin- 
ion may raise or lower the same to the 
actual market value or wholesale price 
of such merchandise at the time of 
exportation to the United States, in 
the principal markets of the country 
from which the same has been im- 
ported; and the collector within whose 
district any merchandise may be im- 
ported or entered, whether the same 
has been actually purchased or pro- 
eured otherwise than by purchase, 
shall cause the actual market value or 
wholesale price of such merchandise 
to be appraised; and if the appraised 
value of any article of imported mer- 
chandise subject to an ad valorem 
duty or to a duty based upon or regu- 
lated in any manner by the value 
thereof shall exceed the value declared 


in the entry, there shall be levied, col-. 


lected, and paid, in addition to the 
duties imposed by law on such mer- 
chandise, an additional duty of 1 per 
centum of the total appraised value 
thereof for each 1 per centum that 
such appraised value exceeds the value 
declared in the entry: Provided, That 
the additional duties shall only apply 
to the particular article or articles in 
each invoice that are so undervalued 
and shall not be imposed upon any 
article upon which the amount of 
duty imposed by law on account of 
the appraised value does not exceed 
the amount of duty that would be im- 
posed if the appraised value did not 
exceed the entered value, and shall 
be limited to 75 per centum of the ap- 
praised value of such article or 
articles. Such additional duties shall 
not be construed to be penal, and 
shall not be remitted nor payment 
thereof in any way avoided except in 
eases arising from a manifest clerical 
error, nor shall they be ‘refunded in 
case of exportation of the merchan- 
dise, or on any other account, nor 
shall they be subject to the benefit of 
drawback: Provided, That if the ap- 
praised value of any mechandise shall 
exceed the value declared in the en- 
try by more than 75 per centum, ex- 
cept when arising from a manifest 
clerical error, such entry shall be 
held to be presumptively fraudulent, 
and the collector of customs shall 
seize such merchandise and proceed as 
in case of forfeiture for violation of 
the customs laws, and in any legal 


TARIFF 


.value of such article or articles. 


INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1918—Continued. 


chandise has come under the observa- 
tion of the appraiser, make such addi- 
tion in the entry to or such deduction 
from the cost or value given in the in- 
voice or pro forma invoice or state- 
ment in form of an invoice, which he 
shall produce with his entry, as in 
his opinion may raise or lower the 
same to the actual market value or 
wholesale price of such merchandise 
at the time of exportation to the 
United States, in the principal markets 
of the country from which the same 
has been imported; and the collector 
within whose district any merchandise 
may be imported or entered, whether 
the same has been actually purchased 
or procured otherwise than by pur-. 
chase, shall cause the actual market 
value or wholesale price of such mer- 
chandise to be appraised; and if the 
appraised value of any article of im- 
ported merchandise subject to an ad 
valorem duty or to a duty based upon 
or regulated in any manner by the 
value thereof shall exceed the value 
declared in the entry, there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid, in addition 
to the duties imposed by law on such 
merchandise, an additional duty of 1 
per centum of the total appraised value 
thereof for each 1 per centum that 
such appraised value exceeds the value 
deciared in the entry: Provided, That 
the additional duties shall only apply 
to the particular article or articles in . 
each invoice that are so undervalued 
and shall not be imposed upon any 
article upon which the amount of duty 
imposed by law on account of the ap- 
praised value does not exceed the 
amount of duty that would be imposed 
if the appraised value did not exceed 
the entered value, and shall be limited 
to 75 per centum of the appraised 
Such 
additional duties shall not be con- 
strued to be penal, and shall not be 
remitted nor payment thereof in any 
way avoided except in cases arising 
from a manifest clerical error, nor 
shall they be refunded in case of ex- 
portation of the merchandise, or on any 
other account, nor shall they be sub- 
ject to the benefit of drawback: Pro- 
vided, That if the appraised value of 
any merchandise shall exceed the 
value declared in the entry by more 
than 75 per centum, except when 
arising from a manifest clerical error, 
such entry shall be held to be pre- 
sumptively fraudulent, and the collec- 
tor of customs shall seize such mer-_ 
chandise and proceed as in case of 
forfeiture for violation of the customs 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


proceeding other than a criminal prose- 
eution that may result from such 
seizure, the undervaluation as shown 
by the appraisal shall be presumptive 
evidence of fraud, and the burden of 
proof shall be on the claimant to rebut 
the same, and forfeiture shall be ad- 
judged unless he shall rebut such pre- 
sumption of fraudulent intent by suffi- 
cient evidence. The forfeiture pro- 
vided for in this section shall apply 
to the whole of the merchandise or 
the value thereof in the case or pack- 
age containing the particular article 
or articles in each invoice which are 
undervalued: Provided further,, That 
all additional duties, penalties, or for- 
feitures applicable to merchandise en- 
tered by a duly certified invoice shall 
be alike applicable to merchandise en- 
tered by a pro forma invoice or state- 
ment in the form of an invoice, and 
no forfeiture -or disability of any kind 
incurred under the provisions of this 
section shall be remitted or mitigated 
by the Secretary of the Treasury. The 
duty shall not, however, be assessed 
in any case upon an amount less than 
the entered value. 


ENTERPRETATION 


853 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. . 


laws, and in any legal proceeding other 
than a criminal prosecution that may 
result from such seizure, the under- 
valuation as shown by the appraisal 
shall be presumptive evidence of fraud, 
and the burden of proof shall be on 
the claimant to rebut the same, and 
forfeiture shall be adjudged unless he 
shall rebut such presumption of fraud- 
ulent intent by sufficient evidence. 
The forfeiture provided for in this 
section shall apply to the whole of 
the merchandise or the value thereof 
in the case or package containing the 
particular article or articles in each 


invoice which are undervalued: Pyvo- 
vided further, That all additional 
duties, penalties, or forfeitures ap- 


plicable to merchandise entered by a 
duly certified invoice shall be alike 
applicable to merchandise entered by 
a pro forma invoice or statement in 
the form of an invoice, and no for- 
feiture or disability of any kind in- 
curred under the provisions of this 
section shall be remitted or mitigated 
by the Secretary of the Treasury. The 
duty shall not, however, be assessed 
in any case upon an amount less than 
the entered value, unless by direction 
of the Secretary of the Treasury in 
eases in which the importer certifies 
at the time of entry that the entered 
value is higher than the foreign market 
value and that the goods are so en- 
tered in order to meet advances by 
the appraiser in similar cases then 
pending on appeal for reappraisement, 
and the importer’s contention shall 
subsequently be sustained by a final 
decision on reappraisement, and it 
shall appear that the action of the 
importer on entry was taken in good 
faith, after due diligence and inquiry 
on his part, and the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall accompany his direc- 
tions with a statement of his conclu- 
sions and his reasons therefor. 


AND COMMENTS. 


Entrants ave not required to state that their additions to or deduc- 
tions from the invoice prices or values are to make market value. 
(Abstract 27998, T. D. 32346, of 1912.) 

The duty of the appraiser is to ascertain the value per unit of quan- 
tity and not of the total importation (cases cited in 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
127, of 1914, at pages 129 and 130), and in the currency of the coun- 
try whence the merchandise was exported (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 149, of 


1911). 


“Appraised value” and “ entered value” mean the unit value rather 
than the total value; hence additional duties accrue on excess mer- 


chandise of the same character 
Appls., —, T. D. 38204, of 1919.) 


with that entered. 


(9 Ct. Cust. 


854 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 

“This section (subsection 7, section 28, act of 1909) provides pen- 
alties and exactions where the ‘appraised value’ exceeds the entered 
value. These provisions have never been held to be related to the 
costs, charges, and expenses or coverings, for they are not per se deemed 
a part of the ‘actual market value.’” (5 Ct. Cust. .Appis., 2, 7%, of 
1913.) Accordingly additional duties accrue only where the appraised 
value exceeds the entered value without inclusion of costs, charges, 
and expenses incident to putting up the merchandise for shipment to 
the United States. Thus capsules, into which carbonic-acid gas, sold 
as a separate commodity, was packed, are not a part of the merchandise 
to be appraised. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 479, of 1917.) But the value of 
cartons sold with the contents as the unit of trade in the country 
whence exported is a part of the value per se of the merchandise. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37846, of 1918.) . 

Disallowance by the appraiser of deductions erroneously made by the 
importer is not an appraisal of costs, charges, and expenses. (8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 250, of 1918.) Additional duties were also held to accrue 
where both the importer and the appraiser arrived at the market value 
by deducting inland freight and shipping charges from the value at the 
foreign port, the importer making a greater deduction (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 497, of 1917) ; but not on packing charges not mentioned in an 
entry wherein nondutiable charges were erroneously deducted as in- 
cluded in the per se value of the merchandise (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 540, 
of 1916). Nor was there an undervaluation where zine ore was 
entered in accordance with the consular invoice as being 40 per cent 
zine and the subsequent official assay showed 46.6 per cent zinc. 
There was, however, undervaluation where the entry stated the mar- 
ket value in a ton of 40 per cent zinc to be less than the consular in- 
voice showed, less than the price stated for it in the contract, and less 
than the appraised value. The special method of appraising zine ores 
provided by paragraph 162 of the act of 1913 does not relieve importers 
from the consequences of undervaluation. Zine ore entered for re- 
warehousing to be smelted and the zine exported is subject to the 
provisions of this paragraph respecting undervaluation. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 145, of 1916.) 

Merchandise dutiable at a specific rate under the act of 1909 when 
entered for warehousing is not subject to additional duties for under- 
valuation upon withdrawal under the act of 1913 imposing ad valorem 
duties. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 516, of 1916.) | 

Failure to notify importers in writing of advances by appraisers 
makes void liquidations based on the appraisements. (G. A. 8209, 
T. D. 37817, of 1918; T. D. 34565, of 1914.) ; 

Manifest clerical errors are errors of a clerical nature appearing 
upon the face of the papers before the collector at the time of liquida- 
tion of duties. (Leading cases: 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 223, 264, of 
1913.) _ 

Fraudulent intent is necessary to forfeiture under this paragraph, 
but not to collection of additional duties. (125 Fed., 181, of 1903.) 

The last clause of this paragraph vests in the Secretary of the 
Treasury exclusive authority to direct assessment of duty upon an 
amount less than the entered value. His decision is not reviewable 
by the Board of General Appraisers nor by the Court of Customs 
Appeals. The importer’s contention is not “ sustained” where the 
final appraised value is below the entered value but not as low as the 





855 


value contended for by the importer. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 31, 60, of 
1917.) The Supreme Court denied a petition for a writ of mandamus. 
(245 U. S., 82, of 1917.) . 

The requirements of the clause are not met by a statement in the 
entry that an addition was made “ to make market value as indicated 
by the appraiser’s advance in a similar case pending on appeal to 
reappraisement,” and pursuant to this paragraph. The entrant must 
‘certify that the entered value is higher than the foreign market vatue. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 338, of 1916.) He must also make a definite con- 
tention at the time of entry, which must be sustained upon final reap- 
praisement. The advances must be made to meet advances made by 
the appraiser in cases then pending—that is, they must be equal to 
the value returned by the appraiser in such cases. In addition 
thereto he must show that such advances were made by him in ‘ good 
faith after due diligence and inquiry on his part.” (T. D. 36221, 
of 1916.) The form of the certificate is published in T. D. 34806, 
of 1914. 

Where, in the entry, two separate additions were made to the 
invoice value “to make market value,” while, in the certificate pro- 
vided by the Treasury Department for claiming assessments of duty 
on less than the entered value in accordance with the concluding 
sentence of this paragraph, only one of these sums was claimed to be 
added to “ meet advances by appraiser in similar cases,” the direction- 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, upon final appraisement at the in- 
voice value that duty be assessed on the entered value, less the sum 
so claimed in the certificate and not upon the invoice value or the 
entered value, less both sums, was correct. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, 
T. D. 37944, of 1919.) 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH J. STATEMENT OF COST. 


ACT OF 1909. 


_ Sussec, 8. That when merchandise 
entered for customs duty has been 
consigned for sale by or on account 
of the manufacturer thereof, to a per- 
son, agent, partner, or consignee in 
the United States, such person, agent, 
partner, or consignee shali, at the 
time of the entry of such merchandise, 
present to the collector of customs 
at the port where such entry is made, 
as a part of such entry, and in addi- 
tion to the certified invoice or state- 
ment in the form of an invoice re- 
quired by law, a statement signed’ by 
such manufacturer, declaring the cost 
of production of such merchandise, 
such cost to include all the elements 
of cost as stated in section eleven of 
this Act. When merchandise entered 
for customs duty has been consigned 
for sale by or on account of a person 
other than the manufacturer of such 
merchandise, to a person, agent, part- 
ner, or consignee in the United States, 
such person, agent, partner, or con- 
signee shall at the time of the entry 
of such merchandise present to the 
collector of customs at the port where 


.in Paragraph L of this Act. 


ACT OF 1918. 


J. That when merchandise entered 
for customs duty has been consigned 
for sale by or on account of the manu- 
facturer thereof, to a person, agent, 
partner, or consignee in the United 
States, such person, agent, partner, or 
consignee shall, at the time of the 
entry of such merchandise, present 
to the collector of customs at the port 
where such entry is made, as a part 
of such entry, and in addition to the 
certified invoice or statement in the 
form of an invoice required by law, a 
statement signed by such manufac- 
turer, declaring the cost of production 
of such merchandise, such cost to in- 
clude all the elements of cost as stated 
When 
merchandise entered for customs duty 
has been consigned for sale by or on 
account of a person other than the 
manufacturer of such merchandise, to 
a person, agent, partner, or consignee 
in the United States, such person, 
agent, partner, or consignee shall at 
the time of the entry of such mer- 
chandise present to the collector of 
customs at the port where such entry 


856 
ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


such entry is made, as a part of such 
entry, a statement signed by the con- 
signor thereof, declaring that the mer- 
ehandise was actually purchased by 
him or for his account, and showing 
the time when, the place where, and 
from whom he purchased the mer- 
chandise, and in detail the price he 
paid for the same: Provided, That 
the statements required by this sec- 
tion shall be made in triplicate, and 
shall bear the attestation of the con- 
sular officer of the United States resi- 
dent within the consular — district 
wherein the merchandise was manu- 
factured, if consigned by the manu- 
facturer or for his account, or from 
whence it was imported when con- 
signed by a person other than the 
manufacturer, one copy thereof to be 
delivered to the person making the 
statement, one copy to be transmitted 
with the triplicate invoice of the mer- 
chandise to the collector of the port 
in the United States to which the mer- 
chandise is eonsigned, and the re- 
maining copy to be filed in the con- 
sulate. 


PARAGRAPH K. 
ACT OF 1909. 


SuBseEc. 10. That it shall be the duty 
of the appraisers of the United States 
and every of them, and every person 
who shall act as such appraiser, or 
of the collector, as the case may be, 
by all reasonable ways and means in 
his or their power to ascertain, esti- 
mate, and appraise (any invoice or affi- 
davit thereto or statement of cost, or 
of eost of. production to the contrary 
notwithstanding) the actual market 
value and wholesale price of the mer- 
chandise at the time of exportation 
to the United States, in the principal 
markets of the country whence the 
same has been imported, and the num- 
ber of yards, parcels, or quantities, 
and actual market value or wholesale 
price of every of them, as the case 
may require. 


INTERPRETATION 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


‘is made, as a part of such entry, a 
statement signed by the consignor 
thereof, declaring that the merchan- 
dise was actually purchased by him 
or for his account, and showing the 
time when, the place where, and from 
whom he purchased the merchandise, 
and in detail the price he paid for the 
same: Provided, That the statements 
required by this section shall be made 
in triplicate, and shall bear the attesta- 
tion of the consular officer of the 
United States resident within the con- 
sular district wherein the merchan- 
dise was manufactured, if consigned 
by the manutaeturer or for his ac- 
count, or from whence it was im- 
ported when consigned by a _ person 
other than the manufacturer, one copy 
thereof to be delivered to the person 
making the statement, one copy to be 
transmitted with the triplicate in- 
voice of the merchandise to the collec- 
tor of the port in the United States 
to which the merchandise is con- 
signed, and the remaining copy to be 
filed in the consulate. 


MARKET VALUE. 
ACT OF 1913. 


IK. That it shall be the duty of the 
appraisers of the United States, and 
every of them, and every person who 
shall act as such appraiser, or of the 
collector, as the case may be, by all 
reasonable ways and means in his or 
their power to ascertain, estimate, and 
appraise (any invoice or affidavit 
thereto or statement of cost, or of cost 
of production to the contrary notwith- 
standing) the actual market value 
and wholesale price of the merchan- 
dise at the time of exportation to the 
United States, in the principal markets 
of the country whence the same has 
been imported, and the number of 
yards, parcels, or quantities, and 
actual market value or wholesale price 
of every of them, as the case may re- 
quire, 2 


AND COMMENTS. 


Country.—* Country ” embraces all the possessions of a nation, how- 
ever widely separated, which are subject to the same supreme execu- 


tive and legislative control. 


(221 U. S8S., 649, of 1911; 18 How., 521, 
526, of 1855; Customs Regulations of 1915, art. 576.) 


The decision 


of appraising officers as to the principal markets of a country, deter- 


mined in accordance with the law, is conclusive. 


(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


317, of 1914, and cases therein cited.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 857 


Market value.—Merchandise is to be appraised at its market value 
in the principal markets of the country whence exported. All ex- 
penses incident to getting the merchandise to that point are a part of 
the market value. <A finding by the appraiser as to market value is 
equivalent to finding that Amsterdam, where the invoice was certified, 
is one of the principal markets of the country of exportation. (G. A. 
7759, T. D. 35596, of 1915.) <A single actual buyer may be a market. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38217, of 1919.) All goods lawfully im- 
ported must be entered. There can be no appraisement without entry 
and no certain determination or assessment of ad valorem duties with- 
out an appraisement. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 215, of 1917.) Appraise- 
ment having been made by the acting appraiser at Ranier, and after- 
wards at the headquarters port of Duluth in the absence of the mer- 
chandise, the second appraisement was void. (G. A. 8129, T.-D. 87508, 
of 1918.) A return of “ correct”? on an invoice showing depreciated 
currency can not be changed to mean values correct in standard cur- 
rency. (G, A. 8175, T. D. 37678, of 1918.) It is the duty of an ap- 
praiser to appraise all merchandise designated by the collector irre- 
spective of whether it is free or dutiable at specific or ad valorem 
rates. (Reappraisement 28579, of 1918.) The action of the appraiser 
in disallowing erroneous deductions was only an appraisal by him of 
the real market value and not an appraisal of “ costs, charges, and 
expenses.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 250, of 1918.) The appraiser is justi- 
fied in arriving at his conclusion by deducting from the value of the 
merchandise at the port the shipping and freight charges from the 
place where the shipment originated—the principal market—to the 
port. Such action is not an appraisement of the freight and shipping 
charges, but a convenient method of finding the value at the place 
where the shipment originated. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 497, of 1917.) 
On an importation of olive oil in bottles it is within the province of 
the Reappraisement Board to find the value of the bottles alone, not- 
withstanding no appraisal was made of the oil, which pays a specific 
duty. (G. A. 8014, T. D. 36929, of 1916.) 

“Factory prices” of books to an importer lower than prices charged 
by the publishing house to all other purchasers do not represent foreign 
market value. (G. A. 8215, T. D. 37839, of 1918.) 

Royalty has been held to be or not to be a part of the market value 
according to the facts in the particular case. Thus royaity on un- 
bound books was held to be a part of the market value. (Reappraise- 
ment 27188, of 1916.) Royalty paid only when books are bound and 
sold was held not to be a part of the market value of the loose sheets. 
(Reappraisement 28379, of 1918.) Royalty fees paid for the privilege 
of using a patented machine were held not to be a part of the market 
value, but a royalty fee paid for the right to make and the right to 
sell is part of the market value for the reason that it is part of the 
cost to the maker or vendor and therefore becomes a factor in the 
selling price of the article. (389 Fed., 764, of 1889.) Royalty fee paid 
by the purchaser of tires for bicycle wheels for the right to make and 
to sell them was held a part of the market value (G. A. 4572, T. D. 
21655, of 1899), as was also a royalty on bicycle tires (G. A. 753, T. D. 
11578, of 1891). The addition of $100 on stone splitting machinery 
manufactured in Sweden under letters patent being royalty which 
the purchaser paid to. the owner of the patent was held to be a part 


858 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


of the market value. (Reappraisement 25304, of 1914.) A royalty or 
license fee paid to the patentee in France for the right to use a certain 
process for making soap was held not to be a part of the market value 
of the machinery imported for the making of soap. (G. A. 5637, T. D. 
25176, of 1904.) | 

Date of exportation.—The date on which the vessel actually and 
finally clears from the last port in a country constitutes the date of 
exportation. (Reappraisement 26800, of 1916, citing 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
290, of 1911.) ; 

The date of exportation for appraisement purposes of importations 
from contiguous countries is the date on which the goods cross the 
border, or the date of a billsof lading certified in accordance witb 
section 2904 Rev. Stat. “(T. D. 38097, of 1919.) 

Country of erportation.—Hosiery sent to Canada but denied entry 
by Canadian authorities and not entering into the commerce of Canada 
has been heid by the Treasury Department not to be an exportation 
from the United States and not an importation en its return to this 
country (T. D. 36396, of 1916), but compare G, A. 8065, T. D. 87197, 
of 1917, where merchandise sent to Canada under similar conditions 
was held to be an importation on its return to this country. 

Wholesale quantities—Where grass baskets are made by Indians 
in their homes and‘by them sold to dealers, who in turn sell them 
in wholesale quantities to the trade, it has been held that the market 
value is governed by the price obtained by the dealers rather than 
the price paid to the Indians (G, A. 7728, T. D. 35458, of 1915; Re- 
appraisement 27342, of 1917), but a claim that the prices paid for 
laces bought in small quantities from houseworkers or heads of so- 
ealled schools do not represent the wholesale market value or what 
similar merchandise could be bought for in the usual wholesale 
quantities in the principal markets of Italy was overruled. . (Re- 
appraisement 27740, of 1917.) It was claimed in the reappraisement 
of tale that a carload lot is the usual wholesale quantity in the 
United States, while the Canadian sales were only for several tons at 
a time, but it was held that as the Canadian quantities are wholesale 
quantities, the value to be found was the Canadian value of the usual 
wholesale quantities sold in that country. (Reappraisement 27020, 
of 1916.) The foreign market value of copying machines usually sold 
singly and always to the consumer is the uniform price at which they 
are sold and freely offered for sale in the country of exportation. 
(G. A. 8127, T. D. 37503, of 1918. See also Reappraisement 28446, 
of 1918.) When in the ordinary course of trade but a single machine 
is sold in the foreign country to the users and also for export, the © 
ordinary wholesale quantity sold is a single machine; also the home 
market and not the export price governs. (Reappraisement 26658, of 
1916). “Ordinary course of trade” and “in usual wholesale quantities” 
mean that the quantity dealt in, in the ordinary course of trade, be- 
comes the usual wholesale quantity. The country of production is 
the governing point. There is the market. (Reappraisement. 26652, 
of 1916.) Hveryman’s Library was re-reappraised on the prices to the 
English trade, as such prices were made in the ordinary course of 
trade. (See pars. L, M, and R, Sec. ITI.) 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


859 


PARAGRAPH L. COST OF PRODUCTION AND AMERICAN 
PRICE. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sussyc, 11. That when the actual 
market value, as defined by law, of 
any article of imported merchandise, 
wholly or partly manufactured and 
subject to an ad valorem duty, or to 
a duty based in whole or in part on 
value, can not be ascertained to the 
satisfaction of the appraising officer, 
such officer shall use all available 
means in his power to ascertain the 
cost of. production of such merchan- 
dise at the time of exportation to the 
United States, and at the place of 
manufacture, such cost of production 
to include the cost of materials and 
of fabrication, and all general expenses 
to be estimated at not less than 10 
per centum, covering each and every 
outlay of whatsoever nature incident 
to such production, together with the 
expense of preparing and putting up 
such merchandise ready for shipment, 
and an addition of not less than 8 
nor more than 50 per centum upon 
the total cost as thus ascertained ; and 
in no ease shall such merchandise be 
appraised upon original ‘appraisal or 
reappraisement at less than the total 
cost of production as thus ascertained. 
The actual market value or whose- 
sale price, as defined by law, of any 
imported merchandise which is con- 
signed for sale in the United States, 
or which is sold for exportation to 
the United States, and which: is not 
actually sold or freely offered for 
sale in usual wholesale quantities in 
the open market of the country of ex- 
portation to all purchasers, shall not 
in any case be appraised at less than 
the wholesale price at which such or 
Similar imported merchandise is ac- 
tually sold or freely offered for sale 
in usual wholesale quantities in the 
United States in the open market, due 
allowance by deduction being made 
for estimated Gduties thereon, cost of 
transportation, ‘insurance, and other 
necessary expenses from the place of 
shipment to the place of delivery, and 
a commission not exceeding 6 per 
centum, if any has been paid or con- 
tracted to be paid on consigned goods, 
or a reasonable allowance for general 
expenses and profits (not to exceed 8 
per centum) on purchased goods. 


ACT OF 1918. 


L. That when the actual market 
value, as defined by law, of any article 
of imported merchandise, wholly or 
partly manufactured and subject to 
an ad valorem duty, or to a duty 
based in whole or in part on value, 
can not be ascertained to the satis- 
faction of the appraising officer, such 
officer shall use all available means in 
his power to ascertain the cost of pro- 
duction of such merchandise at the 
time of exportation to the United 
States, and at the place of manufac- 
ture, such cost of production to in- 
clude the cost of materials and of 
fabrication, and all general expenses 
to be estimated at not less than 10 
per centum, covering each and every 
outlay of whatsoever nature incident 
to such production, together with the 


‘expense of preparing and putting up 


such merchandise ready for shipment, 
and an addition of not less than 8 
nor more than 50 per centum upon 
the total cost as thus ascertained; 
and in no case shall such merchandise 
be appraised upon original appraisal 
or reappraisement at less than the 
total cost of production as thus ascer- 
tained. The actual market value or 
wholesale price, as defined by law, 
of any imported merchandise which is 
ecensigned for sale in the United 
States, or which is sold for exporta- 
tion to the United States, and which 
is not actually sold or freely offered 
for sale in usual wholesale quantities 
in the open market of the country of 
exportation to all purchasers, shall 
not in any case be appraised at less 
than the wholesale price at which 
such or similar imported merchandise 
is actually sold or freely offered for 
sale in usual wholesale quantities in 
the United States in the open market, 
due allowance by deduction being made 
for estimated duties thereon, cost of 
transportation, insurance and other 
necessary expenses from the place of 
shipment to the place of delivery, and 
a commission not exceeding 6 per 
centum, if any has been paid or con- 
tracted to be paid on consigned goods, 
or profits not to exceed 8 per centum 
and a reasonable allowance for. gen- 
eral expenses (not to exceed 8 per 
centum) on purchased goods. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


“ Consigned for sale in the United States” does not have reference 
only to cases where the consignment was made to an “agent” of the 
consignor; it includes cases where the consignor in another country 


860 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


shipped the goods to himself in this country. The word “such” in 
“the wholesale price at which such or similar imported merchandise 
is actually sold or freely offered for sale in usual wholesale quantities 
in the United States in the open market,” means identical. ‘The pro- 
vision means that appraising officers may take into consideration not 
only sales of the very merchandise imported but also sales of similar 
merchandise. Since the word “ such” means identical, the paragraph 
can not be taken to mean that the inquiry as to market value in this 
country must be as of the time when the exportation was made. (9 
Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38215, of 1919.) 

Cost of production.—The appraisement on the cost of production of 
merchandise should be on the basis of the actual cost of the articles 
under consideration and not the amounts they would have cost if pro- 
duced on the day of exportation. (Reappraisement 28658, of 1918.) 
The compensation paid to talent for the production of phonograph 
records is an element in the ‘‘ cost of production” of such records. 
Laboratory expenses, such as locating room, wages uf boy, ete., are 
not part of “cost of materials and of fabrication,” but general ex- 
penses. General expenses aggregating 10 per cent must be fixed with 
proper regard to the actual general expenses. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
186, of 1916.) There must be added to the cost of production 10 per 
cent for general erpenscs and not less than 8 per cent for profit. (Re- 
appraisements 28497 and 28656, of 1918.) Unless it appears that the 
3oard proceeded in a manner contrary to law or acted arbitrarily, 
either in defiance of the evidence it had before it or without any evi- 
dence before it, its action is final and conclusive. (G. A. 8218, T. D. 
37861, of 1918.) 

In an appraisement on the basis of the cost of production under this 
paragraph, all expenses of whatever nature incident to the production 
of the merchandise should be included. (G. A. 7756, T. D. 35598, of 
1915.) 

Selling price in the United States.—The clause relating to selling 
price in the United States is not limited to cases where there is no 
foreign market value, but it seems a general provision intended as an 
aid to appraising officers in the ascertainment of foreign market 
values. Ascertainment of foreign market value with such selling 
price as a basis to work back from, making all the deductions set - 
forth in the provision, was declared valid. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 484, 
of 1911.) 

The appraisal based on American selling price has been held to be 
as of the date of exportation rather than the date of arrival of the 
goods in this country as to consigned goods as well as. to purchased 
goods. (Reapp. 27460, of 1917.) But see T. D. 38215 (supra). 

The so-called St. Gall stitch-rate schedule can not be substituted 
for foreign market value unless equal thereto. At most, such schedule 
may only be used as a means to an end, the finding of foreign market 
value. Handkerchiefs made and hemstitched in Ireland were sent 
to St. Gall and there embroidered, and it was held that in the absence 
of sales of such handkerchiefs in St. Gall for home consumption, the 
sales price to England and Spain, higher than the invoice prices, 
should control in the determination of the market values. (G. A. 
8233, T. D. 37922, of 1919.) 

Quicksilver shipped from Mexico was appraised under the last 
clause of paragraph L, but on an affidavit showing three sales in 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


S61 


Mexico and the consular report, it was found that there was a market 


in Mexico. 


(Reappraisement 26694, of 1916.) 


To justify a classification board in declaring null and void an ap- 
praisement by three general appraisers on the ground that it was 
based upon a wrong theory of the law, it must appear positively, 
clearly, and certainly that they did proceed upon such wrong theory. 
(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 466, of 1917; 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38215, 


of 1919.) 


(See par. 162 and pars. I, K, and M, See. III.: 


PARAGRAPH M. APPEAL FOR REAPPRAISEMENT. 


ACT OF 1909. 


SuspseEec, 13, That the appraiser shall 
reyise and correct the reports of the 
assistant appraisers as he may judge 
proper, and the appraiser, or, at ports 
where there is no appraiser, the per- 
son acting as such, shall-report to the 
collector his decision as to the value 
of the merchandise appraised. At 
ports where there is no appraiser the 
certificate of the customs officer to 
whom is comiitted the estimating and 
eollection of duties, of the dutiable 
value of any merchandise required to 
be appraised, shall be deemed and 
taken to be the appraisement of such 
merchandise. If the collector shall 
deem the appraisement of any im- 
ported merchandise too low, he may, 
within sixty days thereafter, appeal to 
reappraisement, which shall be made 
by one of the general appraisers, or if 
the importer, owner, agent, or con- 
signee of such merchandise shall be 
dissatisfied with the appraisement 
thereof, and shall have complied with 
the requirements of Jaw with respect 
to the entry and appraisement of mer- 
chandise, he may, within ten days 
thereafter, give notice to the collector, 
in writing, of such dissatisfaction. 
The decision of the general appraiser 
in cases of reappraisement shall be 
final and conclusive as to the dutiable 
value of such merchandise against all 
parties interested therein, uniess the 
importer, owner, consignee, or agent 
of the merchandise shall be dissatis- 
fied. with such decision, and_ shall, 
within five days thereafter, give notice 
to the collector, in writing, of such 
dissatisfaction, or unless the collector 
shall deem the reappraisement of the 
merchandise too iow, and shall, within 
ten days thereafter, appeal to re-reap- 
praisement ; in either case the collector 
shall transmit the invoice and all the 
papers appertaining thereto to the 
board of nine general appraisers, to be 
by rule thereof duly assigned for de- 
termination. In such eases the gen- 
eral appraiser and boards of general} 
appraisers shall proceed by all reason- 
able ways and means in their power 


ACT OF 19153. 


M. That the appraiser shall revise 
and correct the reports of the assist- 
ant appraisers as he may judge proper, 
and the appraiser, or, at ports where 
there is no appraiser, the person act- 
ing as such, shall report to the col- 
lector his decision as to the value of 
the merchandise appraised. At ports 
where there is no appraiser the cer- 
tificate of the customs officer to whom 
is committed the estimating and col- 
lection of duties, of the dutiable value 
of any merchandise required to be ap- 
praised, shall be deemed and taken to 
be the appraisement of such merchan- 
dise. If the collector shall deem the 
appraisement of any imported mer- 
chandise too low, he may, within sixty 
days thereafter, appeal to reappraise- 
ment, which shall be made by one of 
the general appraisers, or if the im- 
porter, owner, agent, or consignee of 
such merchandise shall deem the ap- 
praisement thereof too high, and shall 
have complied with the requirements 
of law with respect to the entry and 
appraisement of merchandise, he may 
within ten days thereafter appeal for 
reappraisement by giving notice thereof 
to the collector in writing. Such ap- 
peal shall be deemed to be finally 
abandoned and waived unless within 
two days from the date of filing there- 
of the person who filed such notice 
shall deposit with the coliector of cus- 
toms a fee of $1 for each entry. Such 
fee shall be deposited and accounted 
for as miscellaneous receipts, and in 
case the appeal in connection with 
which such fee was deposited shall be 
finally sustained, in whole or in part, 
such fee shall be refunded to the im- 
porter, with the duties found to be 
eollected in excess, from the appro- 
priation for the refund to importers 
of excess of deposits. The decision of 
the general appraiser in cases of re- 
appraisement shall be final and con- 
clusive as to the dutiable value of such 
merchandise against all parties inter- 
ested therein, unless the importer, 
owner, consignee, or agent of the mer- 
chandise shall deem the reappraise- 


862 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


to ascertain, estimate, and determine 
the dutiable value of the imported 
merchandise, and in so doing may ex- 
ereise both judicial and inquisitorial] 
functions. In such cases hearings 
may in the discretion of the general 
appraiser or Board ot General Ap- 
praisers before whom the case is pend- 
ing be open and in the presence of the 
importer or his attorney and any duly 
authorized representative of the Gov- 
ernment, who may in like discretion 
examine and cross-examine all wit- 
nesses produced. The decision of the 
appraiser, or the person acting as such 


(in case where no objection is made 


thereto, either by the collector or by 
the importer, owner, consignee, or 
agent), or the single general appraiser 


in case of no appeal, or of the board | 


of three general appraisers, in all re- 
appraisement cases, shall be final and 
conclusive against all parties and shali 
not be subject to review in any man- 
ner for any cause in any tribunal or 
court, and the collector or the person 
acting as such shall ascertain, fix, and 
liquidate the rate and amount of the 
duties to be paid on such merchandise, 
and the dutiable costs and charges 
thereon, according to law. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


ment of the merchandise too high, and 
shall, within five days thereafter, give 
notice to the coilector, in writing, of 
an appeal, or unless the collecter shali 
deem the reappraisement of the mer- 
chandise too low, and shall within ten 
days thereafter appeal for re-reap- 


‘praisement; in either case the collec- 


tor shall transmit the invoice and all 
the papers appertaining thereto to the 
board of nine general appraisers, to be 
by rule thereof duly assigned for de- 
termination. In such cases the gen- 
eral appraiser and boards of general 
appraisers shall proceed by all reason- 
able ways and means in their power 
to ascertain, estimate, and determine 
the dutiable value of the imported 
merchandise, and in so doing may ex- 
ercise both judicial and inquisitorial 
functions. In such cases the general 
appraisers and the Boards ef General 
Appraisers shall give reasonable notice 
to the importer and the proper repre- 
sentative of the Government of the 
time and place of each and every 
hearing at which the parties or their 
attorneys shall have opportunity to 
introduce evidence and to hear and 
cross-examine the witnesses for the 
other party, and to inspect all sam- 
ples and all documentary evidence or 
other papers offered. Affidavits of 
persons whose attendance can not be 
procured may be admitted in the dis- 
cretion of the general appraiser or 
Board of General Appraisers. The 
decision of the appraiser, or the per-_ 
son acting as such (in case where no 
objection is made thereto, either by 
the collector. or by the importer, 
owner, consignee, or agent), or the 
Single general appraiser in case of no 
appeal, or of the board of three gen- 
eral appraisers, in all reappraisement 
eases, sShali be final and conclusive 
against all parties and shall not be 
subject to review in any manner for 
any cause in any tribunal or court, 
and the collector or the person acting 
as such shall ascertain, fix, and liqui- 
date the rate and amount of the duties 
to be paid on such merchandise, and 
the dutiable costs and charges thereon, 
according to law; and no reappraise- 
ment or re-reappraisement shall be 
considered invalid because of the ab- 
sence of the merchandise or samples 
thereof before the officer or officers 
making the same, where no party in 
interest had demanded the inspection 
of such merchandise or samples, and 
where, the merchandise or samples 
were reasonably accessible for inspec- 
tion, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 863 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Where general appraisers in reappraisements act outside of or con- 
trary to law, or proceed upon a wrong principle or without any evidence 
to sustain their findings, their decision must be set aside. (177 Fed., 
175, of 1910; certiorari denied, 216 U. 8., 618, of 1910.) To justify a 
classification board in deciaring null and void an appraisement by 
three general appraisers on the ground that it was based upon a wrong 
theory of the law, it must appear positively, clearly, and certainly that 
they did proceed upon such wrong theory. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, 
T. D. 88215, of 1919.) This does not appear from a record which does 
not contain a recital of all the facts before the reappraisement board 
and contains no statement as to the theory of law upon which such 
board proceeded. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 466, of 1917.) Evidence of cost 
of production and of sale price in the United States of the identical 
or similar merchandise, being some substantial evidence, is sufficient 
for the purposes of this paragraph and of paragraph K. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Applis., —, T. D. 88215, of 1919.) 

An agent or attorney-in-fact employed by an importing firm to do its 
general customhouse work may call for reappraisement in the name 
of his principals unless it is shown that he is exceeding his authority. 
(G. A. 8178, T. D. 37658, of 1918.) An appeal to reappraisemeni signed 
by the coliector 53 days after original appraiSement, but not received 
by the board until 66 days after the original appraisement, is not filed 
in the statutory time (reappraisement 24259, of 1914), but if the col- 
lector appeals within 60 days after he has received notice of the dp- 
praiser’s action the appeal is valid, but the Government has the burden 
of proving that the appeal was filed within 60 days after such notice. 
(G. A. 8138, T. D. 37532, of 1918), and appeals to re-reappraisement 
by the collector are filed in time if mailed within 10 days after receipt 
by him of the decision appealed from. (T. D. 37039, of 1917.) 

The collector has no power to liquidate upon appeal to reappraise- 
ment. Such a liquidation is not voidable merely, but void. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 399, of 1917.) This paragraph confers an ultimate and exclu- 
sive appellate jurisdiction to appraise upon a board of three general 
appraisers and the court has no jurisdiction to review the action of the 
board in dismissing an appeal to reappraisement on the ground that 
the appeal was not signed. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 880, of 1917.) Exami- 
nation of the merchandise, or of samples thereof, if not waived, is nec- 
essary in reappraisements. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 462, of 1911; 3 Ct. Cust. 
Applis., 330, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 308, 404, of 1918; 5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 290, of 1914.) An irregularity in complying with the legal 
requirements as to the sufficiency of samples of goods before a board 
of reappraisement will be deemed to have been waived if the importer 
was present and made no objection to the irregularity. (38 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 5, of 1912.) Alleged absence of samples at the time of reap- 
praisement may not be urged before the court when the point is not 
raised by the protest. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 399, of 1917.) The right of 
appeal for reappraisement can not be invoked by the importer unless a 
lawful entry has been made. (G. A. 8043, T. D. 37077, of 1917, relating 
to informal entry of packed package; G. A. 6732, T. D. 28814, of 1908, 
and G. A. 8189, T. D. 37533, of 1918, relating to entry by appraisement ; 
but compare G. A. 8054, T. D. 37140, of 1917, and G. A. 8107, T. D. 
37408, of 1917, where jurisdiction was taken in a case of informal en- 
try of packed package.) Appeals toa board of three general appraisers 


864 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
may only be taken for review of findings of value by a single general 
appraiser. A single general appraiser having dismissed appeals with- 
out finding foreign market value for the reason that the importers 
failed to comply with the requirements in making entry, an appeal 
taken from such action to a board of three must be dismissed, (G. A. 
8099, T.. D. 37370, of 1917.) 

By the exercise of his statutory power of appraisal in the first in- 
stance the appraiser becomes functus officio and a subsequent ap- 
praisal by him of the same merchandise is illegal and void. (G. A. 
8238, T. D. 37934, of 1919.) f 

The law creating a classification board confers no jurisdiction on 
it to pass upon or review reappraisement proceedings held pursuant to 
law. (G. A. 8188, T. D. 87724, of 1918.) The appraiser’s action in 
finding the value of merchandise from Italy in lire was approved, but 
he is without authority to convert the lire into American money. (G. 
A. 8077, T. D. 37252, of 1917.) 

Balsam of copaiba shown to be always bought and sold in this coun- 
try at a price which included the containers but based on the net 
weight of the merchandise was held dutiable. on the value per pound 
packed multiplied by the net weight. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 99, of 1917.) 
Woolen cloth imported for samples was found to have a foreign market 
value of 20 per cent less than the value of the cloth when not prepared 
as samples. (G. A. 8107, T. D. 37408, of 1917.) The rule of reap- 
praisement is the same as for appraisement. (G. A. 7604, T. D. 34808, 
of 1914.) Only a board of three general appraisers, or a majority 
of them, is empowered to grant a new trial and consequently a 
single general appraiser has not the power to grant a new trial in a 
case in which he has rendered his decision. (G. A. 7599, T. D. 34785, 
of 1914.) Where there is both a collector and an appraiser, an ap- 
praisement by a customs inspector who has no delegated authority 
from the appraiser is not a valid appraisement. (G. A. 8201, T. D. 
37794, of 1918.) When an appraising officer advances the value of 
imported merchandise, written notice of such advance should be im- 
mediately given the importer, and failure to give such notice makes 
void the liquidation based on such appraisement. (G. A. 8209, T. D. 
37817, of 1918.) (See pars. C, K, L, and R, Sec. III.) 


PARAGRAPH N. PROTEST. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1918. 
SuBsec. 14. That the decision of the N. That the decision of the collector 
eollector as to the rate and amount | as to the rate and amount of duties 


of duties chargeable upon imported | chargeable upon imported merchan- 
merchandise, including all dutiable | dise, or upon merchandise on which 


costs and charges, and as to all fees | duty shall have been assessed, in- 





and exactions of whatever character 
(except duties on tonnage), shall be 
final and conclusive against all per- 
sons interested therein, unless the 
owner, importer, consignee, or agent 
of such merchandise, or the person 
paying such fees, charges, and exac- 
tions other than duties, shall, within 
fifteen days after but not before such 
ascertainment and _ liquidation of 
duties, as well in cases of merchan- 
dise entered in bond as for consump- 
tion, or within fifteen days after the 
payment of such fees, charges, and 


cluding all dutiable costs and charges, 
and as to all fees and exactions of 
whatever character (except duties on 
tonnage), shall be final and conclu- 
Sive against all persons interested 
therein, unless the owner, importer, 
consignee, or agent of such merchan- 
dise, or the person paying such fees, 
charges, and exactions other than 
duties, shall, within thirty days after 
but not before such ascertainment and 
liquidation of duties, as well in cases 
of merchandise entered in bond as for 
consumption, or within fifteen days 


« 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


exactions, if dissatisfied with such de- 
eision, give notice in writing to the 
eollector, setting forth therein dis- 
tinctly and specifically, and in respect 
to each entry or payment, the reasons 
for his objections thereto, and if the 
merchandise is entered for consump- 
tion shall pay the fuil amount of the 
duties and charges ascertained to be 
due thereon, Upon such notice and 
payment the collector shall transmit 
the invoice and all the papers and ex- 
hibits connected therewith to the board 
of nine general appraisers, for due 
assignment and determination as here- 
inbefore provided; such determination 
shall be final and conclusive upon all 
persons interested therein, and the 
record shail be transmitted to the 
proper collector or person acting as 
such, who shall liquidate the entry 
accordingly, except in cases where an 
application shall be filed in the United 
States Court of Customs Appeals 
within the time and in the manner 
provided for in this Act. 


INTERPRETATION 


865 


ACT GF 1913—Continued. 


after the payment of such _ fees, 
charges, and exactions, if dissatisfied 
with such decision imposing a higher 
rate of duty, or a greater charge, fee, 
or exaction, than he shall claim to be 
legally payable, file a protest or pro- 


tests in writing with the collector, 
setting forth therein distinctly and 


specifically, and in respect to each en- 


‘try or payment, the reasons for his 


objections thereto, and if the mer- 
chandise is entered for consumption 
shail pay the full amount of the duties 
and charges ascertained to be due 
thereon. Such protest shall be deemed 
to be finally abandoned and waived 
unless within thirty days from the 
date of filing thereof the person who 
filed such notice or protest shall have 
deposited with the collector of customs 
a fee of $1 with réspect to each pro- 
test. Such fee shall be deposited and 
accounted for as miscellaneous reeeipts, 
and in case the protest in connection 
with which such fee was deposited 
shall be finally sustained in whole or 
in part, such fee shall be refunded to 
the importer, with the duties found 
to be collected in excess, from the ap- 
propriation for the refund to importers 
of excess of deposits. No agreement 
for a contingent fee in respect to re- 
covery or refund under protest shall 
be lawful. Compliance with this pro- 
vision shall be a condition precedent 
to the validity of the protest and to 
any refund thereunder, and a violation 
of this provision shall be punishable 
by a fine not exceeding $500, or im- 
prisonment for not more than one 
year, or both. 

Upon such payment of duties, pro- 
test, and deposit of protest fee, the 
collector shall transmit the invoice 
and all the papers and exhibits con- 
nected therewith to the board of nine 
general appraisers, for due assignment 
and determination as provided by law; 
such determination shall be final and 
conclusive upon all persons interested 
therein, and the record shall be trans- 
mitted to the proper collector or per- 
son acting as such, who shall liquidate 
the entry accordingly, except in cases 
where an appeal shall be filed in the 
United States Court of Customs Ap- 
peals within the time and in the man- 
ner provided for by law. 


AND COMMENTS. 


Technical precision is not required in protests, but the objections 
to the assessment must be stated so distinctly and specifically that 
when fairly construed they will show the claims of the protestant 


55 


184911°—20 





866 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


and so notify the collector what these claims are. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls.. 
283, of 1915.) A protest not making the proper claim is not valid, 
although other protests treated concurrently were sustained. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appis., —, T. D. 38207, of 1919.) 

Ordinarily different parties are not permitted to litigate their 
diverse claims against a common defendant in a single proceeding, 
but in customs cases, while different importers importing the same 
kind of merchandise may not have a common interest in the mer- 
chandise imported, they frequently have a common interest in rulings 
of the court affecting merchandise of the same kind imported by 
them, and the permitting of misjoinder in customs proceedings is de- 
signed to achieve the very result aimed at by its prohibition in other 
proceedings. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38000, of 1919.) 

A protest may make alternative claims and one which makes a 
large number of such claims as to the several classes of wares, each 
of the paragraphs claimed under bearing some relation to the mer- 
chandise, and the protest being sufficiently explicit to direct the 
attention of the collector to what claims were made is not subject to 
motion to dismiss for multifariousness. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls, — ,Tv. D. 
88013-14, of 1919.) 

When the evidence was in hopeless conflict the decision of the 
board sustaining the collector was affirmed under the rule that the 
burden is on the appellant to establish the material allegations of his 
protest by convincing preponderance of the evidence. (7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 153, of 1916.) . 

The Board of General Appraisers has jurisdiction to review pro: 
tests relating to mail importations. A protest filed between the time 
of the payment at the post office of the estimated duties on a mail 
importation and the liquidation by the collector is ineffective. (7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 476, of 1917.) 

A verified protest is not effective as proof to overcome the pre- 
sumption of correctness of the collector’s finding, it being merely in 
the nature of an ex parte affidavit. (G. A. 7683, T. D. 35132, of 1915.) 

Where merchandise is withdrawn from warehouse in bond, under 
a claim of free entry, as being for American vessels, the protest 
period of 30 days begins to run from the time of the assessment of 
duty and not from the time the duty was paid. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
—, T. D. 87905, of 1919.) A protest filed several months after 
liquidation but within 380 days after full payment of duties due is 
not timely. (G. A. 7767, T. D. 35646, of 1915.) 

Sufficiency of protest—A protest claiming classification as rece 
ficial abrasive, under paragraph 479, is not sufficient to support a deci- 
sion making classification as corundum under the same paragraph. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appis., 64, of 1917.) A protest claiming classification 
of merchandise at 15 per cent will not be considered as referring 
te merchandise returned at 10 per cent, aS an importer is authorized 
to file a protest against the decision of the collector “imposing a 
higher rate of duty” only. (G. A. 8200, T. D. 37793, of 1918.) i 

A protest declaring that merchandise is dutiable at the appropriate 
rate under the appropriate paragraph according to the component ma- 
terial of chief value, without setting forth any applicable paragraph 
or rate, or what is claimed to be the eomponent material of ehief value, ’ 
does not meet the requirements of the law. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 324, 
of 1918.) Under a protest alleging goods to be dutiable under a cer- 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 867 


tain paragraph the protestant may not prove them to be dutiable at 
the same rate under another paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., med bend 
37991, of 1919.) 

A protest claiming free entry under paragraph 644 is not sufficient 
to support a decision as to a rate of duty on the merchandise under 
that paragraph (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142, of 1915), but a protest claim- 
ing rugs dutiable under paragraph 294 as Wilton carpets was held 
not rendered insufficient by the lack of a reference to paragraph 303. 
(9 Ct. Cust. Appls., ——, T. D. 87939, of 1919.) <A protest written in 
Spanish is insufficient. (G. A. 8084, T. D. 37300, of 1917.) 

A voluntary reliquidation of an entry by the collector which results 
in a change in the rate or amount of duty is held for the purpose of 
protest equivaient to an abandonment of the previous liquidation and 
reopens the whole entry. (G. A. 7795, T. D. 35823, of 1915.) 

A protestant objecting to an original liquidation must show error 
in the liquidation and the correctness of the assessment claimed. A 
protest against reliquidation claiming that it is not pursuant to the 
decision of the Board of General Appraisers is established when that 
fact conclusively appears. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 345, of 1918.) 

A protest may cover one or more entries of goods described in more 
than one invoice. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 264, of 1914.) 

The words “or upon merchandise on which duty shall have been 
assessed.” extends the jurisdiction of the board to all decisions of col- 
lectors of customs as to the rate and amount of duties, whether or 
not the merchandise was imported and whether or not provision is 
made for its legal entry. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 476, of 1917.) 

It is not necessary for the protest to deny the existence of @ con- 
tingent fee agreement, nor is the burden upon the protestant of proving 
that no such agreement has been made. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 150, 155, 
156, of 1917.) 

The provision that “the collector shall transmit the * * * ex- 
hibits to the board of nine general appraisers” can not be construed 
as authority for a motion originating in this court for an order to the 
Board of United States General Appraisers directing them to send to 
this court the official samples of the merchandise, which were not for- 
warded to the board by the collector but were retained by the ap- 
praiser. It can not be permitted a party to add thus to the record 
either pleading or evidence not before the trial court. (9 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., —, T. D. 38222, of 1919.) 

No judgment more favorable to the appellee than the one appealed 
from will be rendered by the court. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 11, of 1917.) 

Reliquidation can not be made after one year under section 21 of 
the act of June 22, 1874, upon presumed fraud. (T. D. 38179, of 
1919.) An appeal is pending in the Court of Customs Appeals from a 
decision of the Board of General Appraisers (Abstract 41347, of 1917) 
rendered before the decision of the Supreme Court in T. D. 88179. 

(See par. 8S, Sec. IV.) 





PARAGRAPH O. EXAMINATION OF IMPORTERS, ETC. 
ACT OF 1999. ACT OF 19138. 


Sussec. 15. That the general ap- O. That the general appraisers, or 
praisers, or any of them, are hereby | any of them, are hereby authorized 
authorized to administer oaths, and } to administer oaths, and said general 
said general appraisers, the boards of | appraisers, the boards of general ap- 


868 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


general appraisers, the local ap- 
praisers, or the collectors, as the case 
may be, may cite to appear before 
them, and examine upon oath any 
owner, importer, agent, consignee, or 
other person. touching any matter or 
thing which they, or either of them, 
may deem material respecting any im- 
ported merchandise, in ascertaining 
the dutiable value or classification 
thereof; and they, or either of them, 
may require the production of any 
letters, accounts, or invoices relating 
to said merchandise, and may require 
such testimony to be reduced to writ- 
ing, and when so taken it shall be 
filed in the office of the collector, and 
preserved for. use or reference until 
the final decision of the collector or 
said board of appraisers shall be made 
respecting the valuation or classifica- 
tion of said merchandise, as the case 
may be. 


INTERPRETATION 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


praisers, the local appraisers, or the 
collectors, as the case may be, may 
cite to appear before them, and ex- 
amine upon oath any owner, importer, 
agent, consignee, or other person touch- 
ing any matter or thing which they, 
or either of them, may deem material 
respecting any imported merchandise 
then under consideration or previously 
imported within one year, in ascer- 
taining the classification or dutiable 
value thereof or the rate or amount 
of duty; and they, or either of them, 
may require the production of any 
letters, accounts, contracts, or invoices 
relating to said merchandise, and may 
require such testimony to be reduced 
to writing, and when so taken it shall 
be filed and preserved for use or refer- 
ence until the final decision of the 
collector, appraiser, or said board of 
appraisers shall be made respecting ~ 
the valuation or classification of said 
merchandise, as the case may be; and 
such evidence shall be given consid- .- 
eration in all subsequent proceedings 
rejating to such merchandise, 


AND COMMENTS. 


This provision does not empower collectors to inquire into the value 





of merchandise, but that fact is ho excuse for -a corporation’s dis- 
obedience of his order to appear with records; nor does it confine cus- 
toms officers to the citation of persons in relation to appraisements 
and liquidations, but extends to reliquidations under the act of June 
22, 1874 (sec. 21) ; nor is its scope limited because the forfeiture pen- 
alty (par. P) for failure to comply with the orders of customs officers 


does not apply to examinations in aid of reliquidations. 


709, of 1914.) 
(See page 660, infra.) 


(215 Fed., 


PARAGRAPH P. FAILURE TO ANSWER. 


ACT OF 1909. 


SuBseEc. 16. That if any person so 
cited to appear shall neglect or refuse 
to attend, or shall declime to answer, 
or shall refuse to answer in writing 
any interrogatories, and subscribe his 
name to his deposition, or to produce 
such papers when so required by a 
general appraiser, or: a board of gen- 
eral appraisers, or a local appraiser 
or a collector, he shall be liable to a 
penalty of $100; and if such person 
be the owner, importer, or consignee, 
the appraisement which the general 
appraiser, or Board of General Ap- 
praisers, or local appraiser or collec- 
tor, where there is no appraiser, may 
make of the merchandise shall be 
final and conclusive; and any person 
who shall willfully and _ corruptly 
swear falsely on an examination be- 


ACT OF 1913. 


P. That if any person so cited to 
appear Shall neglect or refuse to at- 
tend, or shall decline to answer, or 
shall refuse to answer in writing any 
interrogatories, and subscribe his name 
to his deposition, or to produce such 
papers when so required by &a gen- 
eral appraiser, or a board of general 
appraisers, or a local appraiser, or a 
collector, he shall be liable to a pen- 
alty of not less than $20 nor more 
than $500; and if such person be the 
owner, importer, or consignee, the ap- 
praisement which the Board of Gen- 
eral Appraisers or local appraiser, or 
collector where there is no appraiser, 
may make of the merchandise shall 
be final and conclusive; and any per- 
son who shall willfully and corruptly 
swear falsely on an examination be- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 869 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


fore any general appraiser, or board 
of general appraisers, or local ap- 
praiser or collector, shall be deemed 
guilty of perjury; and if he is the 
owner, importer, or consignee, the 
merchandise shall be forfeited. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


fore any general appraiser, or Board 
of General Appraisers, or local ap- 
praiser or collector, shall be deemed 
guilty of perjury; and if he is the 
owner, importer, or consignee, the 
merchandise shall be forfeited, or the 
value thereof may be recovered from 
him, 


For “Interpretation and comments,” see paragraph O, 
PARAGRAPH Q@. RECORDS. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Suspsec. 17. That all decisions of 
the general appraisers and of the 
boards of genera] appraisers, respect- 
ing values and rates of duty, shall be 
preserved and filed, and shall be open 
to inspection under proper regulations 
te be prescribed by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. All decisions of the 
general appraisers shall be reported 
forthwith to the Secretary of the 
Treasury and to the Board of General 
Appraisers on duty at the port of 
New York, and the report to the board 
shall be accompanied, whenever prac- 
ticable, by samples of the merchan- 
dise in question, and it shall be the 
duty of the said board, under the di- 
rection of the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, to cause an abstract to be made 
and published of such decisions of the 
appraisers as they may deem impor- 
tant, and of the decisions of each of 
the general appraisers and boards of 
general appraisers, which abstract 
sEall contain a general description of 
the merchandise in question, and of 
the value and rate of duty fixed in 
each case, with reference, whenever 
practicable, by number or other desig- 
nation, to samples deposited in the 
place of samples at New York, and 
such abstract shall be issued from 
time to time, at least once in each 
week, for the information of customs 
officers and the public. 


ACT OF 1913. 


Q. That all decisions of the gen- 
eral appraisers and of the boards of 
general appraisers, respecting values 
and rates of duty, shall be preserved 
and filed, and shall be open to inspec- 
tion under proper regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. All decisions of the gen- 
eral appraisers shall be reported forth- 
with to the Secretary of the Treasury 
and to the Board of General Apprais- 
ers on duty at the port of New York, 
and the report to the board shail be 
accompanied, whenever practicable, by 
samples of the merchandise in ques- 
tion, and it shall be the duty of the 
said board, under the direction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, to cause an 
abstract to be made and published of 
such decisions of the appraisers as 
they or he may deem important, to be 
published either in full, or if full pub- 
lication shall not be requested by the 
Secretary or by the board, then by an 
abstract containing a general descrip- 
tion of the merchandise in question, 
a statement of the facts upon which 
the decision is based, and of the value 
and rate of duty fixed in each case, 
with reference, whenever practicable, 
by number or other designation, to 
samples deposited in the place of sam- 
ples at New York, and such abstracts 
shall be issued from time to time, at 
least once in each week, for the in- 
formation of customs officers and the 
public, 


PARAGRAPH R. ASSESSMENT OF DUTIES. 


SupsEc. 18, That whenever imported 
merchandise is subject to an ad va- 
lerem rate of duty, or to a duty based 
upon or regulated in any manner by 
tbe value thereof, the duty shall be 
assessed upon the actual market value 
or wholesale price thereof, at the time 
of exportation to the United States, 


._ in the principal markets of the coun- 


try from whence exported; that such 
actual market value shall be held to be 
the price at which such merchandise 
is freely offered for sale to all pur- 
“chasers in said markets, in the usual 


R. That whenever imported . mer- 
chandise is subject to an ad valorem 
rate of duty, or to a duty based upon 
er regulated in any manner by the 
value thereof, the duty shall be as- 
sessed upon the actual market value 
or wholesale price thereof, at the time 
of exportation to the United States, 
in the principal markets of the coun- 
try from whence exported; that such 
actual market value shall be held to 
be the price at which such merchan- 
dise is freely offered for sale to all 
purchasers in said markets, in the 


870 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


wholesale quantities, and the price 
which the manufacturer or owner 
would have received, and was willing 
to receive, for such merchandise when 
sold in the ordinary course of trade in 


the usual wholesale quantities, in- 
eluding the value of all cartons, cases, 
crates, boxes, sacks, casks, barrels, 


hogsheads, bottles, jars, demijohns, 
carboys, and other containers or Cov- 
erings, whether holding liquids or 
solids, and all other costs, charges, 
and expenses incident to placing the 
merchandise in condition, packed ready 
for shipment to the United States, and 
if there be used for covering or hold- 
ing imported merchandise, whether 
dutiable or free, any unusual article 
er form designed for use otherwise 
than in the bona fide transportation of 
such merchandise to the United 
States, additional duty shall be levied 
and collected upon such material or 
article at the rate to which the same 
would be subjected if separately im- 
ported. That the words “value,” or 
“actual market value,” or “‘ wholesale 
price,’ whenever used in this Act, or 
in any law relating to the appraise- 
ment of imported merchandise, shall 
be eonstrued to be the actual market 
value or wholesale price of such, or 
similar merchandise comparable in 
value therewith, as defined in this Act. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


usual wholesale quantities, and the 
price which the seller, shipper, or 
owner would have received, and was 
willing to receive, for such mercehan- 
dise when sold in the ordinary course 
of trade in the usual wholesale quan- 
tities, including the value of all car- 
tons, cases, crates, boxes, sacks, casks, 
barrels, hogsheads, bottles, jars, demi- 
johns, carboys, and other containers 
ot coverings, whether holding liquids 
or solids, and all other costs, charges, 
and expenses incident to placing the 
merchandise in condition, packed 
ready for shipment to the United 
States, and if there be used for cover- 
ing er holding imported merchandise, 
whether dutiable or free, any unusual 
article or form designed for use oth- 
erwise than in the bona fide transpor- 
tation of such merchandise to the 
United States, additional duty shall be 
levied and collected upon such mate- 
rial or article at the rate to which 
the same would be subjected if sepa- 
rately imported. That the words 
“value,” or “actual market value,” or 
‘“ wholesale price,’’ whenever used in 
this Act, or in any law relating to the 
appraisement of imported merchan- 
dise, shall be construed to be the 
actual market value or wholesale price 
of such, or similar merchandise com- 
parable in value therewith, as defined 
in this Act. 





INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Dutiable value.—The determination of dutiable market value under 
this paragraph as distinguished from actual market value (para- 
graphs K and L) is a function of the collector. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 2, 
of 19138.) 

Duty based upon value.—In the case of the merchandise subject 
to specific duties according to value, the value of the coverings and 
other charges should be added to the per se value of the merchandise 
in determining the dividend. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 54, of 1918; 3 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 327, of 1912.) Where glue was bought at a gross price 
packed in bags, the value per pound for tariff purposes was the gross 
price divided by the net weight in pounds. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 121, 
of 1917.) 

Costs, charges, and eapenses.—Values of coverings or containers 
are not costs, charges, or expenses within the meaning -of this provi- 
sion. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1380, of 1912.) Nor are inspection and damp- 
ening of woolens. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 482, of 1914.) Whether so- 
called commissions are dutiable or nondutiable must be determined 
upon the record in each ease. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 80, of 1915, and cases 
cited. ) 

Containers.—This provision is intended to prevent the importation, 
under the guise of coverings or containers, of unusual articles having 
a substantial, material, and valuable use for other purposes than 





871 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


merely holding or covering merchandise in its bona fide transportation. 
(4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 122, of 1913.) 

To be admitted free of duty as a container of merchandise on which 
a specific rate of duty is imposed, an article should not only be a con- 
tainer but the usual container employed in transporting the goods. 
(3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 62, of 1912.) Wooden beams or spools wound with 
silk or with artificial silk or horsehair, are not “ containers or cover- 
ings” within this paragraph. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 62, of 1912; 4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls.. 349, 355, of 1913; 5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 1, of 1913.) 

Containers adapted to display the contents (harmonicas) were held 
not to be wnusual coverings. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 122, of 1913.) 
Leather trunks nested within others, the innermost containing human 
hair, were also held not properly classified as unusual coverings. 
(Abstract 43320, of 1919; appealed to Court of Customs Appeals, 
T. D. 38138, of 1919.) But jute bags containing ground oats, with the 
words “Schumacher’s Stock Feed” on the inside of the bags when 
imported, and which are reversed when filled with Schumacher’s stock 
feed for use in the United States, are unusual coverings. (G. A. 8284, 
T. D. 88108, of 1919.) Coverings (sacks) separately imported to put 
the merchandise into after importation are dutiable, although the 
mechandise (beef) is free. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38200, of 
1919. ) 

The valwe, whenever known, and not the cost of containers, is to be 
added by the collector to the appraised value in ascertaining dutiable 
value under this paragraph. (G. A. 8283, T. D. 38107, of 1919.) An 
appeal has been taken to the Court of Customs Appeals from this 
decision. (See pars. D, K, and L, Sec. ITI.) 


PARAGRAPH S WITHDRAWAL FROM BOND. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Suspsec. 19. Any merchandise de- 
posited in any public or private 
bonded warehouse may be withdrawn 
for consumption within three years 
from the date of original importation, 
cn payment of the duties and charges 
to which it may be subject by law at 
the time of such withdrawal: Pro- 
vided, That nothing herein shall af- 
fect or impair existing provisions of 
law in regard to the disposal of perish- 


ACT OF 1918. 


S. Any merchandise deposited in any 
public or private bonded warehouse 
may be withdrawn for consumption 
within three years from the date of 
original importation, on payment of 
the duties and charges to which it 
may be subject by law at the time of 
such withdrawal: Provided, That noth- 
ing herein shall affect or impair exist- 
ing provisions of law in regard to the 
disposal 





of perishable or explosive 


able or explosive articles, articles. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Merchandise on which the duties have been paid and for the removal 
of which permits have been issued and delivered to the storekeeper is 
thereupoh withdrawn from warehouse for consumption within this 
paragraph. (202 U.S., 580, of 1906.) 

The phrase “ on payment of the duties and charges to which it may 
be subject by law at the time of such withdrawal” means such pay- 
ment as like merchandise would be subject to if imported at the time 
of withdrawal from the bonded warehouse for consumption. (130 
Fed., 334, of 1904.) (See par. Q,'Sec. IV.) 


872 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH T. BURDEN OF PROOF. 


ACT OF 1909. 


SuBsnc, 20. That in all suits or in- 
formations brought, where any sSseiz- 
ure has been made pursuant to any 
Act providing for or regulating the 
collection of duties on imports or 
tonnage, if the property is claimed by 
any person, the burden of proof shall 
lie upon such claimant: Provided, 
That probable cause is shown for such 
prosecution, to be judged of by the 
court. 


ACT OF 1918. 


T. That in all suits or informations 
brought, where any Seizure has been 
made pursuant to any Act providing 
for or regulating the collection of 
duties on imports or tonnage, if the 
property is claimed by any person, 
the burden of proof shall lie upon 
such claimant, and in all actions or 
proceedings for the recovery of the 
value of merchandise imported con- 
trary to: any Act providing for or 
regulating the collection of duties on 
imports or tonnage, the burden of 
proof shall be upon the defendant: 
Provided, That probable cause is 
shown for such prosecution, to be 
judged of by the court. 


PARAGRAPH U. FAILURE TO SUBMIT RECORDS. 


U. That if any person, persons, cor- 
porations, or other’ bodies, selling, 
shipping, consigning, or manufactur- 
ing merchandise exported to the United 
States, shall fail or refuse to submit 
to the inspection of a duly accredited 
investigating officer of the United 
States, when so requested to do, any 
or all of his books, records, or ac- 
counts pertaining to the value or clas- 
sification of such merchandise, then 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
discretion, is authorized while such 
failure or refusal continues to levy 
an additional duty of 15 per centum 
ad valorem on all such merchandise 
when imported into the United States: 
Provided, however, That such addi- 
tional duties shall not be imposed in 
case the laws of the country of ex- 
portation provide for the administra- 
tion, by its duly authorized officers, of 
oaths to invoices, or statements of 
cost, before certification by consuls, 
and for punishment for false swearing 
under said oaths, whenever consuls 
are directed by the Secretary of State, 
under section twenty-eight hundred 
and sixty-two of the Revised Statutes, 
to require such oaths before certifica- 
tion of the invoices. 


PARAGRAPH V. REFUSAL TO SUBMIT BOOKS. 


VY. That if any person, persons, cor- 
porations, or other bodies, engaged in 
the importation of merchandise into 
the United States or engaged in deal- 
ing with such imported merchandise, 
shall fail or refuse to submit to the 


‘inspection of a duly accredited invest- 


gating officer of the United States, 
upon request so to do from the chief 
officer of customs at the port where 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Additional duties have been collected under this paragraph. 


36445, of 1916.) 


PARAGRAPH W. 
ACT OF 1909. 


873 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


such merchandise is entered, any or 
all of his books, records, or accounts 


-pertaining to the value or classifica- 


tion of any such imported merchan- 
dise, then the Secretary of the Treas- 
uvry, in his discretion, is authorized 
while such failure or refusal con- 
tinues, to assess additional duty of 15 
per centum on all merchandise con- 
signed to or imported by, or shipped, 
or intended for delivery, to such per- 
son, persons, corporations, or other 
bodies so failing or refusing. 


(TD: 


ORIGINAL BILLS. 
ACT OF 1913. 


W. That where merchandise pur- 
chased or manufactured in different 
consular districts in the same coun- 
try is assembled for shipment and em- 
braced in a single invoice and con- 
sulated at the shipping point, such 
invoice shall have attached thereto the 
original bills or invoices or statements 
in the nature of such, showing the 
prices actually paid, contracted to be 
paid, fixed, or determined, and in con- 
nection with each such purchase or 
consignment the invoice shall state all 
charges and expenses as provided in 
paragraph R of this section. 


PARAGRAPH X. SHORTAGE AND ABANDONMENT. 


Suspsec. 22. No allowance shall be 
made in the estimation and liquidation 
of duties for shortage or nonimporta- 
tion caused by decay, destruction, or 
injury to fruit or other perishable 
articles imported into the United 
States whereby their commercial value 
has been destroyed, unless under regu- 
lations prescribed by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. Proof to ascertain such 
destruction or nonimportation shall 
be lodged with the collector of customs 
of the port where such merchandise 
has been landed, or the person acting 
as such, within ten days after the 
landing of such merchandise, The 
provisions hereof shall apply whether 
or not the merchandise has been en- 
tered, and whether or not the duties 
have been paid or secured to be paid, 
“and whether or not a permit of de- 
livery has been granted to the owner 
or eonsignee. Nor shall any allow- 
ance be made for damage, but the im- 
porters may within ten days after en- 
try abandon to the United States all 
or any portion of goods, wares, or 
merehandise of every deseription in- 
eluded in any invoice and be relieved 


X. No allowance shall be made 
in the estimation and liquidation of 
duties for shortage or nonimporta- 
tion caused by decay, destruction, or 
injury to fruit or other perishable 
articles imported into the United 
States whereby their commercial value 
has been destroyed, unless under regu- 
lations prescribed by the Secretary of 
the Treasury. Proof to ascertain such 
destruction or nonimportation shall 
be lodged with the collector of customs 
of the port where such merchandise 
has been landed, or the person acting 
as such, within ten days after the 
Janding of such merchandise. The 
provisions hereof shall apply whether 
or not the merchandise has been en- 
tered, and whether or not the duties 
have been paid or secured to be paid, 
and whether or not a permit of de- 
livery has been granted to the owner 
or consignee. Nor shall any allow- 
ance be made for damage, but the im- 
porters may within ten days after en- 
try abandon to the United States all 
or any portion of goods, wares, or 
merchandise of every description in- 
cluded in any invoice and be relieved 


874. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


from the payment of duties on the 
portion so abandoned: Provided, That 
the portion so abandoned shall amount 
to 10 per centum or more of the total 
value or quantity of the invoice, The 
right of abandonment herein provided 
for may be exercised whether the 
goods, wares, or merchandise have 
_been damaged or not; or whether or 
not the same have any commercial 
value: Provided further, That section 
twenty-eight hundred and ninety-nine 
of the Revised Statutes, relating to 
the return of packages unopened for 
appraisement, shall in no wise pro- 
hibit the right of importers to make 
all needful examinations to determine 
whether the right to abandon accrues, 
or whether by reason of total destruc- 
tion there is a nonimportaion in whole 
or in part. All merchandise aban- 
doned to the Government by the im- 
porters shall be delivered by the im- 
porters thereof at such place within 
the port of arrival as the chief officer 
of customs may direct, and on the 
failure of the importers to comply with 
the direction of the collector or the 
chief officer of customs, as the case 
may be, the abandoned merchandise 
shall be disposed of by the customs 
authorities under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe, at the expense of such im- 
porters. Where imported fruit or per- 
ishable goods have been condemned at 
the port of original entry within ten 
days after landing, by health officers 
or other legally constituted authorities, 
the importers or their agents shall, 
within twenty-four hours after such 
condemnation, lodge with the collector, 
or the person acting as collector, of 
said port, notice thereof in writing, 
together with an invoice description 
and the quantity of the articles con- 
demned, their location, and the name 
of the vessel in which imported. Upon 
receipt of said notice the collector, or 
person acting as collector, shall at 
once cause an investigation and a re- 
port to be made in writing by at least 
two customs officers touching the 
identity and quantity of fruit or per- 
ishable goods condemned, and unless 
-proof to ascertain the shortage or 
nonimportation of fruit or perishable 
goods shall have been lodged as herein 
required, or if the importer or his 
agent fails to notify the collector of 
such condemnation proceedings as 
herein provided, proof of such shortage 
or nonimportation shall not be deemed 
established and no allowance shall be 
made in -the liquidation of duties 
chargeable thereon, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 191838—Continued. 


from the payment of duties on the 
portion so abandoned: Provided, That 
the portion so abandoned shall amount 
to 10 per centum or more of the total 
value or quantity of the invoice. The 
right of abandonment herein provided 
for may be exercised whether the 
goods, wares, or merchandise have 
been damaged or not; or whether or 
not the same have any commercial 
value: Provided further, That section 
twenty-eight hundred and ninety-nine 
of the Revised Statutes, relating to 
the return of packages unopened for 
appraisement, shail in no wise pro- 
hibit the right of importers to make 
all needful examinations to determine 
whether the right to abandon accrues, 
or whether by reason of total destruc- 
tion there is a nonimportaion in whole 
or in part. <All merchandise aban- 
doned to the Government by the im- 
porters shall be delivered by the im- 
porters thereof at such place within 
the port of arrival as the chief officer 
of customs may direct, and on the 
failure of the importers to comply with 
the direction of the collector or the 
chief officer of customs, as the case 
may be, the abandoned merchandise 
shall be disposed of by the customs 
authorities under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe, at the expense of such im- 
porters. Where imported fruit or per- 
ishable goods have been condemned at 
the port of original entry within ten 
days after landing, by health officers 
or other legally constituted authorities, 
the importers or their agents shall, 
within twenty-four hours after such 
condemnation, lodge with the collector, 
or the person acting as collector, of 
said port, notice thereof in writing, 
together with an invoice description 
and the quantity of the articles con- 
demned, their location, and the name 
of the vessel in which imported, Upon 
receipt of said notice the collector, or 
person acting as collector, shall at 
once cause an investigation and a re- 
port to be made in writing by at least 
two -.customs officers touching the 
identity and quantity of fruit or per- 
ishable goods condemned, and unless 
proof to ascertain the shortage or 
nonimportation of fruit or perishable 
goods shail have been lodged as herein - 
required, or if the importer or his 
agent fails to notify the collector of 
such condemnation proceedings as 
herein provided, proof of such shortage 
or nonimportation shall not be deemed 
established and no allowance shall be 
made in the liquidation of duties 
chargeable thereon, 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. _ 875 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Compliance with the regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury pursuant to this paragraph is a condition precedent to 
allowance of duties. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 198, 209, of 1912; 6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 420, of 1915.) 

The mode of proof and the time for filing the certificate of the 
board of health are prescribed in the law and are not a matter of 
administrative regulation. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 253, of 1913.) 

“ Fruit or other perishable articles” is not restricted to such fruits 
as are perishable. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 247, of 1913.) For instance, 
olives in brine, which will keep two or three years, and dried figs, 
which will keep six months to a year, are within its meaning. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37904, of 1919.) 

The adjective “‘ perishable,” when used as descriptive of commodi- 
ties, primarily signifies a natural liability to speedy deterioration or 
decay, as is the case with fruit, fish, and similar articles, rather than 
the general tendency to deterioration or decay from age or excep- 
tional circumstances which is common to most, if not all, edible 
articles. The term was employed with reference to the class of 
merchantable commodities to which a given importation may be- 
long, rather than to the exceptional, perhaps latent, condition of the - 
particular importation when exported. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 
38216, of 1919.) 

Goods sought to be abandoned must then be deliverable. (4 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 51, of 1913.) 

Goods lost overboard while unloading after accruai of duties are 
not within this paragraph. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 51, of 1913.) But 
grapes are, notwithstanding the provision making them dutiable by 
capacity of the packages. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 265, of 1912; 4 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 116, of 1913.) But allowance is not to be computed upon the 
percentage which the decayed grapes bear to the entire quantity of 
grapes in the container, but the percentage which such decayed 
part bears to the cubical capacity of the container. (G. A. 7684, T. D. 
35133, of 1915.) Allowance in lemons and oranges is not made when 
the quantity remaining is still within the prescribed limits of the 
package. . (G..A. 7830, T. D. 36002, of 1915; T. D. 34241, of 1914; 
G. A.8172, T. D. 37657, of 1918.) 

“Invoice”? within the paragraph is that upon which entry is made. 
(GAL 7523, T. D. 34032, .of 1913.) 
iy. cargo, or part thereof, so far destroyed as to be of no commercial 
value at the time of importation is not imported merchandise and is 
not subject to duties. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 38216, of 1919, 
and cases therein cited.) The facts must be established by evidence 
in each case. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 386, of 1911; 3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 209, 
of 1912.) To protect the revenue claims should be clearly made out. 
(5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 173, of 1914; 4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 102, of 1913.) 

Shortage reported by the appraiser in accordance with section 2921 
of the Revised Statutes must be allowed for by the collector in the 
assessment of duties. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37990, of 1919.) 
Allowance must also be made where nonperishable merchandise is re- 
ported by the appraiser to have no commercial value. (T. D. 35701, 
of 1915.) Notice must be given by the importer after, not before, con- 
demnation (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 24, of 1913) and be seasonably filed and 
supported by evidence (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 420, of 1915). 


876 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


A broken marble statue which can be put together has some value 
for other ‘purposes than remanufacture, within this provision. (Ab- 


stract 36580, of 1914.) 


PARAGRAPH Y. REFUND. 


ACT OF 1909. 


32. That whenever it shall 
be shown to the satisfaction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury that, in 
any case of unascertained or estimated 
duties, or payments made upon appeal, 
more money has been paid to or de- 
posited with a collector of customs 
than, as has been ascertained by final 
liquidation thereof, the law required 
to be paid or deposited, the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall direct the Treas- 
urer to refund and pay the same out 
of any money in the Treasury not 
otherwise appropriated. The necessary 
moneys therefor are hereby appro- 
priated, and this appropriation shall 
be deemed a permanent indefinite ap- 
propriation ; and the Secretary of the 
Treasury is hereby authorized to cor- 
rect manifest clerical errors in any 
entry or liquidation for or against the 
United States, at any time within one 
year of the date of such entry, but 
“not afterwards: Provided, That the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall, in his 
annual report to Congress, give a de- 
tailed statement of the various sums 
of money refunded under the provi- 
sions of this Act or of any other Act 
of Congress relating to the revenue, 
together with copies of the rulings 
under which repayments were made. 


SUBSEC, 


ACT OF 1918. 


Y. That whenever it shall be 
shown to the satisfaction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury that, in 
any case of unascertained or estimated 
duties, or payments made upon appeal, 
more money has been paid to or de- 
posited with a collector of customs 
than, as has been ascertained by final 
liquidation thereof, the law required 
to be paid or deposited, the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall direct the Treas- 
urer to refund and pay the same out 
of any money in the Treasury not 
otherwise appropriated. The necessary 
moneys therefor are hereby appro- 
priated, and this appropriation shall 
be deemed a permanent indefinite ap- 
propriation ; and the Secretary of the 
Treasury is hereby authorized to cor- 
rect manifest clerical errors in any 
entry or liquidation for or against the 
United States, at any time within one 
year of the date of such entry, but 
not afterwards: Provided, That the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall, in his 
annual report to Congress, give a de- 
tailed statement of the various sums 
of money refunded under the pro- 
visions of this Act or of any other Act 
of Congress relating to. the revenue, 
together with copies of the rulings 
under which repayments were made. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The determination of manifest clerical errors is not solely vested 


in the Secretary of the Treasury. 


and the Court of Customs Appeals also have jurisdiction. 


Appls., 223, of 1913.) 


The Board of General Appraisers - 
(4 Ct. Cust. » 


After goods have been entered for consumption, have paid duty, 
and have constructively, at least, entered into the commerce of the 
country their subsequent exportation does not entitle the importer to . 


a repayment of the duties that were collected. 
(See ‘par. I, Sec. III.) 


—, T. D. 38015, of 1919.) 


(9 Ct. Cust. Appls. 


PARAGRAPH Z. OFFICERS NOT LIABLE. 


SuBsec, 24, That from and after the 
taking effect of this Act no collector or 
other officer of the customs shall be 
in any way liable to any owner, im- 
porter, consignee, or agent of any mer- 
chandise, or any other person, for or 
on account of any rulings or decisions 
as to the classification of said mer- 
chandise or the duties charged thereon, 
or the collection of any dues, charges, 
or dutics on or on account of said mer- 


Z. That from and after the tak- 
ing effect. of this Act no collector or 
other ofiicer of the customs shall be 
in any way liable to any owner, im- 
porter, consignee, or agent of any mer- 
chandise, or any other person, for or 
on account of any rulings or decisions 
as to the classification of said mer- 
chandise or the duties charged thereon, 
or the collection of any dues, charges, 
or duties on or on account of said mer- 





| 
: 
{ 
; 
| 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 877 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


chandise, or any other matter or thing 
as to which said owner, importer, con- 
signee, or agent of such merchandise 
might, under this Act, be entitled to 
appeal from the decision of said col- 
lector or. other officer, or from any 
board of appraisers provided for in 
this Act, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


chandise, or any other matter or thing 
as to which said owner, importer, con- 
signee, or agent of such merchandise 
might, under this Act, be entitled to 
appeal from the decision of said col- 
lector or other officer, or from any 
board of appraisers. 


PARAGRAPH AA. IMPROPER INFLUENCE. 


ACT OF 1999. 


SuBsHC. 25. That any person who 


shall give, or offer to give, or promise 


to give, any money or thing of value, 
directly or indirectly, to any officer or 
employee of the United States in con- 
sideration of or for any act or omis- 
sion contrary to law in connection with 
or pertaining to the importation, ap- 
praisement, entry, examination, or in- 
spection of goods, wares, or merchan- 
dise, including herein any baggage or 
of the liquidation of the entry thereof, 
or shall by threats or demands or 
promises of any character attempt to 
improperly influence or control any 
such officer or employee of the United 
States as to the performance of his 
official duties shall, on conviction 
thereof, be fined not exceeding $2,000, 
or be imprisoned at hard labor not 
more than one year, or both, in the 
discretion of, the court; and evidence 
of such giving, or offering, or promis- 
ing to give, satisfactory to the court 
in which such trial is had, shall be 
regarded as prima facie evidence that 
such giving or offering or promising 
was contrary to law, and shall put 
upon the accused the burden of prov- 
ing that such act was innocent and 
not done with an unlawful intention. 


ACT OF 19158. 


AA, That any person who shall 
give, or offer to give, or promise 
to give, any money or thing of value, 
directly or indirectly, to any officer or 
employee of the United States in con- 
sideration of or for any act or omis- 
sion contrary to law in connection with 
or pertaining to the importation, ap- 
praisement, entry, examination, or in- 
spection of goods, wares, or merchan- 
dise, including herein any baggage or 
of the liquidation of the entry thereof, 
or shall by threats or demands or 
promises of any character attempt to 
improperly influence or control any 
such officer or employee of the United 
States as to the performance of his 
official duties shall, on conviction 
thereof, be fined not exceeding $2,000, 
or be imprisoned at hard labor not 
more than one year, or both, in the 
discretion of the court; and evidence 
of such giving, or offering, or promis- 
ing to give, satisfactory to the court 
in which such trial is had, shall be 
regarded as prima facie evidence that 
such giving or offering or promising 
was contrary to law, and shall put 
upon the accused the burden of proy- 
ing that such act was innocent and 
not done with an unlawful intention, 


PARAGRAPH BB. SOLICITING, RECHIVING, ETC. 


SupseEc. 26, That any officer or em- 
ployee of the United States who shall, 
excepting for lawful duties or fees, 
solicit, demand, exact, or _ receive 
from any person, directly or indirectly, 
any money or thing of value in con- 
nection with or pertaining to the im- 
portation, appraisement, entry, exami- 
nation, or inspection of goods, wares, 
or merchandise, including herein any 
baggage or liquidation of the entry 
thereof, on conviction thereof shall be 
fined not exceeding $5,000, or be im- 
prisoned at hard labor not more than 
two years, or both, in the discretion of 
the court; and evidence of such So- 
liciting, demanding, exacting, or re- 
ceiving, satisfactory to the court in 
which such trial is had, shall be re- 
garded as prima facie evidence that 
such soliciting, demanding, exacting, 


BB. That any officer.or employee of. 
the United States who shall, except- 
ing for lawful duties or fees, solicit, 
demand, exact, or receive from any 
person, directly or indirectly, any 
money or thing of value in connection 
with or pertaining to the importation, 
appraisement, entry, examination, or 
inspection of goods, wares, or mer- 
chandise, including herein any bag- 
gage or liquidation of the entry 
thereof, on conviction thereof shall 
be fined not exceeding $5,000, or be 
imprisoned at hard labor not more 
than two years, or both, in the discre- 
tion of the court; and ‘evidence of 
such soliciting, demanding, exacting, 
cr receiving, satisfactory to the court 
in which such trial is had, shall be 
regarded as prima facie evidence that 
such soliciting, demanding, exacting, 


878 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


or receiving was contrary to law, and 
shall put upon the accused the bur- 
den of proving that such act was in- 
nocent and not with an unlawful in- 
tention. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


or receiving was contrary to law, and 
shall put upon the aeecused the bur- 
den of proving that such act was in- 
nocent and not with an unlawful in- 
tention. 


PARAGRAPH CC. BAGGAGE IN TRANSIT. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sussrec. 27. That any baggage or 
personal effects arriving in the United 
States in transit to any foreign coun- 
try may be delivered by the parties 
baving it in charge to the collector of 
the proper district, to be by him re- 
tained, without the payment or exac- 
tion of any import duty, or to be 
forwardeée by such eollector to the col- 
‘leetor of the port of departure and to 
be delivered to such parties on their 
ceparture for their foreign destina- 
tien, under such rules and regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe. 


ACT OF 19158. 


CC. That any baggage or personal 
effects arriving in the United States 
in transit to any foreign country may 
be delivered by the parties having it 
in charge to the collector of the 
proper district, to be by him retained, 
without the payment or exaction of 
any import duty, or to be forwarded 
by such colleetor to the collector of 
the port of departure and to be de- 
livered to svch parties on their de- 
parture for their foreign destination, 
under such rules and regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe. 


} 
) 
: 
; 
4 





ee a 


SECTION IV. SPECIAL PROVISIONS. 


PARAGRAPH A. RECIPROCITY AGREEMENTS. 


ACT OF 19069. 


Sree. 4. Fhat the President shall 
have power and it shall be his duty to 
give notice, within ten days after the 
passage of this Act, to all foreign 
countries with which commercial agree- 
ments in conformity with the author- 
ity granted by section three of the Act 
entitled, ‘‘An Act to provide revenue 
for the Government and to encourage 
the industries of the United States,” 
approved July twenty-fourth, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-seven, have been 
or shall have been entered into, of the 
intention of the United States to ter- 
minate such agreement at a time spec- 
ified in such notice, which time shali 
in no case, except as hereinafter pro- 
vided, be longer than the period of 
time specified in such agreements re- 
spectively for notice for their termina- 
tion; and upon the expiration of the 
periods when such notice of termina- 
tion shall become effective the suspen- 
sion of duties provided for in such 
agreements shall be revoked, and 
thereafter importations from said 


countries shail be subjeet to no other } 


conditions or rates of duty than those 
prescribed by this Act and such other 
Acts of Congress as may be continued 
in foree: Provided, That until the ex- 
piration of the period when the notice 
of intention to terminate hereinbefore 
provided for shall have become effec- 
tive, or until such date prior thereto 
as the high contracting parties may by 
mutual consent select, the terms of 
said commercial agreements shall re- 
main in force: And provided further, 
That in the case of those commercial 
agreements or arrangements made in 
accordance with the provisions of sec- 
tion three of the tariff Act of the 
United States approved July twenty- 
fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
seven, which contain no stipulations 
in regard to their termination by dip- 
lomatic action, the President is au- 
thorized to give to the Governments 
concerned a notice of termination of 
six months, which notice shall date 
from April thirtieth, nineteen hundred 
end nine. 


ACT OF 1918, 


A. That for the purpose of read- 
justing the present duties on importa- 
tions into the United States and at 
the same time to encourage the export 
trade of this. country, the President of 
the United States is authorized and 
empowered to negotiate trade agree- 
ments with foreign nations. wherein 
mutual concessions are made looking 
toward freer trade relations and fur- 
ther reciprocal expansion of trade and 
ecommerce: Provided, however, That 
said trade agreements before becoming 
operative shall be submitted to the 
Congress of the United States for rat- 
ification or rejection. 


879 


880 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


PARAGRAPH B. CUBAN TREATY. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 3. That nothing in this Act 
contained shall be so construed as to 
abrogate or in any manner impair or 
affect the provisions of the treaty of 
commercial reciprocity concluded be- 
tween the United States and the Re- 
public of Cuba on the eleventh day of 
December, nineteen hundred and two, 
or the provisions of the Act of Con- 
gress heretofore passed for the execu- 
tion of the same. 


ACT OF 19158. 


B. That nothing in this Act con- 
tained shall be so construed as to 
abrogate or in any manner impair or 
affect the provisions of the treaty of 
commercial reciprocity concluded be- 
tween the United States and the Re- 
public of Cuba on the eleventh day of 
December, nineteen hundred and two, 
or the provisions of the Act of Con- 
gress heretofore passed for the execu- 
tion of the same except as to the pro- 





viso of article eight of said treaty, 
which proviso is hereby abrogated and 
repealed. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Cuban sugar is admitted at a reduction of 20 per cent from the rates 
provided in paragraph 177. (T. D. 84214, of 1914.) To secure the ben- 
efit of the reduced rate provided for in Article II of the treaty with 
Cuba for merchandise which has been transshipped at a foreign port, 
it must be shown that the merchandise did not enter into or become a 
part of the commerce of that country. (G. A. 7529, T. D. 34125, of 
1914. ) ron 

Old scrap iron imported from Cuba was held to be dutiable, it not 
being shown to be-a product of the United States not advanced in 
value or improved in condition ; it also was held not entitled to the 20 
per cent reduction, there being nothing in the record showing that the 
merchandise was a product of the soil or industry of Cuba. (4 Ct. - 
Cust. Appls., 500, of 1913.) 

Scrap iron, the result of wear and tear in the pursuit of various in- 
dustries in the Republic of Cuba, is a product of the industry of that 
country within the meaning of Article II of a convention entered into 
between the United States and the Republic of Cuba March 31, 1903 
(T. D. 24836, of 1902), and as such was held to be dutiable under the 
act of 1909, when imported into the United States, at a reduction of 20 
per cent of the regular rate provided therefor. (G. A. 7419, T. D. 33116, 
of 1913.) Like decision has been made with respect to scrap zine. 
(Abstract 38890, of 1915; 7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 508, of 1916; Abstract 
39955, of 1916.) . 

The Philippine Islands are not included in the term “ other coun- 
tries” used in Article VIII of the commercial convention between 
Cuba and the United States. The preferential rates granted to Cuba 
under the convention of 1908 relate only to duties on imports from 
countries foreign to the United States. The provisions of Article VIII 
of said cohvention will not be construed to give to Cuba an advantage 
over shipments coming into the United States from a part of its own 
territory. (221 U. S., 649, of 1911.) 

(See par. 177 and subsec. 7, par. J, Sec. IV.) 


PARAGRAPH C. GOODS FROM THE PHILIPPINES. 


Sec. 5. That there shall be levied, C. That there shall be levied, col- 
collected, and paid upon all articles | lected, and paid upon all articles com- 
coming into the United States from | ing into the United States from the 
the Philippine Islands the rates of | Philippine Islands the rates of duty 


duty which are required to be levied, | which are required to be levied, col- 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 881 


4 


a 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


collected, and paid upon like articles 
imported from foreign countries: Pro- 
vided, That, except as otherwise here- 
inafter provided, all articles, the 
growth or product of or manufactured 
in the Philippine Islands from mate- 
rials the growth or product of the 
Philippine Islands or of the United 
States, or of both, or which do not 
contain foreign materials to the value 
of more than 20 per centum of their 
total value, upon which no drawback 
of customs duties has been allowed 
therein, coming into the United States 
from the Philippine Islands shall here- 
after be admitted free of duty, except 
rice, and except, in any fiscal year, sugar 
in excess of three hundred thousand 
gross tons, wrapper tobacco and filler to- 
bacco when mixed or packed with more 
than 15 per centum of wrapper tobacco 
in excess of three hundred thousand 
pounds, filler tobacco in excess of 
one million pounds, and cigars in 
excess of one hundred and fifty mil- 
lion cigars, which quantities shall be 
ascertained by the Secretary of the 
Treasury under such rules and regu- 
lations as he shall prescribe: And 
provided further, That sugar, refined 
or unrefined, and tobacco, manufac- 
tured or unmanufactured, imported 
into the Philippine Islands from for- 
eign countries, shall be dutiable at 
rates of import duty therein not less 
than the rates of import duty im- 
posed upon sugar and tobacco in like 
forms when imported into the United 
States: And provided further, That, 
under rules and regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, preference in the right of free 
entry of sugar to be imported into the 
United States from the Philippine 
Islands, as provided herein, shall be 
given, first, to the producers of less 
than five hundred gross tons in any 
fiscal year, then to producers of the 
lowest output in excess of five hun- 
dred: gross tons in any fiscal year: 
Provided, however, That in considera- 
tion of the exemptions aforesaid, all 
articles, the growth, product, or manu- 
facture of the United States, upon 
which no drawback of customs duties 
has been allowed therein, shall be 
admitted to the Philippine Islands 
from the United States free of duty: 
And provided further, That the free 
admission, herein provided, of such 
articles, the growth, product, or man- 
ufacture of the United States, into 
the Philippine Islands, or of the 
growth, product, or manufacture, as 
hereinbefore defined, of the Philippine 


184911°—20 56 





ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


lected, and paid upon like articles 
imported from foreign countries: 
Provided, That all articles, the growth 
or product of or manufactured in 
the Philippine Islands from materials 
the growth or product of: the Philip- 
pine Islands or of the United States, 
or of both, or which do not contain 
foreign materials to the value of more 
than 20 per centum of their total 
value, upon which no drawback of cus- 
toms duties has been allowed therein, 
coming into the United States from 
the Philippine Islands shall hereafter 
be admitted free of duty: Provided, 
however, That in consideration of the 
exemptions aforesaid, all articles, the 
growth, product, or manufacture of 
the United States, upon which no 
drawback of customs duties has been 
allowed therein, shall be admitted to 
the Philippine Islands from the United 
States free of duty: And provided fur- 
ther, That the free admission, herein 
provided, of such articles, the growth, 
product, or manufacture of the United 
States, into the Philippine Islands, or 
of the growth, product, or manufac- 
ture, aS hereinbefore defined, of the 
Philippine Islands into the United 
States, shall be conditioned upon the 
direct shipment thereof, under a 
through bill of lading, from the coun- 
try of origin to the country of desti- 
nation: Provided, That direct ship- 
ment shall include shipments in bond 
through foreign territory contiguous 
to the United States: Provided, how- 
ever, That if such articles become un- 
packed while en route by accident, 
wreck, or other casualty, or so dam- 
aged as to necessitate their repacking, 
the same shall be admitted free of 
duty upon satisfactory proof that the 
unpacking occurred through accident 
or necessity and that the merchandise 
involved is the identical- merchandise 
originally shipped from the United 
States or the Philippine Islands, as 
the case may be, and that its condi- 
tion has not been changed except for 
such damage aS may have been sus- 
tained: And provided, That’ there 
shall be levied, collected, and paid, in 
the United States, upon articles, 
goods, wares, or merchandise coming 
into the United States from the Philip- 
pine Islands, a tax equal to the inter- 
nal-revenue tax imposed in the United 
States upon the like articles, goods, 
wares, or merchandise of domestic 
manufacture; such tax to be paid by 
internal-revenue stamp or stamps, to 
be provided by the Commissioner of 
Internal Revenue, and to be affixed 


882 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


Islands into the United States, shall 
be conditioned upon the direct ship- 
ment thereof from the country of 
origin to the country of destination: 
Provided, That direct shipment shall 


include shipments in bond through 
foreign territory eontiguous to the 


United States: Provided, however, 
That if such articles become unpacked 
while en route by accident, wreck, or 
other casualty, or so damaged as to 
necessitate their repacking, the same 
shall be admitted free of duty upon 
satisfactory proof that the unpacking 
occurred through accident or neces- 
sity and that the merchandise involved 
is the identical merchandise originally 
shipped from the United States or 
the Philippine Islands, as the case 
may be, and that its condition has not 
been changed except for such damage 
as may have been sustained: And pro- 
vided further, That all articles, the 
growth, product, or manufacture, as 
hereinbefore defined, of the Philippine 
Islands, admitted into the ports of 
the United States free of duty under 
the provisions of this section and 
shipped as hereinbefore provided from 
said islands to the United States for 
use and consumption therein, shall be 
hereafter exempt from the payment of 
any export duties imposed in the Phil- 
ippine Islands: And provided further, 
That there shall be levied, collected, 
and paid, in the United States, upon 
articles, goods, wares, or merchandise 
coming into the United States from 
the Philippine Islands, a tax equal to 
the internal-revenue tax imposed In 
the United States upon the like ar- 
ticles, goods, wares, or merchandise of 
domestic manufacture; such tax to be 
paid by internal-revenue stamp or 
stamps, to be provided by the Commis- 
sioner of Internal Revenue, and to be 
affixed in such manner and under such 
regulations as he, with the approval 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall 
prescribe; and such articles, goods, 
wares, or merchandise, shipped from 
said islands to the United States, shall 
be exempt from the payment of any 
tax imposed by the internal-revenue 
laws of the Philippine Islands: And 
provided further, That there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, upon articles, goods, 
wares, or merchandise going into the 
Philippine Islands from the United 
States, a tax equal to the internal- 
revenue tax imposed in the Philippine 
Islands upon the like articles, goods, 
wares, or merchandise of Philippine 
Islands manufacture; such tax to be 
paid by internal-revenue stamps or 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


in such manner and under such regu- 
lations as he, with the approval of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, shall pre- 
scribe ; and such articles, goods, wares, 
or merchandise, shipped from _ said 
islands to the United States, shali be 
exempt from the payment of any tax 
imposed by the internal-revenue laws 
of the Philippine Islands: And pro- 
vided further, That there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, upon articles, goods, 
wares, or merchandise going into the 
Philippine Islands from the United ~ 
States, a tax equal to the internal- 
revenue tax imposed in the Philip- 
pine Islands, upon the like articles, 
goods, wares, or merchandise of Phil- 
ippine Islands manufacture; such tax 
tu be paid by internal-reyenue stamps 
or otherwise, as provided by the laws 
in the Philippine Islands; and such 
articles, goods, wares, or merchandise - 
going into the Philippine Islands from 
the United States shall be exempt 
from the payment of any tax imposed 
by the internal-revenue laws of the 
United States: And provided further, 
That in addition to the customs taxes 
imposed in the Philippine Islands, there 
shall be levied, collected, and paid 
therein upon articles, goods, wares, or 
merchandise imported into the Philip- 
pine Islands from countries other than 
the United States, the internal-revenue 
tax imposed by the Philippine Govern- 
ment on like articles manufactured 
and consumed in the Philippine Islands 
or shipped thereto for consumption 
therein, from the United States: And 
provided further, That from and after 
the passage of this Act all internal 
revenues collected in or for account 
of the Philippine Islands shall accrue 
intact to the general government 
thereof and be paid into the insular 
treasury: And provided further, That 
section thirteen of “An Act to raise 
revenue for the Philippine Islands. and 
for other purposes,” approved August 
fifth, nineteen hundred and nine, is 
hereby : repealed. 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 883 


ACT OF 1909 





Continued. ACT OF 1918. 


otherwise, as provided by the laws in 
the Philippine Islands, and such ar- 
ticles, goods, wares, or merchandise 
going into the Philippine Islands from 
the United States shall be exempt from 
the payment of any tax imposed by 
the internal-revenue laws of the 
United States: And provided further, 
That, in addition to the customs taxes 
imposed in the Philippine Islands, 
there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid therein upon _ articles, + goods, 
wares, or merchandise, imported into 
the Philippine Islands from countries 
other than the United States, the 
internal-revenue tax imposed by the 
Philippine government on like articles 
manufactured and consumed in the 
Philippine Islands or shipped thereto, 
for consumption therein, from the 
United States: And provided further, 
Yhat from and after the passage of 
this Act all internal revenues collected 
in or for account of the Philippine 
Islands shall accrue intact to the gen- ° 
eral government thereof and be paid 
into the insular treasury, and shall 
only be allotted and paid out there- 
from in accordance with future acts 
of the Philippine Legislature, subject, 
however, to section seven of the Act 
of Congress approved July first, nine- 
teen hundred and two, entitled “An 
Act temporarily to provide for the ad- 
ministration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, 
and for other purposes”: And pro- 
vided further, That, until action by 
the Philippine Legislature, approved 
by Congress, internal revenues paid 
into the insular treasury, as_ herein- 
before provided, shall be allotted and 
paid out by the Philippine Commis- 
sion. 2 ‘ 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The Philippine Islands ceased to be foreign territory within the 
meaning of the tariff laws upon exchange of ratifications of the treaty 
of peace with Spain on April 11, 1899.. (183 U. S., 176, of 1901.) The 
insurrection thereafter did not give to the islands the character of 
foreign countries. (202 U. S., 484, of 1906.) ‘In dealing with the Phil- 
ippines, Congress has power to delegate legislative authority to such 
agencies as it may select. (206 U.S., 370, of 1907.) 

“ Direct shipment” does not require transportation from the Philip- 
pine Islands to the United States in a single bottom. Merchandise 
transshipped at Hongkong in course of transportation to the United 
States was held to be directly shipped. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 450, of 
1911; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 100, of 1911.) 

Importations into the Philippine Islands and goods going there from 
the United States are subject to acts of Congress which virtually treat 
those insular possessions as foreign territory for customs purposes. 

(See pars. B, I, and O.) 


884 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH D. PORTO RICO. 


ACT OF 1909. 


See paragraph O, Section IY. 


PARAGRAPH E. 


Sec, 6. That whenever any country, 
dependency, colony, province or other 
political subdivision of government 
shall pay or bestow, directly or in- 
directly, any bounty or grant upon 
the exportation of any article or mer- 
chandise from such country, depend- 
ency, colony, province, or other politi- 
eal subdivision of government, and 
such article or merchandise is dutia- 
ble under the provisions of this Act, 
then upon the importation of any such 
‘article or merchandise into the United 
States, whether the same shall be 
imported directly from the country 
of production or otherwise, and 
whether such article or merchandise 
is imported in the same condition as 
when exported from the country of 
production or has been changed in con- 
dition by remanufacture or otherwise, 
there shall be levied and paid, in all 
such cases, in addition to the duties 
otherwise imposed by this Act, an ad- 
ditional duty equal to the net amount 
of such bounty or grant, however the 
same be paid or bestowed. The net 
amount of all such bounties or grants 
shall be from time to time ascertained, 
determined, and declared by the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, who shall make 
all needful regulations for the identi- 
fication of such articles and merchan- 
dise and for the assessment and col- 
lection of such additional duties, 


ACT OF 19138. 


D. That articles, goods, wares, or 
merchandise going into Porto Rico 
from the United States shall be ex- 
empted from the payment of any tax 
imposed by the internal-revenue laws 
of the United States. 


BOUNTY. 


EK. That whenever any country, de- 
pendency, colony, province, or other 
political subdivision of government 
shall pay or bestow, directly or in- 
directly, any bounty or grant upon 
the exportation of any article or mer- 
chandise from such country, depend- 
ency, colony, province, or other politi- 
cal subdivision of government, and 
such article or merchandise is dutiable 
under the provisions of this Act, then 
upon the importation of any such - 
article or merchandise into the United 
States, whether the same shall be im- 
ported directly from the country of 
production or otherwise, and whether 
such article or merchandise is im- 
ported in the same condition as when - 
exported from the country of produc- 
tion or has been changed in condition 
by remanufacture or otherwise, there 
shall be levied and paid, in all such 
cases, in addition to the duties other- 
wise imposed by this Act, an additional 
duty equal to the net amount of such 
bounty or grant, however the same 
be paid or bestowed. The net amount 
of all such bounties or grants shall 
be from time to time ascertained, de- 
termined, and declared by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, who shalf! make 
all needful regulations for the identi- 
fication of such articles and merchan- 
dise and for the assessment and col- 





lection of such additional duties, 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A bounty may be direct, as where a certain amount is paid upon 
the exportation of particular articles, or indirect, by the remission 
of taxes upon the exportation of articles subjected to a tax when sold 
or consumed in the country of production. (187 U. S., 496, of 1903.) 
Whether a bounty or grant is paid or bestowed is a question of law 
for judicial determination, but the question lies in its initiative with 
the Secretary of the Treasury (113 Fed., 144, of 1902, affirmed in 187 
U. S., 496, of 1903), whose determination of the amount is final (1 ot. 
Cust. Appls., 242, of 1911). 

Countervailing duty has been held to aniie under this paragraph 
in the act of 1913 to codfish roe the product of French fisheries (T. D. 
87088, of 1917) and to wine and bottles containing wine and its de- 
rivatives originating in Portugal, including the Madeira Islands and 


a ee oe ee Een Ce. ee 


885 


the Azores (T. D. 37314 and 37336, of 1917; T. D. 87575, of 1918), 
but not to combed wool and tops from Australia (T. D. 37264, of 
1917) nor to sugar produced in the Netherlands (T. D. 34678, of 
1914) nor to split peas grown in Argentina and imported from Ger- 
many (Abstract 38919, of 1915). (See par. 322. 

A diminution of weight from natural evaporation is not a change 
in condition by ‘ remanufacture or otherwise.” (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
116, of 1911.) 

The allowance of three pence and five pence per gallon made by 
Great Britain on exportation of certain British spirits, if not a 
“bounty,” is a “grant” within this paragraph, notwithstanding that 
such allowance may be intended merely as compensation to distillers 
and rectifiers for costs due to British excise regulations and not 
confined to cases of exportation. (249 U. S., 34, of 1919.) 


PARAGRAPH F. MARKING OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ee ee ee ee ee 


— 


ee es 


a eS = 


/ 


ee 


7 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec, 7. That all articles of foreign 
manufacture or production, which are 
capable of being marked, stamped, 
branded, or labeled, without injury, 
shall be marked, stamped, branded, 
or labeled in legible English words, in 
a conspicuous place that shall not be 
covered or obscured by any subse- 
quent attachments or arrangements, 
so as to indicate the country of origin. 
Said marking, stamping, branding, or 
labeling shall be as nearly indelible 
and permanent as the nature of the 
article will permit. 

All packages containing imported 
articles shall be marked, stamped, 
branded, or labeled so as to indicate 
legibly and plainly, in English words, 
the country of origin and the quantity 
of their contents, and until marked in 
accordance with the directions pre- 
seribed in this section no article or 
packages shall be delivered to the im- 
porter. 

Should any article or package of im- 
ported merchandise be marked, 
stamped, branded, or labeled so as not 
accurately to indicate the quantity, 
number, or measurement actually con- 
tained in such article or package, no 
delivery of the same shall be made to 
the importer until the mark, stamp, 
brand, or label, as the case may be, 
shall be changed so as to conform to 
the facts of the case. 

The Secretary of the Treasury shall 
prescribe the necessary rules and regu- 
Jations to carry out the foregoing pro- 
vision. 

Src. 8. If any person shall fraudu- 
lently violate any of the provisions of 
this Act relating to the marking, 
stamping, branding, or labeling of any 
imported articles or packages; or shali 
fraudulently deface, ,destroy, remove, 


ACT OF 1913. 


¥F. Suspsne. 1. That all articles of 
foreign manufacture or _ production, 
which are capable of being marked, 
stamped, branded, or labeled, without 
injury, shall be marked, stamped, 
branded, or labeled in legible English 
words, in a conspicuous: place that 
shall not be covered or obscured by 
any subsequent attachments or ar- 
rangements, so as to indicate the coun- 
try of origin. Said marking, stamp- 
ing, branding, or labeling shall be as 
nearly indelible and permanent as the 
nature of the article wlil permit. 

All packages containing imported 
articles shall be marked, stamped, 
branded, or labeled so as to indicate 
legibly and plainly, in English words, 
the country of origin and the quantity 
of their contents, and until marked in 
accordance with the directions pre- 
scribed in this section no articles or 
packages shall be delivered to the im- 
porter. 

Should any article or package of im- 
ported merchandise be marked, 
stamped, branded, or labeled so as 
not accurately to indicate the quantity, 
number, or measurement actually con- 
tained in such article or package, no 
delivery of the same shall be made 
to the importer until the mark, stamp, 
brand, or label, as the case may be, 
shall be changed so as to conform 
to the facts of the case. 

The Secretary of the Treasury shall 
prescribe the necessary rules and regu- 
lations to carry out the foregoing pro- 
vision. 

Suspsrec. 2. If ‘any person shall 
fraudulently violate any of the pro- 
visions of this Act relating to the 
marking, stamping, branding, or 
labeling of any imported articles or 
packages; or shall fraudulently deface, 


886 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


alter, or obliterate any such marks, 
stamps, brands, or labels with intent 
to conceal the information given by or 
contained in such marks, stamps, 
brands, or labels, he shall upon convic- 
tion be fined in any sum not exceeding 
$5,000, or be imprisoned for any time 
not exceeding one year, or both. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continned. 


destroy, remove, alter, or obliterate 
any such marks, stamps, brands, or 
labels with intent to conceal the in- 
formation given by or contained in 
such marks, stamps, brands, or labels, 
he shall upon conviction be fined in 
any sum not exceeding $5,000, or be 
imprisoned for any time not exceeding 


one year, or both, 
INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The purpose of this paragraph is twofold: To protect the domestic 
manufacturer against encroachment upon his trade-mark and the 
public from the imposition of imported articles assuming domestic 
names. (24 Op. Atty. Genl, 551, of 1902.) 

Articles produced in Japan and marked with the word ‘“ Nippon ” 
are legally marked under this provision. (T. D. 84740, of 1914.) 
Articles manufactured or produced in the Philippine Islands are 
not required to be marked to indicate the country of origin. (T. D. 
37449, of 1917.) Hnameled ware is required to be permanently and 
indelibly marked to indicate the country of origin under this provision, 
except small articles packed six or more to the package and intended 
to be sold at retail in such package, in which case the package is to 
be marked. (T. D. 35649, of 1915, modifying T. D. 30029, of 1909.) 
Fabric gloves capable of being marked without injury should be re- 
quired to be marked to indicate the country of origin. If imprac- 
ticable to mark the gloves without injury, the bands and cartons should 
be marked. (T. D. 37586, of 1918.) Chinaware and porcelain not 
marked to indicate the country of origin at the time of importation 
may be released when marked by means of a gummed label or with a 
rubber stamp. (T. D. 36989, of 1917.) Fountain pens capable in the 
condition as imported of being indelibly and permanently marked to 
indicate the country of origin should be so marked. If not susceptible 
of permanent marking they may be labeled. (T. D. 36970, of 1917.) 
Among other articles that have been held to require marking under 
this provision are the following: Books (T. D. 34994, of 1914) ; base- 
balls, whether bearing any marking or not (T. D. 36863, of 1916); 


and surgical instruments (T. D. 37262 and 37307, of 1917). 
(See pars. 128, 180, and 161, Sec. I.) 


PARAGRAPH G. OBSCENE ARTICLES—ABORTIVE DRUGS. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 9. That all persons are pro- 
hibited from importing into the United 
States from any foreign country any 
obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writ- 
ing, advertisement, circular, print, pic- 
ture, drawing, or other representation, 
figure, or image on or of paper or 
other material, or any cast, instru- 
ment, or other article of an immoral 
nature, or any drug or medicine, or 
any article whatever for the preven- 
tion of conception or for causing un- 
lawful abortion, or any lottery ticket, 
or any advertisement of any lottery. 
No such articles, whether imported 
separately or contained in packages 


ACT OF 1913. 


G. Sussrc. i. That all persons are 
prohibited from importing into the 
United States from any foreign coun- 
try any obscene book, pamphlet; paper, 
writing, advertisement, circular, print, 
picture, drawing, or other representa- 
tion, figure, or image on or of paper or 
other material, or any cast, instru- 
ment, or other article of an immoral 
nature, or any drug or medicine, or 
any article whatever for the preven- 
tion of conception or for causing un- 
lawful abortion, or any lottery ticket, 
or any advertisement of any lottery. 
No such articles, whether imported 
separately or contained in packages 


a te 


ae 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 887 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


with other goods entitled to entry, 
shail be admitted to entry; and all 
such articles shall be proceeded 
against, seized, and forfeited by due 
course of law. -All such prohibited 
articles and the package in which they 
are contained in the course of impor- 
tation shall be detained by the officer 
of customs, and proceedings taken 
against the same as hereinafter pre- 
scribed, unless it appears to the satis- 
faction of the collector of customs 
that the obscene articles contained in 
the package were inclosed therein 
without the knowledge or consent of 
the importer, owner, agent, or con- 
signee: Provided, That the drugs here- 
inbefore mentioned, when imported in 
bulk and not put up for any of the 
purposes hereinbefore specified, are 
excepted from the operation of this 
section. 

Sec. 10. That whoever, being an of- 
fieer, agent, or employee of the Gov- 
ernment of the United States, shall 
knowingly aid or abet any person en- 
gaged in any violation of any of the 
provisions of law prohibiting import- 
ing, advertising, dealing in, exhibiting, 
or sending or receiving by mail ob- 
scene or indecent publications or rep- 
resentations, or means for preventing 
eonception or procuring abortion, or 
other articles of indecent or immoral 
use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and shall for every 
offense be punishable by a fine of not 
more than $5,000, or by imprisonment 
at hard labor for not more than ten 
years, or both. 

Sec. 11. That any judge of any dis- 
trict or circuit court of the United 
States, within the proper district, be- 
fore whom complaint in writing of 
any violation of the two preceding 
sections is made, to the satisfaction 
of such judge, and founded on knowl- 
edge or belief, and if upon _ belief, 
setting forth the grounds of such be- 
lief, and supported by oath or affirma- 
tion of the complainant, may issue, 
econformably to the Constitution, a 
warrant directed to the marshal or 
any deputy marshal in the proper dis- 
trict, directing him to search for, 
seize, and take possession of any such 
article or thing mentioned in the two 
preceding sections, and to make due 


and immediate return thereof, to the 


end that the same may be condemned 
and destroyed by proceedings, which 
shall be conducted in the Same manner 
as other proceedings in the case of 
municipal seizure, and with the same 
right of appeal or writ of error. 


‘ 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


with other goods entitied to entry, 
shall be admitted to entry; and all 
such articles shall be proceeded 
gainst, seized, and forfeited by due 
course of law. All such prohibited 
articles and the package in which they 
are contained in the course of impor- 
tation shall be detained by the officer 
of customs, and proceedings taken 
against the same as hereinafter pre- 
seribed, unless it appears to the satis- 
faction of the collector of customs that 
the obscene articles contained in the 
package were inclosed therein without 
the knowledge or consent of the im- 
porter, owner, agent, or consignee: 
Provided, That the drugs hereinbefore 
mentioned, when imported in bulk and 
not put up for any of the purposes 
hereinbefore specified, are excepted 
from the operation of this subsection. 


- SusBssec, 2. That whoever, being an 
officer, agent, or employee of the Gov- 
ernment of the United States, shall 
knowingly aid or abet any person en- 
gaged in any violation of any of the 
provisions of law prohibiting import- 
ing, advertising, dealing in, exhibiting, 
or sending or receiving by mail ob- 
scene or indecent publications or rep- 
resentations, or means for preventing 
conception or procuring abortion, or 
other artieles of indecent or immoral 
use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and shall for every 
offense be punishable by a fine of not 
more than $5,000, or by imprisonment 
at hard labor for not more than ten 
years, or both. 

SupsgHc. 8. That any circuit or dis- 
trict judge of the United States, 
within the proper district, before 
whom complaint in writing of any 
violation of the two preceding sec- 
tions is made, to the satisfaction of 
such judge, and founded on knowledge 
or belief, and if upon belief, setting 
forth the grounds of such belief, and 
supported by oath or affirmation of 
the complainant, may issue, conform- 
ably to the Constitution, a warrant 
directed to the marshal or any deputy 
marshal in the proper district, direct- 
ing him to search for, seize, and take 
possession of any such article or 
thing mentioned in the two preceding 
sections, and to make due and imme- 
diate return thereof, to the end that 
the same may be condemned and de- 
stroyed by proceedings, which shall be 
conducted in the same manner as 
other proceedings in the case of mu- 
nicipal seizure, and with the same 
right of appeal or writ of error. 


883 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


See sections 237 and 245 of the Criminal Code, act of March 4, 1909, 


for fine or imprisonment or both. 


The provisions of subsection 2 are like section 102 of the Crimi- 


nal Code, act of March 4, 1909. 


PARAGRAPH H. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 12. That the importation of 
neat cattle and the hides of neat 
cattle from any foreign country into 
the United States is prohibited: Pro- 
vided, That the operation of this sec- 
tion shall be suspended as to any 
foreign country or countries, or any 
parts of such country or countries, 
whenever the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury Shall officially determine, and give 
public notice thereof, that such im- 
portation will not tend to the intro- 
duction or spread of contagious or 
infectious diseases among the cattle 
of the United States; and the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is hereby author- 
ized and empowered, and it shall be 
his duty, to make all necessary orders 
and regulations to carry this section 
into effect, or to suspend the same as 
herein provided, and to send copies 
thereof to the proper officers in the 
United States and to such officers or 
agents of the United States in foreign 
countries as he shall judge necessary. 

Src. 13. That any person convicted 
of a willful violation of any of the 
provisions of the preceding section 
shall be fined not exceeding $500, or 
imprisoned not exceeding one year, or 
both, in the discretion of the court. 


INTERPRETATION 


(See subsec. 1, par. G, Sec. IV.) 


NEAT CATTLE. 
ACT OF 1913. 


H. Supsec. 1. That the importation 
of neat cattle and the hides of neat 
cattle from any foreign country into 
the United States is prohibited: Pro- 
vided, That the operation of this sec- 
tion shall be suspended as to any 
foreign country or countries, or any 
parts of such country or countries, 
whenever the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall officially determine, and give 
publie notice thereof, that such im- 
portation will not tend to the intro- 
duction or spread of contagious or 
infectious diseases among the cattle 
of the United States; and the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is hereby author- 
ized and empowered, and it shall be 
his duty, to make all necessary orders 
and regulations to carry this section 
into effect, or to suspend the same as 
herein provided, and to send copies 
thereof to the proper officers in .the 
United States and to such officers or 
agents of the United States in foreign 
countries as he shall judge necessary. 

Supsec. 2. That any person con- 
victed of a willful violation of any of 
the provisions of the preceding subsec- 
tion shall be fined not exceeding $500, 
or imprisoned not exceeding one year, 
or both, in the discretion of the 
court. : 


AND COMMENTS. 


The Secretary of the Treasury has from time to time suspended the 





prohibition against the importation of neat cattle from foreign coun- 
tries, and such cattle and other animals are admissible under regula- 
tions governing their quarantine and inspection issued by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture under the act of February 2, 1908. (T. D. 30053, 
of 1909, and art. 507, Custom Regulations of 1915.) The importation 
of the hides of neat cattle is under regulations issued, upon the recom- 
mendation of the Secretary of Agriculture, in pursuance of the said 


act of February 2, 1903. 
Regulations of 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH I. 


Sec. 14. That all goods, wares, ar- 
ticles, and merchandise manufactured 
wholly or in part in any foreign coun- 
try by convict labor shall not be enti- 
tled to entry at any of the ports of 
the United States, and the importa- 
tion thereof is hereby prohibited, and 
the Secretary of the Treasury is au- 
thorized and directed to prescribe such 
regulations as may be necessary for 
the enforcement of this provision, 


(T. D. 80053, of 1909, and art. 510, Customs 


CONVICT-MADE GOODS. 


I. That all goods, wares, articles, 
and merchandise manufactured wholly 
or in part in any foreign country by 
convict labor shall not be entitled to 
entry at any of the ports of the United 
States, and the importation thereof is 
hereby prohibited, and the Secretary 
of the Treasury is authorized and di- 
rected to prescribe such regulations 
as may be necessary for the enforce- 
ment of this provision. 


iT a are 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


889 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


Entry of products of convict labor is denied. If not exported, pro- 
ceedings will be instituted for their condemnation and destruction. 
(T. D. 22310, of 1900; T. D. 23462, of 1902.) 

Before excluding merchandise alleged to be the product of convict 


paragraph. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 15. That a discriminating duty 

of 10 per centum ad valorem, in addi- 
tion to the duties imposed by law, 
*shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
all goods, wares, or merchandise which 
shall be imported in vessels not of the 
United States, or which being the pro- 
duction or manufacture of any foreign 
country not contiguous to the United 
States, shall come into the United 
States from such contiguous country ; 
but this discriminating duty shall not 
apply to goods, wares, or merchandise 
which shall be imported in vessels 
not of the United States entitled at 
the time of such importation by treaty 
or convention or Act of Congress to 
be entered in the ports of the United 
States on payment of the same duties 
as shall then be payable on goods, 
wares, and merchandise imported in 
vessels of the United States, nor to 
such foreign products or manufactures 
as shall be imported from such con- 
tiguous countries in the usual course 
of strictly retail trade. 

Sec. 16. That no goods, wares, or 
merchandise, unless in cases provided 
for by treaty, shall be imported into 

-the United States from any foreign 
port or place, except in vessels of the 
United States, or in such foreign ves- 
sels as truly and wholly belong to 
the citizens or subjects of that country 
of which the goods are the growth, 
production or manufacture, or from 
which such goods, wares, or merchan- 
dise can only be, or most usually are, 
first shipped for transportation. All 
goods, wares, or merchandise imported 
contrary to this section, and the vessel 
wherein the same shall be imported, 
together with her cargo, tackle, ap- 
parel, and furniture, shall be for- 
feited to the United States; and such 
goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or 
vessel, and cargo shall be liable to be 
seized, prosecuted, and condemned in 
like manner, and under the same regu- 
lations, restrictions, and provisions as 
have been heretofore established for 
the recovery, collection, distribution, 


§ 


labor all evidence relating to particular entries must be forwarded to 
the Treasury Department for consideration. 

The Philippine Islands are not. 
(28 Op. Atty. Gen., 422; T. D. 31071, of 1910.) 


(T. D. 33889, of 1913.) 
a “foreign country” within. this 


PARAGRAPH J. DISCRIMINATING DUTY—VESSELS. 


ACT OF 1918. 


J. Suspsrec. 1. That a discriminating 
duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, in 
addition to the duties imposed by law, 
shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
all goods, wares, or merchandise which 
shall be imported in vessels not of the 
United States, or which being the pro- 
duction or manufacture of any foreign 
country not contiguous to the United 
States, shall come into the United 
States from such contiguous country ; 
but this discriminating duty shall not 
apply to goods, wares, or merchandise 
which shall be imported in vessels not 
of the United States entitled at the 
time of such importation by treaty or 
convention or Act of Congress to be 
entered in the ports of the United 
States on payment of the same duties 
as shall then be payable on goods, 
wares, and merchandise imported in 
vessels of the United States, nor to 
such foreign products or manufactures 
as shall be imported from such con- 
tiguous countries in the usual course 
of strictly retail trade. 

Suspsec. 2. That no goods, wares, or 
merchandise, unless in cases provided 
for by treaty, shall be imported into 
the United States from any foreign 
port or place, except in vessels of the 
United States, or in such foreign ves- 
sels as truly and wholly belong to 
the citizens or subjects of that coun- 
try of which the goods are the growth, 
production, or manufacture, or from 
which such goods, wares, or merchan- 
dise can only be, or most usually are, 


first shipped for transportation. All 
goods, wares, or merchandise im- 
ported contrary to this section, and 


the vessel wherein the same shell be 
imported, together with her cargo, 
tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall 
be forfeited to the United States; and 
such goods, wares, or merchandise, 
ship, or vessel, and cargo shall be 
liable to be seized, prosecuted, and con- 
demned in like manner, and under 
the same regulations, restrictions, and 
provisions as have been heretofore 
established for the recovery, collec- 


890 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


and remission of forfeitures to the 
United States by the several revenue 
laws. 

Smc. 17. That the preceding section 
shall not apply to vessels or goods, 
wares, or merchandise imported in 
vessels of a foreign nation which does 
not maintain a similar regulation 
against vessels of the United States. 


Sec. 18. That machinery for repair 
may be imported into the United 
‘States without payment of duty, un- 
der bond, to be given in double the 
appraised value thereof, te be with- 
drawn and exported after said ma- 
chinery shall have been repaired; and 
the Secretary of the Treasury is au- 
thorized and directed to prescribe such 
rules and regulations aS may be neces- 
sary to protect the revenue against 
fraud and secure the identity and 
character of all such importations 
when again withdrawn and exported, 
restricting and limiting the export and 
withdrawal to the same port of entry 
where imported, and also limiting all 
bonds to a period of time of not more 
than six months from the date of the 
importation. °* 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


tion, distribution, and remission of 
forfeitures to the United States by 
the several revenue laws. 

Supgsec. 8. That the preceding sub- 
section shall not apply to vessels or 
goods, wares, or merchandise imported 
in vessels of a foreign nation which 
does not maintain a similar regulation 
against vessels of the United States. 


SuspsgEc. 4. That machinery or other 
articles to be altered or repaired, 
molders’ patterns for use in the man- 
ufacture of castings intended to be 
and actually exported within six 
months from the date of importation 
thereof, models of women’s wearing 
apparel imported by manufacturers fore 
use as models in their own establish- 
ments, and not for sale, samples solely 
for use in taking orders for merchan- 
dise, articles intended solely for ex- 
perimental purposes, and automobiles, 
motor cycles, bicycles, aeroplanes, air- 
ships, balloons, motor boats, racing 
shells, teams, and saddle horses, and 
similar vehicles and craft brought 
temporarily into the United States by 
nonresidents for touring purposes or 
fer the purpose of taking part in races 
or other specific contests, may be ad- 
mitted without the payment of duty 
under bond for their exportation 
within six months from the date of 
importation and under such regula- 
tions and subject to such conditions 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe: Provided, That no artiele 
shall be entitled to entry under this 
section that is intended for sale or 
which is imported for sale on ap- 
proval. 





INVERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The provisions of subsections 1 and 2 of this paragraph were re- 
pealed by the act of March 4, 1915, so far as they relate to foreign- 
built vessels owned by citizens of the United States, provided that 
the vessel after entering an American port shall, before leaving the 
same, be registered as a vessel of the United States. (T. D. 35206, 
of 1915.) 

The discriminating duty provided by subsection i is imposed 
only on specific instructions issued by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
(Art. 631, Customs Regulations of 1915.) 

Models of women’s wearing apparel imported and used as models in 
the importers’ manufacturing establishments and sold abroad and ex- 
ported within six months are entitled to free entry under subsec- 
tion 4 as having been imported “for use as models * * *, and not 
for sale.” (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 430, of 1918.) A certain garment im-_ 
ported under this provision and assessed with duty, beeause the tag 
and seal placed upon it by the examiner in compliance with the regu- 
lation had apparently been broken, was held free of duty, it being 


* than as models. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 891 


shown by the record, including the testimony of the examiner who 
examined it upon exportation, that every requirement of the provision 
had been complied with and that the garment had never entered into 
the commerce of the United States, but was only used as a model and 
exported within the period fixed by statute. (Abstract 40084, of 1916.) 
But when women’s wearing apparel, entered in bond as being for 
use as models and not for sale, is presented for exportation and the 
seals affixed in accordance with the regulations have been tampered 
with and the cards attached pursuant to same have been cut, it must 
be presumed that the identification marks had been designedly inter- 
fered with to facilitate the use of the apparel for some purpose other 
f , T. D. 37848, of 1918.) 
Models of women’s wearing apparel as to which there was no definite 
intention on the part of the importer at the time of the importation to 
export, but rather an intention to rent to his customers such of the 
gowns as they desired, sell such as he found sale for, and use as models 
in his own establishment such as he chose to use or did not rent out or 





‘sell, are not entitled to free entry under this provision. (G. A. 8289, 


T. D. 38145, of 1919.) An appeal is pending. A model gown used 
otherwise than in the establishment of the importer is not entitled to 
the privilege of free exemption. If there be any doubt as to the proper 
construction of the statute granting a privilege or exemption to the 
citizen, then that construction must be adopted which is most advan- 
tageous to the interests of the Government. (G. A. 8088, T. D. 37318, 
of 1917.) Regulations governing the importation and exportation of 
models of women’s wearing apparel under this provision have been 
issued by the Treasury Department. (T. D. 36794, of 1916, revok- 
ing T. D. 342738, of 1914, and modifying T. D. 33806, of 1913.) 
Unset diamonds and other precious stones imported for repairs are 
entitled under certain conditions to admission free of duty under 
this subsection. (T. D. 85872, of 1915.) JAlachinery imported for 
testing material was held to be imported for experimental pur- 
poses under this provision. (T. D. 87261, of 1917.) Merchandise 
imported for alteration becomes dutiable under this provision if 
not exported at expiration of the six months’ bond, but may be 
entered for warehousing, the warehouse period to run from the date 
of original importation. (T. D. 37256, of 1917.) A position depres- 
sion finder, a scientific invention imported under an agreement with 
the War Department to test the same upon its arrival in order that it 
might be exported if not satisfactory, was held dutiable after the six 
months’ period, the protest asking for an extension of the bond to en- 
able the test to be made being overruled. (Abstract 48152, of 1919.) A 
horse, sulky, cot, and cart brought from Canada under a six months’ 
bond for exportation and used for exhibition purposes, but not ex- 
ported within the six months’ limit because of the sickness of the horse, 


were held dutiable, the Board having no power to extend the privilege 
beyond that given by the law. (Abstract 438142, of 1919.) Automo- 


biles entered under article 422 of the Customs Regulations of 1915 may 
be subsequently entered under this provision. (T. D. 37931, of 1919.) 
Duty is to be assessed upon all samples unless the same are articles 
of the character entitled to admission free of duty under some para- 
graph of the free list or under bond under this provision. (T. D. 36896, 
of 1916.) Small skeins of silk yarn of various colors arranged in 


892 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


book form which represent shades in which silk fabrics may be manu- 
factured and the only use for which is by salesmen in taking orders 
for such silk fabrics are entitled to free entry as ‘‘ samples solely 
for use in taking orders for merchandise” under this provision. 


(G, A. 7921, T. D. 36488, of 1916.) 


(See subsec. 5, par. J, Sec. IV.) 


PARAGRAPH J. DISCRIMINATING DUTY—VESSELS—Contd. 


ACT OF 1969. 


Sec. 19. That all materials of for- 
eign production which may be neces- 
sary for the construction of vessels 
built in the United States for foreign 
eceount and ownership, or for the pur- 
pose of being employed in the foreign 
trade, including the trade between the 
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the 
United States, and all such materials 
necessary for the building of their 
machinery, and all articles necessary 
for their outfit and equipment, may 
be imported in bond under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury may prescribe; and upon proof 
that such materials have been used 
for such purposes no duties shall be 
paid thereon. But vessels receiving 
the benefit of this section shall not be 
allowed to engage in the coastwise 
trade of the United States more than 
Six months in any one year except 
upon the payment to the United 
States of the duties of which a 
rebate is herein allowed: Provided, 
That vessels built in the United States 
for foreign account and ownership 
shall not be allowed to engage in the 
coastwise trade of the United States. 


Sec. 20. Fhat all articles of foreign 
production needed for the repair of 
American vessels engaged in foreign 
trade, including the trade between the 
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the 
United States, may be withdrawn 
from bonded warehouses free of duty, 
under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Theasury may prescribe, 


ACT OF 1913. 


Suspsec. 5. That all materials of 
foreign production which may be nec- 
essary for the construction of naval 
vessels or other vessels of the United 
States, vessels built in the United 
States for foreign account and owner- 
Ship, or for the purpose of being em- 
ployed in the foreign or domestic 
trade, and all such materials neces- 
sary for the building of their ma- 
chinery, and all articles necessary for 
their outfit and equipment, may be im+ 
ported in bond under such regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe; and upon proof that such 


materials have been used for such 
purposes no duties shall be paid 
thereon. 


SuBSEC. 6. That all articles of for- 
eign production needed for the repair 
of naval vessels of, or other vessels 
owned or used by, the United States 
and vessels now or hereafter regis- 
tered under the laws of the United 
States may be withdrawn from bonded 
warehouses free of duty, under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe. 


Suspsec. 7. That a discount of 5 
per centum on all duties imposed by 
this Act shall be allowed on such 
goods, wares, and merchandise as shall 
be imported in vessels admitted to - 
registration under the laws of the, 
United States: Provided, That noth- 
ing in this subsection shall be so con- 
strued as to abrogate or in any manner 
impair or affect the provisions of any 
treaty concluded between the United 
States and any foreign nation. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 893 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


A complete marine engine is not ‘materials’ and is not free of 
duty under subsection 5. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 223, of 1916.) 

Engines imported for installation in American vessels are not free 
under this provision as either materials necessary for the construc- 
tion of such vessels or as articles necessary for their outfit and 
equipment. Paragraph J treats the vessel, its machinery, and its 
outfit and equipment as three independent entities. The machinery 
and outfit and equipment of a vessel can not be considered as 
materials for building it; articles of outfit or equipment can not be 
classified as machinery ; and nothing which is machinery comes within 
the description of outfit and equipment. Materials for construction 
of vessels mean such as are used by shipbuilding yards. The ma- 
chinery of a vessel necessarily includes engines which propel it. (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 342, of 1918.) 

Motor engines for the propulsion of vessels are not entitled to free 
entry under subsection 5 when intended for vessels under con- 
struction, but may be withdrawn free of duty under subsection 6 
when for the repair of vessels already built. (T. D. 35740, of 1915.) 

Parts of a complete marine engine for use in the construction of 
four American-built vessels which require nine such engines were 
imported, but the bedplate and crank shaft were short shipped and 
came in another shipment more than a month later. As there was 
no evidence to show that all the parts were not installed as one 
complete engine, the merchandise was held not free as outfit and 
equipment or machinery-building materials under this provision. (8 
Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1918.) 

Parts of marine engines imported at separate times and in separate 
vessels, but making a complete engine when assembled in this coun- 
try, were held free of duty under this provision as materials neces- 
sary for the construction of vessels built in the United States and 
materials necessary for the building of their machinery. (G. A. 8286, 
T. D. 38128, of 1919.) An appeal is pending from this decision. 
(T. D. 38130, of 1919.) 

Hydroaeroplanes were held to be-vessels within the meaning of 
subsections 5 and 6 of this paragraph, but not aeroplanes other than 
hydroaeroplanes. (T. D. 36156, of 1916.) Subsequently it was held 
that aeroplanes or hydroaeroplanes brought into the United States 
under their own power are to be treated for customs purposes the 
same as automobiles driven across the border and that they may be 
granted temporary permit under article 422 of the Customs Regu- 
lations, and may be entered for touring purposes under subsection 
4 of this paragraph; but that when purchased abroad and brought 
into the United States for permanent use they are dutiable as though 
imported in the ordinary course. (T. D. 37930, of 1919.) 

A fan and two engines, constituting a forced-draft apparatus, which 
were installed in a vessel being built, were held entitled to free entry 
as materials under subsection 5. (T. D. 38135, of 1919.) An appeal 
is pending. (T. D. 38157, of 1919.) 

A trawl is not a part of the vessel which draws it, but is equip- 


ment of the vessel. Trawls imported for repairs were held not free 


of duty as repair parts of American vessels under subsection 6 of this 
paragraph. The importers abandoned their claim under subsection 5. 


894 


(7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 166, of 1916.) In a: later case regarding an 
importation of linoleum held free under subsection 5 the words re- 
lating to outfit and equipment of naval vessels or other vessels of the 
United States, etc., were held to refer to all such vessels and not just 
to those being outfitted and equipped for the first time. (8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 128, of 1917.) 

Regulations under subsections 5 and 6 have been promulgated. 
(T. D. 84150, of 1914, and 35700, of 1915.) This provision expressly 
provides that the free admission of merchandise there provided for 
shall be under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe, and the regulations when made by the Secretary have the 
force and effect of law. Such regulations, however, should have a 
reasonable rather than a technical construction. (G. A. 8083, T. D. 
37295, of 1917.) 

The wording of subsection 5 and subsection 6 involves many close 
points of distinction, such as what constitutes articles, materials, 
outfit and equipment, repairs, etc., which have resulted in much 
litigation. Subsection 5 provides for ‘“ materials” for construction of 
the vesselS and machinery and for “articles” for their outfit and 
equipment, while subsection 6 provides for “ articles” for repairs of 
the various vessels. Differences in administrative treatment are also 
involved under the two subsections. 'The difficulties would be greatly 
reduced by eliminating the distinction between “ articles ” and ‘‘ mate- 
rials” and placing the various items on the same basis, as far as” 
practicable, and the two subsections might also be combined and given 
the same administrative treatment. 

“Wireless apparatus imported to replace inefficient apparatus upon 
American vessels mentioned in subsection 6 is free of duty as repairs 
for such vessels under the said provision. (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 442, of 
1917.) (See subsec. 5, par. J, Sec. IV.) 

The granting of the discount under subsection 7 is confined to 
goods in American bottoms and the effect of the proviso is to respect 
the treaty privileges with which such a grant would be in conflict, 
not by extending the grant to goods borne in foreign vessels, but by 
suspending the grant entirely while such privileges exist. (2438 U. S. 
97, of 1917.) Under this decision the subsection is ineffective. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


PARAGRAPH K. WAR-VESSEL SUPPLIES. 


ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1915. 


Sec. 21. That section twenty-nine 
hundred and eighty-two of the Re- 
vised Statutes of the United States 
be, and the same hereby is, amended 
to read as follows: 





“Sec. 2982. The privilege of pur- 
chasing supplies from public ware- 
houses, free of duty, and from bonded 
manufacturing warehouses, free of 
duty or of internal-revenue tax, as the 
case may be, shall be extended, under 
such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall prescribe, to the 
vessels of war of any nation in ports 
of the United States which may re- 
ciprocate such privileges toward the 
vessels of war of the United States in 
its ports.” 


K. The privilege of purchasing sup- 
plies from public warehouses, free of 
duty, and from bonded manufactur- 
ing warehouses, free of duty or of 
internal-revenue tax, as the case may 
be, shall be extended, under sueh regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe, to the vessels of 
war of any nation in ports of the 
United States which may reciprocate 
such privileges toward the vessels of 
war of the United States in its ports. 


~~ \ ee ee 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 895 


PARAGRAPH L. ABANDONED MERCHANDISE. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 22. That whenever any vessel 
laden with merchandise, in whole or 
in part subject to duty, has been sunk 
in any river, harbor, bay, or waters 
subject to the jurisdiction of the 
United States, and within its limits, 
for the period of two years, and is 
abandoned by the owner thereof, any 
person who may raise such vessel 
shall be permitted to bring any mer- 
chandise recovered therefrom into the 
port nearest to the place where such 
vessel was so raised free from the 
payment of any duty thereupon, but 
under such regulations as the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may prescribe. 


ACT GF 1913. 


kL. That whenever any vessel laden 
with merchandise, in whole or in part 
subject to duty, has been sunk in any 
river, harbor, bay, or waters subject 
to the jurisdiction of the United 
States, and within its limits, for the 
period of two years, and is abandoned 
by the owner thereof, any person who 
may raise such vessel shall be per- 
mitted to bring any merchandise re- 
covered therefrom into the port near- 
est to the place where such vessel 
was so raised free from the payment 
of any duty thereupon, but under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe. 


PARAGRAPH M. BONDED MANUFACTURING WARE- 
HOUSES. 


Sre. 23. That all articles manu- 
factured in whole or in part of im- 
ported materials, or of materials sub- 
ject to internal-revenue tax, and in- 
tended for exportation without being 
charged with duty, and without hay- 
ing an internal-revenue stamp afiixed 
thereto, shall, under such regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe, in order to be so manu- 
faetured and exported, be made and 
manufactured in bonded warehouses 
similar to those known and designated 
in Treasury Regulations as bonded 
warehouses, class six: Provided, That 
the manufacturer of such articles shall 
first give satisfactory bonds for the 
faithful observance of all the pro- 
visions of law and of such regulations 
as shall be prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury: Provided fur- 
ther, That the manufacture of dis- 
tilled spirits from grain, starch, 
molasses, or sugar, including all dilu- 
tions or mixtures of them or either of 
them, shall not be permitted in such 
manufacturing warehouses. 

Whenever goods manufactured in 
any bonded warehouse’ established 
under the provisions of the preced- 
ing paragraph shall be exported di- 
rectly therefrom or shall be duly laden 
for transportation and immediate ex- 
portation under the supervision of the 
proper officer who shall be duly desig- 
nated for that purpose, such goods 
shall be exempt from duty and from 
the requirements relating to revenue 
stamps. 

Any materials used in the manu- 
facture of such goods, and any pack- 
ages, coverings, vessels, brands, and 
labels used in putting up the same, 


’ 


M. That all articles manufactured 
in whole or in part of imported ma- 
terials, or of materials subject to in- 
ternal-revenue tax, and intended for 
exportation without being charged 
with duty, and without having an in- 
ternal-revenue stamp affixed thereto, 
shall, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
seribe, in order to be so manufactured 
and exported, be made and manufac- 
tured in bonded warehouses similar 
to those known and designated in 
Treasury Regulations as bonded ware- 
houses, class six: Provided, That the 
manufacturer of such articles shall 
first give satisfactory bonds for the 
faithful observanee of all the pro- 
visions of law and of such regulations 
as Shall be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury: Provided further, 
That the manufacture of distilled 
spirits from grain, starch, molasses, 
or sugar, including all dilutions or 
mixtures of them or either of them, 
shall not be permitted in such manu- 
facturing warehouses. 

Whenever goods manufactured in 
any bonded , warehouse’ established 
under the provisions of the preceding 
paragraph shall be exported directly 
therefrom or shall be duly laden for 
transportation and immediate exporta- 
tion under the supervision of the 
proper officer who shail be duly desig- 
nated for that purpose, such goods 
shall be exempt from duty and from 
the requirements relating to revenue 
stamps, 

Any materials used in the manufac- 
ture of such goods, and any packages, 
coverings, vessels, brands, and iabels 
used in putting up the same may, 


896 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


may, under the regulations of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, be con- 
veyed without the payment of revenue 
tax or duty into any bonded manu- 
facturing warehouse, and imported 
goods may, under the aforesaid regu- 
lations, be transferred without the ex- 
action of duty from any bonded ware- 
house into any bonded manufacturing 
warehouse; but this privilege shall 
not be held to apply to implements, 
machinery, or apparatus to be used in 
the construction or repair of any 
bonded manufacturing warehouse or 
for the prosecution of the business 
earried on therein. 

No articles or materials received 
into such bonded manufacturing ware- 
house shall be withdrawn or removed 
therefrom except for direct shipment 
and exportation or for transportation 
and immediate exportation in bond to 
foreign countries or to the Philippine 
Islands under the supervision of the 
officer duly designated therefor by the 
collector of the port, who shall certify 
to such shipment and exportation, or 
jladening for transportation, as the 
case may be, deseribing the articles 
by their mark or otherwise, the quan- 
tity, the date of exportation, and the 
name of the vessel: Provided, That 
the waste material or by-products in- 
cident to the processes of manufac- 
ture in said bonded warehouses may 
be withdrawn for domestic consump- 
tion on the payment of duty equal to 
the duty which would be assessed and 
collected, by law, if such waste or by- 
products were imported from a foreign 
country. All labor performed and 
‘services rendered under these provi- 
sions shall be under the supervision 
of a duly designated officer of the 
customs and at the expense of the 
manufacturer. 


A careful account shall be kept by 
the collector of all merchandise de- 
livered by him to any bonded manu- 
facturing warehouse, and a sworn 
monthly return, verified by the cus- 
toms officers in charge, shall be made 
by the manufacturers containing a de- 
tailed statement of all imported mer- 
chandise used by him in the manu- 
facture of exported articles. 

Before commencing business the pro- 
prietor of any manufacturing ware- 
house shall file with the Secretary of 
the Treasury a list of all the articles 
intended to be manufactured in such 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


under the regulations of the Secretary 
of the Treasury, be conveyed without 
the payment of revenue tax or duty 
into any bonded manufacturing ware- 
house, and imported goods may, under 
the aforesaid regulations, be trans- 
ferred without the exaction of duty 
from any bonded warehouse into any 
bonded manufacturing warehouse; but 
this privilege shall not be held to ap- 
ply to implements, machinery, or ap- 
paratus to be used in the construction 
or repair of any bonded manufacturing 
warehouse or for the prosecution of 
the business carried on therein. 


No articles or materials received 
into such bonded manufacturing ware- 
house shall be withdrawn or removed 
therefrom except for direct shipment 
and exportation or for transportation 
and immediate exportation in bond to 
foreign countries or to the Philippine 
Islands under the supervision of the 
officer duly designated therefor by the 
collector of the port, who shall certify 
to such shipment and exportation, or 
ladening for transportation, as the 
case may be, describing the articles 
by their mark or otherwise, the quan- 
tity, the date of exportation, and the 
name of the vessel: Provided, That 
the waste material or by-products in- 
cident to the processes of manufac- 
ture, including waste derived from 
cleaning rice in bonded warehouses un- 
der Act of March twenty-fourth, eigh- 
teen hundred and seventy-four, in 
said bonded warehouses may be with- 
drawn for domestic consumption on 
the payment of duty equal to the 
duty which would be assessed and col- 
lected, by law, if such waste or by- 
products were imported from a for- 
eign country. All labor performed and 
services rendered under these provi- 
sions shall be under the supervision 
of a duly designated officer of the 
customs and at the expense of the 
manufacturer. 

A careful account shall be kept by 
the collector of all merchandise de- 
livered by him to any bonded manu- 
facturing warehouse, and a sworn 
monthly return, verified by the cus- 
toms Officers in charge, shall be made 
by the manufacturers containing a 
detailed statement of all imported 
merchandise used by him in the man- 
ufacture of exported articles. 

Before commencing business the 
proprietor of any manufacturing 
warehouse shall file with the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury a list of all the 
articles intended to be manufactured 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 





ACT QF 1909—Continued. 


warehouse and state the formula of 
manufacture and the names and quan- 
tities of the ingredients to be used 
therein, 

Articles manufactured under these 
provisions may be withdrawn under 
such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may _ prescribe for 
transportation and delivery into any 
bonded warehouse at an exterior port 
for the sole purpose of immediate ex- 
port therefrom. 


The provisions of Revised Statutes 
thirty-four hundred and_ thirty-three 
shall, so far as may be practicable, 
apply to any bonded manufacturing 
warehouse established under this Act 
and to the merchandise conveyed 
therein. 


INTERPRETATION 


S97 


° 


ACT GF 1913—Continued. 


in such the 
the 


ingre- 


state 
and 
the 


warehouse, and 
formula of manufacture 
names and quantities of 
dients to be used therein. 

Articles manufactured under these 
provisions may be withdrawn. under 
such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may prescribe for ttans- 
portation and delivery into any 
bonded warehouse at an exterior port 
for the sole purpose of immediate ex- 
port therefrom: Provided, That cigars 
manufactured in whole of tobacco im- 
ported from any one country, made 
and manufactured in such bonded 
manufacturing warehouses, may be 
withdrawn for home — consumption 
upon the payment of the duties on 
such tobacco in its condition as im- 
ported under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
Scribe, and the payment of the internal- 
revenue tax accruing on such cigars 
in their. condition as withdrawn, and 
the boxes or packages containing such 
cigars Shall be stamped to indicate 
their character, origin of tobacco 
from which made, and place of manu- 
facture. 

The provisions of Revised Statutes 
thirty-four hundred and thirty-three 
shall, so far as may be practicable, 
apply to any bonded manufacturing 
warehouse established under this Act 
and to the merchandise conveyed 
therein. 


AND COMMENTS. 


The regulations in article T47 et seq. of the Customs Regulations of 
1915 have been. amended by permitting (1) the entry of merchandise 
direct from the importing vessel to a bonded manufacturing ware- 
house without appraisement (T. D. 86748, of 1916); (2) the serial 


number of the warehouse instead 


of the manufacturer’s name to be 


put on labels of cigar boxes (T. D. 36187, of 1916); and (8) exporta- 


tion of cigars, cheroots, cigarettes, 


parcel post (T. D. 35186, of 1915). 


PARAGRAPH N. BONDED 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 24. That the works of manu- 
facturers engaged in smelting or re- 
fining, or both, of ores and crude 
metals, may upon the giving of satis- 
factory bonds be designated as bonded 
smelting warehouses, Ores or crude 
metals may be removed from the ves- 
sel or other vehicle in which im- 
ported, or from a bonded warehouse, 
into a bonded smelting warehouse 
without the payment of duties thereon 
and there smelted or refined, or both, 
together with other ores or crude 
metais of home or foreign production : 

184911°—20— 


cs 
od 





and smoking and plug tobaccos by 


SMELTING WAREHOUSES. 


ACT OF 1918. 


N. Suspsnec. 1. That the works of 
manufacturers engaged in smelting or 
refining, or both, of ores and crude 
metals, may upon the giving of satis- 
factory bonds be designated as bonded 
smelting warehouses. Ores or crude 
metals may be removed from. the 
vessel or other vehicle in which im- 
ported, or from a bonded warehouse, 
into a bonded smelting warehouse 
without the payment of duties thereon 
and there smelted or refined, or both, 
together with ores or crude metals 
of home or foreign production: Pro- 


898 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


Provided, That the several charges 
against such bonds may be canceled 
upon the exportation or delivery to a 
bonded manufacturing warehouse, es- 
tablished under section twenty-three 
of this Act, of the actual amount of 
lead produced from the smelting or 
refining, or both, of such ores or crude 
metals: And provided further, That 
said lead may be withdrawn for do- 
mestic consumption or transferred to 
a bonded customs warehouse and with- 
drawn therefrom upon the payment 
of the duties chargeable against it in 
that condition : Provided further, That 
all labor performed and_ services ren- 
dered pursuant to this section shall 
be under the supervision of an ofiicer 
of the customs, to be appointed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and at 
the expense of the manufacturer: 
Provided further, That all regulations 
for the carrying out of this section 
shall be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


vided, That the bonds shall be charged 
with the amount of duties payable 
upon such ores and crude metals at 
the time of their importation, and 
the several charges against such bonds 
may be canceled upon the exportation 
or delivery to a bonded manufactur- 
ing warehouse established wnder para- 
graph M of this section of an amount 
of the same kind of metal equal to 
the actual amount of dutiable metal 


producible from the smelting or re- 


fining, or both, of such ores or crude 
metals as determined from time to 
time by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury: And provided further, That the 
said metals so producible, or any por- 
tion thereof, may be withdrawn for 
domestic consumption, or transferred 
to a bonded customs warehouse, and 
withdrawn therefrom, and the sey- 
eral charges against the bonds canh- 
celed upon the payment of the duties 
chargeable against an equivalent 
amount of ores or crude metals from 
which said metal would be producible 
in their condition as imported: And 
provided further, That on the arrival 
of the ores and crude metals at such 
establishments they shall be sampled 
and assayed according to commercial 


methods under the supervision of. 


Government officers, to be appointed 
by the Secretary of the Treasury and 
at the expense of the manufacturer: 
Provided further, That antimonial lead 
produced in said establishments may 
be withdrawn for consumption upon 
the payment,of the duties chargeable 
against it as type metal under ex- 
isting law and the charges against 
the bonds canceled in a similar sum: 
Provided further, That all labor per- 
formed and services rendered pursu- 
ant to this section shall be under the 
supervision of an officer of the cus- 
toms, to be appointed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, and at the ex- 
pense of the manufacturer: Provided 
further, That all regulations for the 
carrying out of this section shall be 


prescribed by the Secretary of the 


Treasury. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS, 


Regulations under this provision have been issued by the Treasury 


Department. 


(T. D. 35216, of 1915, embodied im articles. 779 to 800, 


inclusive, of the Customs Regulations of 1915, which were amended in 
T. D. 37546 and 37688, of 1918.) No wastage allowance is to be given 


under this provision until reports are filed, as provided in articles 5 
and 15, T. D. 35216, of 1915, and wastage allowances are established. 
by the department. (T. D. 35885, of 1915.) On the withdrawal of 
antimonial lead for consumption under this provision the bond is to be 





899 


< ae v wary, 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 
credited with an amount equal to the lead duties or duties on the im- 
ported metals, any difference from the duties to which the antimonial 
lead is subject, whether less or more, to be adjusted by additions or 
deductions. (T. D. 35709, of 1915.) The commercial assay of lead in 
ores has been held to be the wet assay, with a deduction of 14-units. 
(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 406, of 1918, and T. D. 37688, of 1918.) 

Owing to the difficulties involved in determining the actual wastage, 
fixed wastages for smelting and refining would be much more read- 
ily administered. This is especially true in view of the ruling in the 
above court case, as it is necessary to take into consideration the 14 
units on lead ores, unless the importers are not to account for the 
units deducted even though the remaining product of the ore is ex- 
ported. 

The question might also be considered whether the assay for lead 
ores should not be the same as for other ores and metals; that is, the 
wet assay without deduction, which would show actual lead content. 

Nore.—Subsection 2, internal-revenue provision, omitted. 


PARAGRAPH 0. DRAWBACK ON IMPORTED MATERIALS. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sec. 25. That where imported ma- 
terials on which duties have been paid 
are used in the manufacture of ar- 
ticles manufactured or produced in the 
United States, there shall be allowed 
on the exportation of such articles a 
drawback equal in amount to the 
duties paid on the materials used, less 
1 per centum of such duties: Pro- 
vided, That when the articles ex- 
ported are made in part from domestic 
materials the imported materials, or 
the parts of the articles made from 
such materials, shall so appear in the 
completed articles that the quantity 
or measure thereof may be ascer- 
tained: And provided further, That 
the drawback on any article allowed 
under existing law shall be continued 
at the rate herein provided. That the 
imported materials used in the manu- 
facture or production of articles en- 
titled to drawback of customs duties 
when exported shall, in all cases where 
drawback of duties paid on such ma- 
terials is claimed, be identified, the 
quantity of such materials used and 
the amount of duties paid thereon 
shall be ascertained, the-facts of the 
manufacture or production of such ar- 
ticles in the United States and their 
exportation therefrom shall be deter- 
mined, and the drawback due thereon 
shall be paid to the manufacturer, 
producer, or exporter, to the agent of 
either or to the person to whom such 
manufacturer, producer, exporter, or 
agent shall in writing order such 
drawback paid, under such regulations 
as the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
prescribe. 


. 





ACT OF 1913. 


O, That upon the 
articles manufactured 
the United States by the use of im- 
ported merchandise or materials upon 
which customs duties have been paid, 
the full amount of such duties paid 
upon the quantity of materials used 
in the manufacture or production of 
the exported product shall be re- 
funded as drawback, less 1 per centum 
of such duties: Provided, That where 
a principal product and a by-product 
result from the manipulation of im- 
ported material and only the by- 
product is exported, the proportion of 
the drawback distributed to such by- 
product shall not exceed the duty assess- 
able under this Act on a similar by- 
product of foreign origin if imported 
into the United States. Where no duty 
is assessable upon the importation of 
a corresponding by-product, no draw- 


exportation of 
or produced in 


-back shall be payable on such by-product 


produced from the imported mate- 
rial; if, however, the principal prod- 
uct is’ exported, then on the exporta- 
tion thereof there shall be refunded 
as drawback the whole of the duty 
paid on the imported material used 
in the production of both the princi- 
pal and the by-product, less 1 per 
cent, as hereinbefore provided: Pro- 
vided further, That when the articles 
exported are manufactured in part 
from domestic materials, the imported 
materials or the parts of the articles 
manufactured from such materials, 
shall so appear in the completed ar- 
ticles that the quantity or measure 
thereof may be ascertained: And pro- 
vided further, That the drawback on 


GOO SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
ACT OF 1909—Continued. ACT OF 1913—Continued. 
any article allowed under existing 


That on the exportation of medici- 
nal or toilet preparations (including 
perfumery) hereafter manufactured or 
produced in the United States in part 
from domestic alcohol on which an 
internal-revenue tax has been paid, 
there shall be allowed a drawback 
equal in amount to the tax found to 
have been paid on the alcohol so used: 
Provided, That no other than domes- 
tic tax-paid alcohol shall have been 
used in the manufacture or production 
of such preparations, Such drawback 
shall be determined and paid under 
such rules and regulations, and upon 
the filing of such notices, bonds, bills 
of lading, and other evidence of pay- 
ment of tax and exportation as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
seribe. 

That the provisions of this section 
shall apply to materials used in the 
construction and equipment of vessels 
built for foreign account and owner- 
ship, or for the government of any 
foreign country, notwithstanding that 
such vessels may not within the strict 
ineaning of the term be articles ex- 
ported. 


INTERPRETATION 


law shall be continued at the rate 
herein provided. That the imported 
materials used in the manufacture or 
production of articles entitled to draw- 
back of customs duties when exported 
shall, in all cases where drawback of 
Guties paid on such materials is 
claimed, be identified, the quantity of 
such materials used and the amount 
of duties paid thereon shall be ascer- 
tained, the facts of the manufacture or 
production of such articles in the 
United States and their exportation 
therefrom shall be determined, and the 
drawback due thereon shall be paid 
to the manufacturer, producer, or ex- 
porter, to the agent of either or to 
the person to whom such manufac- 
turer, producer, exporter, or agent 
shall in writing order such drawback 


paid, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 


scribe. 

That on the exportation of flavor- 
ing extracts, medicinal or toilet prep- 
arations (including perfumery) here- 
after manufactured or produced in the 
United States in part from domestic 
alcohol on which an internal-revenue 
tax has been paid, there shall be al- 
lowed a drawback equal in amount to 
the tax found to have been paid on 
the aleohol so used: Provided, That 
no other than domestic tax-paid alco- 
hol shall have been used in the manu- 
facture or production of such prepara- 
tions. Such drawback shall be deter- 
mined and paid under such rules and 
regulations, and upon the filing of 
such notices, bonds, bills of lading, 
and other evidence of payment of tax 
and exportation, as the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall prescribe. 

That the provisions of this section 
shall apply to materials used in the 
construction and equipment of ves- 
sels built for foreign account and 
ownership, or for the government of 
any foreign country, notwithstanding 
that such vessels may not within the 
strict meaning of the term be articles 
exported. 


AND COMMENTS. 


Draiwback is not allowed on deteriorated or unsalable merchandise 
withdrawn from domestic trade. (Op. Atty. Gen., T, D. 56932, of 1917.) 
Tutuila and Guam are not foreign countries within the meaning of 
the tariff laws, and merchandise shipped thereto is not entitled to 
drawback, nor can imported merchandise be withdrawn from bond in 
the United States for shipment to those islands without payment of 


duty: 


(Op. Atty. Gen., T. D. 33898, of 1913.) 


Drawback is allowed 


on articles for export upon which an internal-revenue tax has been 








or 
Pf 
as 


: SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 901 


paid when shipped to Porto Rico or to the Philippine Tslands, in 
accordance with the act of March 4, 1915 (T. D. 35316, of 1915), but 
not on shipments to the Virgin Islands. (T. D. 38059, of 1919.) Draw- 
back of duties is furthermore allowed on shipments to the Philippine 
Islands, under the act of March 8, 1902, sections 6 and 7 (art. 196, 
Customs Regulations of 1915), and on articles shipped to the Isthmian 
Canal Zone, which is not a possession of the United States within this 
act, but a place subject to its jurisdiction for maintenance of the 
eanal (T. D. 28315, of 1907; art. 201, Customs Regulations of 1915; 


27 Op. Atty Gen., 594, of 1909). 


The drawback regulations constitute a full chapter (XVIII) of the 
Customs Regulations of 1915. Amendments appear in T. D. 36178, 
36567, 36705, 36749, and 36755, of 1916; 86934, 37055, 37205, and 37327, 
of 1917; and 88028 and 88115, of 1919. 


PARAGRAPH P. REIMPORTED DOMESTIC ARTICLES. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Sue. 26. That upon the reimporta- 
tion of articles once exported, of the 
growth, product, or manufacture of 
the United States, upon which no in- 
ternal tax has been assessed or paid, 
or upon which such tax has been paid 
and refunded by allowance or draw- 
back, there shall be levied, collected, 
and paid a duty equal to the tax im- 
posed by the internal-revenue laws 
upon such articles, except articles 
manufactured in bonded warehouses 
and exported pursuant to law, which 
shall be subject to the same rate of 
duty as if originally imported, but 
proof of the identity of such articles 
shall be made under general regula- 
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 


INTERPRETATION 


ACT OF 19182. 


P, That upon the reimportation of 
articles once exported, of the growth, 
product, or manufacture of the United 
States, upon which no internal tax 
has been assessed or paid, or upon 
which such tax has been paid and 
refunded by allowance or drawback, 
there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid a duty equal to the tax imposed 


by the internal-revenue laws upon 


such articles, exeept articles manu- 
factured in bonded warehouses and 
exported pursuant to law, which shall 
be subject to the same rate of duty 
as if originally imported, but proof 
of the identity of such articles shall 
be made under general regulations to 
be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 


AND COMMENTS. 


Distilied spirits not exported in good faith are not entitled on their 


return to the United States to entry under this provision nor to ware- 
housing privileges. The shipment must have been made not only with 
the intention that the whisky should be landed in a foreign port but 
that it should enter into the commerce of some foreign country. 





(27 Op. Atty. Gen., 118; T. D. 29432, of 1908.) 


PARAGRAPH Q@. 


Spec. 29. That on and after the day 
when this Act shall go into effect all 
goods, wares, and merchandise pre- 
viously imported, for which no entry 
has been made, and all goods, wares, 
and merchandise previously entered 
without payment of duty and under 
bond for warehousing, transportation, 
or any other purpose, for which no 
permit of delivery to the importer or 
his agent has been issued, shall be 
subjected to the duties imposed by 
this Act and to no other duty, upon 


. 


GOODS IN BOND. 


Q. That on and after the day when 
this Act shall go into effect all goods, 
wares, and merchandise previously im- 
ported, for which no entry has been 
made, and all goods, wares, and mer- 
chandise previously entered without 
payment of duty and under bond for 
warehousing, transportation, or any 
other purpose, for which no permit of 
delivery to the importer or his agent 
has been issued, shall be subjected to 
the duties imposed by this Act and 
to no other duty, upon the: entry or 


902. 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


the entry or the withdrawal thereof: 
Provided, That when duties are based 
upon the weight of merchandise de- 
posited in any public or _ private 
bonded warehouse, said duties shall 
be levied and collected upon the 
weight of such merehandise at the 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


the withdrawal thereof: Provided, 
That when duties are based upon the 
weight of merchandise deposited in 
any public or private bonded ware- 
house, said duties shall be levied and 
collected upon the weight of such mer- 
chandise at the time of its entry. 


time of its entry. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


This paragraph was not repealed by, and should be applied in the 
administration of, the act of September 8, 1916. Dyes bonded before 
but withdrawn after the act of 1916 went into effect are accordingly 
dutiable under that act and not under the tariff act of 1913. (9 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., ; T. D. 37978, of 1919.) Merchandise is not im- 
ported for the purposes of this paragraph until it has passed beyond 
the custody and control of the customs officials and entered the 
custody and control of the importer, or his agent. Until then it is 
subject to new legislation. A permit of delivery has no legal efficacy 
until signed by the naval officer, and merchandise bonded before but 
withdrawn after the act of 1916 went into effect is likewise dutiable 
under that act rather than under the act of 1913. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls.,. 
; T. D. 87980, of 1919.) Coal-tar colors constructively in ware- 
house under an immediate transportation entry and entered for con- 
sumption on September 6, 1916, were in default of proof of payment 
of duty before the new act became effective, subject to the provisions 
of the act of 1916. (Abstract 42381, of 1918; see also T. D. 35171, of 
1915.) It was the purpose of Congress by the enactment of this 
paragraph to provide that all goods remaining in bonded warehouse 
for which no permit of delivery to the importers had been issued at 
the time of the passage of the act of 1913, should go upon the markets 
of this country with no heavier burdens than those to be imposed un- 
der the said act, upon later importations. (G. A. 7740, T. D. 35530, 
of 1915.) ‘* Payment of duty” relates to the final payment of duty 
after liquidation of the entry, and not to the payment of estimated 
duty. (Abstract 38978, of 1915.) 

An importer does not obtain a right to make entry of merchandise 
after office hours by reason of the fact that the collector’s office is 
open by special arrangement for the entry of a vessel. (G. A. 8186, 
T. D. 87722, of 1918.) - 

The actual tare of tobacco found at the time of entry for ware- 
housing rather than tare based on the weight some time after impor- 
tation and after storage of the tobacco in a room where water was 
used was held to be the proper tare under this paragraph. (Abstract 
37195, of 1915.) (See par. 644, See. I, and pars. I and §, See. III.) 


PARAGRAPH R. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 


R. That the President shall cause 
to be ascertained each year, the 
amount of imports and exports of the 
articles enumerated in the various — 
paragraphs in section one of this Act 
and cause an estimate to be made of 
the amount of the domestic produc- 
tion and consumption of said articles, 




















SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 903 


ACT OF 1909. 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


and where it is ascertained that the 
imports under any paragraph amount 
to less than 5 per centum of the 
domestic consumption of the articles 
enumerated he shall advise the Con- 
gress as: to the facts and his conclu- 
sions by special message, if deemed 
important in the public interest. 


PARAGRAPH S. REPEALING AND SAVING CLAUSES. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Snc, 28, Suspsec. 21. That all fees 
exacted and oaths administered by of- 
ficers of the customs, except as pro- 
vided in this Act, under or by virtue 
of existing laws of the United States, 
upon the entry of imported goods and 
the passing thereof through the cus- 
toms, and also upon all entries of do- 
mestic goods, wares, and merchandise 


_for exportation, be, and the same are 


hereby, abolished ; and in case of entry 
of merchandise for exportation, a dec- 
laration, in lieu of an oath, shall be 


* filed, in such form and under such 


regulations aS may be prescribed by 
the Secretary of the Treasury; and 
the penalties provided in the sixth’ sec- 
tion of this Act for false statements 
in such declaration shall be appli- 
cable to declarations made under this 
section: Provided, That where such 
fees, under existing laws, constitute, 
in whole or in part, the compensation 
of any officer, such officer shall receive, 
from and after the passage of this 
Act, a fixed sum for each year equal 
to the amount which he would have 
been entitled to receive as fees for 
such services during said year. 

Src. 28. Suspsec. 28. That sections 
twenty-six hundred and eight, twenty- 
eight hundred and thirty-eight, twenty- 
eight hundred and thirty-nine, twenty- 
eight hundred and forty-one, twenty- 
eight hundred and forty-three, twenty- 
eight hundred and forty-five, twenty- 
eight hundred and fifty-three, twenty- 
eight hundred and fifty-four, twenty- 
eight hundred and fifty-six, twenty- 
eight hundred and fifty-eight, twenty- 
eight hundred and sixty, twenty-nine 
hundred, twenty-nine hundred and 
two, twenty-nine hundred and five, 
twenty-nine hundred and_ seven, 
twenty-nine hundred and eight, twenty- 
nine hundred and nine, twenty-nine 
hundred and twenty-two, twenty-nine 
hundred and twenty-three, twenty- 
nine hundred and twenty-four, twenty- 
nine hundred and _ twenty-seven, 
twenty-nine hundred and twenty-nine, 
twenty-nine hundred and _. thirty, 
twenty-nine hundred and thirty-one, 
twenty-nine hundred and thirty-two, 
twenty-nine hundred and forty:three, 





ACT OF 1913. 


S. That, except as hereinafter pro- 
vided, sections one to forty-two both 
inclusive, of an Act entitled “An Act 
to provide revenue, equalize duties, 
and encourage the industries of the 
United States, and for other pur- 


/ poses,” approved August fifth, nine- 


teen hundred and nine, and all Acts 
and parts of Acts inconsistent with 
the provisions of this Act, are hereby 
repealed: Provided, That nothing in 
this Act shall be construed to permit 


| any oaths to be demanded or fees to 
| be charged except as provided in this 


Act or in section twenty-eight hundred 
and sixty-two of the Revised Statutes 


| of the United States, nor to repeal or 


in any manner affect the following 


numbered sections of the aforesaid Act 


approved August fifth, nineteen hun- 
dred and nine, viz: Subsection twenty- 


' nine of section twenty-eight and sub- 
; sequent laws and amendments relating 


to the establishment and continuance 


_of a customs court, subsection thirty 
| of section twenty-eight, providing for 


additional attorneys, subsection twelve 
of section twenty-eight and subsequent 


| provisions establishing a Board of 


General Appraisers of merchandise, 
sections thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, 
thirty-three, and thirty-five, imposing 


an internal revenue tax upon tobacco, 
| section thirty-six, providing for a ton- 


nage duty, section thirty-nine, author- 
izing the Secretary of the Treasury to 
borrow on the credit of the United 
States to defray expenditures on ac- 
count of the Panama Canal, section 


| forty, authorizing the Secretary of the 


Treasury to borrow to meet public ex- 
penditures : Provided further, That all 
excise taxes upon corporations im- 
posed by section thirty-eight, that 
have accrued or have been imposed 
for the year ending December thirty- 
first, nineteen hundred and _ twelve, 
shall be returned, assessed, and col- 
lected in the Same manner, and under 
the same provisions, liens, and penal- 
ties as if section thirty-eight continued 
in full force and effect: And provided 
further, That a special excise tax with 
respect to the carrying on or doing of 
business, equivalent to 1 per centum 


9C4 


ACT OF 19809—Continued. 





twenty-nine hundred and _ forty-five, 
twenty-nine hundred and _ fifty-two, 
three thousand and eleven, three thou- 
sand and twelve, three thousand and 
twelve and one-half, three thousand 
and thirteen, of the Revised Statutes 
of the United States, be, and the same 
are hereby, repealed, and _ sections 
rine, ten, eleven, twelve, fourteen, and 
sixteen of an Act entitled ‘‘An Act to 
amend the customs-revenue laws and 
to repeal moieties,’ approved June 
iwenty-second, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-four, and sections seven, eight, 
and nine of the Act entitled “An Act 
to reduce internal-revenue taxation, 
and for other purposes,’? approved 
March third, eighteen hundred and 
eighty-three, and all other Acts and 
parts of Acts inconsistent with the 
provisions of this Act, are hereby re- 
pealed, but the repeal of existing laws 
or modifications thereof embraced in 
this Act shall not affect any act done, 
or any right accruing or accrued, or 
any suit or proceeding had or com- 
menced in any civil cause before the 
said repeal or modifications; but all 
rights and liabilities under said laws 
shall continue and may be enforced in 
the Same manner, except as otherwise 
provided in this Act, as if said repeal 
or modifications had not been made, 
Any offenses committed, and all pen- 
alties or forfeitures or liabilities in- 
curred prior to the passage of ‘this Act 
under any statute embraced in or 
changed, modified, or repealed by this 
Act may be prosecuted and punished 
in the same manner and with the same 
effect as if this Act had not been 
passed. All acts of limitation, whether 
applicable to civil causes and proceed- 
ings or to the prosecution of offenses 
or for the recovery of penalties or 
forfeitures embraced in or modified, 
changed, or repealed by this Act, shall 
not be affected thereby; and all suits, 
proceedings, or prosecutions, whether 
civil or criminal, for causes arising or 
acts done or committed prior to the 
passage of this Act, may be commenced 
and prosecuted, except as otherwise 
provided in this Act, within the same 
time and with the same effect as if 
this Act had not been passed: And 
provided further, That nothing in this 
Act shall be construed to repeal the 
provisions of section three thousand 
and fifty-eight of the Revised Statutes 
as amended by the Act approved Feb- 
ruary twenty-third, eighteen. hundred 
and eighty-seven, in respect to the 
abandonment of merchandise to under- 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACE OF 1913—Continued. 


upon their entire net income, shall be 
levied, assessed, and collected upon 
corporations, joint stock companies or 
associations, and insurance companies, 
of the character described in section 
thirty-eight of the Act of August fifth, 
nineteen hundred and nine, for the 
period from January first to February 
twenty-eighth, nineteen hundred and 
thirteen, both dates inclusive, which 
said tax shall be computed upon one- 
sixth of the entire net income of said 
corporations, joint stock companies or 
associations, and insurance companies, 
for said year, said net income to be 
ascertained in accordance with the 
provisions of subsection G of section > 
two of this Act: Provided further, 
That the provisions of said section 
thirty-eight of the Act of August fifth, 
nineteen hundred and nine, relative to 
the collection of -the tax therein im- 
posed shall remain in force for the 
collection of the excise tax herein pro- 
vided, but for the year nineteen hun- 
dred and thirteen it shall not be nec- 
essary to make more than one return 
and assessment for all the taxes im- 
posed herein upon said corporations, 
joint stock companies or associations, 
and insurance companies, either’ by 
way of income or excise, which return 
and assessment shall be made at the 
times and in the manner provided in 
this Act; but the repeal of existing 
laws or modifications thereof embraced 
in this Act shall not affect any act 
done, or any right accruing or accrued, 
or any suit or proceeding had or com- 
menced in any civil case before the 
said repeal or modification; but all 
rights and liabilities under said laws 
shall continue and may be enforced in 
the same manner as if said repeal or 
modifications had not been made. Any 
offenses committed and all penalties 
or forfeitures or liabilities incurred 
prior to the passage of this Act under 
any statute embraced in or changed, 
modified, or repealed by this Act may 
be prosecuted or punished in the same 
manner and with the same effect as if 
this Act had not been passed. No 
Acts of limitation now in _ force, 
whether applicable to civil causes and 
proceedings or to the prosecution of 
offenses or for the recovery of penal- 
ties or forfeitures embraced in or mod- 
ified, changed, or repealed by this Act 
shall be affected thereby so far as they 
affect any suits, proceedings, or pros- 
ecutions, whether civil or criminal, for 
causes arising or acts done or com- 
mitted prior to the passage of this 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 905 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


writers or the salvors of property, and 
the ascertainment of duties thereon. 
Src. 41. That sections one to four, 
inclusive, of an Act entitled: “An Act 
to provide revenue for the Government 
and to encourage the industries of the 
United States,’ approved July twenty- 
fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety- 


‘seven, and all Acts and parts of Acts 


inconsistent. with the provisions of 
this Act, are hereby repealed, but the 
repeal of existing laws or modifica- 
tions thereof embraced in this Att 
shall not affect any act done, or any 
right accruing or accrued, or any suit 
or proceeding had or commenced in 
any civil case before the said repeal or 
modification ; but all rights and liabili- 
ties under said laws shall continue 
and may be enforced in the same man- 
ner, except as otherwise provided in 
section twenty-eight of this Act, as if 
said repeal or modifications had not 
been made. Any offenses committed 
and all penalties or forfeitures or lia- 
bilities incurred prior to the passage 
of this Act under any statute embraced 
in or changed, modified, or repealed by 
this Act may be prosecuted or pun- 
ished in the same manner and with 
the same effect as if this Act had not 
been passed. All acts of limitation, 
whether applicable to civil causes and 
proceedings or to the prosecution of 
offenses or for the recovery of penal- 
ties or forfeitures embraced in or mod- 
ified, changed, or repealed by this Act 
shall not be affected thereby ; and all 
suits, proceedings, or prosecutions, 
whether civil or criminal, for causes 
arising or acts done or committed prior 
to the passage of this Act, may be 
commenced and prosecuted within the 
same time and with the same effect, 
except as otherwise provided in sec- 
tion twenty-eight of this Act, as if 
this Act had not been passed. That 
an Act entitled: “An Act to simplify 
the laws in relation. to the collection 
of the revenues,’ approved June tenth, 
eighteen hundred and _ ninety, as 
amended by the Act of July twenty- 
fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
seven, and as further amended by the 
Act of May twenty-seventh, nineteen 
hundred and eight, is not hereby re- 
pealed but amended so as to read as 
in this Act provided. So much of sec- 


tion four of an Act entitled: “An Act 


making appropriations for sundry civil 
expenses of the Government for the 
fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nine- 
teen hundred and seven, and for other 
purposes,’ approved June thirtieth, 
nineteen hundred and six, as relates to 
the appointment of a solicitor of cus- 
toms and assistants, is hereby repealed, 


ACT OF 1913—Continued. 


Act, which may be commenced and 
prosecuted within the same time and 
with the same effect as if this Act had 
not been passed. 


906 


INTERPRETATION 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


AND COMMENTS. 


The right to protest having accrued under the act of 1909, the sav- 
ing clause of this paragraph declaring that the repeal or modification 
of existing laws shall not affeet any right accrued and that all rights 
under former laws may be enforced in the same manner as if said 
repeal or modification had not been made, entitled the protestant to 
proceed in the manner pointed out by the act of 1909. The require- 
ment of payment of protest fee in paragraph N of Section III of the 


act of 1913 was not applicable. 


(6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 382, gf 1915.) 


PARAGRAPH T. PARTIAL INVALIDITY CLAUSE. 


ACT OF 1909. 


° 
ACT OF 19138. 


T. If any clause, sentence, para- 
graph, or part of this Act shall for 
any reason be adjudged by any court 
of competent jurisdiction to be in- 
valid, such judgment shall not affect, 
impair, or invalidate the remainder 
of said Act, but shall be confined in 
its operation to the clause, sentence, 
paragraph, or part thereof directly 
involved in the controversy in which 
such judgment shall have been ren- 
dered. 


PARAGRAPH U. DATE EFFECTIVE. 


Sec. 42. That unless otherwise 
herein specially provided, this Act 
shall take effect on the day following 
its passage. 

Approved ; signed five minutes after 
5 o’clock p, m, August 5, 1909, 


U. That unless otherwise herein 
specially provided, this Act shall take 
effect on the day following its pas- 
sage, 

Approved, 9.10 p. m., October 3, 
1913. 











PROVISIONS CONTINUED IN FORCE. 


[Section 28, subsection 12, Act of 1909, continued in foree by the Act of 1913, 
Section IV, paragraph 8.] 


GENERAL APPRAISERS. 


ACT OF 1909. 


Suc. 28, .Suspsrc. 12. That there 
shall be appointed by the President, 
by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, nine general appraisers 
of merchandise. Not more than five 
of such general appraisers shall be 
appointed from the same _ political 
party. They shall not be engaged in 
any other business, avocation, or em- 
ployment. That the oflice of said gen- 
eral appraisers shall be at the port of 
New York, and three of them shall 
be on duty at that port daily as a 
board of genera! appraisers. 

Al of the general appraisers of mer- 
chandise heretofore or hereafter ap- 
pointed under the authority of said 
Act shall hold their office during good 
behavior, but may, after due hearing, 
be removed by the President for the 
following causes, and no _ other: 
Neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, 
or inefficiency. 

That hereafter the salary of each 
of the general appraisers of mer 
chandise shall be at the rate of $9,000 
per annum, 

That the boards of general ap- 
praisers and the members thereof shall 
have and possess all the powers of a 
cireuit court of the United States in 
preserving order, compelling the at- 
tendance of witnesses, and the pro- 
duction of evidence, and in punishing 
for contempt. 

All notices in writing to collectors 
of dissatisfaction of any decision 
thereof, as to the rate or amount of 
duties chargeable upon imported mer- 
chandise, including all dutiable costs 
and charges, and as to all fees and 
exactions of whatever character (ex- 
cept duties on tonnage), with the in- 
voice and all papers and exhibits, shall 
be forwarded to the board of nine gen- 
eral appraisers of merchandise at New 
York to be by rule thereof assigned 
for hearing or determination, or both, 
Tbe President of the United States 


ACT OF 1909—Contirued. 


shall designate one of the board of 
nine general appraisers of merchan- 
dise as president of said board and 
others in order to act in his absence. 
Said general appraisers of merchan- 
dise shall be divided into three boards 
of three members each, to be denomi- 
nated respectively Board 1, Board 2, 
and Board 3. The president of the 
board shall assign three general ‘ap- 
praisers to each of said boards and 
shall designate one member of each 
of said boards as chairman thereof, 
and such assignment or designation 
may be by him changed from time to 
time, and he may assign or designate 
all boards of three general appraisers 
where it is now or heretofore was pro- 
vided by law that such might be as- 
signed or designated by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. The president of 
the board shail be competent to sit 
as a member of any board, or assign 
one or two other members thereto, in 
the absence or inability of any one or 
two members of such board. Each 
of the boards of three general ap- 
praisers, or a majority thereof, shall 
have full power to hear and deter- 
mine all cases and questions arising 
therein or assigned thereto; and the 
general board of nine general ap- 
praisers, each of the boards of three 
general appraisers, and each of the 
general appraisers of merchandise, 
shalt have all the jurisdiction and 
powers and proceed as now, hereto- 
fore, and herein provided. The said 
board of nine general appraisers Shall 
have power to establish from time to 
time such rules of evidence, practice 
and procedure, not ineonsistent with 
the statutes, as may be deemed neces- 
sary for the conduct and uniformity 
of its proceedings and decisions and 
the proceedings and decisions of the 
boards of three thereof; and fox; the 
production, care, and custody of sam- 
ples and records of said board, The 


907 


908 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


ACT OF 1909-——Continued. 


president of the board shall have con- 
trol of the fiseal affairs and the cleri- 
cal force of the board, make all recom- 
mendations for appointment, promo- 
tion, and otherwise affecting said 
clerical foree; he may at any time 
before trial under the rules of said 
board assign or reassign any case for 
hearing, determination, or both, and 
shall designate a general appraiser or 
a board of general appraisers, and, if 
necessary, a clerk thereto, to proceed 
to any port within the jurisdiction of 
the United States for the purpose of 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


by law, causes assigned for hearing 
at such port, and shall cause to be 
prepared and duly promulgated dockets 
therefor. No member of any of said 
boards shall sit to hear or decide any 
case on appeal in the decision of which 
he may have previously participated. 
The board of three general appraisers, 


or a majority of them, who decided . 


the case, may, upon motion of either 
party made within thirty days next 
after their decision, grant a rehear- 
ing or retrial of said case when in 
their opinion the ends of justice may 


hearing, or determining if authorized | require it. 


- 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The denial by the Board of a rehearing to permit the introduction 
of the record of another case involving similar or identical mer 
chandise, this motion having been denied “ for the present” at the 
hearing of the cause and no further mention of it appearing in the 
record until after the publication of the Board’s decision, the record 
in the court showing with reasonable certainty the character and uses 
of the merchandise, is not an abuse of discretion vested in the Board 
by section 12, customs administrative law, permitting the granting of 
a rehearing ‘‘ when in their opinion the ends of justice may require 
it,’ and rule 34 of its own rules of procedure permitting the introduc- 
tion of such record “ within the discretion of the Board.” (6 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 507, of 1915.) 

Where the motion for a new trial has been entered within the 
time fixed by law, the limitation of 60 days within which an appeal 
may be taken begins to run not from the date of the original decision, 
but from the date the motion for a new trial is disposed of. (2 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 434, of 1912.) 

Where classification has beén made by the department under a cer- 
tain paragraph, levying a 25 per cent rate of duty, and at the instance 
of a domestic manufacturer the classification of a particular ship- 
ment imported by him has also been made at a higher rate “to the 
end that the proper classification * * * may be the subject of a 
judicial determination,” and where at the trial both the attorney for 
the Government and for the protestant favor the classification at a 
higher rate, such a case does not arise as to properly invoke the juris- 
diction of the Board under the provisions of the customs administra- 
tive act of 1890 as amended by the act of October 3, 1913, and the 
protest must be dismissed. (G. A. 7744, T. D. 35561, of 1915.) 

A porcelain miniature of Marie Antoinette classed as decorated 
porcelain under paragraph 80 was claimed dutiable as a work of art 
under paragraph 3876. The case was submitted on sample without 
testimony and the protest was overruled for the reason that the Board 
has no expert knowledge and decides a case upon the testimony before 
it. (Abstract 37977, of 1915.) But a case may be decided on sample, 


on general or common knowledge as distinguished from expert knowl-’ 


edge. (G. A. 7821, 'T. D. 35916, of 1915; 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 456) of 
1912.) 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


909 


Under rule 7 of the “ Rules of Practice and Procedure Before the 
Board of United States General Appraisers” the Government as a 
party to an appeal to the Board involving classification of merchan- 
dise entered at San Francisco was entitled to a hearing at San Fran- 
cisco, the action of the Board in holding final hearing in New York 
over the protest of the Government and despite the Government’s re- 
quest for a hearing in San Francisco constituting reversible error. 


(8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 307, of 1918.) 


Rules of procedure and practice before the Board have been pro- 


mulgated. 


(Tt. DD. ortiz, Of 10138, ) 


(See pars. K, L, M, N, and R, Sec. III.) 


COURT OF CUSTOMS APPEALS. 


[Section 28, subsection 29, Act of 1909, continued in force by the Act of 1918, 
Section IV, paragraph §S.] 


ACT OF 1969. 


Sec. 28. Sussec, 29, That a United 
States Court of Customs Appeals is 
hereby created, and said court shall 
consist of a presiding judge and four 
associate judges appointed by the 
President, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, each of whom 
shall receive a salary of $10,000 per 
annum. It shall be a court of record, 
with jurisdiction as hereinafter estab- 
lished and limited. 

Said court shall preseribe the form 
and style of its seal and the form of 
its writs and other process and pro- 
cedure and exercise such powers con- 
ferred by law as may be conformable 
and necessary to the exercise of its 
jurisdiction. It shall have the servy- 
ices of a marshal, with the same 


duties and powers, under the regula-. 


tions of the court, aS are now pro- 
vided for the marshal of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, so far as 
the same may be applicable. Said 
services within the District of Co- 
lumbia shall be performed by a mar- 
shal at a salary of $3,000 per an- 


num, to be appointed by and hold 
office during the pleasure of said 
court; said services outside the Dis- 


trict of Columbia to be performed by 
the United States marshals in and for 
the districts where sessions of said 
court may be held, and to this end 
said marshals shall be the marshals of 
said Court of Customs Appeals. The 
court shall appoint a clerk, whose 


office shall be in the city of Washing- |} 


ton, District of Columbia, and who 
Shall perform and exercise the same 
duties and powers in regard to all 
matters' within the jurisdiction of said 
eourt aS are now exercised and per- 
formed py the clerk of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, so far as 
the same may be applicable. The 


ACT OF 1809—Continued. 


salary of the clerk shall be $4,000 per 
annum, which sum shall be in full 
payment for all service rendered by 
such clerk, and all fees pf any kind 
whatever, and all costs shall be by 
him turned into the United States 
Treasury. Said clerk shall not be 
appointed by the court or any judge 
thereof as a commissioner, master, 
receiver, or referee. The costs and 
fees in the said court shall be fixed 
and established by said court in a 
table of fees to be adopted and ap- 
proved by the Supreme Court of the 
United States within four months 
after the organization of said court: 
Provided, That the costs and fees so 
fixed shall not, with respect to any 
item, exceed the costs and fees charged 
in the Supreme Court of the United 
States; and the same shall be ex- 
pended, accounted for, and paid over 
to the Treasury of the United States. 
The court shall have power, to estab- 
lish all rules and regulations for the 
conduct of the business of the court 
and as may be needful for the uni- 
formity of decisions within its juris- 
diction as conferred by law. 

The said Court of Customs Appeals 
shall always be open for the transac- 
tion of business, and sessions thereof 
may, in the discretion of the court, 
be held by the said court, in the sev- 
eral judicial circuits, and at such 
places as said court may from time 
to time designate. 

The presiding judge of said court 
shall be so designated in order of ap- 
pointment and in the commission is- 
sued him by the President, and the 
associate judges shall have precedence 
according to the date of their com- 
missions. Any three of the members 
of said court shall constitute a quo- 
rum, and the concurrence of three 


910 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


members of said court shall be nece2s- 
sary to any decision thereof. 

The said court shall organize and 
open for the transaction of business 
in the city of Washington, District of 
Columbia, within ninety days after 
the judges, or a majority of them, 
shall have qualified. 

After the organization of said court 
no appeal shall be taken or allowed 
from any Board of United States Gen- 
eral Appraisers to any other court, 
and no appellate jurisdiction shall 
thereafter be exercised or allowed by 
any other courts in cases decided by 
said Board of United States General 
Appraisers 3; but all appeals allowed by 
law from such Board of General Ap- 
praisers shall be subject to review 
only in the Court of Customs Appeals 
hereby established, according to the 
provisions of this Act: Provided, That 
nothing in this Act shall be deemed 
to deprive the Supreme Court of the 
United States of jurisdiction to hear 
and determine all customs cases which 
have heretofore been certified to said 
court from the United States circuit 
courts of appeals on applications for 
writs of certiorari or otherwise, nor 
to review by writ of certiorari any 
customs case heretofore decided or 
now pending and hereafter decided by 
any circuit court of appeals, provided 
application for said writ be made 
within six months after the passage 
of this Act: And provided further, 
That all customs cases heretofore de- 
cided by a circuit or district court of 
the United States or a court of a 
Territory of the United States and 
which have not been removed from 
said courts by appeal or writ of error, 
and all ‘such cases heretofore sub- 
mitted for decision in said courts 
and remaining undecided may be re- 
viewed on appeal at the instance of 
either party by the United States 
Court of Customs Appeals, provided 
‘such appeal be taken within one year 
from the date of the entry of the 
order, judgment or decree sought to be 
reviewed, 

The Court of Customs Appeals es- 
tablished by this Act shall exercise 
exclusive appellate jurisdiction to re- 
view by appeal, as provided by this 
Act, final decisions by a Board of Gen- 
eral Appraisers in all cases as to the 
construction of the law and the facts 
respecting the classification of mer- 
chandise and the rate of duty im- 
posed thereon under such classifica- 
ticn, and the fees and charges con- 
nected therewith, and all appealable 


‘said court. 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 19098—Continued. 


questions as to the jurisdiction of said 
board, and all appealable questions as 
to the laws and regulations governing 
the collection of the customs rev- 
enves; and the judgment or decrees of 
seid Court of Customs Appeals shall 
be final in all such cases. 

Any judge who, in pursuance of the 
provisions of this Act, shall attend a 
session of the Court of Customs Ap- 
peals held at any place other than 
the city of Washington, District of 
Columbia, shall be paid, upon his writ- 
ten and itemized certificate, by the 
marshal of the district in which the 
court shall be held, his actual and 
necessary expenses incurred for travel 
and attendance, and the actual and 
necessary expenses of one stenographic 
clerk who may accompany him, and 
such payments shall be allowed the 
marshal in the statement of his ac- 
counts with the United States. 

The marshal of said court for the 
District of Columbia and the marshals 
of the several districts in which said 
Court of Customs Appeals may be held 
Shall, under the direction of the At- 
torney General of the United States 
and with his approval, provide such 
rooms in the publie buildings of the 
United States as may be necessary 
for said court: Provided, however, 
That in case proper rooms can not be 
provided in such buildings, then the 
said marshals, with the approval of 
the Attorney General of the United 
States, may, from time to time, lease 
such rooms as may be necessary for 
The bailiffs and messen- 
gers of said court shall be allowed 
the same compensation for their re- 
spective services as are allowed for 
similar services in the existing cir- 
cuit courts; and in no case shail said 
marshals secure other rooms than 
those regularly occupied by existing 
eircuit courts of appeals, circuit 
courts, or district courts, or other 
public officers, except where such can 
not, by reason of actual oceupancy or 
use, be occupied or used by said Court 
of Customs Appeals. 

If the importer, owner, consignee, 
or agent of any imported merchandise, 
or the collector or Secretary of the 
Treasury, shall be dissatisfied with 
the decision of the Board of General 
Appraisers as to the construction of 
the law and the facts respecting the 
classification of such merchandise and 
the rate of duty imposed thereon un- 
der such classification, or with any 
other appealable. decision of said 
board, they, or either of them, may, 














* SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 911 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


within sixty days next after the entry 
of such decree or judgment, and not 
afterwards, apply to the Court of 
Customs Appeals for a review of the 
questions of law and fact involved in 
such decision: Provided, That in 
Alaska and in the insular and other 
outside possessions of the United 
States ninety days shall be allowed 
for making such application to the 
Court of Customs Appeals. Such ap- 
plication shall be made by filing in 
the office of the clerk of said court a 
concise statement of errors of law 
and fact complained of, and a copy 
of such statement shall be served on 
the collector, or on the importer, 
Owner, consignee, or agent, as the 
case may be. Thereupon the court 
shall immediately order the Board of 
General Appraisers to transmit to said 
court the record and evidence taken 
by them, together with the certified 
statement of the facts involved in the 
case and their decision thereon; and 
all the evidence taken by and before 
said board shall be competent evi- 
dence before said Court of Customs 
Appeals. The decision of said Court 
of Customs Appeals shall be final, and 
such cause shall be remanded to said 
Board of General Appraisers for fur- 
ther proceedings to be taken in pur- 
suance of such determination. | 

Immediately upon the organization 
of the Court of Customs Appeals all 
cases within the jurisdiction of that 
court pending and not submitted for 
decision in any of the United States 
circuit courts of appeals, United States 
circuit, territorial or district courts, 
shall, with the record and samples 
therein, be certified by said courts to 
said Court of Customs Appeals for 
further proceedings in accordance 
herewith: Provided, That where or- 
ders for the taking of further testi- 
mony before a referee have been made 
in any of such cases, the taking of 
such testimony shall be completed be- 
fore such certification. 

That in case of a vacancy or the 
temporary inability or disqualification 
for any reason of one or two judges 
of said Court of Customs Appeals, 
the President of the United States 
may, upon the request of the presid- 
ing judge of said court, designate any 
qualified United States circuit or dis- 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 





trict judge or judges to act in his or 
their place, and such United States 
judge or judges shall be duly qualified 
to so act. 

Said Court of Customs Appeals 
Shall have power to review any deci- 
sion or matter within its jurisdiction 
and may affirm, modify, or reverse 
the same and remand the case with 
such orders aS may seem to it proper 
in the premises, which shall be exe- 
cuted accordingly. 

Immediately upon receipt of any 
record transmitted to said court for 
determination the clerk thereof shall 
place the same upon the calendar for 
hearing and submission; and such 
calendar shall be called and all cases 
thereupon submitted, except for good 
cause shown, at least once every sixty 
days. 

In addition to the clerk of said 
court the court may appoint an assist- 
ant clerk at a salary of $2,500 per 
annum, five stenographie clerks at a 
salary.of $2,400 per annum each, and 
one stenographie reporter act a salary 
of $2,500 per annum, and a messenger 
at a salary of $900 per annum, all 
payable in equal monthly install- 
ments, and all of whom, including the 
clerk, shall hold office during the 
pleasure of and perform such duties 
as are assigned them by the court. 
Said reporter shall prepare and trans- 
mit to the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury once a week in time for publica- 
tion in the Treasury Decisions copies 
of all decisions rendered to that date 
by said court, and prepare and trans- 
mit, under the direction of said court, 
at least once a year, reports of said 
decisions rendered to that date, con- 
stituting a volume, which shali be 
printed by the Treasury Department 
in such numbers and distributed or 
sold in such manner as the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall direct. The 
marshal of said court for the District 
of Columbia is hereby authorized to 
purchase, under the direction of the 
presiding judge, such books, periodi- 
cals, and stationery aS may be neces- 
sary for the use of said court, and 
such expenditures shall be allowed 
and paid by the Secretary of the 
Treasury upon claim duly made and 
approved by said presiding judge. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


These provisions have been embodied in the Judicial Code (36 Stat., 
1143-1146), which was subsequently amended so as to permit review 
by the Supreme Court in certain cases by the act of August 22, 1914. 
The United States may not be sued in the courts of this country 


912 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
without its consent. A suit against the Secretary of the Treasury to- 
review his action in determining the rate of duty-to be applied on . 
foreign sugar is, in effect, a suit against the United States. (234 
U. S., 627, of 1914.) 

The requirement of section 198, Judicial Code of the United States 
(36 Stat., 1146) that, upon appeal to the United States Court of Cus- 
toms Appeals, a copy of the assignment of error “shall be served on 
the collector, or on the importer, owner, consignee, or agent, as the 
case may be,” is not jurisdictional; and if omitted or unreasonably 
delayed, the United States Court of Customs Appeals has ample 
power to direct its issue. Its delay for more than the 60 days pre- 
scribed by the statute is not cause for the motion to dismiss the 
appeal. (8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 97, of 1917.) 

The salaries were changed by section 188 of the Judicial Code as 
follows: Judges, $7,000; clerk, $38,500; marshal, $3,000; assistant 
clerk, $2,000; stenographic clerks, $1,600; reporter, $2,500; and mes- 
senger, $840. The salary of the judges was changed by act of Feb- 
ruary 25, 1919, to $8,500. 


ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL. 


[Section 28, subsection 30, Act of 1909, continued in foree by the Act of 1913, 
Section IV, paragraph §.] 





ACT OF 15909. 


Spc, 28, Suspsec. 30. That there 
shall be appointed by the President, 
by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, an Assistant Attorney 
General, who shall exercise the func- 
tions of his office under the super- 
vision and control of the Attorney 
General of the United States, and who 
shall be paid a salary of $10,000 per 
annum; and there shall also be ap- 
pointed by the Attorney General of 
the United States a Deputy Assistant 
Attorney General, who shall be paid 
a salary of $7,500 per annum, and 
four attorneys, who shall be paid 
salarics of $5,000 per annum each. 
Said attorneys shall act under the 
immediate direction of said Assistant 
Attorney General, or, in case of his 
absence or a vacaney in his office, 
under the direction of said Deputy 
Assistant Attorney General, and said 


Assistant Attorney General, Deputy 
Assistant Attorney General, and at- 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


torneys shall have charge of the in- 
terests of the Government in all mat- 
ters of reappraisement and classifica- 
tion of imported goods and of all liti- 
gation incident thereto, and shall rep- 
resent .the Government in all the 
courts and before all tribunals wherein 
the interests of the Government re- 
quire such representation, 

But the Attorney General may, 
whenever in his opinion the public 
interest requires it, employ and re- 
tain, in the name of the United States, 
such special attorneys and counselors 
at law in the conduct of customs cases 
as he may think necessary to assist 
said Assistant Attorney General in 
the discharge of any of the duties in- 
cumbent upon him and his said sub- 
ordinates, and shall stipulate with 
such attorneys and counsel the 
amount of compensation and _ shall 
have supervision of their conduct and 
proceedings. 


The following sections of the act of 1909, continued in force by 
paragraph S, Section IV, of the act of 1918, are omitted: © 
Sections 80 to 23 and section 35, internal-revenue tax on tobacco, 


Section 36, tonnage duty. 


Section 38, internal revenue—corporation tax (continued-“in part). 
Section 39, authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow on 
the credit of the United States to defray expenditures on account of 


the Panama Canal. 


Section 40, authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow to 


meet public expenditures. 








SPECIFIC PROVISIONS. 





[Specific provisions in the Act of 1909 not in the Act of 1913 as such.} 


ACT OF 1909. 


195. Cans, boxes, packages, and 
other containers of all kinds (exeept 
such as are hermetically sealed by 
soldering or otherwise), composed 
wholly or in chief value of metal 
lacquered or printed by any process 
of lithography whatever, if filled or 
unfilled, and whether their contents 
be dutiable or free, 4 cents per pound 
and 385 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That none of the foregoing 
articles shall pay a less rate of duty 
than 55 per centum ad valorem; but 
no cans, boxes, packages, or containers 
of any kind, of the capacity of five 
pounds or under, subject to duty under 
this paragraph, shall pay less duty 
than if the same were imported empty ; 
and the dutiable value of the same 
shall include all packing charges, 
eartons, wrappings, envelopes, and 
printed matter accompanying them 
when such cans, boxes, packages, or 
containers are imported wholly or 


INTERPRETATION AND 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


partly filled with merchandise’  ex- 
empt from duty (except liquids and 
merchandise commercially known as 
drugs) and which is commonly dealt 
in at wholesale in the country of orig- 
inal exportation in bulk or in pack- 
ages exceeding five pounds in capacity : 
Provided further, That paper, card- 
board or pasteboard wrappings or 
containers that are made and used 
only for the purpose of holding or 
containing the article with which 
they are filled, and after such use are 
mere waste material, shall not be 
dutiable unless their contents are 
dutiable. 

254. Cabbages, 2 cents each, 
498, Arseniate of aniline. 
606. Lae spirits. 
667. 


684. 


Sausages, bologna. 
Storax, or styrax, 


COMMENTS. 


Paragraph 195 was superseded in part by paragraph 627 of the act 
of 1913 relating to containers of tea. 

Cabbages are dutiable at 15 per cent ad valorem as vegetables in 
their natural state under paragraph 215 of the act of 1913. 

Arseniate of aniline is dutiable as a coal-tar product under the act 


of September 8, 1916. 


Lac spirits are dutiable under paragraph 65, which imposes 10 per 
cent ad valorem on “salts and all other compounds and mixtures, of 
which bismuth, gold, platinum, rhodium, silver, or tin constitute the 
element of chief value,” or under paragraph 58 as a spirit varnish. 

Bologna sausages are exempt from duty as prepared meat under 


paragraph 545 of the act of 1913. 


Storaz or styrax is dutiable at 10 per cent as a balsam under para- 


graph 9 of the act of 1918. 
184911°—20 58 





(G. A. 7694, T. D. 35172, of 1915.) 


913 


SECTIONS OF ACT OF 


ACT OF 1908. 


SMCS eye 


this section shail constitute the mini- 
mum tariff of the United States. 


Sec, 2. That from 
thirty-first day 


and after the 


specially provided for in this section, 
there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on all articles when imported 
from any foreign country 


sessions (except the Philippine Islands 
and the islands of Guam and Tu- 


‘tuila), the rates of duty prescribed | 
by the schedules and paragraphs of 


the dutiable list of section one of this 
Act, and in addition thereto twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem; which 
rates shall constitute the maximum 


tariff of the United States: Provided, ' 


That whenever, after the thirty-first 
day of March, nineteen hundred and 
ten, and so long thereafter as the 
President shail be satisfied, in view 
of the character of the concessions 
granted by the minimum tariff of the 
United States, that the government of 
any foreign country imposes no terms 
or restrictions, either in the way of 
tariff rates or provisions, trade or 
other regulations, charges, exactions, 
or in any other manner, directly or 
indirectly, upon the importation into 
or the sale in such foreign country 
of any agricultural, manufactured, or 
other product of the United States, 
which unduly discriminate against the 


United States or the products thereof, 
and that such foreign country pays | 


no export bounty or imposes no ex- 
port duty or prohibition upon the 
exportation of any article to the 
United States which unduly discrimi- 
nates against the United States or the 
products thereof, and that such for- 
eign country accords to the agricul- 
tural, manufactured, or other prod- 
ucts of the United States treatment 
which is reciprocal and equivalent, 
thereupon and thereafter, upon proc- 
lamation to this effect by the Presi- 
dent of the United States, all articles 


914 


The provisions of | 
the dutiable list and the free list of | 


of March, nineteen | 
hundred and ten, except as otherwise | 


into the | 
United States, or into any of its pos- 





1909 NOT REENACTED. 


ACT OF 19098—Continued. 


when imported into the United States, 
or any of its possessions (except the 
Philippine Islands and the islands of 


} Guam and Tutuila), from such for- 
| eign country shall, except as otherwise 


herein provided, be admitted under 
the terms of the minimum tariff of 
the United States as prescribed by sec- 
tion one of this Act. The proclama- 
tion issued by the President under 
the authority hereby conferred and 
the application of the minimum tariff 
thereupon may, in accordance with the 
facts as found by the President, ex- 
tend to the whole of any foreign coun- 
try, or may be confined to or exclude 
from its effect any dependency, col- 
ony, or other political subdivision 
having authority to adopt and enforce 
tariff legislation, or to impose re- 
strictions or regulations, or to grant 
ecencessions upon the exportation or 
importation of articles which are, or 
may be, imported into the United 
States. Whenever the President shall 
be satisfied that the conditions which 
led to the issuance of the proclama- 
tion hereinbefore authorized no longer 
exist, he shall issue a proclamation to 
this. effect, and ninety days thereafter 
the provisions of the maximum tariff 
shall be applied to the importation of 
articles from such country. When- 
ever the provisions of the maximum 
tariff of the United States shall be 
applicable to articles imported from 
any foreign country they shall be ap- 
plicable to the products of such coun- 
try, whether imported directly from 
the country of production or other- 
wise. To secure information to assist 
the President in the discharge of the 
duties imposed upon him by this sec- 
tion, and the officers of the Govern- 
ment in the administration of the 
customs laws, the President is hereby 
authorized to employ such persons as 
may be required. ; 


Sec. 27. That the produce of the 
forests of the State of Maine upon 
the Saint John River and its tribu- 
taries, owned by American citizens, 
and sawed or hewed in the Province 








; 
: 
B 
 . 
‘ 
4 
b 
a 
A 
f 
yl 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 915 


ACT OF 1909—Continued. 


of New Brunswick by American citi- 
zens, the same being otherwise un- 
manufactured in whole or in part, 
which is now admitted into the ports 
of the United States free of duty, shall 
continue for two years after the date 
of the passage of this Act and no 
longer to be so admitted, under such 


regulations as the Secretary of the. 


Treasury shall from time to time pre- 
scribe. 

That the produce of the forests of 
the State of Maine upon the Saint 
Croix River and its tributaries, owned 


‘by American citizens, and sawed or 


hewed in the Province of New Bruns- 
wick by American citizens, the same 
being otherwise unmanufactured in 
whole or in part, shall be admitted for 
two years after the date of the pas- 
sage of this Act and no longer into 
the ports of the United States free of 
duty, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall from 
time to time prescribe. 


Suc. 87. There shall be levied and 


collected annually on the first day of 


September by the collector of customs 
of the district nearest the residence 
of the managing owner, upon the use 
of every foreign-built yacht, pleasure 
boat, or vessel, not used or intended 
to be used for trade, now or hereafter 
owned or chartered for more than 


ACT OF 1909—Continucd., 


Six months by any citizen or citizens 
of the United States, a sum equiva- 
lent to a tonnage tax of $7 per gross 
ton. 

In lieu of the annual tax above pre- 
scribed the owner of any foreign- 
built yacht, pleasure boat, or vessel 
above described may pay a duty of 
35 per centum ad valorem thereon, and 
such yacht, pleasure boat, or vessel 
shall thereupon be entitled to all the 
privileges and shall be subject to all 
the requirements prescribed by sec- 
tions forty-two hundred and fourteen, 
forty-two hundred and fifteen, forty- 
two hundred and seventeen, and forty- 
two hundred and eighteen of the Re- 
vised Statutes and Acts amendatory 
thereto in the Same manner as if said 
yacht had been built in the United 
States, and shall be subject to ton- 
nage duty and light money only in 
the same manner as if said yacht had 
been built in the United States. 

So much of section five of chapter 
two hundred and twelve of the laws 
of nineteen hundred and eight, ap- 
proved May twenty-eighth, nineteen 
hundred and eight, as relates to 
yachts built outside the United States 
and owned by citizens of the United 
States is hereby repealed. 

This section shall not apply to a 
foreign-built vessel admitted to Ameri- 
can registry, 


REVENUE ACT OF SEPTEMBER 8, 1916. 





TITLE V. DYESTUFFS. 


ACT OF 19158. 


22, Soh. Benz) $s Pyeeel- 
uol, xylol: all the foregoing not medic- 
inal and not colors or dyes, 5 per 


centum ad valorem. 


452. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal 
tar, wood or other tar, dead or ereo- 
sote oil, and products of coal tar 
known as anthracene and anthracene 
oil, naphthalin, * * -*, and cresol. 


04 


23. Coal-tar products known as ani- 
lin oil and salts, toluidine, xylidin, 
evmidin, binitrotoluol, binitrobenzol, 
benzidin, tolidin, dianisidin, naphtyla- 
min, diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, ben- 
zyl chloride, nitro-benzol and nitro- 
toluol, naphtylaminsulfoacids and their 


916 


ACT OF 1916, 


Sec. 500. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, ex- 
cept as otherwise specially provided 
for in this title, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon the articles 
named in this section when imported 
from any foreign country into the 
United States or into any of its pos- 
sessions, except the Philippine Islands 
and the islands of Guam and Tutuila, 
the rates of duties which are pre- 
scribed in this title, namely : 


FREE: LIST. 


Group I. Acenaphthene, anthracene 
having a purity of less than twenty- 
five per centum, benzol, carbazol havy- 
ing a purity of less than twenty-five 
per centum, cresol, cumol, fluorene, 
metacresol having a purity of less 
than ninety per centum, methylanthra- 
cene, methylnaphthalene, naphthalene 
having a solidifying point less than 
seventy-nine degrees centigrade, ortho- 
creso]l having a purity of less than 
ninety per centum, paracresol having 
a purity of less than ninety per 
centum, pyridin, quinolin, toluol, xylol, 
crude coal tar, pitch of coal tar, dead 
or creosote oil, anthracene oil, all 
other distillates which on being sub- 
jected to distillation yield in the por- 
tion distilling below two hundred de- 
grees centigrade a quantity of tar 
acids less than five per centum of the 
original distillate, and all other prod- 
ucts that are found naturally in coal 
tar, whether produced or obtained 
from coal tar or other souree, and not 
otherwise specially provided for in 
this title, shall be exempt from duty. 


DUTIABLE LIST. : 


Group II. Amidonaphthol, amido 
phenol, amidosalicyliec acid, anilin oil, 
anilin salts, anthracene having a pu- 
rity of twenty-five per centum or more, 
anthraquinone, benzoic acid, benzalde- 
hyde, benzylcbloride, benzidin, binitro- 
benzol, binitrochlorobenzol,  binitro- 





3 ; SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 917 


ACT OF 1918—Continued. 


sodium or potassium salts, naphtol- 
sulfoacids and their sodium or potas- 
sium salts, amidonaphtolsulfoacids and 
their sodium or potassium salts, ami- 
dosalieylie acid, binitrochlorbenzol, 
diamidostilbendisulfoacid, metanilie 
acid, paranitranilin, dimethylanilin ; 
all the foregoing not medicinal and 
not colors or dyes, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 


21. All other products or prepara- 
tions of coal tar, not colors or dyes, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem, 


22, Coal-tar distillates, not specially 


provided for in this section; * * *, 


naphtol, resorcin, * * *, all the 
foregoing not medicinal and not colors 
or dyes, 5 per centum ad valorem. 


1e* > * -* ‘salicylic acid; 24 cents 


Herrpoundyas* Ss ° |S; 


SaverA clds 2. %e8! *, ccarboHe, -*»* *, 
phthalie, * = dt (Free, ) 


eee 2% “phenol, » *1*'0 * 
(Free.) 


20. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 50 
per centum ad valorem, 


394, Alizarin, natural or synthetic, 
and dyes obtained from alizarin, an- 
thracene, and carbazol. (Free.) 


514. Indigo, natural or synthetic, 
dry or suspended in water, and dyes 
ebtained from indigo, (Free.) 


ACT OF 1916—Continued. 


naphthalene, binitrotoluol, carbazol 
having a purity of twenty-five per 
centum or more, chlorophthalie acid, 
cumidin, dimethylanilin, dianisidin, 
dioxynaphthalene, diphenylaimin, meta- 
cresol having a purity of ninety per. 
centum or more, methylanthraquinone, 
metanilic acid, naphthalene having a 
solidifying point of seventy-nine de- 
grees centigrade or above, naphthyla- 
min, naphthol, naphthylenediamin, 
nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol, nitronaphtha- 
lene, nitranilin, nitrophenylenediamin, 
nitrotoluylenediamin, orthocresol hav- 
ing a purity of ninety per centum or 
more, paracresol having a purity of 
ninety per centum or more, phenol, 
phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, 
phenylenediamin, phenylnaphthylamin, 
resorcin, salicylic acid, sulphanilic 
acid, toluidin, tolidin, toluylenediamin, 
xylidin, or any sulphoacid or sulpho- 
acid salt of any of the foregoing,’ all 
Similar products obtained, derived, or 
manufactured in whole or in part 
from the products provided for in 
Group T, and all distillates which on 
being subjected to distillation yield in 
the portion distilling below two hun- 
dred degrees centigrade a quantity of 
tar acids equal to or more than five 
per centum of the original distillate, 
all the foregoing not colors, dyes, or 
stains, photographie chemicals, medic- 
inals, flavors, or explosives, and not 
otherwise provided for in this title, 
and provided for in the paragraphs of 
the Act of October third, nineteen 
hundred and thirteen, which are here- 
inafter specifically repealed by section 
five hundred and two, 15 per centum 
ad valorem, 

Group III, All colors, dyes, or stains, 
whether soluble or not in water, color 
acids, color bases, color lakes, photo- 
graphic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, 
svnthetie phenolic resin, or explosives, 
not otherwise specially provided for 
iu this title, when obtained, derived, 
or manufactured in whole or in part 
from any of the products provided for 
in Groups I and II, natural alizarin 
and indigo, and colors, dyes, or color 
lakes obtained, derived, or manufac- 
tured therefrom, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Sec. 501, That on and after the day 
fcllowing the passage of this Act, in 
addition to the duties provided in sec- 
tion five hundred, there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid upon all 
articles contained in Group II a spe- 
cial duty of 24 cents per pound, and 
upon all articles contained in Group 
Ill (except natural and synthetic 


918 SUMMARY OF TARIFTY INFORMATION. K 


ACT OF 1913, ACT OF 19:16—Continued, 


j alizarin, and dyes obtained from aliz- 
j erin, anthracene, and ‘carbazol; mat- 
| ural and synthetic indigo and all in- 
| digeids, whether or not obtained from 
indigo; and medicinals and flavors), 
} a special duty of 5 cents per pound. 

: During the period of five years ‘be- 
1 vinning five years ‘after the passage of 
| this Act such special duties shall be 
| annually reduced by twenty per centum 
| of the rate imposed by this section, so 
| that at the end of such period ‘such 
| special duties shall mo longer be as- 
| sessed, levied, or coHected; but if, at 
| the expiration of five years from the 
| date of the passage of this Act, the 
| President finds ‘that there is not being 
| manufactured or produced within the 
1} United States as much as sixty per 
| centum in value of the domestic -con- 
|} sumption of ‘the articles mentioned in 
| Groups. II and III of section five hun- 
) dred, he shall by proclamation ‘so de- 
} clare, whereupon ‘the ‘special duties 
j| imposed by this section on such ar- 
i) ticles shall mo longer be assessed, 
| levied, or collected. . 

} Sc, 502. That paragraphs twenty, 
| twenty-one, twenty-two, and twenty- 
1 three and the words “salicylic acid” 
] in paragraph one of Schedule A of 
| section one of an Act entitled “‘An Act 
} to reduce tariff duties and to provide 
| revenue for the Government, and for 
other purposes,’ approved October 
| third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, 
| and paragraphs three hundred and 
| ninety-four, four hundred and fifty- 
1 two, and five hundred and fourteen, 
| and the words “carbolic” and 
| “ phthalic,” in paragraph three hun- 
| dred and eighty-seven of the “ free 
| list” of section one of said Act, and 
J‘se much of said Act or any ‘existing 
| law or parts of daw as may he incon- 
| sistent with this title are hereby re- 
| pealed. 





” GENERAL INFORMATION. 


The dyes and other coal-tar chemicals covered by this title have 
been discussed in .detail in published reports of the Tariff Commis- 
s10n. Therefore individual products will not be described here except 
in a few cases where some additional information is deemed essential. 
For a detailed description of the products derived directly or indi- 
rectly from coal tar and for information as to processes of manufac- 
ture, uses, production, import and export statistics, and interpreta- 
tion and comments, the following publications of the United States 
Tariff Commission should be consulted: Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar 
Chemicals, 1917; Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals; Census of 
Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals, 1918. 

The materials embraced in ‘this title are divided into three groups. 
Group I (free list) includes the so-called crudes which are chemical 











? 


6 Sp Rn Ee, cnn iia mae it iil | 


SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 919 


substances naturally present in coal tar and such commercial mix- 
tures thereof as may be obtained from tar by distillation or simple 
chemical processes. Group II (dutiable at 15 per cent ad valorem 
plus 23 cents per pound) includes the products known in the trade 
as intermediates. These materials are made from the crudes by 
chemical processes and, with a few exceptions, are not useful except 


for further manufacture by chemical processes into finished products. ~— 


Group III (dutiable at 30 per cent ad valorem plus 5 cents per 
pound, or dutiable at 30 per cent ad valorem only) includes the fin- 
ished products derived from coal tar—dyes, photographic chemicals, 
medicinals, flavors, synthetic phenolic resins, and explosives. Per- 
fumes and perfume materials derived from coal tar are not included 
under this title. 

GROUP I—CRUDES. 


About 125 different chemical substances have been isolated from 
coal tar, but comparatively few of them are commercially important. 
The following are the most important products used as crudes in the 
manufacture of intermediates, dyes, and other finished materials: 
Benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalene, anthracene, carbazol, cresol, methyl- 
anthracene, methylnapbhthalene, and quinoline. Benzol and _ toluol, 
in addition to use in the manufacture of intermediates and finished 
coal-tar products, are also used as an automobile fuel and as solvents 
for a great many substances. Phenol, which occurs naturally in coal 
tar, but which is also made synthetically from benzol, is specifically 
provided for in Group IT. 


GROUP II—INTERMEDIATES. 


Intermediates are substances which do not usually exist in coal tar, 
but are made from the crude materials provided for in Group I by 
chemical processes. In a few cases an intermediate may be used in 
the manufacture of other intermediates and dyes and it may also be 
a finished product. The following products are examples of an over- 
lapping in the present classifications: Salicylic and benzoic acids, 
benzaldehyde, betanaphthol, resorcin, acetanilide, phenol, and cresol— 
used as medicinals, as intermediates for the manufacture of other 
medicinals, and for the manufacture of dyes. [In all these cases there 
are two grades of the substance on the market—(1) a fine grade con- 
forming to the specifications of the Pharmacopeeia and suitable for 
medicinal use, and (2) a less pure grade suitable for use as an inter- 
mediate. 

GROUP III—FINISHED PRODUCTS. 


This group provides for the finished products derived from the raw 
materials and intermediates provided for in Groups I and II with 
the exception of the coal-tar medicinals of paragraph 18 and perfume 
materials of coal-tar origin of paragraphs 48 and 49 of the act of 
1913. The finished materials made from coal tar are many, and of 
widely different use. They include dyes, color lakes, photographic 
chemicals, medicinals, flavors, perfume materials, synthetic phenolic 
resins, synthetic tanning materials, and explosives. There are a 
great many minor uses of coal-tar products. These finished products 
are all closely related to each other chemically and in a great many 
instances the same raw materials, intermediates, and even the same 


920 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


apparatus can be used interchangeably in their manufacture. This 
relationship is very close between the products of the dye industry. 
and certain branches of the explosive industry. 


INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS. 


The tariff act of 1913 and the revenue act of 1916 should be read 
together, and the provisions of each be given full force and effect, 
save where they are expressly repealed by the latter act or are 
absolutely inconsistent and irreconcilable in terms. The expression 
‘“‘when imported” in section 500 of the act of 1916, should be read 
as meaning “which are imported” and should be interpreted as 
having no purpose to change the time or condition under which a 
collection of revenue is to be had. There being no conflict between 
paragraph Q of section IV of the act of 1918 and the revenue act of 
1916, the paragraph was not repealed by the revenue act. Neither 
should they be regarded as separate and independent of each other. 
The principle of paragraph Q that goods in bond shall be subjected 
to the rate of duty in force at the time of withdrawal and not to that 
in force at the time of entry should be applied in the administration 
of the revenue act. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —, T. D. 37978 and 37980, 
of 1919.) 

GROUP I. 


Creosote oil is exempt from duty under. Group I, section 500. The 
phrase “all other distillates which on being subjected to distillation 
yield in the portion distilling below 200° C. a quantity of tar acids 
less than 5 per centum of the original distillate” is inapplicable to 
creosote oil. The words “all other distillates”? mean distillates not 
named. (G. A. 8176, T. D. 37679, of 1918, and T. D. 37417, of 1917.) 

Cresol consisting of more than 5 per cent of phenol, more than 
-50 per cent of cresols, and more than 5 per cent of tar acids dis- 
tilling below 200° C., is exempt from duty under Group I and not 
dutiable under Group II. (G. A. 8192, T. D. 87740, of 1918.) An 
importation containing 2.6 per cent of phenol was likewise classified.. 
(Abstract 42608, of 1918.) Merchandise designated as cresol, cresylic 
acid, or liquid carbolic acid, was also held to come within the pro- 
vision for cresol in Group I. (Abstracts 42719, of 1918, 42855 
and 48071, of 1919.) Cresylie acid was held to be substantially the 
same as eresol. (Abstract 42864, of 1919.) Orthocresol, classified 
under Group II, was held exempt from duty under Group I. (Ab- 
stract 482638, of 1919.) 

GROUP II. 


Coumarin, a coal-tar flavoring preparation, classified under Group 
III at 30 per cent ad valorem, was held dutiable under Group II at 
15 per cent plus 23 cents per pound. (Abstract 48261, of 1919.) Ap- 
peal is pending from this decision. (T. D. 38114, of 1919.) The pro- 
vision for coal-tar flavors in Group III controls over the provision 
for chemical compounds in paragraph 5 of the act of 1918. (Ab- | 
stract 48265, of 1919.) 

Naphthalene, which was reported by the Government analyst .as 
having a solidifying point of 79.1° C., was held to come within 
Group II at 15 per cent and 23 cents per pound. The ascertainment 
of whether naphthalene falls within Group I or Group IT requires an 
accurate scientific test as to the solidifying point; if 79° C. or more, 














SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 991 


it is dutiable under Group II. The tests to ascertain such fact are 
strictly scientific, as only by such methods can the true solidifying 
point be known. In this case the instruments used and the methods 
pursued by the Government conformed to the scientific process neces- 
sary for accurate ascertainment. (G. A. 8197, T. D. 37790, of 1918.) 
The method of determining the solidifying point of naphthalene under 
Groups I and II was prescribed by the Treasury Department after 
a conference with the Bureau of Standards and customs officers and 
the making of tests. (T. D. 38096, of 1919.) 


GROUP III. 


Trinitrotoluol, the most extensive use of which is as an explosive 
for artillery purposes (T. D. 36526, of 1916), was declared exempt 
from duty under paragraph 501 of the act of 1913, and medicinalg 
proviced for eo nomine, such as salol, phenolphthalein, acetanilide, 
acetphenetidine, antipyrine, acetylsalicylic acid, and aspirin, are 
more specifically provided for in paragraph 18 of the act of 1918 than — 
under the general provision for medicinals in Group III of the act of 
1916. (Treas. Decs., Oct. 5 and Nov. 7, 1916.) 

Artist’s colors or paints derived from indigo and alizarin are 
dutiable under Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound, 
rather than under the provision for “ artists’ paints or colors” or 
“ color lakes ” in paragraph 63, of the act of 1918. (G. A. 8110, T. D. 
37429, of 1917; Abstracts 42465, of 1918, 43067, of 1919.) 

Fustin, a compound of fustic extract and about 34 per cent of diazo 
benzine, comes within Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound 
by virtue of the words “in part,” notwithstanding the larger per- 
eentage of the compound is clearly an extract of vegetable origin, 
suitable for dyeing, coloring, or staining, since diazo benzine is a 
product of coal tar among those provided for in Groups I and II. 
(G. A. 8170, T. D. 37652, of 1918.) 

Homatropine hydrobronide and similar medicinal preparations 
composed in part of coal-tar products are dutiable at 30 per cent 
under Group III. The Treasury Department enumerated in its in- 
structions eserine salicylate, theobromine salicylate, caffeine sodium 
benzoate, atropine salicylate, bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth benzoate, 
bismuth borophenate, guaiacol benzoate, and guaiacol salicylate. 
(T. D. 37661, of 1918.) 

Tuscan red, a coal-tar color lake, composed of oxide of iron, con- 
taining about 4 per cent of aniline color, is dutiable under Group III 
at 80 per cent plus 5 cents per pound. (Abstraets 424138 and 42464, 
of 1918.) 

Jonomet was held properly classified as a photographie chemical 
under Group III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound. (Abstract 
42466, of 1918.) 

Resorcin was held properly classified as a. coal-tar medicinal prod- 
uct at 30 per cent under Group III. A mere statement in an analysis 
which was treated as part of the protest that the merchandise does 
not conform to the requirements of the United States Pharmacopeia 
was held insufficient to warrant a reversal of the classification made 
by the collector. (Abstract 42857, of 1919.) 

Indigo paste containing no indigotine, but not being a natural mix- 
ture and not being specially provided for, was held dutiable at 15 
per cent under paragraph 385 of the act of 1918 as an unenumerated 


922 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 
manufactured article, and other indigo paste in the importation was_ 
held properly classified under Group III of the act of 1916 at 30 per 
cent ad valorem. The statute providing for duty on indigo fixes no 
limit or percentage of indigotine which indigo paste must contain 
or any standard of its indigotine and moisture contents. The Gov- 
ernment, in considering the dutiable character of such merchandise, 
is not concerned with the question of whether the sellers thereof 
complied with the terms of purchase or whether from the viewpoint 
of the importers the article is up to their standard or merchantabie. 
Consequently, failure of the sellers to deliver merchandise conform- 
ing to the standard fixed by the purchaser may not be construed as a 
nondelivery or nonimportation. (G. A. 8234, T. D. 37923, of 1919.) 
Merchandise invoiced as “dry purple lake” classified under Group 
III at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound was held dutiable as cochi- 





neal lake under paragraph 63 of the act of 1913. 


of 1919.) 


(Abstract 43082, 


TITLE VI. PRINTING PAPER. 


ACT OF 1913. 


999 


_ Dee. 
paper 
made 


Printing paper (other than 
commercially known as hand- 
or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan 
paper by whatever name known), un- 
Sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the 
printing of books and newspapers, but 
not for covers or bindings, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
valued above 24 cents per pound, 12 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
however, That if any country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government shall impose any 
export duty, export license fee, or 
other charge of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, there shall be imposed 
upon printing paper, valued above 2% 
cents per pound, when imported either 
directly or indirectly from such coun- 
try, dependency, province, or other sub- 
division of government, an additional 
duty equal to the amount of the high- 
est export duty or other export charge 
imposed by such country, dependency, 
province, or other subdivision of goy- 
ernment, upon either printing paper, 
or upon an amount of wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp necessary to manufacture 
such printing paper. 


ACT OF 1916, 


Suc. 600. That paragraph three hun- 
dred and twenty-two, Schedule M, and 
paragraph five hundred and sixty-seven 
of the free list of the Act entitled 
“An Act to reduce tariff duties and to 
provide revenue for the Government, 
and for other purposes,” approved Oc- 
tober third, nineteen hundred and 
thirteen, be amended so that the same 
shall read as follows: 

322, Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan 
paper by whatever name known), un- 
sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the 
printing of books and newspapers, but 
not for covers or bindings, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
valued above 5 cents per pound, 12 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
however, That if any country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivi- 
Sion of government shall impose any 
export duty, export license fee, or 
other charge of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, wood pulp, or 
wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, there shall be imposed 
upon printing paper, values above 5 
cents per pound, when imported either 
directly or indirectly from such coun- 
try, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, an addi- 
tional duty equal to the amount of 
the highest export duty or other ex- 
port charge imposed by such country, 
dependency, province, or other subdi- 
vision of government, upon either 
printing paper or wpon an amount of 
wood pulp, or wooed for use in the 
manufacture of wood pulp necessary 
to manufacture such printing paper. 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 


923 


For “ Interpretation and comments,” see paragraph 322. 


ACT OF 1913. 


567. Printing paper (other than | 


paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan paper 
by whatever name known), unsized, 
sized, or glued, suitable for the print- 


ing of books and newspapers, but not! 


for covers or bindings, not specially 


provided for in this section, valued at. 


not above 23 cents per pound, decalco- 
mania paper not printed. 





ACT OF 1916. 


“567, Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan 
paper by whatever name known), un- 
sized, sized, or glued, suitable for the 
printing or books and newspapers, but 
not for covers or bindings, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
valued at not above 5 cents per pound, 
decalcomania paper not printed.” 


For ‘“ Interpretation and comments,” see paragraph 322. 


a {Title VII omitted. ] 


TITLE VIII. UNFAIR COMPETITION, 


ACT OF 1916, 


Sec. 800. That when used in this_ 


title the term ‘person’ includes 
partnerships, corporations, and asso- 
ciations. 


Sec, 801. That it shall be unlawful | 


for any person importing or assisting 


in importing any articles from any | 


foreign country into the United States, 
commonly and systematically to im- 
port, sell or cause to be imported or 
sold such articles within the United 
States at a price substantially less 
than the actual market value or whole- 
sale price of such articles, at the time 
of exportation to the United States, 
in the principal markets of the coun- 
try of their production, or of other 
foreign countries to which they are 
commonly exported, after adding to 
such market value or wholesale price, 
freight, duty, and other charges and 
expenses necessarily incident to the 
importation and sale thereof in the 
United States: Provided, That such 
act or acts be done with the intent 
of destroying or injuring an industry 
in the United States, or of preventing 
the establishment of an industry in 
the United States, or of restraining 
or monopolizing any part of trade and 
commerce in such articles in the 

United States. 
f Any person who yiolates or com- 
bines or eonspires with any other per- 
son to violate this section is guilty 


of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction | 


thereof, shall be punished by a fine 
not exceeding $5,000, or imprison- 
ment not exceeding one year, or both, 
in the discretion of the court. 

Any person injured in his business 
or property by reason of any viola- 


ACT OF 1916—Continued, 


tion of, or combination or conspiracy 
to violate, this section, may sue there- 
for in the district court of the United 
States for the district in which the 
defendant resides or is found or has 
an agent, without respect to the 
amount in controversy, and shall re- 
cover threefold the damages sustained, 
and the cost of the suit, including a 
reasonable attorney’s fee. 

The foregoing provisions shall not 
be construed to deprive the proper 
State courts of jurisdiction in actions 
for damages thereunder, 

Sec, 802. That if any article pro- 
duced in a foreign country is im- 
ported into the United States under 
any agreement, understanding, or con- 
dition that the importer thereof or 
any other person in the United States 
shall not use, purchase, or deal in, or 
shall be restricted in his using, pur- 
chasing, or dealing in, the articles of 
any other person, there shall be levied, 
eollected, and paid thereon, in addi- 
tion to the duty otherwise imposed by 
law, a special duty equal to double 
the amount of such duty: Provided, 
That the above shall not be inter- 
preted to prevent the establishing in 
this country on the part of a for- 
eign producer of an exclusive agency 
for the sale in the United States of 
the products of said foreign producer 
or merchant, nor to prevent such ex- 
clusive agent from agreeing not to use, 
purchase, or deal in the article of any 
other person, but this proviso shall 
not be construed to exempt from the 
provisions of this section any article 
imported by such exclusive agent if 
such agent is required by the foreign 


924 


ACT OF 1916—Continued. 


producer or if it is agreed between 
such agent and such foreign producer 
that any agreement, understanding or 
condition set out in this section shall 
be imposed by such agent upon the 
sale or other disposition of such 
article to any person in the United 
States, 

Sec. 803. That the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall make such rules and 
regulations as are necessary for the 
earrying out of the provisions of sec- 
tion eight hundred and two. 

Sec. 804. That whenever any coun- 
try, dependency, or colony shall pro- 
hibit the importation of any article 
the product of the soil or industry of 
the United States and not injurious 
to health or morals, the President 
shall have power to prohibit, during 
the period such prohibition is in force, 
the importation into the United States 
of similar articles, or in case the 
United States does not import similar 
articles from that country, then other 
articles, the products of such country, 
dependency, or colony. 

And the Secretary of the Treasury, 
with the approval of the President, 
shall make such rules and regulations 
as are necessary for the execution of 
the provisions of this section. 

Src. 805, That whenever during the 
existence of a war in which the United 
States is not engaged, the President 
shall be satisfied that there is reason- 
able ground to believe that under the 
laws, regulations, or practices of any 


country, colony, or dependency con- 
trary to the law and practice of 
nations, the importation into their 


own or any other country, dependency, 
or colony of any article the product 
of the soil or industry of the United 
States and not injurious to health or 
morals is prevented or restricted the 
President is authorized and empow- 
ered to prohibit or restrict during the 
period such prohibition or restriction 
is in foree, the importation into the 
United States of similar or other 
articles, products of such country, de- 
pendency, or colony as in his opinion 
the public interest may require; and 
in such case he shall make proclama- 
tion stating the article or articles 
which are prohibited from importation 
into the United States; and any per- 
sen or persons who shali import, or 
attempt or conspire to import, or be 
concerned in importing, such article or 
articles, into the United States con- 
trary to the prohibition in such procla- 
mation, shall be liable to a fine of 
not less than $2,000 nor more than 


SUMMARY OF. TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1916—Continued. 


$50,000, or to imprisonment not to ex- 
ceed two years, or both, in the discre- 
tion of the court. The President may 
change, modify, revoke, or renew such 
proclamation in his discretion, 

Sec. 806. That whenever, during the 
existence of a war in which the United 
States is not engaged, the President 
shall be satisfied that there is reason- 
able ground to believe that any ves- 
sel, American or foreign, is, on ac- 
count of the laws, regulations, or 
practices of a belligerent Government, 
making or giving any undue or un- 
reasonable preference or advantage in 
any respect whatsoever to any par- 
ticular person, company, firm, or cor- 
poration, or any particular descrip- 
tion of traffic in the United States or 
its possessions or to any citizens of 
the United States residing in neutral 
countries abroad, or is subjecting any 
particular person, company, firm, or 
corporation or any particular descrip- 
tion of traffic in the United States or 
its possessions, or any citizens of the 
United States residing in neutral coun- 
tries abroad to any undue or unrea- 
sonable prejudice, disadvantage, in- 
jury, or discrimination in. regard to 
accepting, receiving, transporting, or 
delivering, or refusing to accept, re- 
ceive, transfer, or deliver any cargo, 
freight or passengers, or in any other 
respect whatsoever, he is hereby au- 
thorized and empowered to direct the 
detention of such vessels by withhold- 
ing clearance or by formal notice for- 
bidding departure, and to  reyoke, 
modify, or renew any such direction. 

That whenever, during the exist- 
ence of a war in which the United 
States is not engaged, the President 
shall be satisfied that there is reason- 
able ground to believe that under the 
laws, regulations, or practices of any 
belligerent country or Government, 
American ships or American citizens 
are not accorded any of the facilities 
of commerce which the vessels or 
citizens of that belligerent country 
enjoy in the United States or its pos- 
sessions, or are not accorded by such 
belligerent equal privileges or facili- 
ties of trade with vessels or citizens 
of any nationality other than that of 
such belligerent, the President is 
hereby authorized and empowered to 
withhold clearance from one or more 
vessels of such belligerent country un- 
til such belligerent shall restore to 
such American vessels and American 
citizens reciprocal liberty of commerce 
and equal facilities of trade; or the 
President may direct that similar 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 


ACT OF 1916—Continued, 


privileges and facilities, if any, en- 
joyed by vessels or citizens of such 
belligerent in the United States or its 
possessions be refused to vessels or 
citizens of such belligerent; and in 
such case he shall make proclamation 
of his direction, stating the facilities 
and privileges which shall be refused, 
and the belligerent to whose vessels 
or citizens they are to be refused, and 
thereafter the furnishing of such pro- 
hibited privileges and facilities to any 
vessel or citizen of the belligerent 
named in such proclamation shall be 
unlawful; and he may change, modify, 
revoke, or renew such proclamation; 
and any person.or persons who shall 
furnish or attempt or conspire to fur- 
nish or be concerned in furnishing or 
in the concealment of furnishing facili- 
ties’or privileges to ships or persons 
contrary to the prohibition in such 
proclamation shall .be liable to a fine 


925 


ACT OF 1916—Continued. 


of not less than $2,000 nor more than 
$50,000 or to imprisonment not to ex- 
ceed two years, or both, in the discre- 
tion of the court. 

In case any vessel which is detained 
by virtue of this Act shall depart or 
attempt to depart from the jurisdic- 
tion of the United States without 
clearance or other lawful authority, 
the owner or master or person or per- 
sons having charge or command of 
such vessel shall be severally liable 
to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor 
more than $10,000, or to imprison- 
ment not to exceed two years, or both, 
and in addition such vessel shall be 
forfeited to the United States. 

That the President of the United 
States is hereby authorized and em- 
powered to employ such part of the 
land or nayal forces of the United 
States as shall be necessary to carry 
out the purposes of this Act, 


See “Information Concerning Dumping and Unfair Foreign Com- 
petition in the United States, and Canada’s Anti-Dumping Law” 
(1919), by the Tariff Commission printed for the use of the Committee 
on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. 


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INDEX. 


ABBREVIATIONS: N.o. p. f., otherwise provided for; n.s. p.f., not specially provided 
or; U . 8. P., United States Pharmacopoeia. 


Schedules: Page. 
im whemicale; Oils, and Paints... 2... 2.0... .... 2.25 uk 6 
B. Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware.............-.-..- 135 
“. waetals, and Manufactures-of . 1.25.1... seen ns cee 178 
wood, and Manufactures of... 02.0... 3. 271 
KE. Sugar, Molasses, and Manufactures of......./........... 289 
F, Tobacco, and Manufactures of......................... 298 
G. Acricultural Products and Provisions.......-..... 2.2.42 305 
H. Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages...............---- 378 
Pe idtien Manufectores.........c ....<-----. ocd o keel 387 
J. Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures of............ 425 
K. Wool and Manufacturesof Wool........--....-.-.2.-... 445 
Ray a SAE RMR MOM APOOES 2 556 53 dsc cbc cu cu oe vs ac te ve nie scl 478 
m. apers and Books... . 2.2... elie ce ee eee ee ell 497 
6 ES EROS 2 TS ao er 4 2 setae i a peg ee, Gi ey Ee 517 
Free List . ae el ee ie rey EM CA a 585 
Section Ti, hAdouimintrative, oc bisariee jedibes! We halo re 842 
Section IV, ’ Special Provisions .. oy Sect, 879 
Provisions-of Act of 1909 Continued by “Act of 1913. ‘estes 907 
Specific Provisions, Act of 1909, not in Act of 1913, as Such..... 913 
Sections of Act of 1909 not Reenacted in Act of 1913............ 914 
Revenue Act of September'8, 1916. ...........-..-. 22-22-2222 916 
Sn St ORE Ciigns Fr enw. ok deka shen santowedaces 916 
Title VI, RoPueGl SIADEFS ia pede cine see bane DWAIN 922 

A. 
ESTES Yeh 7a sT em ec 6 PSO MSE Re Ot OR ne ne 648, 873 
Abandonment of appeal for reappraisement.........---.----..-- 861 
SAT Weta Wat EE ke ER on we eng tine eek op ne 864 
ERM RES Cf 2 ons oR Wie ale atets yes heeak toe si-nd Aegon - 167 
Abortion, articles for, prohibited MALES CER MN IERIE II UA a AAS 886 
Abrasives, artificial, crude, TELL RA) VO Real is aes 1 a ai arp yee SB 656 
EDU ch gts coved Me Gen a) ee Ee ADs dee aa pt ae ie aepaetas a 197 
SSMS 6s gs 1s pas’ gb a Soto nits iain wiciegd min mews a0 Gun om 380 
Acenaphthene. Ue fe ace Pa gad ee Bee I an Nay de a 916 
I RR Fen Se Sis hey ge ce nik ase aos ms wi pace eect ee 2 37, 38 
Acetate, amyl and ethyl 5 Nad DEES RR i MOL EES Sa REG ESD 47, 48 
RE ie Inline eS Tee Matinee A tad hice? ach aera oe Se 14 
MeEPReNeMOING. ...--.----- ~~ to enee = chem mmmplame san ten 37, 39 
RII T058 Th k oe hw ree tee «hare ans ae ste biamnind 6, 12 
I oe Tn duca pe 6-18, 17, 37, 43, 70, 585-590, 916 
acetic or pyroligneous. - ..----- ------22e er eee ee eee e eee: 585 
IE ROO a ae ata ase op mn oe os oe Onigeadoia® 37, 40 
AEROS EES MECN 9) Se a ee at Ne aed em ...-- 43, 916 
TESS IETSS 3-00] 01 ee eo a Ate nS age a CE 585, 586 
I SR roe ts eS ee uae ww io moo ce a esteem 12 
A sh a a w'p soln pin wee nein yt She cer dae Me 916 
NE ae es So Be 5 gto «es nom np aeons breennae 6 
ee Cs ise eb pina d oes w Se eee agin ees 585 
SENSE Oe, tee Ed yg als ae om ome ole «kee 916 
PRCT a tahcla cin o> nie ee ok hea BO tee wirien cade em aE 585, 586 
2 TENT ag eR po! <0 ai SS Ie a = (Cee iia ai a en eae 6 
ret ee ear es ces 2 te he Sage Eg als Ole cave oe Rene pene 585, 587 


927 


928 | INDEX. 


Acids—Continued. Page. 
FOFMMIC DSi a0 os oe atte tes cere cca arm oe ae 6 
wales or Gis cen nie cee eae wip alee ha haan 6 
elycerophosphoric, and salts and compounds..........-.-.- 37, 39 
hydrochloric or muratic.... 5.52. . a. 2s is ene es 585, 587 
hydrofluoric. . 2. 5. . +2. e eee ee wee ke nh. eee ee - 585, 587 
fachicn 2). 2 sa c2 2k. oe Se ee ea pe oe 9 
meotanilie: oes vide teste eves ced twaneee ee ee 45, 916 
mixed 2! 0). os. fs oes «os cys Mea ge dees ee Oe oe oe 17 
muriatic or hydrochioric. cp ewceacee so peels s Seles a 585, 587 
MUTIC. a oP See OS Pe Sa re Seat ole eee 585, 587 
0) (23 ee EE WENO MCCS MEIN MER ARINC IS 12 
OXBILC. LS. % - cP eae aes emtigh ately sce ae See .. alee 6 
PHOSPHONC...oe-. wee ae re pe cw cs Soa nn 585, 588 
phthalic... oo. eee bu canescens eEEE) SHER 5 mL ee 585, 916 
PT USBI 6s acne ni CR SE ee 585, 588 
Pyrogallic so. wd ke teks bc ne ele ate Reet al eee Sie 6 
TICTHINEIG? on. Vasotec bee a wae sth soln Pte ee 70 
salicylic. 2 .-.2.¢5  euis - pr eb ieee REE OL Bee Sea 6, 916 
SINCIC. Soci a ee ce we kon ns ep Oh SCRE eee 585 
steavic).. ss cast <a e+ OMS TOM eee - ict. Lea 12 
sulphanilicns. 2x2. ass + se eee Peek ade 6 ee said age 916 
sulphoricingleie...f.ssias tas epee eee ee ne uc bh ses eiies 70 
sulphuric or oil of. vitriolies :)c¢l. baw ote) 22 ose 585, 588 
tannic, and tannin. we ote 2 ean Dh Jd ee on ate ee 6 
tartaric... va céiesa<cccne dea. «lets beok! ae Lid 6 
valerianic. nia acaacees eos amicie s+ 5 dixie cee See 585, 589 

Aconite. iedecamiddiwig ae tle eo FR Bie Mieed x ae eee eee 590 

Acorns, prepar ASN Tc 371 

raw, dried or undried, ungrond., >... os 2@iiheeeee meee 590 

“Actual mar rket VLU. x ed's oo sue cin oho bk CRORE 869 

Additions by importers to make market value.......-...-------- 851 

Aeroplanes, entry of, in bond (subsec. 4).....-... i912 Hem VOeeE 890, 893 

Affidavits of absent witnesses to be received. ..........-.------- 861 

ABOT-AGAT.. . = sci we none poet ane oe ene teeh ate SeCbe ese: Same 54, 55 

PEROT O win cdc Gis o alee Wp Sik aig We aio ee ee eee His daape Ld. Fae d 174 

Agates, unmanufactured (....sc.0pac-eee0s+ seeaee eeeees ook 590 

Agr eements for contingent fees on protests not valid.........-.... 864 

trade, President authorized to negotiate. ...,- sneer 879 

Agricultural implements and parts of. >. 2.. 42-2... 2. 2) eee 591-593 

Agriculture, Department of, plants, shrubs, trees, etc., for...-.... 750 

Aigrettes, importation prohibited (7727s. o0 es acse ss = ee 535 

Air rifless. 22002457 foe Dn Se eee aee eee ee ee 220 

Airships; eritry of, im bond (subsec. 4.).22 522,422: 1 eee 890, 893 

Akaumezuke, umezuke, or umeéboshi. 2.227207 ieee eee 322 

Alabaster benches, monuments, etc...........--------+-------eee 174 

Ainate.: UHManuinotored so 2 ot ea eee 1.2/7 eee 235 

ALOUMON: oA es PEAS ee Se eee ee ee rae 3h 323, 593 
ope, dried ees 05 esas ae ce ee 15 

Proven or liquids 24405 232082 (cee te ee ae Pa 323 
De By De tee oes ee oman tad eee a een ee . 593 

Aibumui, vegetabie:csu, Scr eee Sere S202 n8 She. a §13 

Albums, autograph; photograph; ete: :/24.222724.5 231.7289. eee 515 

Alcohol 07 nto ond coh ce pein ee oa cee ae eee = en ae 593-594 
BULYV HCC LS Sia ack ede sina whee eee oer Wee ee ow et ee 54 
drawback of internal-revenue tax on.....-...-...-. 2? Sones 899 
in blacking "S85 Sc Re eee eee on 28 
in, balsam: 1.35225 20 a as a ee ore eee 24 

In etherg.'. 52 Sic oucees Shae Sate ee ee pei By {| 47 
mantles. 2502 544 312 Oe ee Areca HOES: 225 eee ae ee a 246, 248 
methyl ar ‘wood ¢ 722 54 S277 0 asl tit Seen eee 593 

Alcoholic’ compounds, 1. s.-pi fis 22229. 2 Soo See ee 34 

PAs 5 nth an ME Rca shee mates bie a Die atte ea ae ee ee 383 
PIMOS Ls sree ed Rie Cee ee SOS fee ie ee 385 

Alara a6Od Of 07S wie als SPS OSS eee se ore ae 770 

Alizarin ‘assistants 2205052122 S20 Fo. Stee i oe ee 70, 71 

Weatiral 2 ee 5 aii Ps Fas sr ae Se ee 594, 916 





INDEX, | 929 


Page. 

Alkalies and chemical compounds, mixtures, salts, n. s. P. er 16-18 
- containing bicarbonate of soda...............-. Fibs 123 
Alkaloids and chemical compounds, mixtures, salts, n. s. Dp. Paes 16-18 
SRA RMI RIRE NS 2 en Ses LES CS ee sae Bet es 758 

OAS ASE A ele Rk ei AU eS SEERA ED Cee eas ROR 88 
Allowance for damage and shortage...................02-0-eeeee 873 
for rot or decay in grapes.. AP ee carla ih Aig ae de 357 

EMME PRCRTITENYEC SS ee osteo eee os a 2 Soins SF Ge ROSIN eat 229 
Re ee a aoe eee ee ee re ey ae 249 

used in manufacture of steel, n. s. p. f...........22...... 178-183 
SILT SG lrg aly edie pte g Aah ell ale Ae Geta a RN 509 
Almonds, ‘shelled or not shelled: - 0.) 2.2.2 .43s25 20225: 20. bs 361, 362 
Aloe bagging Be et ee TE NTO ENDED 606 
A ella Ia ate ie beretad ieee ere hee ed tees 471-478 
METER Aco ee ee eee eee Te oes 12 ts SOME, ES th thy Bh) 475, 476 
plushes SS a ee clr pee ete Sar eich tar ie TALES rnin Leek wy OSES 476, 477 
ee Detect eee eee ee NRT eee Le ee sR 474 
(1 TF ee tll SE ate ign: Pal apc ade pda ig: bee al a ts a 476, 477 
(a Pan il go nella Aa ae AOA A Sle tel oa eR a ok Aha 474-475 
meinen Toot, leaves, or flowers: 7.7.4 2 five. ees eee STOO 712 
Alum cake and patent Alum < ete etek ee cee ee 18, 19 
Alumina, hydrate and ‘sulphate of..........-.-.--2--2-.20..2200. 18 
Reel LOnes OF ite th feo eae eh tc eed ci 18 
ps Al li lid eer AER AAC Ads Ne Aan a Pagers 18,19 
INST ee eee a ee eh fe SEM AD SHTT etd FMD 229-233 
Re ec es che es are Nee (MELE: NEE? STE): BANE S 229 
bars, plates, rods, sheets, and strips......................-.- 229 
Beer etar Tent ite ee i aicaa Srp al mais 229 
Te “hehe Seka Sh 2 na ag A OE, de able a ae eM 20 
Ee eet Ss weer earn Usa ea Ce see he to ot 229, 233 
utensils, table, kitchen, and hospital.....................-.-. 222 
eth TR Riel lili py ae ld aah eile Ae ER i Bea y tt: 321 
tte lhe igang yy ie pn ne Se AA a NG aE i aR anal 57, 628 
(aa pier tite tt ee il Gk. el NTA edly Si Ao a 57 
EE ee ee ee a ee ee te ee ase 1 678 
RI Et TPs. Cig tro et ves Poe a ee 564, 565 

(ia i etal aaNet tial Bet MD SIR Rene Sa A Ay os Ra a a 78, 81 
aE lg Sa GAA ill are a Sats oncom 78, 82, 94 
rE PUAIITACLOTOG «$4.2 5 wt. th eon Ste oe os Se TS 57 
American goods exported and-returned 2 vos. ne ee 901 
05 bla aE erica i tee ia A Nr bl ae Si Ere eee Oa 916 
Amidonaphtolsulfoacid and sodium c ie OR SS aeete ee cure es Ca 43 
MmeonirenGrs 2.20. a a eee et eects Tie eed atte 916 
a ig 6 pated a cece ya el lg ae eae eae Spee a ae 43, 916 
le pea ees ea ge le il a ada Sel I nab ne i a a 20 
carbonate, muriate, and phosphate of. ......---.....2......4. 20-21 
(Tis EE 0 Silly SoS lear Ril aie ai og ie aie aie 20, 22 
NE olathe ea i ial gaggia laa Gea Resi SP betel slt dees Shi don 594, 595 
perchlorate of....... Pee sete ve rs thee ee ee oS 594, 595 
EC ns fee Oe: OP ti EL OE AE ae ae eee te 594 
Reneecat ens tiguor: 2 055% 7. ee PAR a 5 ag a Vp Pa By a 20, 22 
Ampoules, ae ae Sis Ariel oto St Neate ety aati GOI SS ped gg Bel og SR A 35 
ae ely oe eS ee ee Bee Pel, EL ese 47, 48 
maa ean ree ee ig ee Re ee tee WEEE STOEL & oS 47, 48 
See recAl OF (pat, 200). kL EES SG BO ee 913 
Anatomy, preparations of, skeletons. -.....--....-.--..--+---0-0. 774 
Peemmn inonor steel. SS 2ssc sts. ttt Sst SO ln aed ts 188 
Andirons, eet ee err ee be ieeee ae rise ones et Some. 210 
MIG eels coe, soe on ae tS SRT OR Ree ee 185 
EET tee an se key ote oe ee eee 471-478 
BPA M ant er Ga ake ete Soe Coon ee pete eee Lee 475, 476 
plushes. SE Ee sce a UL, Sahn Semele aes eee eee eat 476, 477 
a ali ac ae taal ela th nd Ser ati a 3S iy lS pla OO OS 474 
Ee ger te Me Oe OL EN Cee SES 476, 477 
(hh RA alle lai ep ASRS i ltd SE A AAT Me ht ESR a OE be tee Se 474-475 


184911°—20 





830 | INDEX. 


Page. 
Pb dride, ACEC 6 +1 -sie> med inp -elie etre eter Bee sey hyde 14 
Anhydrides, MAI, NB.) 4. aise See wie Ae ps ae peat oO Shr . 6 
phosphoric erat phthalic acid... nciiae 5 -faette 14, 589 
Aniline, arseniate of LAB BOG) oo one we cme +» 2 peeled eee 913 
Oil and-shlis. oo: ose ee ce son Codes. o oan ee 43, 916 
per rn goo ka sie e give ale ee oe ano eke eee Serie ee 306, 596, 790 
brought in by immigrants or temporarily ay 5: spate ia ene 596 
for breeding PULPOSES... sey wesc eee sc sts oe ee ~~ -\« 096-897 
record and pedigree... tices... Ss. eee eet 72-2 + oe oe 596-597 
RE Ul. ot ee. ee ses wine ope <b pged ee Ee tage ten, 2 ne 471-478 
WOTSES. . 0 eee ees ee eet ese e tne 2 ee 306, 596 
Tayuarantine..: 0.2.20. +.se-'so-e ss Bele ee 596 
live, domestic, for food, n. o. p. f.....-- ‘xa g's oes «se! 790 
weileb lo acco ae Oe ah er 306, 596 
mod for sale or: protit.. . 2... debe seme owls ee we as se ee 598 
straying across boundary line... 6.2 see wis < oe ee or 596 
teams‘ol, ‘harness and wagons... Ue ee 6 cee ee 598 
wild, for scientific and educational purposes. . . .. se kone. 598 
Annoatto and extracts Of... .0... knee se ae ae so oe td ee 599 
butter coloring 2. 0. 00s se +s ' e = s « ee peed 600 
PYTIGWTA CONE. 6. Se ncisle ei ppiee's eels wore se ve ein ere pl ee 916 
and AHTHTACENG OL. .\ ou un we sw do by colette kG Oe 638, 916 
GY O6 so co gw ie bw ce alstate oe rk ia hs ele eae re ihascoceys 594 
Anthra: PUINON oo Soe gle okie onnre msl Sesion bs «cas + pipet nn . 916 
Antifriction balls, firon or stedl.. 2... ob ee 188, 189 
Antidumping. (See Unfair competition. ) 
PAP bLIVIOTEY so bee oo wie ote te are il ete tas ieee ale 233-235 
compounds of... -- ea sie we se wale Ves Soe eka: Se nn 233 
Ti ea BG 2 slaw ip e's = = etels stein go wle' ste ele ate ee beste 235 
ED Sco are sw oid wag Se so hy stds tM reide satay Seen ee 59D, 596 
OXI De ae reese wisi = clecy = We e pnee alee iN Ia aa 17, 233 
GAIUS 00. Ve oad ewe Sle nue eels Sees Done ae ae 2 
etibmite cnn taming So. os oe scape ae ane et = ae 595, 596 
STE oo ais Se ee eee ie oie on ere ee IT 
MBtipyrines: fh LO so Se te es eae ee 37,39 
‘Amtseutties artistic: <2... soos. Ak ss 0 oe eagle al etn eee 838, 839 
copies ot, in metal, etc: - 22-00 oo os So ee 838 
POTEET One a ee teks oo oe de tee eee 600 
MonrVils, IroW OF BtECL. Mo la sce ce ee See | | bok ee ee 205 
PMOL oS Ae See en nin oe ce = See ee RRR 2 600 
Pepparatus. oe Tn oa cle bcs ice eo he ate ae cin aioe 707, 747 
filling (eatety lamp). -.- . 2 n2teeaw err yre> errr Fee 721 
life-saving, for societies and institutions......-\.-.+es sop ies 707 
philosophical and scientific...:5..0...24..50-- -- deen ee 838 
for educational purposes. -_2.-.-2i...--+.<2---4 eae eee TAT 
platinum, for Chemical t9@8 Ss) erbmmm de bop eee Bi 750 
special, to teach the blind...) .... 0.22 4a.2.. 2... ce 620 
Appeal for reappraisement, fee for, hearings on, when abandoned . 861 
Appoats, ‘Court of Customs. -.---....:--..2 ses oes oe 909 
@inplos, -preén or-ripe. c's. k Loae. «a now's wie er ee ee 347 
Appliances, rescue, miner’ BS... eee eee eee ee eee eee eee oe ie See 721 
ap PIQ Ub, MCATH NE OL. Le ae Le see ae. a ee arate 554 
Appraisement, appeal FIOM 125 on om te < ie bse sone ie ete 861 
final, ee ak a 861, 836 
of merchandise at ports having no appraiser....... 861 
Appraiser, authority of, to investigate previous importations. aeueniiie 867 
GUGY OLS 0 Si «ese nie ge oe sine as oc bl yey othe 856, 861 | 
to revise reports of assistant. ..............--cws--en-s 861 
appraisers, general; ‘hoards. -: 25... ae 2 - oe Mehl ‘BOT - 
mepranad kernel: » f°. 4. lends’ aw de ae oes Ob Maes Cc oe 361, 362 
Arc iemps; flaming, .carbonsdor.-....... 222.250.0222. oe me oe eee 153 
Aerentine, unmanulactured...... 0.055... 0000007 235 
OLB 0'c hes wiauia a = Sey a alin Stee bs ee bide oe AR ee 23 
PES sid Fos ada dich oats d a teak Ua oe oc ets ee 380 
pestineel Of PoOdS. -. Jc. as ewes ele ie dviuice oe aaa eon ee sete 849 


INDEX, 931 


Page 

arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment.....-..............0.3.. 000. 601 
or arsenious acid Lg. ce Can PRN Me SE gS aD IS Af Tie ee Spake aes? 585, 586 
ESTEE WIND) 191, TV Osc 3 noes, «wap me oo Sk a oiw te bee nS ome 469 
NN oe et ke ee tol ns thc a mem vege are cus smieinietiaha 573 
RN ie ea i wh al he lene ath « deme 838 
ET PEE NIECE ee Soe 2 ww eas eae in ue ns ats Be, sti = nmi wk 838, 839 
engravings and ‘etchings, <r Sie es GERM oy Se ae en eae ie 573 
PROTECT RL COLTRI AGIOS rn 8 i a6 Edom 9 ns mie, =H Ab, apres ne 838 
paintings, pastels, pen and ink drawings, etc., n. s. p. f...-... 573 | 
Mera, porcelain, pottery, terra cotta... .......-. —... -.-. -1-- 838, 839 
produced more\than 100 yedrs.--.-.... ee ee nd 839 
productions of American artists abroad.....................-. 839 

fen tenor reproductions, Ths B.D. Toe ite ne ow erin wecln wae aee as 
MmeerIIteG ARN eLAGtAT YB. ee on oe o's 5 2 5 2 + tne 57a 
wrought from metal within 20 RIT Ge int eA a 839 
Articles, baked, containing nuts, fruits, etc............--...---«-- 312, 313 
composed of beads or spangles, RG ke ih RRR ae Re” CRE 517 
containing oranges, lemons, et@:......9....24..2..-.4--- 279 
exported and returned i ey a Benes pt att Ne ihe NS ed RRP? 0 602-605 

PG PEAS OTANI ne do a al 602-605 

for experimental purposes, by societies........--.--.--- 747 

in crude state for dyeing and tanning, cE ek RAR PRR OC 794 
RAGE WOVEN, WOOl, HH. 2, 1... 5 i. s2r +2 > add akin 9 459 

list of, to be made by Treasury and Commerce.......... 848 

made from cotton Plein cea te en ey 423 
manufactured, n. s. p. Pre ote stat. ge One 583 

of personal UP TS Ad iligcag podss Ie ae Napanee AR Santee 809 
PiepiUe, WelVOL, OF Bile TADTICS. 6 4 _ tt ee bone tomar aed 448 

of wearing apparel Natt te agit ite ie pent Nae a Bip ae 407, 409, 489 

MR EERO SEE AN iene a le eens wan cick: cs an 459 

or wares composed of platinum, gold, or silver, n. s. p. f.. 268-271 

OES 00S OTE TRE 7 MS She agi ae aan Le aay aaa hy ee em 579 

toilet, of persons arriving in United States............-.- 809 
unenumerated, under Schedule N, Sundries ............- 583 

used as substitutes for coffee.............-----+--++e+e- 371 

woven, finished or unfinished, n. s. p. f-......-.--.-..-.- 443 

Artists, American, works a A ohn ean 2A se heehee Slee 839 
I a eg en 605 
I eR ee cig ed wna a m6 3. @ aes beens ridhey tai 605 
manufactures UBOE TRG. 5 Cee a ROO 5 ella alae ctl Cie eee athe Ge 564, 565 
A EOC CPR RS ag re Saar ais al a fe eet leg eels aii Leen 605 
TLCS le acticin 4 he aie phe =.nl2 se oe hs bale ali wae. vii 564 
I ce Sh Me Reale a Sok ono hie ast sone annie 564 
MIS Fee a ita Oc cass ss fig Boas mais cimrpetenm + Bae ed 617 
ee Ree pha enh LPs ix wre alety. 3 os high hes 776, 778 

Pees, erty 4 pli clad Aatglinsy So TAS sak ati apie biieae lie Mark Cie 606 
REE TARISATOES. OT oc). Jas > «ao yescins signa ~ aan STR trance 623 
SE I OE aaa rg Oe reapaearg ep MERE. of MOT 606 
Asphalt, limestone-rock PRGA ER ica ee AE ae at Sant <> aad ate 708 
ee a aaa ag gg My Fa os Paper 708 
ce Sia ed ine Sein hie bo Saeed MOTD wie Cae eines ov 
Asses, mules, and horses straying across boundary lines. ......... 596 
UIRERERLCOTOGY CreNCTAl 0.2 sc noe nes oe See Sie eee ce he ee lebinn 912 
Rs Se Be ee es RS yo oe cl are decebers 78, 86 
EEE LOVON ICT, WSE 185102 o> view) ~~~ 2-2 hs eee (ose eet 849 
Attorney General, ASastant ANG LODULY << o-s beeme ee eek toe ae 912 
I Rg ag cares ae aim 2 = abvneeecarccncreeet mimestte 912 
cpl el SE gal il id i ig ae iain 8 ap 206 
bodies, chassis, and parts........-..----------+--------+-+-+0 206 
entry of, in bond for EXOT (Sere ys 32s plea Back de ee 892 
Romuate AO Peta DOLLCU ...Lics 05 - ~~ -- 42 += cher nn emer iene 206 
Axle hars,-blanks, and forgings... -......-.---.-----------+--+- 208 
Axles lifted in wheels imported... -...2. 2. nee 208 
Pn Sh pe: on Se Nag Sami gate Iie ips El elas a a SAE? 208 
yi Ab opetactes Se spate gate papa Sega To eae get St a Sac gg ace 328, 329 


SCR EL RC. We ce on Bs a Bn a cn oe aus a Vicwis > awinis Welece webbed 168 


932 INDEX, 


B. Page. 
Backaaws ss fo ROSSe TPs ea es vee wee ae na tr ote oe none 22t 
Bacon and ‘hams. foro co 2 2 Pee oe ne oe cee ee Oe 718, 715 
Baggave in transits: yee eee oe ee a 878 
Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and similar fabrics. ............ 606-608 
waste, for paper making, n-is2p. f:: 77 S eeeeee 741, 742 
Bags ee Sie oe oe whe wile hee et 438 
baskets, satchels, etc., with traveling, drinking, or dining sets. 560 
exported, returned’. 2 oot oie tee et ee te ay 602 
punny, O1d eee Pe ye ce ae cee coy oreo apes ee 741, 742 
leather, ne epecke yeee ae a oe cto a Oe ia 560 
PSPSK Te Bes Br ee ree 503 
parehinient? Tl 82 pete akin seo ks eee 560 
woven fabrics, plain; single jute yarn; -.... > --.2- es eee ~ 438 
Baits, arhiicial’s oo 2o3 ce Se tee ee ee 224 
Ball bearings, iron or steels 229) so oe ce ee 188 
Balloons, entry of; in bond (Subsec#4). °° 12-0 See ee 892 
Balls, antifriction 0. ee TOR ote ees Peete cee 188 
bagatelle; billiard, chess, and poolt so. .2 2 oe 530 
Balm of Greate se ea Ok ec cs 608 
Balsams, Canada, copaiba, fir, Peru, and tolu................... 24-25 
Banrboo, sticks ofyrc 252 coe sels cee eect a fae een 823, 824 
Bananas oo Veer PS ae See 5 eile che ae ee 663 
Bandmep, spindle..< oo. 20-2 o te ko wae lene oe ie 417 
Bandines: oe en wa kes om Cane 6 shane Oe ee 417, 435, 488 
COLLOT ean ae ae ee dee w crc Oa Oe te 417 
flax; hemp, or ramie; "ns sip silos). 2 435 
Bile Nees pris. es ee ee 488 
wool, or wool and india rubber; n. 8: p. f-. 7.1... -.. oes eee 461 
Bands, cigar, paper, lithographically printed..............--..-- 507, 508 
of flax; hemp,’ or'ramie, nie.p. iy 22084 bs eee oe ee 435 
BATU Os ee ae ane cele a eke cates oe a a acne a ae 229, 231 
carbonate, chloride, and dioxide of.................. 2... ae 26, 27 
Nitrate oe CSSA ww eile aye aie oie tant ee eee ta a 
Bark; cinchona, salts Of Soo. fe secs cee ee ee 758 
COTE So5 hs OSU EE St Sh Se oho tee eee ele ae 646 
in squares, cubes,‘or quartets: +... 2.0" ee cee eee . 529 
uninianuidctured > 2th Pee 2 ee 646 
Cuba, im braids, laces, and plaits: 2:20) .42 124. 2 ee 520 
hemlock, extract ofc F.0. es 794, 795 
manufactured of, 1.8) pot... 224222 ee 286 
Barks, cinthone.. 2 20.2.2 eee ee ee 609 
crade; drugs, :.8: ped oo... ce ee 653, 654 
CFaps sai 6 pi eee ee eee ee ee + tt) eee 46 
Barley, birtled; patent, ‘or pearled 22.4 <7. +2452 Ui 5 23 ee 307-308 
MAb ae wile oe SD se Oe 308 
Barrels’ (enipty yoo 277 
containing’ oranges, lemroris, etc? -24.%...0. 02 ee 279 
exported, returiied 1.252274. To. Poe — 602 
shotgun, forped,*é6te 22: 221 Yi sss a ee ee 772 
Bars,’ aluminwm ~2 224223 22 tte eh CE ee eee ee eee 229 
COPPER oe Ne bes awe Ot eee ee See ee re 642 
CAN die epee he Hed al Aine, ad le he ME 245 
TET Sera era ip Ore Sees wie ae wee eee ee 184 
nickels ea ea ae Ce 9 2 0 wt 0 Oe a a 249 
platinum?” 222270 Se AA ANS SS ee 750 
railway, iron or steel Ty ee oe ee 761 
splice; ironor steels it Po. 191 
steel; tapered or beveled.. 22 00".-..75 28 ke 193 
GANS SS he EE tek te de Sa Oe 800 
Baryta, sulphate of-irs oe eo eee bak odes oh ct. oe 97 
Barytes and ‘barytes earth fs (it...i... inti 97 
BBA OUS 5 Te ee ee ek ee .- 283, 560 
bags, satchels, etc., with traveling, drinking, or dining sets... 560 
bamboo, wood, or straw, dyed, painted, etc...............-. 283, 284 
leather or parchment, n. 8. p. f........-. Wievini sie 560 
OF airs ere Et ee ee ee ee ‘Sy aaa a 285 








INDEX. 933 


Page 
Hatton berg.or Renaissazice rings)... 202% Poe lek A 424 
emt te PaNIELON 5 TYAS Laas 8 2 05s 55s cheater ES terete Ok ward's CURE 421 
Bauxite or beauxite, CrWder Ge SHURe die Me AE Leos 609 
eR En RUMEN Sn. 44 See Dknrt ters sae AM de deo, RS 18 
ee ITE EU WALCR a c5 Bsus oe Fo eh Le NN le Le 381 
CE tN E PI Oe nic Vine ewe Cow os SLE ee 218 
RE EGER ES PEM Uc ao Waleed Aiud dy gids wae a Sb TMS UY 517 
artificial, not embroidered or appliquéd, nas pit ieot soir 517 
curtains ‘composed inset Puen. ee seer eth rs i hea LS 517 
not threaded or strung RMN IS bane ge Ea AeA ooo RAE eS oy erkioe 517 
SET se SUMMER ONY Th HUST Ge ny oud os Ch EP gh I oS 517 
meas cdeck and) bulb piron or.steel....5. 0. vcd ews ceceadieleses 185 
Bean cake, or bean PS CMV EWE Sates See Jo wis, oredr ad 319-320 
NN Ee Rage hcnhes hth on an pected ote Hb idludkes 315-318 
crude, drugs, n. s. p. f. Boo aghiae dae sn SNM SAC IES A Ss 653, 654 
drugs, PMR Ee TONES a a het. d ea ent The APOE OL 2OSS 46 
PORTE Sah ee ee LT CRN Go cts 9 ne eva honaananw re eh E Dees 315 
Pee Pared- OF preserved. ..5 Acct on een ees ow OL IR 317-318 
NSE, Sia SLA oe OS int. Dale Vo Se Be Oat 779 
NAME INLETS. oo ele th ogee A nas re mnie Dc tad ents GAR 134, 135 
Nn es le wdisnlidewie baulne owls 134 
Penn nalland-roller,iromor eteels ir) os oe 22 es 188, 189 
ReMMATAM UN OF SIRUMIGG CUCL 5 5 os oo cece be cea enermien ered Hear hand rctaveres erence 609 
Bed sets, cotton, euaneh an CAG i Sh isl i esl cot AE 492 
Bedsides, BICC Meares ie OUT ee ATP eects. acduci oxordh ote OAS 469 
Beef, ee aM oneal reer Uoralihy, Wena aenr aah oink ns. 713, 714 
Pre weiarer. rasseue st SC OnsAL 8 oat, es er BU daha 614 
IS ke Se cy Wai ck Aah s apd baabobintnanetialbnind Aoavsicnanatet 383 
Pe er errr ear he es oan ocr ip i han nrc etini Sew SON 385 
eS Se Se ee eee rac Rahn ama byont dati ORAL, dete 610 
TREE AM a orca tie ot osc Ge nin gcc wm. io el AE EY POUT Oo 317 
Beletandbeltanetal shroken 2.0... + a0 vnc ecce/orci owned bye OU 610-611 
Belting, machinery, PULL emak bos coven wait goewLa., Mate 417 
NA eRe Pe A Be Ey EO was wi ws arn sroiarcie cw dew a «SEBO. 461, 488 
en AI SMN I EE clas alent Doak achebvoraa (3 wi Saleen PIES OG SPS CS LOE 417 
max eiem)),.OF £9116, 7) 8. LeU, BSG We? Jos ok, AE 5.28 oY 435 
horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation...................... 495, 496 
ae hore pr Ft ett ee Ja abso oil) bows lect Jc 488 
RP SRST KPa des ae RAO ASS ne ood oth. Si au te Ys 461 
ete. 2) eee) wpe snl soled vd lope 417, 461, 488, 560 
Re Perce ett he fe ch ct Wy A ae SN ow Hen) are ecl coat n ED EO GR 417 
ReMMR RRO TIN IS OT TASNIC | TBs Dia Spi song os Sort hn eg Aster rd EMIT oe 435 
Tenth on i8e Do Ts. oi. -2 +2 SE LIS eee” Wee MUMeRS ASM >) ON 34 560 
parchment, DBA eee sous oot Abe Ra Oo AER EO 560 
OS PS grt BO) 2 be a ae en ore Re Eee ee oo 488 
wool, Pe ues Vic. Oru Sa nSede sD adt. A Me Jee amass | So age. 461 
Benches, marble, DIGCcClAaNele esa by LON... SEU OS. 174 
Benzaldehyde Phew seus «at aoe Lee eos oe Ue Siar tt 43, 916 
NRRL BIRO ARNIS oo itn ld nora sot cat x Janaki ni Oe Oe oaks eke OG 
RRR SNA SA SLs fg cnr gla csien Sigh ays) aeciok chars Dita ie welds 731, 735 
EMULE Ys ed ALAS oh eh 2d A pds tle ae 5 4 OPS Ee ARS 123 
ERT pep 2c gee chiry Dae Pe Ean nei oe SOR Sea TER A 916 
NNR IR AIRES SNEED Di Ber a. Hel GR OK er ah age are: whaiciw So w or de eRe ee BORO 43, 916 
RR LSE MLS ie OE AE NI sci bo yon ovat etn yierersemip = erate a, of SRA 43, 916 
erin, Chinese, and .Prussian blues... ... 5.0.00... VES ds Sek JI 99, 100 
ER incr Oat sta arcana os Yeo wy io ae 46, 347, 349 
OER SoC ae roe tee ne te STURN Seem eS ines sane ara 347, 350 
ENTS TS GS OR Oh Se ee ee ee RS Sse 653, 654 
mrad, desiccated, evaporated... .020)..'0. 20.592 Gi 347 
GRUGS 1B. Pe favs oe - rapete sree ere rere ni rege ee eee ete ee Oe 46 
edible, inatiralicondition.i......22) S24. Loy Bede eee 347 
green, ripe, PN RA NE 9 Ae ee am pepyere st 3 bal E~ Pee e eB 663, 664 
Persian, STEN OE Gl po tsb £5 pant UPR, EN as RE PU TAR 49, 50 
I ES FA i 5 52 Bai nan dacea is nance ens Rink carn dhs 380, 385 
bottles or cover Inve ditiable. le nie WeCMme se tA are eee... 385 


containing 2 per cent of alcohol, n. s. p. f............2..--4- 385 


934 INDEX, 


Beverages—Continued, Page. 
ginger ale, lemonade, soda water, etc.......... isawsh eae 385,386 
SPUTTUOUS, TB. Pode ening oie ce nin 62 1,0 ratyrinprcinwe pi okk ode al ae i 

Hibles, bound.or.ambound. yo. cine <-yoore lore « Getenele~ See ee d 611 

Picycles:snd INO CYCLES. — ite a men bir nripeeacieinieanial gee a Leap 297 

entry-of,,1n bond {(aubaec. 4)... ..ae:- <n lee ae 892 

Beall of lading, consionee Of —ccinn» ominpienein ay ~-s-deumy ao ean $42 

Billets and bars, steel..... 1 cwngsideshgsihasige-chabiminte-no-arhd deta Waals psa 193 

steel, Bessemer, etc i wb oats iddeqe giv’ ot) -Lewtalsdrteercey Sa i 783- 

Bindings. .. 0.00. sncsge-gausubipeiieyeus'cepacaSl tue sabe oh liane.» tak eee .. 461, 488 
COGTOD, oo ao oring bs odemmispmanineshsnoy asennad —andcirtesireleerhe, 9 ee ne 417 
flax, hemp, ..or TAME, 1.8. . e oo <sesnsecncms-ieimvnco-pnani- 435 
TUb ps We Os ot RN MNS Mere Tere (ne % 488 
skirt, COLTON cinqcemsasile-o-e 5 ontegysbrteun vsysies en aaetoeurgajeze,s6 snamyelh’) Ne ian 409 
wool, TPS tBy So Semin bate poco doa m gieie ohio Sasa reas 1S milo ae 451 

Binitrobenzol, binitrochloroabenzol — 214i oe are | 43, 916 

Binitronga PH ihalene . a cveesoyZcidrmererveve)tihowinieenm ai pnirsaminaas = Pe ae 916 

REP TEP OC ORI esos yci am ue sm scasecs ep abv oin, nme San pak Le ee .. 43,916 

PEEPS {2 OING, CTEOROE 5 oni. ancentnnsevnensnsts Peenends= tule Pee ee Sia 365 

and land and water fowls, n. s. D. Tihs ak coc ois ele a sail 612 
FS OM ek hai oceans Spaniels Sea tacateir siti poet oo oe an aa 654 

UAB CULES oa eerie ae Ln SN RTI al ee ee 812, 3138, 618 
bread and wafers, n. 8. p. f_... .cedte same codee eee 613 

Bismuth....... LRN ea Pe RE MERRY oy osenrenemena SL. ee ‘614 

IBSiGq tie WATCS econ weoecceninan isch and ks Pane ae aa é 149 

Bistouries.~........... ov un Srapisvan recone alec adin sl stich emis ae be ‘217 

LUFC 1) ee ROEDER AT cen We mare aeh Mer eimek ys, ohNe E ae A o,” an rr 56 

Bitters, containing spirits, n. 8. P. Goch a eerie ewe Oe 380 

BAM ON. Sos oak dk secon melee cea oan ee on 708 

Miiack, nO oe aes A ee (acest inl Potions IES. sae eg 101, 632 

gas, dry or. eround. errr rene te skin sah ohiotcottine syne ed ee TO1 
OF; COBKSE: COPDED... ania niin eee ees oe 642 
Cpe Of dibis, poe chee ee terpinne seu «Digi x 860 
plush, known.as hatterla. 3 seg ee 256.2. 05eioe ae 580 
pigments se = <chngns Bawnipthi i pou law teenage ab Nelecpeaeksen pais sea ea 101-102 

“Black salts,’’ or crude potash, RR nies Me Racin nN Se : 752 

‘Blacking, n..s. p. f., not containing alcohol... ........-.--. Litisitbis 28 

Blackstrap (cane molasses Jew ninth’ Dea lobalbe farce aie tig ini 293. 

Bladders, animal and fish, crude, dried or salted, n. ie ee ee a 614. 

manufactures TDP Wee, Wea Mea ie es 1evoenicrsirensacraratsheile Sie aia 564, 565 
‘Blanc-fixe, artificial sulphate 0 of ary bes iech dost abaes ee 97, 98 
Blankets, Sores seilcu orig Sie napaeeyponnes ine OU DU Ae ee 421 

rte Be 2 sri eosesteicreersiotinsgie dt Jet ee okt A a wen, ae 454 

Blanks or see locks gioco check tae ei ca ee 783 

| or molds, button, n.s. p. f......... EEE [pe ntbnele osaie we (525, 527 
“Milesting caps pnd Suse9. ae nnc eee ewewus eee ee eee kn 935 
substances (explosives), n. 8. Dil... deeeseib= seb hee 679 

‘Blinds, bamboo, straw, wood,,.D..8.)p.d-.2 i. eae sale tie 283-286 

Blocks for eunstocks, wood, rough hewn, GLC. . 4. 4<.seeeae need “a 816 

7 Foi PES Ys 2s en a SY RRO eng RON mh a8 ae eae eS re 816 

Te ee Sn PN NE ROU EH LS eee a Settee J 800 

si es Sve: REPRE ORONRL EE Bere OS ea ety 816 

Ai blind nu us baler oy odie toe coe e Eee 261 

Blood, EBL n. 8. p. gS BR tS AE RA ATOR piu tinn Zeeeuete ee 615 

CBR OTIE. | ses neselapie mint oe el ie EL eae etna ee ds 653 

Blooms ne Slabs eels wie ee old usteudd. base 2am 193, 783 
TWD iagin tied coral ped anv ou bak nba ecb nce eee 

MBG PSs ithd isc ¢ hkatee selenite See ee AA RI a 99-101 
Glay., COMMON 65h se Saracen bar se aene lye Ae ae 634-635 
containing ferrocyanide.of-iron. ... diss avq-t eee ‘99, 100 
PUT ie os cot abil iS ee ee eae ee eee. (5 ls 1 
grass seed, Canada.and Kentucky... ............--...-- i ede 771 
mass.(U., SP. PREG ie ACE Ba AES HE Biel beitbd-20..4 bite te 31 
ultramarine, dry, pulp, or.ground..........-..--- ethic ee 99, 100 
WETES c indinghc osgivansenes oe ete ee bis akin ea lee “ 615 


wash, heaaanihens aaa epi. Re ene re fick cli webs ato eect wit 99 
BCG chet dpe sc enew nee eke Supbiaoete. do hee ee ee ‘99-101 








INDEX, 935 


Page. 

cal MAU Es <2) ITs ie 10) a kero ee a RR phat Be ifs SU 
Peart 2 be te hss Gob Sea iden cee cit Fase ons ain tees 699, 704 

of General Appraisers, sections of act of 1909, not repealed... 903 

Uy A ABCC Sn a en aD te BES oP d 495 

press, n. Oe Oe Daertcnainn rnd cote icantn ap LMU 3 51 
Beards of peneral.appraiserss 4 i. ..ocsclis es os ei ea oe cee miei ci 907 
plane) doule wate. dawedh 2 oxi cies sseael td ls eae 816 

Boas of feathers, flowers, etc., DPip ya Loe! ar ete re ori be betes 535 
mE BM Dew Hor agOY iS, Ve ica Mee ee oneal. weiter. as eels 468 
Bodies, automobile... .......-. bebbdatih RENN Teel Ut aT AR LEB et a a on « SA Se 206 
Bodkins, mustel Cece Nemiles) ia. Mies ier fea 8 <4, 3, vie 299 
eerie: DTODOF.IOGL. 2 0d hsaht hod dota ia edbal laws 186 
Pee A MAINS {TAT ABOT,) c=. <.<.---2010 wie x29 on parse d's SblNe ) ALleey 913 
Bolting cloths, Bite hs a paren o Deasette.bas, botuarsy. dade 616 
PR aint one a wig enre ph ein pe ED SOREL Us Sots 209 
ESE aC TEA Re (6G Ed a eh Re 816 
epee Ry CORE ASEOT OT see foe el ‘ 209 
Ea IRI eI ee GENO Ea RuRNG eT he. aie fe Ge. iy 816 
wood, handle and shingle................0.2. hls He decon 816 
Banibay .or wild .mace...........0.000n0- Gilani DONS Bis SN 373, 376 
SR MRE PAE UNNT IC) STR oN cance nemignimentovecosohinve wierd -mecta mare niarmdesigls 532 
Bond, cancellation of Amelting sind refining”... ..cicictis dacs Suck wicks 897 
oe, TZ IEES SSS ET Ge Sanaa ska te ne el ene Rae Yor 901 

entry under, for exportation (subsec. 4)... 2... eee 892 

for animals for exhibition PUNpORGR Sal ilu asa. sek 596 

for duties on articles entered free to be exported. ......... 796 

for production of certified invoice. ...... deat ehilile 846 
1 eee et ee a ay -BEO 
Bonded manufacturing war Bi oees eoe  Neiebns 895 
smelting WATAROUGGE Os... 35. des Meade ttn ba dest 897 
ESE Site 8 5 ENE SR gee a RE ace Tak BO 417, 458 
manufactures SEW 2: Cae Ce re Siam: 566 
IN AE tase trtson exgcleree or con be wep ni pups gir nine connie ESE eS ch EER 617 
Bonnets, chip, ec BLEGN, Ati in er kormine hee dew-9 +5 Gn ae ELE 520 
BI a ee hs ese winre even eie wie ee mic ne minis © oleae Rie Lapse lhe 543 

ROEM et ce a lalarg em sarlpam ow ibn Riricie Gu & RA pied Sipleneaebaane eae Ti 507 
IES OURS DS te ee pturetrersesd of italen 509 
NE i So cab rcte ise gk Wie RIG He "al bine p pinticl aie ple gce’ar Plaudes 516 
decorated by hand or by apraying- ot hha des. etal i broke 507 
paper, Ethagraphicelly ITIP OR elon, wil phigh wrest ov ante olbk Sues 507, 508 
Noche treatin wiehcen-oel ic tpiwisnitomen ry WAND eae LI AEE: 513, 617 629 
Rt OSCE AE he 8 ic erin orn oie ppt ahincindvicoe. 513-515 
bound or unbound, n. s. p. f.....-- TS Vie RAKES ays WN Ree aS 513, 617 
PEAT ED ir. ow icn oc ge tienen sere seat vine whe ninnnlih folky bblin 579 
PSAMIVALION OL AI DOELET 6 tO iss ence ens ole dein dv pee ae sae Syd 872 

for use of United States..........---. potsaay tamer te clade WA. 617 
household efiects, not for sale... 4s .. 2o-.5 sites eke 621 

in foreign languages. PA Ale ook ole, SAREE I Vat, RAEN go PME 620 
Meu VAG NE IL Gin us whi ol sceiereialese wiegne-yii-rivittniew eciw ine eee SAM SI 501, 502 

HOt iorssele. for.sociehies.... -.. 0+. +.Le mys am -bonas bind ghee 621 
obscene, prohibited . Rapes Tce eR OR CCR felbonlehuns 886 
EUAN INO SL OBEAMOT Ga 0.0.0 ar Siecinw a ule aie 9:0 we wie mrocns argo pie lead 611 
paper, lithographically ania: SPIT ts whikgdade 5 PRS 507,508,611 
printed UPA TALIA DO SURAT 2 oe os Nat cu ae LAL ging eo gli 618 
Professional, of immigrants... 002. - on thee sien Ue). ween eR 756 
mepedicprint, 1sed ‘by tho: blind 00... . vic oven vo ceie wee + eetles 620 
eR RN Ss Rs Oe ets we 4 Sule Gin teat yistee GREE 513 
unbound, IG Safes oi Sure tein te ent kine) hee Vial deg seeepen sds 513 
NN ares LTT alos 6 asa eh a < wala ken ¥ ONG ie pn eae 417 
Boots and shoes, RT OR aac he eta wha as aera cies aS 699, 704 
Borate material, pols 02 Pee: Dak, Dy 0G Aan aie Rar Sa RPO A SONI Nie 2 7 622 
oo EET TREC CRE hee Ree re ee depp eee meet pee eT 622 
ER NAS ee ead Ala aL he in es fe Oi La ch te A Go BD 123, :129 

Bort (diamond). Soe Dias AE, TO ETE. NGO pp ea REI « ence 548 
Botanic Garden, United States, plants, shrubs, treet etc., for - 750 


Botany, mineralogy, etc., specimens of, not fapaile.s co sus ual 780 


936 INDEX. 


Page. 

Bottle caps,.metal......... She alata w Si rb atdine tea avai SOI Na ee 263 
Bottles containing scientific preparations for societies. ........... 747 
glasa, flint, lime;or lead. ut Suoslotl eae See 154-158 
nonrefillabld. (i-.civvove sa veews ddl sn den 156 
Bottoms, copper’.o.S. Foy Vey. Pe ace assy eine wile wwe eae ae 237 
Bounty by foreign government, additional dutyivysccic a. eee 884 
Boutonniéres of feathers, flowers, etc., 2... Pid... ene eee 535 
Boxes, containers, metal (par. 195) ee Pr em 913 
containing oranges, lemons, etc...............-.--------- 279 
philosophical or scientific apparatus for societies. 747 

covered. or lined ‘with paper. ...2...67\\.0 0204 503, 505 

jewel, leather or parchment, n. 8. p. f.....-..-...-----.--- 560 
packing (empty) iccwsg oat sivtatel ewe He's Ue lee el 277 

steel, exported and returned .....¢4.04 24 cs bine eee 602 
Boxwood; rough. or héwn only 04203 eces setae ds Js hiss See 824, 825 
sawed oo oe SU ao te ee tore iee Je ROM 2 ee 272 
Braces; cotton..i. os so ewiwed oe Geet swe exw PED OTE eee 417 
BU nS Pekan ed eee awre tS eo bie a eae ce ee 488 

wool, or wool and india rubber, n. s. p. f-.-..----+.----- 461 

Brads) cut; iron or. steel. sessed sused ds as cn dma cee. Ud 724, 726 
Braide ts 0.40 40h 0s Jd dove vas waniaeusheba eae ae 519 
clo-clo, lead. and cotton. 2.2) hot Sa, Se 597 
hat) Fame oes. «as iw Vo baie Vey dudea das oe Oe eaee Ble 519-520 
lace, Dh, BE Po Pe. isc ws nb ds SOURS VORA 501 

of chips, grass, palm leaf, straw, ete.) 02/03 324 2. ee 520, 521 
real horsehair... :2<'2 ive Loy a Cae Ok ee 385 
Braille tablets, -for-the blind....6. 52. 0/530 1a ae 620 
BAA Ys Sed - os daw ene eva daw ewds lta aoe De ree a ae 378 
imitations Of sis cbs es ehh ews ne dh a 380 
method of determining proof of..............-.--.-22-..-.225 379 
BrAsBL ows wl STDS ous wwe cad oe heres ag ea ees eee £6 268 
manufactures Of. 6.6 .is sce swe wewen le dee ae 268 
old, and *brass-clippings...% i. 242 sees ys wee ee eee exe eee 623 
ping; hair, hat,.ete..ccccevewse res dere oie ehace hee ee 252 
skimmings.of ashes. 0.000 6c eee er es ec as eet sieves serene 623 
Braurstein-erob 22 25.0. ce Pot ee. lee emeeoes 712 
Brazilian: pebble, un wrought. ...46.0s eres bess eo AUR oe 623 
Bread Freee a aie. Sha oe a ia eb 2S Sa ae ee ee 312, 313, 613 
biscuits, -and -wafers,.n. 8. pfs: US OU8.4e Pee ii beso 613 
Brecdlay ove Psa ee ee ave bre bi ec DE ee 172, 174 
benches,: monuments, etes sn. Jas dee Ose dwihes eee se ee 172, 174 
Bribery, punishment forss.sscvecseve vse. seus cu ge ees eve ee 877 
Bracke. 26205 otha Pits u Pees paged bhp ales ob ee ee lee eee 135 
enameléd; glazed; 6tewis /.0ss0d cre eae age ae Jay wee a 135 

TUD DIES. Shes es nad care cnr ee ee 152 
Brier root. or wood, unmanufactured............%2 sue. Deslell eae 271 
rose, stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of.........-...........-. 333, 334 
Brimstone? .2s.'s3. eee Pa Pe IG oe BE. ea 788 
Bristles, crudes wiois ceasda ses edcess 3 Meee ed eee s oeew aoe 623 
sor ted, bunched, or. prepared... ..2.... .0a) ete eh ae 524 
Britannia metal and pewter, old..2..casts2~ 1's.) et i ee 746 
British gum ccscs it ceevteudess ss ed ni se SO OA 57, 59 
Brocades, DIONZE.. Ci. ws cw de ses Pass OS eee 236 
Brominei 6) hs ek oe den od fee od one sO, OE es eee 624 
Bronze brocades, powders, ete.... 004. +... ..0t0e ot be eee 236-237 
BrooM COM Vivi sceevsn ded cares lee ev Pe we Re ee 624 
handles. asimeuhinsadiee dig red tne seeps / ido eo eee 816 
DYOOMB i.e LSS ba ce a Nake es cap abe ee eed es oe 522-524 
Brushes 253-02 3s SSF Ae Pl cs 2 ees epee BS AT on eet 522-524 
CAPDONG. 60k oc ceo deearsedubplasee ud coe tio ee eee 151 
JowelTy. 0.2. I OR a a ee 523 
patent.rotary. WATC<vc vanes dds ceed dv tee Ode ioe ae 523 
BUCKICE ki oa. HL Soe RE a aes ee 241-243 
belt, trouser, waistcoat, etc., iron or steel................2... 241-243 
jron or.steel die itaaul, Syl ds sa St oeetals Jets) aa 241-243 
jewelry, worn.on apparel. 246. Je.ceeclaant, «2 eee 544 


Ti BED 4s ik vec ae sc Wie welve die bales sike wttteaciit ate 2 ane 241 





“INDEX. a O37 


Page. 
Buckwheat and buckwheat flour and grits.................2..065 624-625 
Pee A VTINOTOUNG ex. rd ULE Oi, bites Ts ee S92. 38 373 
MUNA DGS Tie Genie de on als cfs ka, Hell ewer ane te eP I EM 653, 654 
UIA Pwhaionk Oe 8 Wide dace eos ov ins DLV S SaaS ANG 46 
Building forms, i RPOID OL RIREl soal oe ie ae BL Pe, SIGUA 185 
stone, hewn, dressed, or polished...................... 176 
unmanufactured be A Es AAP SSA 176 
Ne TSI fue co ke bins cece We eo TER cade e's 6 20E8 328, 764 
and bulbous roots, not edible, n. 8. p. f.........5...0cccceeee 764 
begonia, gloxinia, ‘hyacinth, Cone eg eiihne esp OME ND). 9 328-330 
PMR EISS Ma Sey Darlin wi oes calen ea s < oCa ye is IR, ED 653, 654 
drugs, Pees Poobiossk se tes We PDF GEV ee La TS 46 
DEN sy 50 pw win clone ns oo AROS LHS AS UUIY A PPIs MB28 SSI 
Rmemnrcrencerit- electric light. >.)...2< cs6. Se og 02 AGP 169 
MPSLaCLIUGS! OP eI St ads Leta tle oe i or SRE AE 46, 653 
RIES eas AMS SANE Gs Ree SOB pS: Ra reese Ane ea 764 
ECR OECS bose ted eS aee donee enes wT OORT 245 
a OE Se rh de Mie a we ake OM 625 
PEENIINGE ANDAs Hy iall de Des Gelb yew ake ws eden. CERES 245 
IN Ss IN 8 es is oe 50% 239-241 
EM Mie b rp ris eae ors. s ead, SLL Dg ls 457, 458 
REINS Ly 2 oS Pe Wie Wd bea Pde bod 2 ETE IIS 834 
Burden of MND etie Wii He wuiia ORD Auity a Recs hIads debas ceeds 872 
actions for recovery of value of merchandise................. 872 
SPICE NM eS 6 dave vals vis cen lige da chs ev acede cen SUE et 877 
PPMP ML POL VOIRU ers LFS iss ko hae meas anders es Se DM 851 
PIPONICTATITO Ses so S00 ose Pos Oo ee She SR TUS 872 
NMG ys Sl aS Sos ee bianco vos ower one OpEeie ses U LS 606-608 
Rueecton, MRE TL ABS, Disk ey sa Sots os bad a el ae RI 1 785 
EN aS a gic hin arach diam Freres Sold ond OMe ns ous aren 626 
EME Ors os PEM, Kr 2b dale sda ks oa sane dew oe cette 313, 314 
MOMIACE ML DSLALUIOR 10M ieee cones s ea ek esc se cece ees cae eFS 370 
OE i ae Eee AtS Sb Head nde sadam de eee’ 313, 314 
COR RAS tsi G Wail a. 2Sba sd os 3'e no thew Xe eee oes x coe SR 370 
Been uetanme OF Iastings; LC... 6 ss nnee 1s ede Rcld SA FSBO 524-525 
tPA oe he OG Ka SUMAR AP SAR Aah ede Odette ons vow dy 525-529 
OE Tite dine acne, Se enptioans OSL PAULL Eek oid Meee 525, 526 
ORL CULL Ty BUMP kb yo oe a oe ae eerie DRSTONEL 525, 527 
PRM tks cet we Sebo oe, ht AEE: SA Os 241 
BUMOR OAD ER. (ard an tabu reise sie ns wansinon signs LOOKED 525, 526 
en eens Se i DI e sae Boer due oe ee eo ews awit 241 
Penen-Ot- POST), Tle BP. ikasviven saecossss roo ee etic eee FIT 525 
MENUS DL Ukiah sh when dad cae acn eve CSl Pol aPC 525, 527 
Es 5.0 Abate aticte: ae aS AALS SRL 525, 526 
ea re Lay WAU A Soi R tiat oN. SEER CIELO ID 525, 526 
RR tes Phi ek ERTS, areas ee oo SI SSS. 525, 527 
MM DIGIVOTY 4.52.08 s ces nears ebnon sisters od pee CR OIT 525, 527 
LOR yas eas ddisetis ass d's tay eanece sd Kad euus se vewnes OUT Se 670 
Py-products, drawback On........50.0...ieec3eeeeceee eel ed. 899 
C. 
ETE Ae Fe SOR a wre NAS SAA RS SS Sr A ae eo 913 
Cables and cordage of hemp, istle, manila, or Tampico fiber...... 426 
miecal-andrubber) eter s2. 2 220.8 225002 os ee Mane a errs 198 
Eat aeTuneries,.co tar tere ss PSI a TSI 2e te oss ree 639 
ee Siero s oscar tre soe, MODES SSS SSR LT Ts 297 
ESO Sos ee aa oan a a ple Pee eer ior: 627 
Semen COIMPOUTINS Of S24 22 50 2700 ease et ae 29 
eam nee Meee Crile yeS lel rl Sl oles ee 319, 320 
Mitorescc cae: ROMA ce tae Ae SORTS Ss SLOSS SO ek wo £70; CLL 
ELON LT INO RECS or ao aise ia ess Oooo Se oe ee 52 
LN NO ARSE late Og ae ESSE BSPe EP OOM Ce Bre dE 5 Sega 776, 777 
Ne ooo ea ee Oe Ps ee ae ee ie 312, 313 
Se cts DIEM Oe eee eo hie hate eee ne ve 258-260 


938 Cs INDEX, 


’ Page. 
A CRG cisterna din 0/n orator ne oem > Ie ae eee srsete date , Bia ge 229, 231 
acetate, carbide, chloride, and nitrate...............--.- +. 627-629 
PPBUATA GOs che beg anincigs ae + aties, seri ee Al ~.. +. 1676, 677 
TAVTTD GG PUD Eco ais x Hemme ore ere! a lave tor oh mines did oon cae a 23 
Calendars, paper, lithographically printed....................- ... 507,508 
findomel o.oo: oc wusan des wads ecb Gee. -beeee > oe 30 
Camel, hair of, and of other hke.animals...........2.0........-.--- 827 
A Soorrss begs (09 afc ahs lien Doing re ee sece win mel ne 8 ew ate 445 - 
press Cloths wacky avin ewan er a aitdbre Severe, 616 
LOVING OT TAPING. 5 eos Guia view mailer. Shiv ae 445, 446 
Campers, cut, TROL BEE. Hi aise ste, 5 6:Qea3e cede. gon aidsie tac ee ea ae ba 54T 
Cameras, photographic, .and ,parts, .n.s..p.f.......-.----5- 2-0-3606 576 
Camphor, crude, refined, and synthetic...............'.---ssuecue 57, 58 
Cmundles, narafiin: wax... scswi 2me > osu «Sel oe 556 
ERO EILAB obese iw Sia Saks iceie oe eccmnew ae nl'= 0s aerate D383 
Candy and confectionery,-sugar, 0.8. p.1,..-.,..4-<p «2 see 296-297 
coverings divtiabhe sa. -2- saan beapoce oe eee 296 
Gime, Chat jon oi < 5nee Sey sania ee 280-282 
Canes, walkite d kag idan bogie in ge ae res winch dewey eee eee 581 
maGhetor. eye 1 beep eand soa . an ee 823 
‘Cans, containers, metal aes gieg $7 ee me Se « <isie nb a a a 913 
Cape Angora goat FEB on. 5 aking nares 5 Ss eae 473 
GOS dn eins 5. eset nmeyaese ase wis kc er a 46] 
blasting + — <r an hsb raeit a Aa bas haat ES ee 535 
bottle, amped 5 ot anaes 54,014 sc 5 :cstleu a aoe leah 263 
PELE SOLS soi, cat leas eo OM em bse i Saved 461 
POTCHASION oo 8 oo rie arate ny pia rane 535 
, Pepa. .or red PePPET.m.—.--.-ve ied, si a 3738, 375 
Quramel-or Jburut starch 0... .. fas. piss aoy ae ob 0h yee orth E in 46 
Ait 28 harm biescevin es arcs stevens sms asi neeges “eee icc a 151 
PVE ae wee lhe e wes etek lace nein ee waa a ‘617 
TUS CB in. rw dain bya, pn cma sn eo sn 151 
MO so ais i uae each sandr eA Sa atts neteee LEE 
BLOCH GEES. 4. 5s fecs <peueasue<dnpen-dey =u wae maaan a 151 
memnifactimes.of, 1, ‘8, DP. Leas <.sh, 2s oe ee pe 154 
PRR OS oar Petrie roar hire ketene 151 
pots, porous, for-electric ‘batteries, .....02 5. on <.0 cm <- « 153 
Prsea CLOT eo i a eps ine se, tie eee ee 41 
Carbons for flaming arc lampa, n.'8. p. £.......-...-.-.--..+.---.beee ... 463-154 
forieloctrac Light oe isomers cin ae ee ee 153-154 
Bm OBO LG i «ss daha nxn aise esieensee oso anialeboentnaprd-ineedt sha ae 152 
Carboys, PL CRO a AE eR ROI ype ee eee eg A J... be id 154 
exported, returned yn, npne:ns,am <acis eee ene 602 
Card ‘cases, cigar cutters, coin holders, etc. (jewelry) .......------ 544 
leather ‘or parchment, Ds B2D), Ds oe 'e:s acsrusieele ee 560 
clothing, felt, wool, er rubber face... -...-.--+ <<. .-95eee 210 
IB C0 GEO ice Bre scpe EE le eh a a ee .. 388, 389 
WLC, WOO oo ae cezeceiin js en impmgmana Seki aaah toate ee ae $34 
Gerd board, 11.8. Te soo space eetaa ne oink = 0 eel ‘Bld, 512 
die cut or stamped, ns 8) D, Lo. 2sncs-+ 25-3 516 
COlOS danke ek ae akebn Ges cee cae bts a Dh ans pie a, Ste ee -- 507,511 
JAC UATE. -DAPGE: . o -4)s.siee moins ie oe eee eee ee = 2266 aoa 511 
paper, lithographically printed... .. PRE ber oN ok tein acti 507, 508 
TOA ti ee AD, 2 AORN TARO MED ACAI teats 515 
POO G gens aid Meeps hw pilates wo reo ecm whe co ene ro ee 516 
Gaspet, COPE. 2. oc ce os obs ms ore oe mie > Sie ants cyenaie 2 434 
RR CLINE ooo Um arene net Am tego Sib elim inka cata meee, aes ved 462-470 
of flax, hemp, jute, etc. (except cotton)...........--.----.-- 431 
jbo: 4g: eee Oy ima Alaa Ge dey) Sasi) DRT MUMS MCN ie ovigie B ic io all 462-470 
Sb cHtini *Y Smee ET a. a sie mtew deine o'cerin oe mic idee ete a 463 
BAATISUISHONL 5 5 05 2 ozo cls ieee tepals ach er ea heat vial 462 
PABGELTIBLOR Ses os 6a sce. Sac ee he wena eat he de ee 462 
PRR MSHOUS os oi ic os cine Sip gh es A ouebal ath etnies ee bal 464 
REWIND VG ovine Sin Gigs saan win lO hte he be ta secs ea pe its ll ct 462 
POSE UGRLS OIL 6 =< a -0 2-0/5 wig a,c bo alee nwa qaveyeee eos <e  e 466 
moquette sa Be Sieh cs ncih UR ef. edie ope ence gee 462 


of flax, hemp, jute, etc. (except cotton)... fen caisson 431 


INDEX, 939 


Carpets—Continued. Page. 
ee Mea Bt ho ec ee be awed 2. 463 
Samiti SADR CID a. i rhc Sys dealin Satie adage occas cw ack 465 
Ag WP Rhee ure eee) -oiteetackis sed ene .¥! 463 
RII til Gian se ewer nie wine eS aA 465 
I eG ee a ete Bindnininic ini 466 
velvet and. ESR CO ae ods ending ARs SO Sila 464 
0 EES REE 2 RD es Op eceaa eRe ae Oe LO el POS freee 463 
NMR TAIT TERR I ein we ino ross ys inamgn va porasdieieuie tle 468-469 
woven whole for TOON a Rn ca eS Zu celta dN 466-467 

Settruck channels, iron or steel....... pear io As cat rir Se om tie 185 

Se EE ecidisen ela eaeoien cs SARE es Bnd o>. «ieee lips 52 

SGT SER Unie Oe a a le 2 ea a ME Pa os ec 535 

Carts... . ae eS Cae ee bed oie 8 a is iptuenet debi f te coe) Asics 591 

Gasein or lactarene.. nsec esese eee eee ree ct eee ahh 696 

Cases, card, leather or —par chment, IE Ge SO OM Fine eee oe te SOT 560 

powder, . stamp, and vanity Beweiry) . ideitanes ail hee xe 544 

MMO ET i ceete emcees wm own: nni wits bef ANS tees! eases, Soe 473 
Wearing apparel “senate PORES: A765 

Cash registers... .....2........... ae Ma nie eh od eh hee ME ong tit athe he 629-630 

Casings, bone, silk, n.-s. Lap hse aoe ee Leis ihc bers. 488 

Casks, barrels, and chhogsheads (empty); thagepitiieih aenecuses. 27 

PRN, MOGI on os giant oB wdke HUE SLES AS 602 

Cassava or cassady... Se ci le red ses aden ajttenteeey Um etter indh. 796 

Cassia ‘buds, unground. . . 2... gareenoe or LS EM ee. 3, ee 378 

. (SC SESTRE SS B+: Sepang OLOMOUC TS RTs REL Moco yl shows sme RCS prope 373 

@aseiterite, or black-oxide Of.tin_.. . .........0..enonnnen we we wk Jase 800, 801 

Cast-iron andirons, hatter’s irons, stove plates, tailor’s irons, : ete.. 210-211 

Castings, malleable iron, n..s. p. f2.......0......-.- Eetper byced cob sere 210 

Castor Gas el chetee ete P Sime Nake renetetbiateretale sessrensie Etalaa Madea ye doie crete te eta dee eet ee a 630 

PPe HGANGOTHOCKS.. ooo eects ns eT RARER. iy oy bin Fett sis 335, 336 
Pena AE DE AOR BOR DG 25 5 poco. nsscncresaratevonrneenive a om ali ole IR eH 70, 72 

EE EN oS Ne dem pal age mt or eee anti re, parf- ote A ELI CEEE YEE 630 

Catgut, manufactures of, n..s. ?. Ee SE AOE 564 

strings used in gehs a. ak RE MGA Wee 257 
Tnmaniriactured —......-0.. iene ete beh eso 630 

Cattle... 2... 22-22 ee nee te ten nee es 790, 791 

re eR MR aE SNS Fs 2 ep iene nna ewithic SRLS y Sul 448. 451 

anmantiactured, .:8. Pp. Ln. cece tenes sles 681 
hides or-skins, wearing apparel of. ..............-.-.--- uae te 537 
Rag 2 ot eerginrwtninerennie Sh «SLL ULE LOE iit 668 

raw, dry, salted, or RCO on a ee a IE s 683 
importation prohibited bMtHAGC. WL) naa NO MOU. 2s, 2a 888 

@attle-hatr cloth: -.... (ca secie esis eee TM rrp mane min FS OF AB 
Re MNNME ID ABR Die rah Acta SA me A Ad fa en orang hate rensen nein, JE 452 

Caviar-and other preserved roe of fish... ........--+----+++----- 343, 345 

Oedar, Spanish, rough or ‘hewn ‘only............---- 02-25 22---+-- 823 

I II is ye seh dati ha paca Wl eraafahatetaneeateret ann ae SO Lh Te 72 

Cellulose, and cellulose esters. ...-.....----+---------++-+--2++-- Ad 

RS Sn ne aereies cues IL yy ing Bowe 3 

PVM aS Ar Uno) Mere pole hos ae rere on SURE, Ser Pe 642 
eee StS s Donte sch A sane he eed ees Hag et od ne erne none re 138 
Portland, and other hydraulic..........-----+--+---+-+++2+4-- 631 

white, nonstaiming. ........ 56-6. 6-8. s eee 22018 SH 138 
Roman, and other hydraulic Pos Beare CHL een as ELI EE. 63 

Ceramic color, or enamel, for jewelry........-------------------- 172 

DIR a tind =. ok in oe ae awe dia iat te wd d EEA NS 4 §32 

Cerium, OF Cerium Pe... 5 22 fo on oo sn Sw en ce ee Fe ee rete 632 

Chain, cable, curb, rope, etc. (jewelry). SRPMS. SL ee 544 

Chains, machine and sprocket, iron or steel, n. 8. p. f....-.-.---- 212 

Be ORES Nr Mey eh Stn 8 ee ast hal aitele een ate tS Ee eee 8 $2, 121, 132,632 
Sree reret caret AGIs > AS olen wi ote Sidi oo oni en pehe ate ntti als 32 
ree s tetint Soles He A Ss Oo oh kota fdas rei eee ue 632 
French, crude-and :unground.....--...----+----++-+---+---+ 793 

cut, powdered, pulver ‘ized, or Washed .. 2.0022 182 133 
Pete or ie! nen ree gos PEE RRM EL OO tipi $2 
DeMIRMINN ot oo Sore ces Stee se oped eed oo SSSR SS Le 557. 558 


940 INDEX, 


: Page 

Ghampagnsé. ove acu cs ce oe eee ak hi ReG Ob ede Sse ee 381 
IMitation os vs othe AS. ROW RA LL eS be 380 
Channels, car-truck, iron. or-steel . 25.2... 60. sek ci ee 185 
Char, blood:and, bone. 14.0 c oe. Lad he 632 
Charcoalse.cigeei eee aks Vers eee ae 2 REA 632 
CrAYODS. OF fUsSAINB..ic. . eek knee Ose Ree ee eee 0 Shae eee 113 

for, CeNSeTB..0.04 Oo. LeU Tek Wk ERs tes Ooo ie 633 
Charges, dutiable.:. 0.005 sss eee sence dn Ueue edhe 869-870 
to be ‘shown. on INVOICE... 2.00. i eee see Sed ae 844 
Charms, bisque, china. : oi... .i 6. tanec 5.0 .eeeet A ake grvs-149 
stoneware,earthenwarez. ...+. <-> s-.s>s=<- ee eee 145 

Chatfas: Jgsncloge SEP r ee Woes SARA he es oc ete a a 513, 617 
and maps for use of United States.2.... 22-2. 4... ee 617 
hydrographic . ooo. sobs os wn sine wie See bs eee 618 

TN, 8. Po boc ses ceeeincs ew wis be ote Siew changes CSA na le at 513 

not forsale; for societies.o5/ Yau ees) ees eee oa ee 621 
printed more than 20 years=...:.... .-4.<0.--s~0---es seen 618 
Chassis, automobile... ...- <2. ssn tee ee oe ee 206 
Cheese and substitutes therefor... .. 2... .0.-e1--\toa= = 20 -tieeee 314 
Chemical and medicinal compounds... ......... 22.4...) [Ase 34, 35 
compounds. distinguished. .. 2.¢.....2s0 2.000. 0020 Ae 17 
Chémicals, photographic, n. 8. p..f.... 2... <..-.+-0 se ee 916 
Chenille, cotton... oki eo. cad babes os ee ee 411 
Chenilles, silk 01.01.20 222 cee on nie ae ple en elee - ee 484-486 
Chenois or.sour-oranges in brine.......-.-.+-.6----- 20s nee 665 
Gheroote of all kinds. <2 2 on..js2 2. See aebe nich nie eee 304 
Cherries, green or fipe::..2.. .oe\s dah dco ee 347, 348 
Chicle, crude and refined.........--.--.- PCM eee 57, 59 
Ohimney pieces} slate. 2. 2... 406 die ene + kennel 177 
China-and porcelain. wares. «oi .-...6-.01 Sines suing 149 
clay,.or kaolin. <. .< ocd ore we oe inion sia ie 140 

straw matting, in. 8. D.dis ~sneres<\n = anyeuinieiw le ane 430 

GINA WATE. 065 oe 5 oie neve je wiprinie inne Sen brie le er 149 
charms, ernaments, toys... --<sec erie cere geicre 149 
Clock cases sais So).:h5. de eld oo» Losers inibveis seuear io coie oi 149 
OLD salve piget deeded wi onece meena eee ae pele ee 149 
Statues, statuettes... coy SSE cho te eee | lee en ae 149 
CHINO! I DIINO... 2.0.0.0 2 nce josie oie oven Ligpssahe AB ale eg ee 665 
or sour-oranges, In brine... : Liyids vere cy. Gad bie 352 

Chip; maniwlactures of; Nes. des: -easaAea ea ey 566 
Chips, CINNAMON « « <.. « sieceis\eieienivelacnseless MEE SEP 5 hn el 3738, 374 
poker,.of-ivory, bone, etc........ tanked ele ee 530 
Chioral hydratesst whee - elk ee eee ae aT 
Ghioroform. £2.09 scl beh. Saino eR RR a 4] 
Chlorophyll .extractiof..0.5.32 25.4. al tao. setae . 52 
Chocolate and cocoa, sweetened or unsweetened, n.s. p.f......-.- 369 
Christmas-tree ormaments.. oi. - diese. wirep ieee eye parte 519 
Chrome. brick. 29k axneleewiwee sieieseipiei-aein we eo A 135 
green, ‘pulp, dry, or ground. 3:2, .>.-)./: tk ee oe 102 

metal op CHROMIUM 6 oo, sae “ye ain, <1 elec 178 

DOGS oi ip pts nga pein aoe pean ati leila eae 102 
yellow,;/pulp, dry, or ground: .. .datugelved --ocse eee 102 
Ghromriuime Colors oo elds wl ila Sten mys aos nae Rees eta oa 102 
hydroxide of; crude. -.c, -. 2. -silipaebie tas do 634 

Metal fois va'o</ba wa.5 a -siy oe eae Vere. bekeemeeehen et 178 
Chronometers, .b0x%. OF SbIDy oy 5 memes eesti ym ia <a 254 
a is: 5 proses sph ou gets semicoke peepee Mo 322 
Cigar bands, paper, lithographically printed............-.--.--- 507, 508 
Cigarette. books and paper...4¢<biste-1e sates, deal eveim icin tej 579 
Cigarette-book covers........-...- $e, 5 sa bai pies ane a 579 
CAAT OTC 50 jo basso. sin © ae mink psioopecle oye pl mceltetor ng ead pl oe i ae 304-305 
CRROTE Pe 08 20 5 sisal Be sacar tcc ae ata Rae Pete a a ee 304-405 
manuizcture of, In bond... . 5. oe a ieee ee RES rea 895 
Gmchona, alkaloids and. salts,0f- us 40t1erdene <msan enlace 758 
Cinematograph not free as household effect............-...--.--- 622 
Cinematography film pictures... < jc. ac 2.15. cia «whew pied sine eee 576 


Cinnamon and cinnamon chips, unground...................--- 373, 374 





INDEX, 941 

a6 Page. 
Citations by appraisers and collectors authorized................. 867 
Citizens of United States dying in foreign countries, effects of ...... 746 
Citron and citron peel, candied, dried, or preserved.............. 359, 360 
a Sle gS rs a ae RC Ae A ai 94, 95 
BORE arse tata ak oe PORE AT Sane et hoe eae 816 
Pare OC UC Ol Bert oe San rc ok Pree ok 241-243 
ha) Se eS Cy A ia Ny ATR RD ORO EE re 140, 634 
Co OIL ORS: 8 het Bae ro es LMR alton ban Ae 140 
RmerstOre DIME. Cote ke ER hm apo y Pepiaies 634 
Smee 10t, Antose-5 Ered aes ye eee ek co EO: 634 
EMBL ig OP re afer a OMe hee Oe ee eee eS SS RE 152 
Pee wopacce, and pipd Bowls rio or SISO 579 
Clays, or earths, manufactured and unwrought, n. s. p. f......... 140-142 
Clerical error, manifest, additional duty ..........22020.202.0...... 851 
undervaluation,- result of 200 eB 851 

BEVONT COTTER OM OL sco See ee 876 
Beene Th BA. Pose coef ee eal) Ue te 785-786 
RES “COD PCT > NOW £5 oe 17. aia ne a's ws rae eee we ee ee Dee es 642 
irom hrass or Duteh-metal. 3. soso er PI Sk 623 

OS ae teicher cata Nese EArt tacky aig Fe ai ah CARD cnet, lia 741, 742 

Clock cases, earthenware, china, and porcelain. ................. 145, 149 
Pars Ree rer rg Nt ete oats ene ree 254, 256 
movements, with: jewels : : 29.27. .....w ee eee ee 254-268 
ra a Merts OF. Ta-O.- Pls i. 028 ee ee ee 254-258 
Res Sn a eater ok PHF SPSS Pee ee 392-475 
Oe WLS al AG ae Sg PE ee Pee eee A est, 475 
meine Ont HAI; TY.-8. Pe ts ec PE Pe he Pe hg 475 
automobile............-- IR PAIR RAO SNS ENS | Meh 459 
eae TG BNR tty mtu tet ee eee BP ee gS 616 
ares TCR a POEs Ane Sheet E See ee ere ae 448, 452 
(MLE cS QO 28 EAA ee ee en ee Ce nate Se eae 452, 543 
TO BR A Es Be aT DO A EB ad a ey oe ep oa af 392-401 
articles:made-from -D.8.-p: f.ssrce ee eee ee eee eee ee 423 

eR ERM VGTOOO Mt te kiko ds nse ost d wos SAS Soe 401-402 

EEG leper Range SS. ee Bo RE a oe 401-402 
ere ilk. sek ON eee RU e Ete ee ee 403-405 

ROE COED URS o I. ot a et 403-405 
(Sade Ras a SENT 2 rae A ee rt A 542 
Green... 2... ee Ween ny TES oh AINA, SAE Yeo 405 
ES in al peed 2 A a Mie a SN Sec Aet aa le PRAGA Sh 453 
eam lor covering Cotten. 2ii..tc.2s SP PE ek See 606-608 
id fom" Paper Tinueises He een ae. ae et BU 741, 742 
nmeomnown as: hair seating’ *>.-.0sn- eee 2 RY. 542 
MreersscLUres-Of i: & 2 Petite ee Be ior acg e-oy: 475 
aE GS SRE ca a SAAS a SR eS Rl A RE 616 
bee Aptech eo oer ge tied Pde ee RO Re yr a Pa er ie a 452, 542 

renee TATINWOVEN oc os fete ee tee ee Oe ee 44] 
Semrertonl 1OTs OF. sy SS ao oe ie ea 44} 
(2k replat ig tec eg BO OG a cas ae ee. ie ol at gid ie pT 403 
Seeriievtiiver 2nd silica: os <2 Shas ae 403-405 
waterproof, cotton and india rubber: =~... 0.2... ee 403, 404 
a ictal Aa de a Nal AEM Oe na ae el RS la a aA Rea 448, 454 
RO cet SOs PSN, Nn NENA STIR Teta S ER DN od Ge 407-409 
Oe ota lh Aide as Seles ie gence ag ye arial ar ar Sh ace eh aa RD SP a rae 210 
EME SEENON AG OURO e Tcl ee ee Aas Me EES 407 

Se eerrenie Ai, ee the Lo. She eet ee Pn ee ft aoe 459 
ON Ripe setae eat eae sR i a SO rie ea ret bgt ee 489 

a le cal Aaa ER as poe ll Se 2 Aas BeBe 448, 451 
No Tg ins SES eS SS ty ag aaa a a ie A ae ARS oa 616 
Pate Or morsenair Ns 85 Palos eos ek ee eee 448, 451 

Vi a wid Ul TRS TSM Mis AL Oe oO ER eee a IR DMR i ah ae oh bgs 457, 458 

. Mop, cotton. - 6. 2 re de eee eee ee 42] 
ERED = COLE TET Me. Toei Oe ihn oe ht ee eta ee 421 
cecal Meech Dk gE ier RS EE A, ttc air Beta Se ude ane dea 616 
Waa. COLON. te A pfs soe eo Ree res I Soe 421 


DOES DO Dal geet dh ale Mall dS Nh a Att Sle IS Se PR ke ae 448, 449 


949 INDEX, 
Page. 
Cloves and clove stems............... sedwperd Lanio dps excradebapaee nip Aiba 373, 37S 
(ium ps, ‘corms, and) POO. 2-220... jon Swi) wisid wb eainlenioeemaed rite 328-333 
Coal, anthracite, bitumimous, culm, shale, and slack........:.... 635-638 
or coal dust compositions, fuel a asp eig'e opens ee alee ee 635 
LAT, CTU R. » . x mca ernie ieee cieitic wip Rie. casie eis ene 638, 916 
SALLIE Lt-s oc; Rn aD ee a mee eae I TEMES E SS Mc pol Liskee wrwae 42,096 
dyes.or colors, 1. 8. ). fo... noieussbeyues > se Bee A? 
other distillates and products, n. s. D1 ee eit ee 916 
DILCD DL. 5. Lume bid fe reo eee ees Caen eO ee ee pierd 638 
PLOUUIAB OT» teat nee ctl cee tec Geena ree ae Ls ele 43, 638 
- not medicinal, not colors or dyes..............-.--.-- » 42 
or preparations, not colors or.dyes, n. 8. p. f....--.... 42 
Cobalt and cobalt.ore.......--..... wimnds duane Brdetesehiads hte se 638 
OREO DL. cn, 50)o ncn esas ono avaia ie Sid bee Med eae oe 43 
(Cocaine, :and salts and derivatives of. ..2 000. 20. Lea been eu sees 88, 91 
Gecculs Indi cus. .: 255 apie nae anb epecekise ace eee 638 
Ci ot en en oe eam MG oer 639 
GWOCOD Sn ante certic um ears lo acer eee eee oe pee aime 369 
butter and substitutes for..........220....2... ee 370 
IMLLETING 2. o sncids-s Wa Ls eerstere Det wlan. ue elk Le 370 
fiber, leaves, and shells........... ee re 639 
mats.and Mavtine. 6.25 - tooo lek nla ee be 569 
or cacao, crude.......... mace bn gn w ale poy gu a 639 
Deron Meat... 2. uae soece cera cheese ee iis» Seats duties 399, 360 
GE PUCPATOG «is « mioisnagnn bwlledc eu ies aennwanekeece sce 729 
TRETIOGS 6 <i bas. viSicin ww inte'nig eke inlaw duped bic cai oe, 369 
shredded or-similarly prepared......-...-......--.+.-0+ a= a+ 809, 360 
Maconuts iD Shel... os wkes cee eccces nee phan hon 729 
AJecoons, silk, and sitk waste... 2. 2 .seoecee ses sees ste ese 773 
Codfish, pickled DT MAO «56. «ne cole ne ences ee ese peri 660 
ROTA Nad toe bit Ramee ou, aia Spee ie ce Sn a geek ere ieee a 4 640 
COT BATIBO 5 oii oii «nip wloientery, dinates oc noes Se ee bite 641 — 
ORONO oon SOM ie be ee pi ci dia hem Ce ern Lonel 371 
BES tes FOr, DB. Dido. nn aoe cee oe be wae ibacicnea his ha eeell 371 
Geins, gold, silver, etc..........2.--2....--- losin attatde ae ee Ts 641 
Coir, and coir VRIES 8. aks oa ie c, Una oe ee ae See i 641 
een ee REE ICN es Me Pal at Steg Mie tl dE apes T'S OP sak giaty py 635 
Colcothar, or “oxide of iron, n. 8. a. Messick dc sede ache ce .-- 102, 104 
Collars and cults, shirt, cotton, n.:8. p.2.\ wo. ee 407, 408 
linen ehattan fue he oe tele eae pee 438 
Dellestor, action by, on ‘protests... .<.....- gedace a eee 864 
i - ~ decision. of Pa a OE ae os en en EN NR ieee 864 
TEAE EY OT. os esc ees ok ee Saosin ig of tata te a on 873 
APaLLOtS: COTEON.., 2. o 0a om bic desig ba un Sante) wie eke ite et A417 
Apel LOdion: ss). ces siadoe bit J. ab bo bieGiatecls sietcies ore meee 44 
Goloridakes, dry orin pulp, in. :9.\pides..s eo. kk eee 113 
Coloring for beer, brandy, wine, etc.......-..--.....--.- stg 8 jeg eal 45 
Kialora,Coaltat, 1.6. 9, 25 tie on eee pice aie meds 42 
dyes, or stains, n. s. TE ee EUAN: eit 916 
in cakes, pans, Or thes. .......- 2... -.- «dilenlnuwe eye” .-. 113-116 
Jarvis. “Tori se as) ee ee A stad. i ahead be ines 566 
metal (jewelry) sii. ck FL ee oe ea so ee a te er 544 
BPTI 2 50's ANY sc hae lt ola tno im pe win ole woh wwieo wee alent 347,351 
Commissions not to be shown on invoice unless paid.............. 844 
Competition, unfair. (See Unfair competition.) 
‘““Component material of chief value” defined... .-..- bier ee Penn: 583-084 
‘Composition, linotype, old, fit only for remanufacture. .......... 805 - 
Gompositions, fuel, of coal or coal.dust.......................-6-- 635 
RR DOUNTE ic. Sis toe eet oo ee ce seis ale wlatadd pate ae 
mlecholies Ja 2usc es Ja oes pete enue - i eee = 34 
plaiting, Ts 8. 99.00 ews okie ee Dia chines Clee ~ sao steel 18 
GUEINGOR 65 = ceo a enc, ees es RR Se .. 17,34, 35 
glycerophosphoric..: 2.0... 5 win ts ow cals ance = peg eneen 37, 39 
lard, and ‘substitutes. ..0...5.2.-20. 00s cece ce eas Cale eS a... BOY-698 
lead, fis Beds Tide idvens eee eae See ets any vials as Oa Parte, 107 


pandacinal sin. avene ok ck ech bibhoie 16, 34, 35 





INDEX, 945 


Compounds—Continued. Page. 
EON an lh hay gee Bele Sys tadcocnvad nt rwneen SOEs J6e A008 233 
LPC ea RES SO ae. Wy DCR stale he bfae, 29 
V5 en eel EO te tt al he EE BI cy ‘44 

er re Tee aaTL, SYOULOP ON on nesnisie ok ote We USE 873 

“Condensed milk... Li et RR RN NOE a RE OES OR, ORME: 8 8 717 

Confectionery and candy, sugar, ear 8 p. z... . Done aso. 296-297 

Consigned goods, SATAISOMOTN U0, ioeanrcno sx ERE Rae Sore 855, 859 

*“Consignee”’ defined........... tat Sls ON SATS RN Ee i 3 Te 842 

Consular officer, attestation to statement of consigned goods... .... 855 

duty of, sername declarations si... gj s1 oe 848 

ay ain a aN SES ESAS en 3 i ie ky. 913 
exported, returned... cece wnctasiotocow ie eos 2k POEL SRT Ps 602-605 
metal of all kinds (par. 195). iter, eetion bek casks ln hie EE OD 913 
a A RAS PREETI ITS ECE OTN 28 oo 798 
7 lial ey STUER Br ts obese 869 

Convict labor, importation of goods, etc., made by, prohibited. - . 888 

CMC ye i as a an Ad Am Ase 24,25 

og et Ta ip AEE See riticheiskthiive 4.06 SETAE IML UI dts 642 

SE ere ee ee in eae Uy tear S 615 
RR SRE ok a eon A ot KAN ANA coms An ST 642 
(a ge ie i ace ates ei AS EB, SEO CREE! OT RODS. f 237 
RT he cig soc naan sin oo a ORO SECA LNG SL OY PLE A 2 
RI te Daan Rch carn ecco hh Wace RA AA KD? ahh RK AERO MLNS 642 
RARE DW ce pean ta nh nh er encn Av cehanennnuratene SO TIEN 642 
ee Real eaten i eg El Ig EO 644, 
manufactures of, n. s. p. fo Lahn Sah RES sey 268 
medals, trophies, or prizes............. ss Myre oa oe dhs OA 717 
rer eriecie ly LOr TEMIAMIMIACHUTE Lo acon a's Oh le ss SEU 642 
NN I di sche epee aan ena or rencevinntann tone «Th Me Ligh 642 
pins, hair, re ahs nc cs ces no 252 
pipes and ‘plates Be ge ey Seep rin ch hand each ncn AAR ren Neca ee 237 
a a ass warccnehakloueindperp in ect rs Sennen sotar SOE 237 
(SS eene Sa A ER ESM oe Se OPE 5 642 
ae Te eh A ap Wenet nh hi Lk ot Nan eck eNO Ae 237 
Oo Neve eted Ttealarts elaahit Lil ERR” ane Nee Oe SAE LER EOI 5 33 642 
sheathing or yellow ST A OE GORA EE MINE 5 CE Ie 237 
| BET aera Lagann ” ie area See | Ee SURE ES} 207 
BLO LATO GI oo. - cteswewte wate taterene VOT een We i ae ANS gs Sg) 615 

: RMN op acs ek ohancincec DEY a a a Se BAL BOS LLY 615 

Copperas, or sulphate of i SpA ie ae ent ey SM 649-646 

PRE, TMT ETODATON. nents siete tl SL ULL LS 729 

shredded or-similarly prepared ................----------- 359, 360 

aaa se a a en hcp rabeae so oncnasonetenenan sew SEES CO, 165 

a a gh nanan ete” AERP SRA Un en Ieee rena £2)! 6:22) 9 519 

CU, SOC BOE ooo nlc ce te eeese Rach chy ice Baha hbo PETS PE 547 
I rs ase Ninian atatvasd doen Death LAME L w EDNG 646 

‘Cordage .of hemp, istle, manila, sisal grass, or Tampico fiber......- 426 

NSE he hk ph ck heh Achat thie cna one ed ate MINE ete 381 

rete), Co ee a a Se 380 

I SAAT SA ta Sn EERE 417,427, 435, 461, 495 
OS reine dae Peete ike na AA RE OIE Ee DNs ROU, S 417, 461, 495 

SORE SB Os adr owak ded nate nmr hind Gee a EM ne snot 488, 495 
wool, Nt OE A Ee a on ee RR we ae NN OITe SoS Yet 461 
flax, hemp, DC ARRAS aio Ua ont fon kA moiies anes tata 427, 435 
SPIN aortas ahah chnstntat ota ot Jenkatcnnnra Sa be ¢ Wn ee wh ts SUE 6 427 
horsehair or silk, artificial and dmattetion...voN.¥alal wae 495, 496 
Cs BLA, Soa Se Shoe iaikal panera Ace aie eee 461 

Corduroys, NR eta eS SE mae, OS | BE EE Gr ae Fe eB lg 409 

a oe DORIS EPICS Seg PC ares a nO we ea a AY 63. 529, 646 
EI OB s Wy ML enn SET REO ER SE 529 
bark, in squares, cubes, or quarters...........---....- Cine ste 529 

ASIDOT WIAGURIIE oie. s oso ernie s aetew ee BAR 646 
TRI er es le as htcdachst bo Wiesner amok mo ELS 530 
PRT OT, REMUS INA RUNS. got atte chess tce oon beta eer typeby materia ice a 434 
RTAIUMACEG, 5s B.D dow iom wren wicranuinwumed of Lit eee 529 
insulation, in-slabs, -boaards, etc -...4... ee ee eke ee 529 


paper..... wiotarataatareherata ton ws roe viene rhs tataiedtasenatcteros wectare 0.0 pd a 529 


944 | INDEX, 


Cork—Continued. Page. 
refuse of all kinds... 3 oc www coe dbo dws ook we a 646 
BhHAVINVE 25. APs WS SE accel op aids Stes este elie eee 646 
stoppers. tie. Sees .. Je Ue. See eee 529 
substitutes; 1) 8.ps fake 2 ge chaanc a wicca me 529 
wastes SD ls Gasuce ws cum sabe wow cue oe as oon 529, 646 
wood, unmanufactured......). 2... Lis. 7 ee ee 646 

Corms, clumps; and Toots.5. 3... 5... .~e=«auddls seen oes 328-333 

Corn or Maize 206.5 MER OI ROSS. Ae 649 

broom, 2 .2fcot. hemi Lt A ee ie 624 
Mea) yy. fei bo wets e CARR OO Bs ee Oizo al 649 
salad need’: Fears ya Re ce 335, 338 

Corporation. tax not repealed... 02... oi... 2221-6 2 903 

Corrosive sublimate?..... uke. ues «xe ed She ee Nea re ae 

SOTaCt ChASDS 3 i ois ows nd Sle ane a RB ros Ped ou alse oe ee 198, 200 

covers, cotton; Tw .. pak. O eee ek cee 416 
steels winiWdidwugeist alsa Jie ah He i 198, 200 
JOUER CHIE. fn, 5c sc bin oso Spm so lead n dle Coan astute peeps idee saat 434 

GCorundum, Manwiactres. OF ooo os sscsue we coser-uececsesesis sues ee 532 
Iiee Dahon Chvee es eee Sig Vansant cocoa nae ak 656 

COBMATION IAG coueha soos See ve so ch die ue cw ce vibes ip scsgvonininw 0 a 461 

Jommmetics Fin wi. Geek. ieee be dos Ban dee ieee a 92 
Cost of merchandise to be shown on Invoice.............----.---- 844 
OL DYOMUCTIOTILE (acini tin Sree recs moe lol sn Boe ul beau ee a 859 
Statement OF5 <9: - 21.00.50 e'eic.2.0%0.mir.o.0 cv0us.s2 wei soe ide 855 

Cottons per ws Ge wikci wes pees wan le ee tk bs See 387-424, 648 
bagging fores ....0 oa Sccs um Kmicjenaove own be bat ode ee 606-608 
oman 2S ae) oS ere eee sulin «enolate: ote hed cee 417 
bath mats, n. s. Py Bon nia nen bn ncain. ett Re Se 421 
ating Fs Sh he es concise ld eae ete ae 421 
bed sets, lates 2S h onic acre aca eune ce bw fic cole RE 422 
beltings >... occ surs cv mies ow wien c.sts le oes te ok coe ee 417 
bindingsini otk soba. en eee sie ast ie, «4 oe 417 
blankets oi. ccck occcoc Dene lene eee ene eee 421 
bone casines:...¥ t.2%..4 a. nou eo kb ee Eee 417 
braces. Aj29%. se hes ay dc ooo wee ee ee eee 417 
CATA ADS. 252 n nisin nn clnx bce o nucle 5 lm Ee PU ee 387 
Carded. Yarn wij. -n0snnndbootddunbwceacbide pe eee 387 
carpets, nowiip. BE ti Pak oe einen ee 468 
chenille curtains and manufactures of. .........-.------+e+: 411 
Plot sac. fn siele se nok th nce ables mintnn mw wie ie ae ee 0 Sa en 392-401 

articles: made from, me'8.. PD: £22: s.n+.c/cisinte moun » RCE 423 
coated with india rubber We eee a 403, 404 
count Of threads. <<. oi ao.0:0 nicer ae oscbeuin bib eee 401-403 
Pehned oo eos em hn le mired ieee oe 401-403 
WATELDTOOE ooo is sew ss oso ls soni edb cols dt aim cea 404 
clothing, ready-made»... oobi eo whew e oon 407-409 
cloths, polishing.) 112% on agen nln -eideetee alee eee 421 
collars, shirts Ns 8 De Ives discadicnnbodeeanke ieee 407, 408 
collet sen tiNincuwte. ee 417 
cords'and:tasaels.... .v.weieecs. ces 417 
Orn VS 2. 5S so sibc cwlals Vee or Wee ee 409 
eorseb.coversyn: BAD. fo 2. a Sm og me seen oe SUE ee 416 
TaCH OS 0s chuck oct Bie wise oe whe eee cheats eee ae 417 
mochet sy sb Ji Bax vere obi. Ub 1 ae eet 390 
cuffs, shirt; Des. Dats eels de ote ee th eee 22 i 407, 408 
curtains, window, Vice cnc iezevb taste teaeit ceege LMiecit eo. itl te 422 
darning .. 2 ppiiacke 2, Ateptenibes epee kuiiies saat eee 390 
drawers, knitted, DAG D heth sGm oc ec a 416, 417 
GM Nroidery:.. .-A6s ea odae bee secs ew Peeneee nee 390 
fabric, suitable for pneumatic tires. ........-.-.-2-+-sesseee 417 
AOCKS <5... os oe oe dws eel nn eee PANEL ee Reel aoe 648, 649 
manufactured <>... +> sen cork csce cs teens eee 387 
saan Sah sped ss 32 a a eon cw Be oe thc ee 417 
lA ye 5 Pe bie it Pin bp wae eo eS Lo ee ae nee fees eee 591 
Cieechiok HB. Dif. wie boc we cee ecu La ee 406 
harness, LOOM « ono .s.a100 ss panne «p.0hee aM Abie ce ee = Tee 417 


HOGIGS C6 sia Ses elampith aces lobe een eee: See 417 





INDEX, 945 


Cotton—Continued. Page. 
Iemma NOGA BoB yy. fice ose oe ec be ol ee 414-416 
clocked, fashioned, and.seamlega... - diay ous beziou es 5 414,415 
hose, hydraulic neGritiaiie a lies ahtai ters om ade 432 
labels, PEP OMB EN FEO <b ven Biden S00 oisie te oan oils we ce eed 417 
lace bed sets, curtains, and sea shams, Nottingham........ 429 
laces, automobile and COMIADE as ate en UNS aT 551 
Pempe DONT, Bd. and. corset: 60s oo ec 5 US a. 417 
loom harness. a sith ihre Susie’ «hahadecia Sita Seis snake SRL ee RE 417 
MLAS AND eect ENE ok or a ote) ot A en 409-494 
DEPORT IL ODS ie ao ael Sig bia siemens ess 4}] 
EGR oii phe Kile ie! e hd ma gw tae Dio Se EO a bere Pig 468 
1h T MERS Sd sade 2 ba ages, Sh Sole ety anes Dele tEAM REy ey Tiare eae 42] 
Leh Narn ASNT os LAD RS eT sacha 468 
MEARS ily Sars Heo cope Fle an a7ciih'wnap: cen od ano SS ENTE it be 42] 
mufflers, n. s Pp tsa: hk pated paca ae Maleate Spe PON a a Seer aeiee. FY 406 
RO TURKU es Fe oe eel Oe Tg oe 3992 
Nottingham lace, bed sets, curtains, and pillow shams........ 429 
RemnmTOC ISOM balise ee oi So oe ew Blew «oie ce oneal te 390 
OO EONS TS |, Sa he On taa ae e ere 2P 416 
pile fabrics, CsA NSIRIRP AAAS at tna Seat ickie os tacos oases 409 
pillowcases. eat MN Sisal Pea Se TLS 2k whe a os SOM 42] 
plushes COMMU Sa aed acb iy Sn 2 icine b, ele ex win ating’ ee noes, Slface’ Aicibr te od tarescee-w Ki 409 
SR LT Pa eG Lh ch RN, Sem) ls A421 
ribbons. Sinton aie tnl telco Malai bibe ls m Ahm iede in lee «nr Ma ES 409 
0) 0 9 0 SS 387 
TOVING « ~~ - ee eee er ee ee emer ee ee eee eee eee eee eee 387 
I res alah in Stoic Ses hcebs Single were v Wisi oko 468 
SE Td ERE isis Chea oie'jn wb > Vials Sukie o\cla\eveveiea « Bp 42] 
MALO IH. Teh tare Sass Sint Dee eet leisciel 416 
shoe lacings eRe a e te hate airline sl alp-ore b ie ais wiaccieg's «sce @ eee 417 
RE Rs eee ties a WA gs iaiy wie vinahs, Sis. HL bt TELL AGh A 387 
spool ret RGR eh eh ag 390-392 
stockings, n. 8. Silk ph GOS Ie Socay cy Seeger eae geet atte 414-416 
- clocked, fashioned, and seamless................2....... 414, 415 
suits, combination and BUA Soli besin ces cc Neo oe dE eC 416 
suspenders es te PLN iy ixo ain’al xy ateislnne vv ivie in oie.ein oottabn. $& 417 
EG TEN Poot Mel eB bap Ot EDR aCe aS Tor a eee ee 416 
table damask, MRR Sala ow yen d mot aot s Gest hee thay 2 420 
BPR OR es rs Edn Ne nich amine eee vin wae mie as tie ee # wei gaeieod 411 
PEIN UEP errs in, Se Seite ol le PENS, cae oe bee eke 606-608 
tassels and cords. Rice porwan cates ote beh oad bubs 417 
MNS. ee ie ao Oo oie ahe aelp. Cardia occ EOS OBS 387-390 
tights, PEUEL GELS The Bei Do bw oiietdin. poorer, fee Pek Soa Maree, 416 
IRENE eM oe oe wa edema a hold Mm ae Aatd 417 
OI cis OREO Os eiclee hl abe! dial cle aiw wens boo a hee Rae 49] 
PE MCOr ee ITO A SGs Palous ssn ae ol Reet Se a 416 
upholstery SS Se Cal tigate ie DERN ae Se EN thre. 411 
velvets, velveteens, and velvet ribbons....................- 409 
vests, knitted, TVAEATIS Eat i i «6 sins sw oes ets a 416 
arpa Gnd WALP VAIN » 2. es eee. ee es SRS re 38 eID SN 387-390 
anes ON COME NSCS Dal Sane de aCe pe ae ST ia 421 
Bhd Pe win a = wm Wane 5 i ont NG Bo ae ofoiersi dil oY. Mw. 387, 648, 649 
wearing apparel, TAGS Lee tas cog <r g hha os EE 407, 408, 416 
meceine. candio, lamp, oretove...........0.iidieid weelad non 417 
Rees liclinnds fits oot.) e 050s. ai ee lace 403, 404 
NTR co a G's Shik wWia 6 Wace Se ss S.0 © Rell ob nthe e wine Malate 387-390 
iE GPRS herent. cE os ee. ec Bea 678 
RMT ee Ce in wen cee be atnie sso hdoe ebinstledas 17, 96, 135 
Brena atta CULV). took ey 2 Seva Youle. <2 ea ae 884 
on printing paper. . PP aah era Mee © SAGAS DE Tis 8 o EL ea er aa 500, 501 
potatoes, dried or prepared, Tos Dalyan ad +e tial ee 755 
MIRERMR Me ener NewS hg. 2 kee 'c 0.05 } acta aan aed Be. aN 811 
MURAL ATION CAL Prod UC. 22. 95. Fis 3), ste so DERN ae 811 
Country of origin, name of, on Peepers Sd Sie AMR Ae Sara aoe ed a 214, 218, 885 
Court of Customs A FIOGID Ur cteiekr «hanes ea Sas ae ae ee 909 


184911°—20—_—60 


946 ; INDEX. 


Page. 

Gourtt plaster. o.oo ce ewes oe ee ban certo St oe ote oe ee ee 96 
Coverings, exported, returmed..... . 02.02.25. ee 602-605 
confectionery, diitiable 0 . 2. oo. nn DROS ee ' 296 
GOONS 0 ae epicin mio gels Se Ry meee cn wey 6 ae Soa ola ee: 469 
corsets, cotton, 0. 8. p. eo pings Soe 2.4038 <LONUUS ee 416 

4 cigarette-bookw 0 oy hese n oe oe te NUS Se 879 
table, cotton chenille. 12.2. J. Jie be a 411 
Wool;,2). 8. P..L 2.3 Does eae ens cnanekenbs wae se 469 
Cramisemries 0. so he ob eek ennaes 6 te ine nals one ee 
Crayons, charcoal or fusains. i025... eae es wns esae, SAR 113-116 
Cream, preserved: or condensed, 0024.42. c50-00270554s4080nnee 717 
SODATALON. 8 howe eos had s cee ee nwa Ue nlelewre s steer 629 
Creams, cleaning or polishing, n. s. p. Sai al aire hole Wes wir 28 
Créme sandwich. truffée....-..22ssessscereresvecssessoo sl 717 
Cite pang Oso eae aioe poe ee aes Poo 22 tlh eee 501, 502 
Grepsote. oil ee 2. Se ec ee oe mh ee me, So 638 
Cresol - 2. - pn Rubick oe OU ee Be as = ee 638,916. 
‘Warinoline’” cloth 3. - tase oe dave dan sudo s enone cee Shen 542 
Grin Vegetal. oo. 2 a as acs das ape 673 
Crockery ware and earthenware... 22.102. .TS 145-148 
Cimiciis mariige 2 6.2 atch ane aay ae aeee se Cae oe ee peers 104 
CEAMRBOR 9 CK Ak crsin teen cca atone pase gah ds pie 2 Uiecd Oo ke ee 537 
Ciaton' dil. no et ee 731, 733 
Cros bars, iron; or-sheal.. 30. 7ee lei yea bed os au sue 0 eae e 209 
Chagas Stems oo cn ale ol ad ea b> sludge an oe nee ee ee 335 
Crucibles, stoneware and. earthenware...................-------- 144 
Cpoliter soca co wendsins Yous tp ak sem¥id othe 3.0 ae eee al 651 
Crystals, soda... = Lae dma ees aves aca aa 123,429 
Cuba bark braids, laces, and plaits...........2ai) 8 ot. nid 520 
reciprocity With. oo oc 00) 880 

_ Cufarithines , for the blind... i2.. 2524 2.2 5005455 29 ane ae 620 
Guiidinttrate 2-0 oe ee 776 
CHERBDAL. | os nein o asad + Anda oe alee ee li 651 
Gu tips, leather... . ..). 4-2... Se a ee vain > 56h 
Qugs, cotton, nap. f.. .2 S568 ee a 407,408 
‘Linen, Birt, << oo Ss co. ce eee 435 
Ghaln of coals. jane enone ae ea 635 
Gultivators, agricultural implements, .............ndnc+ 6 ot. ne it 591 
Cipetdin ge. oi a ‘spat ch mated asa @ pb ay Shak Dat ea ag ag at 43,916 
Gam BG a eo ore ae Anger Sidi a am i Ak Ae Ok a a we 916 
Cumulative duties on leather gloves, lined, piqué, and prix seam. 563 
Quwps7 Bisque: ching. 4... 125.0. o- 25 sess eau he aes ee 149 
earthenware. and stoneware. - 2... 2 seen dete oe eee cee 145 
Cunios, not,for sale; exempt. 220.0 oiass4l de andes aol 809 
C urling i IONS: acas Aaa dy un Ces > Ra ae oe 267 
stones, and. handles... ..2....20f 8.0. Dons ae 651 
Currants, Tiwi OF dunee ks Lo ees et eee ibe 350, 303, 304 
C ‘urrency paid, to. be shown.on javvoiee: 224.224 luo. clveiaas 644 
Cumry , and. cury powder. . 20 200222041125) ee ee f. 651 
Quptatg. 5. Mn cas oe ae a mk wpe slid aoe ow en 411 
bamboo, straw.,.wood,.n: 8, p. f...-... 1a) 6 a 283-286 
composed of beads. or ’ spangles, Those 04 Tice at al 5a 517 
cotittonvehaenille. nL cone nnkeun doe Sle ee 411 
lace, Nottingham:machine..”.. a ole Wee ee 422 
window, lace, Thy, Bx Deokeo ce 2 oa 45a d eee 3 ns 422,551 
OREIIRL TB Bis ua Wes ol ye eacd ogee died es ee a a ee 283 
Gustoms, Court.of Appeals... 2. 2 oo. ee Sos ee a at 909 
LOTS) 3: 0 en eR eta Ur Osae mT PERM Te Cl 51, 796: 
Quttinegs, hide, raw. si 2 seed aaege on kn as a sno 682 
seedlings, or: stacks (see Seedlings)... . .._._. a 333 
Cuttlefish bone... 10.02. --connn ene th, wot lege ig es Dorats ee 652 
Chippamide, wali. oe le ee eo sons teen 676, 677 
Cyaihite; or koyanite. .- os... .- ou 5.014 eo ee Bee 695 


CyStOSC ODOR. oi b i neon manmade eHioe Ao. See Cee 168. 





INDEX. 947 


D. 
: Page 
Damage, merchandise abandoned. «662+ os.0 nen wn ene ne dt eve. 873 
Deahlowan ee: lors ste cnwbivede vege a cn kek G2. suk 873. 
ouloo, no. allowance fers, ty htus needed. ol 8.0.20) 204 
Damask, table, cotton, manufactures of, n. 8. p. f............2222. 420 
Et hechgh KG (idl x titled sok scsi ip ws oe ao 371 
Cet rsad. gis Bad ax aneurin eR bes walisc. 652 
emer no mimeame CHectiVens obo iis nas ka canensecnccccecedoess 906 
TESOL RIS ie DURE rte 353; 354 
Mens BaosMte Oly... ke. te i eas wee) eu. 638, 916 
MRL MA SMe AR SASS eal Lond Seat gang a an cin Sones 367 
DCEO cep oss OUI el 0 ern ed ler toa col 816 
Decalcomanias,.in ceramic colors... ....2.20 52. be AR ee 507, 509 
SS Sere SCRE te ELE Pete Ee aa anes aaa os Beers 156 
Pe err Oe wah Nutt (s Jans lula ovku lis alu ea 357 
ODOR. aE Git Se ed 1 eed sol 359 
Decision of Board. of General Appraisers..............2.2.22.2.4. 864 
of collector final........-- (Haan SKS hgh wane DINOS Die 864 
Gh Reneral APPLAIGEL «4 4-0 6.0.0.4.0n wn didn anand nctemns ta LE 861 
on reappraisement, absence of merchandise.............. 861 
Decisions of general appraisers and. boards preserved and published. 869 
MATAR LQ TING Obie rr 00s win vise) ori alate Leis ee 848 
on invoice before consular officer, nature of......... 844 
duty of consular officer concerning. ............-...-. 848 
false statements in, punishment for................2. 849 
to be filed on entry MP SOARS Fig ed ee tae oer Ent TS Tha Bh 848 
RE MOOG rol oss dhe tenn dwn nad ods edlnde conic d wine 18 
Degras or brown-wool GEOR SING eco kd din hd nea AKA Ok eS 66, 69 
Demijohns, glass, covered and uncovered. .............-..----.. 154 
eRe ad ly ae US SEO, SOT aE US An lle, 92 
Department of Agriculture, plants, shrubs, trees, etc., for......... 750 
Deputy Assistant Attorney General................----.-20--02- 912 
Designs, Jacquard, paper cardboard, n.s. p. f. ..:....-..-+-+----- SEL 
EES AN ey ee ae en mee CARNES SAG LE GSES | 328 
TSAR yh ods 3 Rae ed he Adarr es wre St JORMA ZILISOR 254, 256 
Dextrin, and Esiatited,: Bs Was £227 ose tee se nocd nd cmon cell 57, 59 
TAMER ORG eA dah Ade noo 9 domed pc no nnoe eee aaa ELE 290 
RMI GIUE CIGOK oo dete e's « 100 2 SSL SL 254, 667 
Demmmarip re wares) OUI! Sel BF AE oe ia 3 Ls 667 
name of country of origin and manufacturer on.....-....-..-- 254 
Daamidostibendisulioacid.......si.: 2242-5 eee weed cen ele ele 43 
nN EROS ert gsi h o20ety coy tar. s PLA SN I, A Og 547, 548 
DMIOUIGMNN rs sac d sara e tise esas oss ecenegacretesee. Ske ELE 547-551 
eee OE nations acs Fits 3 547, 548 
SeueeMOl GUMSCL ss 252 lesa ss te ecccatecs POO Eatin 652 
glazier’s, engraver’s, and miner’s............5626555255ss-000 652 
rough or uncut, not set....-5.........-- Si days sear eT 547, 548 
Met UMMO tte hee gtd: :Scslisccecdcesedssedeccaseescessun ele 43, 916 
Dice, of ivory, bone, or other materials. .............2..5-----.- 530 
Die blocks or blanks, steelk.witeds tebe ase ITE SIE tN 193, 783 
Dies, engraved steel, for bonds, ete: 22 ce 20 a2 St PE SL 783 
ME RMSE CI@e Cs oyjz iin aed ces Oy Feiseew Vtee So sc ces ces kn 43, 916 
Pee MEANT Ar) os 2d aA a UE nee eps esses os das cde IELON, 26, 27 
Pee we wemmones Cry a2 sss PENCE PRICE SIL BER Ped 916 
Ream swale os Lis ft he AD A de Tee 3). SHASTA 771 
IENRMSNONE CL Sra oe bss ectenivekk asde SEE OTIC IN 43, 916 
Discount on imports in American vessels:(subsec. 7)...--...----- 892 
Pett ne Guile sss tasket ease he 8S. SIAL Ao. 22 889 
Discrimination, undue, against United States (sec. 2).....--.-.-.. 914 
eee eset wel A IT hs OU DEE hey se oS ae eae 151, 667 
gene ET Ee AS Re a SO eee eee eee aD ee ee PP 151 
BPIGEHEOP Ao reire od. coe 2os Vee Si steed ia chs ge ctaetgn OOS, 529 
glass, unwrought, for optical instruments. ........-...---.--- 667 
Distillates, coal- tar, n. 8. MESH Aek enschede ins dete. OILS 43, 916 
IEG OAS AS oor oe cbs coc te SIAR ee 653 
Documents, public, of foreign Governments....-...-.-...------. 618 
Dog She or skins, wearing apparel RIS P27 ML I 28 ee 


948 INDEX. 


Page 
Dogs for eehiniden DPUYPOBEB . on» 2 ininin puree > bd ue ee 599 
Dogskins; undressed j2s.sed nn. aa a doin o HORI nes ie te 775 
Doll heads, ThA, De Pee nk we nin ale sip an ee 530-531 
Dolls and parts, 0.8. p. f- 2-2-5. motile Mle ania ale ele eee 530-531 
Dominos, of ivory, bone, or other materials... ...............1.. 530 
Dootibleta school neni og ne ae anes ee 547 
Downs, crude, and: manufactures of....<- 2 ....-%-< 44 <-s0 eee 535-537 
Dragees Pia aidan, Siesdba: kts, mjssjn mia arm dnim,mnismys sapespnliasete jam aa. NE ae 297 
Dragott's blo0d - no... 5 seein terete incneinn sitio 653 
Draughts, of ivory, bone,.or other materials. .......... J. 530 
Drawbacks 017 inten ede eins ae atte ey one 602, 899 
articles manufactured from imported materials. ............. 899 
by-products, distribution. of. 2. .(..... 22. bk 2s oe ee 899 
duty equal t0.... 10-2. 0nc eee teen nee nee see bees 901 
flavoring extracts, medicinal and toilct preparations.......... 899 
Drawbacks or bounties to be shown on invoice. ..........-....-.. 844 
Drawers, cotton, .knitted,.D. 8,.p. Lo.c/ seg. de. nb eee 416 
Drawings aid sketches. ....seccs+++tornenrmnceads dete 835 
obscene, PYOHUDIGE «one Sune mainn'e 6p erin a eee 886 
pen and ink, n. 8..p. faed.esct dhe leele. Jee 573 
Drawnwork handkerchiefs, plainy s)2vs:)-ca4ws ceo sae 407 
sheets and pillowcases. = in oes tninun mleeenpan aie totale 421 
Dress facings, biasy.cottons..26 wise Aad segs 2% Kk ee 409 
goods, wool, N.S. D. Fo siieks sects Bee biel oe ee 457, 458 
steels... 2's nse na eeh Jee wibs Lene at 198, 200 
Drills; agricultural c.2 sis <oatio i = eieiaiesci- payee eee eee 591 
PDPO8B ACI oy 5. cdi .o 2i0,0.2im nim cuecoings aged se damage lesan kee a 245 
OF ZINC, CLC oon nse 00 \e,a:nn.n,c sinless nia ie peueasinss Sena en 249 
or residuum from burnt pyrites... ...;/.22.. )2. 24a see 690 
Drug or medicine for causing abortion prohibited...............- 886 
Druggets.and bockiiigs:t. woot wits ate ta aoe a 468 
Druggists’ sundries, 0.8, Daf. <cs.+5+n0<2 thee eh vee ae 566 
|B att: ) em: aoe ME Pes rors By 35, 46, 653 
aborteyve, Probibiled . pe dn nee tees nsieuchnieeeksenita shy 1 a 886 
advanced in value or condition. ...........-eesseeeeeeeeee 46 
CALOME] oie 0 oe soja cceninis nie mmole aio =P eee ee ee 30 
corrosy ve sublima te. (6 Sine List minsains ny taade, alal pn ape ee 30 

in ampoules, capsules, tablets, etc... .........- sess isieh abe 
not edible or advanced in value, uncompounded, n. 8. p. f... 653, 654 
uncompounded, not edible, n..s. Pp. f. <.~-. 1.6.65 ae 46 
Drums, cylindrical Aron... -2)-«+sq2~ yas geese ae 214 
iron or steel, exported, returned... \... ... «in. ese 602 
“Dryipurple lake?) cha s¥s Span a5 ann hw ee ee 922 

Dumping. (See Unfair sompeliiion:; ) 

Duck’s feet and gizzards. . «2.0.5 woe2-<- + 420% + «0k cae 368 
Dust, bone; . ae ae, 45 aais.- 5,-5.4 oesahs ears eh bhai ote me 617 
CIATION Gs ene 2 nln wien «many enn oo he Be 547, 548 
ZANLCY i 56, Siete & amp ts « Gepaimhl thes esc eae kel 261 
Dusters, feath er seuss civ ia se sere od i ics nite cigs «oho aco esae a 522 
Dutch metal, DTON 76,1 OAR oe eae pi 60h sas gat gale 236 
clipping ge foM.<.. 0... .5.s ea epee ee eee 623 
Daaties . pit yo Apia Be wuts ada an abe ees he a we oan Scie 463, 851 
eed ns ods 5 ee Gite hn, Stes ea od olen agi Men a 851, 884 
applicable to pro forma invoices... -.......-+-s.4maeeee 851 
for refusal to permit examination of records. ...........- 872 
forundervaluation <i. 244 2665505: . +n ae soe 851 
not penal 045 £2. wecwhisremligeiae~ pe aad beter: opt «ean |; 851 
not. to be remitted 2.05... < siiai-ws «oom wre ma yh ethene ee 851 
assessment.ol ad valorem... 402 31-s.atkienl> S.0:ci> ps oa apeirebe se 869 
cumulative, on leather gloves, piqué and prix seam......... 563 
POUL 9 8 oes wis One o UN aletaune hak eee Rie ee ea eee 204, 583, 851, 901 
additional... 2.0. c. ong tees ee 846, 884 
bounty. by foreign Government. 3 420-4 ..,-ne tree 884. 
equal to bounty . <3). ':..c.5 a6 «6 e-aee ace eee ae Sine 846 
for undervaluation.. ....2 +... dis saw ae cckeet ee oe 851 
refusal to‘show. boOkS. -.jeas cuspid weed 2 anton, ae se 872 


articles wholly or partly of tin plate, sheet iron or steel; etc.. _—-:204 





Duty—Continued. Page. 
countervailing. ...........6% deter Pareto ge at thew KeveiAivoinae o & Lk MAL SEE 884 
Pe ADA DEL 5 6 0h. Nene whee e eh tA Rete che bine 500, 501 
discount on imports in American vessels (subsec. 7)... 2.2... 892 
equal to internal-revenue tax, remitted..................2..- 901 
Mea Y TOLUDCL OF 5 apo AR ha coh Tel. hear: 876 
perenOLITE ATtLOlESs T).- 82: Pe Lis a secret crerttvrerneralond o/s SLE 533 

not assessed on less than entered value.................0005 851 
mmecontaineérs of -quicksilvers +c tk en een ew SEY 253 
erro 8 - DORE 4k ti ea et ee i PR) 901 
manufactured in bonded. warehouse..................2.- 901 
on which drawback has been paid...................... 901 
previously imported, not entered............2.2...004- 901 
on lithographed material, determined. by thickness........... 507 
raw or unmanufactured articles, n. 8s. p. f.............2..... 583 
Beocial*(seet DO} ere 2-5 Ft ala week SUES 917 
RPS SS rot treet retratetele nterotrne ox WORT Sod, 1a 695 
DE Se WORT Mie RON Shh ear 42, 594 
Bizerin and anthracene. ~s5 ine oP. Pa a 594 
APIA Ech Re ah tee aie hts atu Lb) Joey 594 
Pee taP ny AO Sey ae OR OR A IPO 8? 42 
eoldra,oretaing;n:-S.-ps fis l PI, ANAS 917 
PAdigo, nstural-or synthetic: 22/22 272 SUI Pe. 688 
Peveweous. extracts Of: <2 eee 49, 51 
PLIERS SARAH stearate Ws rire ature arate ees dae PMN IW ITV! 680 

E. 

DEMETRI RG < 6 O22 60 betel fo I ta Po ial alee was 97 
Pilar Gene on Os eS Fe eee pees coves oer co ees edt 140, 141 
PmtGHel WaTO..02. 2 Soe rons “esata Ptah DPN PPP. 144-148 
charms, ornaments, toys. ..... Lew an are es, RAE one 145 
0) ag Yc NOT WM oa Re na oe A Ae OP A eR een eae eg O18 145 
MCT AR Ih rena Sonata a hee oles wie et we at are ate 144 
PRE AEE, COTENGR 210s Oe to ihe area ie wie wie wee at dae. 145 
SERA SE YS ne re APA AON Yeh ars Wy hha 23°C Bes De A 145 
TPE TE ip ag tia Eg TO helt Aad MOE ll AP tigi it Nef SCANS VaR 145 
WEST ECa LOU E a B ok? A 2 ARS Fok, Ae ie ee 144 
PEERS ORIN ne eset rE OPO A G9 2t9 1 OU SL 145 
OS lle 5 SET GRATE lieth le Aa a Iie a in kar te Raa ae ot SR 136 
(sy te Gal ll copied Sat ae ply EA A lata iel i a ea ea 140-142 
er mere And RE? poles Pre ti eee rie SOOT. 102-103 
Earthy substances, articles, and wares, n. s. p. f.............-.-- 151-153 
See rOUr I Oriawit OT yer rn hehe rss Pace Pee eh os 823 
(LS eh tases nr eae cael BDI Si a ae tes or Be Roars fee 272 
ete tte OFF Stree ee eee Pee ee ad. Ok SOO OS 88, 91 
(i eh co Bi pt el ete ga tie ge Aa a it aaa ale PEER Oa Re 551 
PPM IN ATIFACLUTCG OF dyed. i+ 20. 0. a 28 ee oe Se geet ee 570 
© SLITS gel lO RPG SD, yl Sg lates i AD ote AS mR area Pw 15 
BE MAPUARCIOPEES 00 A, Ue ete te tt Yoga Paes 323 
RMR Cetera LPR oc, rsh mre cnet psd hos SAR Aa! Raita eee Sens 323 
bird’s, not for food, importation prohibited. .....-..--.-.--- 654 
wae ele Sel ph Set a) Mh plate OA ge Se AED A a Le Pa a 324 
frozen or otherwise prepared or preserved. ..........---.-.-- 323 
Sranrass hen;-insects and poultry 27.022 00 2 2S 8.e ee As 654-656 
PREERNCLRO ETE > Sirk Petes Sa eee Slee ds ha aR eT Sak 654 
“of game birds prohibited.:..........-- PRS SOS Bas PSU 654 
ee T eee eK Ns Vere oF ER OM 774 
ee aL een CRreee er tr e ad Sein ay Faby AIS E 2 SIPEG EPO 324 
Electric-light batteries, bulbs, carbons, and lamps............--- 153-154 
MEP IeN CATON 3 6 etree eT .  ee SL A, odes 151 
Bret OL iG ELCEal, "Oleh OO oe ve be ns Ses, a 8 OO 805 
PHELOMCR SUE Cee eae: Pee oe ae ee rey eee e deat betas bees 225 

Pea TaCHLI Re Sieve ha OMG RS OME EARS, a 0 Pe Ge AES 45 
Pn DTOMLGTION 3080s ice cbs PS See yee ye ees ewes cota d dick 551 
Prruroiiernine machings ss. PSU ef ee Ie Be Po kee 264 
mer aniiactired Offs... rhein: so 2PM OIE. le fe ISS 532 
Ores WB. Ps f2 2205.5 sh eters 2 EN 656 


eiieranis toold ot trad o, tees sss coe. eek ca vob as bbs ee cee es eS 756 


950 INDEX. 


Page. 

Vigiscting clausese io. 0 coRSiS awe nn neecncksbanans Rene ly 5 
PiRerGRS. 8 Soo es BG SES ae Siete ween sete eal ae a 171, 667 
for jewelry, or ceramte calor.ce.... con) weds as. cle ee dees 172 
fueiilest tn JS 0. 2 SS bee ee ee evade: vitae Sane Gee omalnN 171 
glass; . white, fordialg, 3 .6..6l Dao 5 J... . 667 
PBINTA GBC Ga, Do Be wie pm dem imeunesimns nik aie Seki poet eee 113-115 
Hiameles.. vos cue eee le Sets idm Rsicllited, «i568 ee 113 
Higines, Shea... o.oo ck ohn ot Gis vis peer weed ER 264 
Hngraved:forms for bonds, eC. .... << 2) siee «tr pe ee > one 4 783 
plates, iron, or steel... oc. salewse Ratank 2). beside 225 

steel dies, plates, and rolls for bonds, ete.............- 783 

Hiigtra ving. si, ee Ae ss) be eis pena se eee 513, 573, 617 
and woodcuts, unboundles. gi5 ic wie sinde ty Jes eh kaise freee 835 
bound or unbound, BG p. o.k sl ssien- Lacniae eee 513 

for. exhihisions! ..e.ks Leis Weed ete ce ieee eee eee 837 
forsee of. U nited: States Gsrs ob BO cee Stans wine ee ee 617 

tint for-calesfor societies... 45.28.2}'ese- gee + feb ssne oe ee 621 
printed more than 20 a rea verre 618 
Enter, attempt to, fraudulently. SEPP CP 851 
Entered value, duty assessed on not less than ...-... 2. -.-....-«- 851 
Entry, fraudulent, What wonstitwbesss:. 20s. Fa nt ae shee eaten (a-. dteheoon 
of merchandise consigned: for-sale... 30h. ae beeiiees - 855 
presumptively fr audulent bpp s wees eG hn oie 5 ce ee 851 
without certified INVOICE... 25 _.c)s.< nee See eye oe be a ee ee 846. 
Envelopes, paper, folded. or flat, noe. p.f-.22.U. . 2<c5-~ see ee 511 
MSD RONG. ons 5 4/5 ci eis aR edie a ete kn ihe pee 503 

Tigao salipe ys, one ne ees ose on pap pelagic eal one ee 65 
Wrandtst steel) i022 ee oxo wins wm s cnssenin ein yen se 214 
Tereote ds. ts Aewbaks oe Ded Fe Re Se ee 47 
mor, clerical -correctaom’ of; 2 62.42 ba et 22 eis ee 876 
manifest:clerical, additional duties... ...5,....... sete 851 
Baesenee; trinity otic, sai, sie cle pisos ele coma wea ae oe 34 
Warences; floral o.oo. weal seis zc sie blb Some Sins alettee wat noes et ele 94 
fruit, n. 8. Ds + 2-5 2Sip eo > aight line sy nie eee 78 
Baaeritialobeccces... -2% w.'s's ei attphs TP aE amie ay cee oe eee 34, 78-88 
Waters ccs Peds os 2.2 om asin ees, «nine mnie ok Siete ie ms eee 47 
Estimated du ties; exceda Ol TeLUNded so... 6-4-5 minh le oth cgeineenal ; 876 
‘“‘Etching,’”’ “painting,” BiG. COMO: Athos. mas mein a bec eee 835 
Etchings. BE AGH wig "so URE & Sediin adigna-dip te a SNS ch» SHEERS <a Ne 2 a 513, 573: 
artist/s Proot on coed o cekisGte bie SS a ae i ee a 835 
bound: or unbowndRii8k De: be ove: sevesae~ ba ee cee ee 513. 
for-use of United States: ..2.,05 27a eis de. co art peep ae aa vs 617 
notdor sales for BOcheties 0 5 in </clinte wie aw wie Sea Oe a 621 
printed: more thah 20: years. wie tiuk eb eos oe ee oe 618: 
Hthers .'.)-2.22-. eC rae on anh DME Seren etra eRe RRB ACE ot 47-49; 
MOLEC Gist, ese cs des ode cies ee ee hee 47 
Frist. Cyt. SO nts a a dara a aes ig ea ae ee 78, 88: 
sulphuri | eR Neh MTR pe AMMEN. PA) RS ARNE! CR 47, 48 
Bthyl-acetate‘and. ethy! chlonde 2.4.25 ins wa ds dee 47, 48: 
EBuealyptol 5. cc wes: Sac Bebe | Shoring ~Prche bantosnerpee b = lanes) ap erene 18 
\ Bucalyptus, otf of cicucusd-wieei. ..0-. bce ote aus ee 88 
Mae uimines )2 2.2/5. 2. vie 0s ge pieepadiaried ag bee ara al atin 758 
Hivadenee, introduction, 0f....)..: .....:< -+paehprae bay aban eee 861 
of soliciting or receiv ing money or thing of value...... 877 

Evergreen seedlings, conifer OSS He teak De ck eat ee 764 
shruba snd Vines upturn ce ae 333 
Examination of books of importer and exporter................-- 872 
of importer, ete.3 by,,callector.. 5.4. o.dnepiand aes 846, 867 

to determine right LOB DARGON «0-5, .:cc~ 2 eee 873: 
Excrescences, drugs, n. 8. p. | Rann Se ee ee 46, 693. 
Experimental purposes, articles imported for, in bond (subsec. 4). - 890 
Explosive substances, for artillery, blasting, and mining, n.s. p. f.. 679-681 
Tiaplosivess Dey pf os ce ty. SoS RE oe ee 916: 
Exportation, date of and country of, defined... .... 0)... meen ee 858: 
Exports, amount of, to be aecertained:.”. .). <. suc. gaeiaaepeael 869: 


President to:ascertain. amount... cceocs <.odeeccied cane AIO 902 








INDEX, 951 

Page 

RE I ein ho ee ee ee ke ene 34, 49, 794 
SON atarierc se Some igo 2dr Reig nail wtp oui sip a Oh « EUR ELGO he iS 599 
ISTE EE Tie eT te nes See 794, 796: 
TEE SER SORTS Se 10 SR 8) ei Rg pe ei a a TES 794, 795. 
(ELV PLS 4 IMs i dr RS SS ea ha A a 52: 
NN oe oo usr oye oe Mecip reed ction o MEL SULIT MAIL LLL 49, 51 
IE ENCE OCR os ts a ay Ae en os ep takes 34, 94 
(REE 0A 9 Sah Re ie eR eS Ae NE A Se Cl 366: 
| PORT Jaan Seg halal aap es aoe een Tee. Pee 51 
(SOMES TET aa Se OR pI Coe hel leant Neer ee pe PEERS PS 794, 795: 

Ee tr oie ae a a nsipinb ees Se ey her hres Je cle bs 1 = TRS 326: 
Meets) pastes. Tous, GtC oso opdes older ode cee ee ds cute 64 
logwood and other dyvewoods SAR aee done Ce ER ERE? Bel 49, 51 
madder and munjeet, or Indian madder..............------- 710 
att, fuid 4nd solidjor condensed. ..2..22.52--24. 2: :-dhnees 383: 
EE ee edt ae a a eine OT oe ee ee OU g 794 
meat, BERND Utne ere dc rb hk eos ok SER RAR! Babes al 366 
nutgalls . 0») SRE TE A 25S tal Ah spud Mal hese ret ale pe Ie pected oe -Ls R 49,51 
NA TED as i re one SONG Ey po Ske oS ape eget Feo 794 

of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, etc., n.s. p. f...-..-- 49,5] 
RE na a a ee Sits oo Oe ace ta 88, 89 
erect loge nea ae sess S50 oe oe ea $8 os Ren a 599 
CTC ne ht ea Seeded Baik et iit. arate 49, 50 
NE Ge ot ins ae eS oe Reh ges God 794, 795 
Menace SOUCOU, 2 oe gs te i ayer. fei. Sh ease dati dienes 599 
eee BAI On oe oS ic ek oe So ake ce ie Bh bs 52 
REND eas rn say Ooi eal OE eg a Ad oes Blurete 49, 50 
(3 Mr i a ll pal ae a Ce Se Os oh a Se Sy 834 
ETO aE oC: Re age ee Ne Se eg 164 

* F. 

Fabric, cotton, suitable for pneumatic tires..............--.--.-- 417 
fast edge Pees ee meres 5 LE eee he ts ee Re ae 417 
SII Pte een Pa i et nets. oie Pica sy amt 409, 437, 551 
muicpile, of flax, hemp, or ramie, m. 8. p. f....--.....-2.2.2-4- 438. 

in chief value of metal thread Sy Be BivBi ile Asans 427 Jiasaee 239 
SRR Seren SS Sore ng Nl 8s 2s See elie an 448, 451 

of lahn or lame and india rubber...................--------- 239 
SEIS eIT. CU OP BROUE 6 eh ae Rs Nee gig! wh ci ang cui 409 

of flax, Ret Ct TRING Sores Soh ua Aa Bie ad cra: Seba B open 438 

of hair of PL CLONE omar me SC Dene ee tee ee 476 

TL Sar RRO Pe aN ae 484-486 

Sit SME ageless Areas eS Come” Mk ee 448454 
ne Cae se ee he Ge Vee os SUbie SS St Ae oo ooo pee 239 
Ore; predmatic, cotton.---5-.-.--2-.-:2-- Pr Ries SME ae on ALT 
moyen, pidgin, ol pincle juteyarns: 52. .- 2.2 2). Sejen 2 ie: od 437 
not of flax, hemp, GEERIMIE | Poet oun! ce eee 441 

MBM eyeT tO. Tirs ah atc BN MSs ae he re Ue ee LOS, 490, 495 

Facings, dress, bias, CULO ate cot ee ee ee ee Se tre E SS | 409 
False invoice, acceptance Of att rk Bebe ank Meocete ans?» 849 
statements, PUDIPDMWONE Lor. agers io ue osc e > CF Laie | 849 
Falsification must deprive Government of.duties-.-.-..---4....-. 851 
IT ee atin (ete ne Ochs Tl CRA St ha rae eee fF, 540 
palm-leaf, common, plain, not ornamented......--...-.------ 657 
Fashion magazines, paper, lithographically printed.....--...-.--. 507 
- Fasteners, snap, iron or BEE nah aes TW EL dea 241-243 
Ee cheat ia or tl. Nemo w Ss Bae Ses | Rated ape th 675 
a EE le ae ag AN ce eat hea 522 
Feathers, artificial, ornamental, wild bird, etc........-.---.-..--- 35-937 
MOI an > fa ne oe ee ven oaeiees 864 
on reappraisement. RR ret cS ciley eal me cur unl the = SE cena ae ehh Ais 861 
PORT ena cise Seascape Seattt. sig oct mec d eo Aeeee 864, 903 
ss euilige dpe arate de Sa tii OL I Faria leah kana eyed arena ae 495: 
adhesive, TOe MELT EeY VORB cg ee Tee Wee clos tap nels 657 
SRS ER MEM OA teeta ee a ine cee wees Meee Te oka Taira 495, 


Felts, not 1 Ne Tha a oe ae Bak teens ore Carpe mmiarnit rik = ane ies 450. 


952 INDEX. 


Page. 

Fence posts, wood . ve. esses canes tee Cites oe es cle ae 816 
Fencing, galvanized wires... .....-0s.-6 sss cee eens Pe 814, 815 
Ferroaluminum:, f220. 292 vides evi tiises st AL 183 
Ferroboron .2.eeeeeer sa ee dads deere ies dsr A ee 182 
Ferrocerium \\..02 729 Pies se Pele esas Os aes Se Ee oe 183 
Ferrochrome or ferrochromium. ...:.....5..2.0.0-.s25-04 eet 178 
Ferromanganese: 22 ei esdes cee os Peete eee ies se kde oe ee 690 
Ferromolybdenum... sss ¢0. sev eres aieaedt ees gia. ses os oe 178, 179 
Ferrophosphorus....2 3% 22. sae) tec tears tev eiee ete 178, 179 
Ferrosilicon: #5. 22.43) sce eisceves news: cocoate 42 oe 178, 182 
Ferrotitanium 27: pr Poh sees Oo be 88s Me Se eo 2 178, 180 
Ferrotungsten 22 ceed eseed owas daltedbva coed tps SO, ee 178, 180 
Ferrovanadium ).)0) 7) Aadsijes en a Se ee 178, 181 
Ferrouranium s:$ 2002.2: <2... SR ER iy Boo Peau eee 182 
Ferrozireconta nt as bs pselye ose ange eee a v SOOY 2 183 
Piber oot fous hGie ws spe haan Pe ae se ate Ga See 426, 639 
carpets and-carpetingt:: i22s.6 ever deess 2: ee ere 431 
Cloth: 226i 2228 (eh oli 9 be heres oe oe Pee 403-405 
cocoa lS. is wea yee deh see eee Cea 639 
mats-and: matting) S/O 70 A Peo) See 569 

mats and rugs! sss. Des eid ase a desea its eee 431 
piaséaba:) ives spastisn 2 efes es aac eeer ae One 674 
Tampico, cables and cordage.-...-...2:-2-.-+= sss) 250.0 see 426 
ware, indurated) n. 8. pe f. ici. s . fas oa ess Se Deke 544 
Fibers and grasses, jute, manila, sisal, sunn, etc.,n.s. p.f.....-.--- 670-675 
diied, driigs, Ny 8s pod. aise. et nee oa se ee 46, 653 

for paper paiee Nn. 85 pe fis Pees eek eee ee 741, 742 
Fibrin, all forms... 20252 os eee hoe tees 2 ne 658 
Field glasses, n. 8. Po listening ss 2 Siena i pee 166 
fOr: ee ee ORNL AR Sem ee ART Rel 353 
Filaments, horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation.............- 495, 496 
Filberts, shelled. or not shelled. 0. 2. 20 ue2o2, 2 oe Rar: 362, 363 
MilesScutrarcckei sorter Serre eT i ee 220 
emery i Peed: sta ge Sr sot ke Se Se ee ae ee ee 502 
Willing apparatual ssa ose eae st ot cee cheeses eee eee 721 
Film picturedie. soc Sore ce a PP eee ee 576-577 
cinematography or motophotography ....-...--.---.--------- 576-577 
moon or Moving fess. PM Se a ae 576-677 
Prlipg yh ose Baer 2 oy Cae 602, 749 
moving-picture, exported, returned. ies 22 29-2. ee 602 
photographic, exposed abroad’s.: ss 4:2 22. 602 
sensitized ssl ho Fo se spas ot Nai ee ee 749 
subject to censorship: .2: : 325225 sare Pa i 576 
Filter masse or stock, of wood pulp, cotton, etc. .......-....-..- _ 499 
tubes ss rake Sp SE Ad ee 2 Ba ee Be Oe ee 153, 154 

Fire brick.o.2< ose 98s ooh Sloe iste eee tae ee 135 
Firécrackers,-all-kindsi:...322 52.22...) Ba ae eee 533 
Firewood 2.282225 Sess cS eS eee 816 
Fireworks of all descriptions, n:s: ps fs. dc ds 00222) ee eee 533 
Pisin oe eee th eS PP eee ee 343-347, 658 
and other products of American fisheries......-..........-.-. 731 
baits,,artificial:2 ts: ¢re2.7e ee ee eee es eee 224 
Cpors | ee le AO oe Se arts oA 2 TRON Oe eee ee ee 654 

ou, rendered? 8.) po tstes teeth te eee eee oe ee 66, 67 
oils'of American nehericg i) See Se eae eer. see 731 
paste or saucers 2oo fee ee oa eee ee ae ee 321 

roe, Preserved Poe ee ce eee ee ee 343, 345 
skinned or boned’. 2 $2: Saree cee cee eee ee ee ee 3438, 345 
sounds, crude, dried; ‘or salted, n. 8. p..dy..2.:: 52. Lo eee 614 
prepared:.2 3 27aSe yee Pe ee ee 54 

Pysnhooks. & os oF 2 03 Pa a a ee eee 224 
Fishing bait (artificial), flies, reels, rods, and tackle. ...........- 224-225 
Fishplates or splice bars, iron or steel. :.2.5.42202..22-...0. 029 191 
Wishseing shi 38785 rat 2 Se ta SS eee wa ee 660 
Flannel;‘slasher =: 2.28255 234 ae has ee eee © 457 
Flannels, woolscs fir srehi sks: int citi See ee ae 454 


Flaps, paper, lithographically printed... ............0..02-eceee 507, 508 





INDEX, 953 


Page 

Sper, Fee De bs eer on FS Peek os poy oe oe em ne so TION 916 
8 rata ok iva a pee apa gli lsd esate Ee alin BEng ae a 2 660-662 
bands; belts; cords; ribbons, etc,...22525) es 435 
eermate mt: CAPDOCITS on re 6 AIRE = oe wie ie Sn pee 431 
SE ea es OS LOTR FBS LE AAPM ED AC Stew. SOY 429, 
a STENTS EE pen a ohaetd clades ale side Allee aaa a 440 
PEE EVTAIIC OY TANTO. ..2 82 Ph ob ees ce oe Pate M 432 
i lg OS age dS aL alah a a oa ec A oc 431 
terre cle ee Tint S yy eek OPP ELLE ASTER ott SATS oD) 429 
MRT Pere rs neh ie | CaM AL OMe SEROMA Sway gE EARL | 672 
(es as ha a eA aaa i ae ana is e eet BUSY ek DI GAL: | 660 
LRG ge dell talib alhr 1 ball eli Asli niana tebe thedy area 741 
EE Cee ILA S WS t aes Speier Hie ie Vike eh hire patos | bat 438 
se ood Leal abi ae ce ll Seat ela eet eRe t CURR Y is Pigs 429 
EES aii Ag il Rath Eadie ee el I A mG ate Dicree Ban? e 428 
Re cee ee ee eet ee aie ie Benen) Rs tdi BE SHIT ti 660 
eee ee: be Moy it ed lela al ona ent snbdec hited ant 4p 433 
he etl aa Alita em ge age ek ea 7 Sd al eg ona aaa dag tiger af 660 
I eg ae ar es yt ten we EO ER -. 74], 742 

| Lave Say Si ede lpn Aedeagal pei haien iets ead nisi eet ors 429 
i ta a apa als la FD ate cin a a ea Aa el i ells ll .. 335, 336 
I ei Cin eet eee se eee ae pr eG iat af 224 
Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground....................--- .. 662-663 
2 Se on Sap li as Io gi alg letra ie RI oe haat ae ape arene es 236 
DC er er ee ee Ss OMEN Ce Pena A aR AL ety yh i 220 
Flocks, cotton......... te AE SRE be ie? yh 2" oe ea eat preg: 387, 648 
(they ety eS aed lle tleeteteer AE tae aae cama caibiite iabay 834 
De i ES RAS. . KREIS tei dol 
reer ee. oa area Tee ee) ae tae ce teens 811 
a an re ra NE > one See hy Sm tat TY 624 
yee tolrgneene et at i ate 27S ad ainda Ol ar tlie wi m 311 

egal vec eye are ie aaa ek el a pe ea ale ga tea 761, 762 
NE ree Pea on St ES) RAR Ae epee ee os 762 
aay. cage eRe aN ele rallies Sra fia Calis il Le tac — 303 
(nde the 9 aie tills gdh salt ig ado tea ae lg 796 
TREES pean lant. Sin lieke® ie A anata ae tea igeatede fs 811, 812 
ee eee ee ee has Voss he ee 816 
a peat POR ee lia. ceca A aie aN I i Sil 328-333 
PMI he Sree cer a he ec oc oe eke eet oe tem § 530 
RCTS ar C tray ee ce ee CREE AS Ae Pe yt OS 653, 604 
Sy TE ag a a SR tl Pl de iam 328, 329 
ees Tey Calpe, SA bh tat a el ied eth oa ear 46 
Meret atl or Alined o.00 2 ee ey a eh ee SS ee eevee Ye 712 
ee ee te ee oe 539 
Flues, iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed. ............-.-- 213 
TR Sara aati alee aia obese on cba ee CSO el ae 213 
Fa liad CEROE al tate aged eet i tee aie al 140, 141 
Ter er eee Ce SER Nee cer le 916 
aera as 318 TERE AE KS RRS SRS KES ENE ES fee 551 
ESAT ClUGS eo re as ie he tee ete es 113 
Forceps, surgical............... ARS OE: aie ih GL oR ily SE iA 267 
ne CG alan a RO SE 1 on a RR a ae 849 
MENU EA ee eit oes Pee te cette ed hen aoe we a 868 
Pipa RAD CIGI So ae ne fe eee Cot ek Cee eee 851 

of goods not imported in American vessels (subsec. 2) . 889 
EVO E PIN ICH orice cn oe, PV ae cs Saeed ks bee era ee 886 
SIR ES ee ta eos ws So Es ee ce ofa et cere cee 208 
Sree eae eee ee te oS Se oe ee 188 
NTS re eee eon ee pene ge ee ft ee aden cleat 218 
ORS Stage IRE eogeal Mtge ar Repent tN ee eae a arr ge, 570 
gta RS DoDChC ip So ape TEE a el a i aR a bo 53 
Trt 1h) OF 4A00l ole. oe kt ett et tates ss 185 
mRE TLE SAE TEMERLIO ROMO his be Cee eek a tee tee ee Ps 524-525 
Orauaves, tr, 10r bate or bOnNetaI A! est seat co test tee 543 

Steer coerayved, 161 ponds, 6ten 6 122 lteter ae 783 


ce SEIS ES et a ee ee eS arr ek os 663 


954. INDEX, 


, Page 
Bepatainsp orang: 202 caus oes See ee awe «6a apt yale ae 251 
Fowls; domestic, feathers or plumes of............-.-....-..--0- - 535: 

land ‘and: water, mr. 8. p. fo... ajc «werd -ceeee 612 
Fp e8 Jy oes are Clos oid ew ew a etc sole aha Se 166, 168, 185 
and mountings for opera and field glasses, etc..........---..- 166, 168 
‘eyeglass, cogele, and: spectacle... 02 oo. on. «cue « 164 
d7OnN OF AVC. on. ic. 2 ve win we hing ipsa Co + > bape eee a 185 
optical instrument... a2 6 obs wie oh wis aor ik os = 166 
Fraudulent entry, what constitutes... -.._2 2.20... os... ae 849 
importations, punishment. for... ..-. 5.2... 7 849 

Freestone, hewn, dressed, or re 2 ai ean wakes! jae een 176 
unmanufactur ed, 1a Ay: Se SRM die Na LSA, snipe ,-- 785,786 

Frpnohy cha lis ooo . Ve cs site we a ae a ako 132 
crudeand ungrouid:... 0.222 Ses eed. ates noe ¢ ace oe 793 
Meesh beef, lamb, pork, ete. 0. oh spine oe erg .. 713-715 
Freizes composed of tiles or tiling. . 20.202... ee ee eee Mee 136 
Fiveatin oe? sur ioe ee Dee Vo ae a cece ee 113 
Figapatel Ss nas oo eis uk Stee eae brane BD ee 347-352, 663 
anuficral, 1.8. Pp. fo Sa i oe oe ee 535 
dried, desiccated, evaporated’ 2.0.2.7 We 2 347 
drugs, 11h es RR RE NUMAER UNS EA pel 46. 

not edible: nis. ps Gps poi rect 0 wks = oe ee 653, 654 

egal] ees ih Cw age Ak ata a gen, paces ee ceesgs cet 347-352. 
preen, ripe, or dried, Waa. PP ec nce onic nay oe 663-665 

an brine) 1. 8..p. fils SP a a, Se 663, 664 
OPSMMETETS LS OS RIG Fr io acncl aeppthe day eam ea ne Suge ee 535. 
packed in sugar, containing no alcohol. ........-.--...... ne 347 

reserved, containing alcohol. n. 8. Die a wv 347 
Fue compositions of coal or coal dust... . 200. ee 635. 
Pyadter’s. earth. 1 225 0co Se ee 140, 141 
Fulminates and fulminating powder, n. s. p. f fe athe sa 665 
Pipelines SIT AS i As he ie ee 333 
Lt: i i On RI yk Ree My GR a 666 

bonztets, hats, and: hoords.)5-0. ie oe 543 
forms or ‘shapes Tot hats or ‘honnetes 79, a ee a 543 
plepae:) Carroted Some Cl ee 537 
uiidredsed: 2 MAA A eS tn oe ee 666 
Furnaces, ees weldteds. 223 api Pe Ae ee 213. 
Fiumnitute . 00.00.22) 2 ee gee ee 286-288 
cabinet ie. 26202020 SR 286 
household effects, notiforisaliet 2 2725550822. oe 621 
Willows oS at a oa a eae ane cn 280 
Fang) fe 222 OS See eae 537-540 
for hatter ’Susel oi A005. Bhghs SS A 587, 539 
manufactures. of, fis. ").dog eee se hp 537 
tindreasedes poe Sos gape ese le at cnatns os Se 666 
Mugeas(matelites)i2o... 2. OAR ors. Co ee 533. 
Fuses; blasting, niining, and safety . 2°. ). 2 Soa ee 535 
Papatin: fo 2 ace EE Se Be ee eee eee 52,.921 

G. 

Galleries, stampings, etc.) of metal... 8.5585 2022 eee 544 
Gadloons clio, O82 SE OS EA ie ee eee 551 
Geom bier 4 isl Sa as ee ee Ne a ee 667 
(Fe Se Bal ols sesed «Ein alana Si ot a ee Lae 365 
Gantic ss. caer sak eo Oe a oe Re eae ee es ce 326, 327 
Ganters, silk, né8: 0.2.50) SI Me eee eee 417, 488 
Gas black, dry or groutida: ug herds kG aoe eae 101 
Gas liquor, amrnonincal yo ooo 2 Ae eee oe eee 20; 22. 
mantles. 25502" ogi See ee eee 246, 248 
webortas 2 200. 2. Sees. Se eee 153. 
Gagnantle scrap 90 2 lsd ei ee ee ee 246, 248 
MINING se vetoes soe « oe Mae ene eae eget ie ae 731, 735 
Coaaae Glaae eos oon OuSed Se ASS oie een 165 
(SABATTUS 5 co theo mae Gina odontal ae Megane eee lin eH 54 


or flock eovered: papers. 256s betew.e Fceaten ws ible slaty mag 503, 504 





INDEX, » 955 

‘ Page 

Mremip for schools, societies, etc... ia duxuwiisnsadbiee ae cw elieas ve 782 
General appraisers, Venidagh tbe eh te te eee ae 907 
eG EET ECT: 3c Se a aC ne ee 62, 63 
i rie en ww atid 235 
_Geyserite, te aia 787 
SEERA 2 RSS ERE aca cr OE Lae aa 608 
Ginger MPEPEE. BOGE 5 crate SL Re inte th oihaid 385-386 
cordial and ginger MT eras Fala eet ban techie tks 381 
er nn cls Site ale hina Sis ind al die we 373-374 
Gingerbread, or honey: Een epee BR Es Ae sat es ao Ta 313 
I ee cc ra RS 8 emerleenreellete « d9L 
SM 2 Re on Sings ss mr saie pues ninvn 'e'beldia inn 17 
Girders, iron Ree re ae hn yk ete te eek 185. 
ESTRELA AE ae ae eee ae GO ORIN Se 332 
Serum ary Of 146 Deer ss ee oe en ce ee oe 615. 
I se baths ahacceue 154-172, 667 
bent, ground, obscured, etc., additional duty............-... 163 
bottles, Ah Eo ee Aa a a ae a 156-158 
containing ad valorem duty merchandise................ 154 

filled or unfilled, RA Sy scecrs PAtrs Bi pRty BEA? eG yd CoRR i ne 156 

with cut-glass stoppers EEE te, Soe SOY SO Se NN 156-158. 
a cee cieigtthin sl sate, Sad pcligss ui kacgciore ig 527 
SI ee LOMA Ey a cris i Se o's a ig pain icles 154 
erown, Cast, neslisitads et A Sri, Sr LE Se Cees Cl ean SR eR ae 162 
cylinder, or common window, additional duty .......... 163 
cylinder, cast, polished, silvered..-.--.......-........ ed 162, 163 
PER TSR Ets Yee an ee i ol gots ec ora Equw x ane oas 156 
demijohns, covered and uncovered .........--........------ 156 
I nF ae oe si nssicios ea ~'ss = Save eek 171, 667 
white, Se eRe al edit aii 4 ilies TS 667 

RIN Dk Ne Fo wre heieed Gua nie 1i3 
ee eee ea ee eee 165 
re et ian Sinn ins = «a id ~ apa Mermsnsee Bucs ering 154 
looking-glass plates, silvered, framed ..........--...-....-... 162 
Be UreSOT, OF PASle 5 nan nin no mn ori oe RRR ee te 169, 170 
MIN SF AR on Na liam moines on Pde oak terete antl oe 169 
mmpeste.and, manufactures of, n.s.. p: f. --- 6 5-1. o- b- mene ene 169, 170. 
plate, bent, ground, obscured, AL eS tanita, Bypass 163 
cast, ‘polished, Stl yered, tinsiivered |W)... "an -sndane 162, 163: 
containing Co RET ERLE S SERIO aay Se Ney La a 160, 162 

ground, smoothed, or fs Er eS gelatin pelea 160-161 

plates or disks, unwrought, for optical instruments........-.. 667-668 
RU ln 2S 8). Ek 8 ols Jaye no a wins oeioin sw ne mages be aie 157 
strips of, including those for eauges and magic lanterns......-. 165 
tiles, opal or cylinder eT ei a a eS 171, 172 
RN ace alte hacen winktico 154 
amr COMIN, UNDOUSICT.§ - oe oo. oe ne ie wu w osecn erga ta 158, 160 
munaows, stained or-painted.. .<.- cies adda eos mid weed ies 169, 839. 
ESS ETE T TO Bh 1 C1 ga Re 165 
SMR MALENO TNA LPC. 2: aie Bia bie a 8 od cer miate ah ie Etat 166 
Sas A geo ce ae SOE SA ee apne 156-158 
MERIREN NE PPR ood le eee, ara cla he ann ks en aer og 156, 157 
a eee Hes) ef lon ed ae I I LUT ines xo cries 123, 130 
i in ch ne F > hae ier at 113 
MMIC bt cael Soe 414, 415, 448, 562, 668 
Poimende irorsehide .pigekin: .....---- = -a@tev tees dnwes ook 668-669 
I a ie ne ie oh pie a ome = os 415 
Pe ASCH OT So oon ip wie So wie = clan Be io male ole wee lolnne 563 
a a ele wits eee cs Shim aut 668 
men’s (n. s. p. f.), women’s, or children’s. .......-..--.. 563 
Deen ObtON., PUT, SIC, CLC «won nee oe oe eee Oe 563 

of cotton and rubber..........- Laie Le eee Pee See 408 
A TIS BO nis coos asians nn ow eden gly aa 563 
Glucose or grape sugar.........-......- Os, Se wie tess mt omteetl-B 293, 294 
IRR ee ee Seem eer Amen o4 
Neen en ee a oun eetiy wim min mapa tect enk 682 


ONT ay Ae) CE ae ORE en ee ae pee pe 56 


956 INDEX. 


Page 
Goat hides or skins, wearing apparel of... ................ce00ee 375 
Gostskins, undressed ook estes cw eas ci. ek ole ieee ee 577 
Goggles and frames...............-.-.-- “26s ou SUPERS ae 164 
Gold bullion... .5..3.us natn Choke Geen SRE RES ea Nes SOO 625 
COINS. as BNR SL REN RRR ee 641 
lead: co5.0 8 cake ee ENE eee canoes: CEN Oe a 238 
medals, trophies,:or prizes... 40.222. .....0 un oe ee fi 717 
or gold-plated articles and wares. ........-.-.......22-2--5 268 
i: ee ee eh hee en Se 739 
PONS... eee ee ee eee eee tence e ee eeee 251 
pize,; ‘varnishéss..2. 080 Oot vee sc tect ent cece ae 108 
SwWeepings 2. cis ee eee eta ele eet eb ee 739, 740 
Goldbeater’s molds and skins............---..cececscecesevesees 669-670 
Goods lost overboard ... 0.02.5 sss ess eee a thin easter 875 
Goose breasts: $145... s.nsive ts tees UPD 368 
Grains. OSes 4 ee CR Oey ek ee EG he eke oy a 46, 653 
artificial-and: ornamental; n.'s/’p . f.% +22 2. 2S eae 535 
driigs,-n: 8. piefiivg. seek seu eke ade GG 46 
not edible; n..s. pr fs 2020202 GEO 653 
OMOEMY settle ee ee ees Rs Ee ee 532 
Gramaphones and -parts of-...:.. 2. ...52..26. 2S ee 572 
Granadilla wood, rough or hewn only.:2:.-.......ss..ssss.eene" 823 
SAWEd ule. sess ess Cat teenie et es eee 272 
Granite. 2.00500. ee te a 176, 785. 
hewn, dressed, or-polishéd .:.. v2. JU22 2,20 2 a ee 176 
Finolewm +. 5556.50. se 3 o's seo ees HESS Tet Ve ae 434 
unmanufactured > {4 oo. pe ce 4 176 
wastes. ose te ee lke LOU _176, 785 
Granito! 9225322... ee Le 152 
Grape pickers. oo ss. set eee bd See ee Ne er AN 
Grapefruit; in packages. . Pets oe 26 Set ee 357, 359 
GTA Pes essai sae Ses sew ele Lis alata egy oo anne 353, 356 
conventional gauge for... <..0660 + 5s tek ee es ee 357 
dried Si. ee ww ae 353 
in barrels’or packages + 24 02.20. iv. asi. ts Se Wists 356 
Graphite. (See Plumbago.) 
Graphophones and parts of: s)2.-.c.25.'. . 5.) SS ete ee 572 
Graphoscopes!. 8 ne. ee a os gv eee a ee ee 167 
Gi dse! Sic eso we Sa i te SR 2 570 
avoine and stypasc.:css0.6 556 ek pee is Ot 723 
braids; laces; and plaiteas... 00) 2201.2 eee 520 
manufactures of,-n. sip) fii. isi ees. Re a ee 566 
meaning of term.............. rade eee ee 6525 te 4 566 
sea, manufactured or dyed. 22.203. $i. 22 A ee 570 
BOGUS eS loa Se release alae 764 
sisal, cables and cordage: 20 2\s.5 -s-s awe Spt be 426 
tariff designation... ...20455%.45 bs os TE 520 
Grasses and fibers, jute, manila, sisal, sunn, etc.,n.s. p.f....--. 670-675 
for: paper making, nis; py fe..<s.1.. 5) 2.e PRS, Oe 741, 742 
textile, n. s. p. ‘eee eere re 670-675 
Greise, ni 8 Petes. dscesstecpet das cise ebe see: tee boc 675 
brown wool......... basecee sh eeu LLU Eee Nee 66, 69 
enfleurage si.).80 8 Scat Ues 29 oe eth hel. ee 94 
paints; theatrical. 22.4 2c veaskeiek 4d tee ae eee 92 
Greases: ios. Ga disoe Tee tee ee et eee ee 34, 94 
soluble; used in-dyeing: ::20...i0=6 UFR 70 
Gréen chromés.s<se 4seu 4 bead kee Aleeoaiee vue ae Deen 102 
Greenhouse stock, n..s: pefsu. sods 05 tens ene 333 
Grenadine (a beverage). 6.5 se 2e5s bens Os ewnvhedued es eee 385 
Grindstonts.i? (is. sith MONOD, 4 Se 177 
Grit, iron-and ateehs<...4 0... eeu DAL A 197 
Grits, buckwheaten 2.2 cscs cen pha bce te aes 4 we He Le 625 . 
Gross-Almerode glaas-pot clay. ss..:4. toiie beeen) J 634 
Guam and ‘Tutuila, islands of . 53.414 2.4 4.s.ee4 fie ua ee * 5 
GMANOUS o5 foie nhieu ceise ew cee eae eee mane copies » aa SO 676 


Guiacol Gar ponates¢ nena veaphsnveticemee ov ae 6s pus epee 37, 40 








INDEX, 957 
Page 
RENE OPAC cg Fae ee a ee ewe ee ee eee eee 57, 58 
Uc, TI a Rae All a a A a 2 60 
py bs oo 1% CORR va, Ne SP) Cagle oh a a ce RO ar 653 
SE ates a ee IG Ree MS see a ee sae es ante arnt 46, 60 
RO ns olan Fa 2 ata er md nt eloltae Rea ae cab es es ok 57, 653, 678 
Me. PoE oe ee ere Ss a 57, 678 
ee CCD ew ees er ie a PLO eS Sak ORO is 57 
MME OnE Ot 6 ta iote cies tao heres. Up aun ly Reed Dame 57, 58 
ve ik BORE ot pee Ae a Oe Rg BR i A Am ae 57, 59 
Reon. CPUC O;TOhRNGd y O60) i. 2 2% on e532 ose ne eck 57, 58 
Pe CMOS Ure tony este Rprol, yRGSOS Sat Pe be ade 57, 59 
copal, ‘damar, Scakauri lk oust? ee thee adit eee 678 
Ie a ek oe eek ce tals wR L ETHAN LTA ee OU es 57, 59 
0 EES Tt ee eS Soe he ee eee ee ere ee ce ocd ee eae 46, 653 
Senegal BORA Ose eA Ceca eae Oe phe Oairoe be Si ee ON, 57, 58 
REET eL TNOLGS, GtGOI so he cox kee ok s ib od eek ere ee 193 
Gun blocks for gr unstocks, wood, rough hewn, etc..............4. 816 
MEE atte wer Ge Wieck awinn een usehsa th a deel ete 541 
Gunny cloth and old gunny bags, n. s. p.f..--...2... 2.200222... 741, 742 
MemrrOty Tes Didi yp eb ccdtaatuiviizis tes iscteeess mes Ss 679 
Ramet He HOUTUINS) Je a dade cde e ti orcee rine dS let Te. 221 
0 SES ee coeyen sees ek ee ea ee Tete ee ee ee ee 221 
breech-loading rifles and shotguns. .............---..-...04 221 
combination rifles and shotguns............--.-------------: 221 
PERE Scare ikk wg kes AK Cand hose ba) Pheer eek 221 
muzzle-loading shotguns and rifles............-.---------++- 221 
pistols, automatic, magazine, and revolving...............++. 221 
Gut, whip and worm, manufactures Off 1-8 Padesis SEIS See 564 
NN aM OS ic Ain Ubds  Lecn endl dene 630 
PELOTUA CTU 2. nk'Gh vet bod ot bn bas ba eis tails bean yY 681 
MEAG DUROS Ole-JVs. 85 eo fos sconce sees cet esc LU. ORR IN 566 
eee. crude, ground or calcined,..°.. 2... ..-....-. 22 22228 138 
H. 
RII IANO tts oa bi Was eas CAL ew Re here deta tees oe 227 
EEN LOVEE re. se oe Oe Ee A ee ee 167 
ESSE DCI Oe aed eg ene 445, 471-478, 541 
ee ee eee Sy Es ose Coxe ck rere se ee. Saeed S14 471, 478 
UCIT, Date EP nam se ou ths abs ots sae Stes eo es 475-476 
SER Ee as ithe ei re Mee Gil oils Vee OE NI See lL Se of 474 
PEC IUN Aree rN OS TI Bh Le bE ONN HEI S  e Lys cae 476, 477 
MEETS we ATER RE ee deel obo Setup ee Eee. a EY 474, 475 
PRMD S AC VANCEL. DT) BasDede cy sccscndencssseerieens ae 445, 446 
Angora coat Pe ae aes s MB baa Tedd eae ek Ses 471-478 
Che Tye ATSES «eh PUL p Rds My Pari CMA Scout Be Aea ASE AAO 475-476 
plushes ae wend eekés case (Aes peer wees eee c RES 476, 477 
SPC eC Pas Seas cada ee sea yn aee cole ON pede aes 474 
RTM Mt Sid: ok wire arta wind Nel od Sw A Re ae Pee aie OME eee em oe AGS. ee 474,475 
RIB RE ee bok | oe eS dda dee nh oo eRe SRO 471-478, 827 
BUA LUTG, eGo Pekenuasp ere .ckeebadsese Apes tee 681 
mumewanti-other. bike animaliic si yevcetis aoeress eet oe eee 827 
emer a> pred ClOLDS. 255.024 9 45242252 Co eee obs ELS 616 
cattle, horse, and other animal, unmanufactured............. 681 
emt eS ee PO Seen aes Seo eed e as oe kar seeks seay 542 
human, raw, cleaned, or manufactured...............--.--- 541, 542 
nets and Piptiiiier, ti Bae Pale ss. esata. Soe! 4S Pas 22 bbe teh 541 
Ts PE RTE ae RS nite te 8 Mid ee fs) Atl ne ort ee 827 
RTL G oy ao oS OTM dis kaye ce de res du stouepehobaes 827 
RRs eto Sc! kkeh gas kh cl tei eeed ie rssusseahye 522 
SMELT ete Soe ga oe a Shae a saa ste ke ees 541, 542 
ee sea e aoe teehee pees tive ese ee epee eeete fas 682 
EC ea un ck ey poe Sob Vere etalee 541, 542 
SMERTIEE EI en ey Gs oo abo cm pURe ee Geel, 541, 542 
RAMMING ceric asso gonetavavvsss<sineiacsssere ee Pe 251 
MMIVINNTTELICES Ole cs ects ties dete nena ty ose bac arcosagthessatls 823 
URINE ati ye fxn rt a ele etn a's ye weccin «oa vo acne Mure 414-416, 448 


clocked, PEAS ee DLC. thot cs ee oe 2 1 knees te okt oe 414,415 


958. INDEX. 
Page 
Maitione plates. 2: .0i:s'. 2 -sinaridcads w cynieae Nace bse 80 alr pete 225: 
Hammers, blacksmith’s.. ....- c+. cie cond c cles oo eelee eee 209 
Vy GUSTIN oo a ale. Se ae alg oh Sie age eek pe a ae 570 
Hampers made. of willow. ... i. - 4-02. o> bem dic deeb ances oh . 285 
Hagmevand becom. oo. oi ace ko peas pees ee oes a 713, 715: 
THaetleorciitete: 0 oe.) ee ae eee 2 406, 440, 487, 551 
cotton, finished or unfinished, hemmed or hemstitched. . 406 
embroidered samp pci in 0 eR ie nb er HS cee i 551 
flax, hemp, or ramie, finished or unfinished................--- 440 
MOC ooh pe oc rei patel ae wel olen cabal een ee 551 
silk, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.............- ete 8 487-488 
Wen dles,. DTGOM nd. ks cleeie Bee ckicitte ss one voen. tiara cube. 816 
CITE -ALODA: ss 9. ssw nus tas eke gues nobel ae 651 
TARR YE 2 ohn ie, ms uu paginas esc tyres besides ace aie a tah 227 
Hangings, paper, 0. 6. Dr tore deppasvaerers <=: senmeeeenee .. OLE, 512 
Hares, skins: of, undressed. ol. were ge ona eee en ey athe thes stake era 775 
Harness, leather, in: sets or partas...5 owas {dowd ese ake .. «2 699, 702 
foam, Cotten. a... 24... nei begges dante se octet ane 417 
Harrows, disk ‘and tooth.*... . rum. ce ade ancl oie bee 591 
Teanvesterss oo oho tases cs es ota See oe ee 591 
Heasocks, wool, 1; 8. Df: ..,-a:coc.cuice so ena'e oy «5-008 0 we 469 
Hatbands, RE ah Fase a eee Oem ITT — 488 
FaGpins oS ot ne bic os oes see 62 eee spat af 251 
. 91955 GF Paste. .....c- cone. n eo ediescn gee nous Daas eee 157 
Pet ae os id es eR oe a “ 543 
chip,. grass, straw, etc .............diie Lae eons ee 520 
FUT. og ocx nin gpernern'm oo Hee eet ol eet 543 
imitation. Panama... ..'.2 4. nt <veaheseen i oeuee eee 503 
TROAEA Sar ce Lo RE are. ark ecg o ao e 325 
Preatlers oo ee ea ee rr 2 ake 591 
Tieading blocks.and: bolts, wood... <....+0 «cb -giedie dhol SURO 816 
Heads, doll, n. s.. D. £... 3.2 es oe ne «ree Sete bits a eee 5380-53} 
of game animalguit ...<sau -: Jeane ee ee 617 
of Wild birds: 3.07.2 022 3.8 ee gee © ee ee 535 
Fhaalds, eotionice. oer ee ig os ee aSisuet i 417 
Hearings on appeals to reappraisement..............-..- pee. 861 
TRUCE a gS NO eee ee 861 
Fieddiesiand ealds; wite 20 fo ne os AO eee mvp a AZZ 
ROWRO No caw od ois nity en eae ee eee 4. A a 427 
bands, belts, cords, 1b bons, CC ooo aie ee wee 435 
binding twine, New (iC ae ROG een 611 
cables and CORGAQR. 2 ot en a ee 426 
catpets and carpeting. 8... -...--:5 554 eee o.oo i ee 431 
PUP MOUMID GA. ofc he etd dure whacgy Ras Seige aa ecu ae ee ae 429 
hackled, “ ‘line of PESTDD, o Secna et ee er eee 4k 660 
hand kerchiels.... ss ee ae 440 
hose, hydraulic or Hume. 1... cn ayia oa a 432 
manila, In: braids, laces, anc. plaite. - 0 eos Sen 26 ee 520 
mats and TU aan sf le A oe a 431 
Mauritius. culo so. ue o/s ce ne = ao healt ll gage - 674 
nets and nettings. ..... 2. +++ -j5 52 chee ee Lk ee A29 
New Zealand, binding twine.......-....--.--- wtials geet ade 611 
pile fabrics, n.. 8. phfiias iicontinlonsieeant ie bat eae 438 
BEINGS el Salon ee ae ee eee EO ee 429 
BINGO. Yarns: . sp eee Sek omaele eee ft 428 
GOW. OL 2 nig sie eae ade eed el a, ee ap neta os a rgd a eee 660 
waste, paper making, Tf. Dy foo < os npnaencnphy-osnsnvon'p eee 741 
WEDB.. stood poten Sate ae Sh at Ried ke ee ome ee 429 
Hoe pseed no 3 22 ee eae na sa A lee ee 764, 766 
Herb. leavesin glass, ete... 62s.) eka veyed ee ee 373,.377 
Herbs, crude, drugs, Ts Be he Pee a ea 653 
’ drugs, Dei fis, B2o. Be elias ci Sun rene 46 
for culinary UR scl cil ate heir gee Ce on Pa e 373: 
pee chitings raw. oe eee te eet ECE 682: 
1 1s NO eee oN pee Taye ME Te 683. 





INDEX. 959 


Page 
UN GASUA CR inne einen LAS wb cbtnde 684 
Catia rawe OF, salted. or Pickled on. cic.ciccmncawae oe 683: 
RN ean Oe ater et he, a 725 
or skins of cattle, dog, or goat, wearing apparel of.-......-- 537 
Hinges, finished, or hinge flanks, iron: or steel. su. i; -wlegoshcdt 209 
Hobnails, Nn. 8.. p. i iietineta tele al Ae thes Siete Jute parts Fe 724 
Hog stomachs, ESE Sa a eR RMS. Tha Meal Saat aenge ED me oe 615. 
Hogsheads (empty) eng tel eee Riedel Es iseus ei. 277 
RRM OM GOUQD 8. oe poping o ould wee 408, 404 
re re a ee rar ee Pe ee 210; 222 
Gera, enameled. or glazed ee ee ne 2 nla 222 
LAL ile dil ll ated loli eae ME gE Te yp y} 
Homatropine hy cpa ee nh td an esa” Bee 921 
ee eon ta 684 
a a an point ah tant By Pade 325 
SETAE, AEB LL oa pcncts wndogmrcr year Dako eran wen oe sabes 520 
AS SIERRA Sa arg SR lesa Sa MT PTE 543) 
PE Me aetited «solr icon. et. etosad Gte.,J ollie wale 685 
Meee nnd. eves. matallic, ns. p. fliigdic. lain les Gledeclid ..-. 241 
IMDB a Steen acne «<i AGIA ESIT SEE PROKBOOLOME 5. - 224 
ae asecsecrs a crmmensonenrnns aa a ankckeweon 5 MER «ss 816 
SOP... 21 Ree Art ree ise baie og t ly es cee: 325 
emnaictures.O 0. 5...)..0.. 2. ibe) a.28l¥.920-So8. seek 566 
Horns and parts of,. manufactured........ ee eee, 7 ite oe 686 
REAM no, tiga tt , dant Mas. be park 495, 520; 681 
‘artificial or imitation beltings, cords, filaments, etc... 495, 496 
cloths..... FE A oo Nea wiepn oun ALA A MS Ba 448, 451 
Sees Im, braids. laces, and. plaits.. 2... <neen pe. te el 520 
unmanufactured, Bi Se cate soins S ningia ae we mie i LE 681 
gC Rae a ABI PS tes cy aes PPR eMee eee ne oe toe 591 
TC eae RG RS aC 305 
mules, and asses straying across boundary line. tn Soe 596 
Horseshoe nails and nail ROS) 2¥.8,. DaaM ltt. oe 50 3 fet, Iasig. Le scene 3h 724-727 
Peememrries., ny Or Steck. tebulwibe, ihe a od Louk 2ou Soe $4 724-727 
ee eo de laieet ix! 414-416 
clocked, fashioned, and seamless, cotton. ......-...-..---.-- 414, 415 
cotton, n. 8. 2D CRE, Saad a, IS Sn 5 TEES Ce ee creed Meee 414 
flume or hovers “otioml, buts 23)s Gosh!) anioial ciiguene otis 432 
half hose, cotton, n. 8. Pe rd ek. . eS Bee 414 
wool, clocked and seamless, TH. sw Pot od oj..ulov Jb. 448, 451 
high-pressure, of cotton, flax, hemp, eimai decode Ss arta: 432 
hydraulic, of cotton, flax, hemp, Ri Eel Pueseed She hes oe 43 
or metal] tubing, flexible, WIS. Sonn td Oe ce eas 2s tS 213 
ren LAGI. OL i yee oven eile Ka au als tek FS 414, 448 
Neen ee oie marie ihe nie oie oun. ache ots Ae AGL 
ee i aster nde Altar od nr pg 451 
Mere ettaris. NOL iar sala 621 
Hubs for wheels, wood......-... tA Sa 95 as AAR VRB ak WR tc oral tea 816 
GIES SSR esi ern AU RGR RAT a, a 309-310 
Hydroaeroplanes Hal te Ser Varasee oe re Beech poly ay ae 893 
Ser pane UATE Os Sanne Shia wis Sh wei 618 
Fr. 

ER. SCC LS. DU trate ces osu A Weir ete was Gt ees ese agg 686 
hho a EEE a CeO nny Teme Pe ere eres me 731, 733 
Re Sate Br a, ET 8 0S aig gh aah ee gs vet ts eanitsie nes A 737 
NEUE Pts ho Se ie re oo Fak 8 ins inl a ste ack wv e's ye be es Sie 721 
Matetetios dried and dyed... 222... 092 So pets eer 332 
Implements, BREEN a SU Aor pu daly o Sas aM iawe vnh he's we we ce 591-593 
professional, of immigrants... 40) ---l.hen- onrae tee 756 
Imports and exports, President to ascertain amount..........--.-- 902 
MEEEA YC OMT TA MOM Cotte 0). a o'avae <= soo so sO bye ote nea tye es 823 
RN ee ACh RRR ens ns CY hn lie Beh ate ae a ows ape ee hee ea 566, 687 
hands belts, Cords, taped, CLC... 2h. . wahentis: ade 435, 461 
IIMOTAORUNGE, Gi, Ws Gis). De nid a nin cicherts dels m terre tne saab 566 
WE Re DET tiaks Stk A AMS cco a Kw = 3 SSA eet tears Cy 687 
vulcanized, manufactures of, n. 3. p. f.......--.--..---- 568 

straw matting, n. 8. p.f......-------+------ee- SEP WIG oe 


960 INDEX. 


Page. 
Endian red, ty 8:P.-Eeccuk cee wan oe en wees bee Geer an 102, 104 
Prdigo: cies Sse Sla is cea ee 2b eve ont hee hed, RO 916 
dry or-suspended.in -water.... ...2:.¢..2+ eis oa 0 eee 688 
natural or synthetic, and dyes from......................... 688 
Indurated' fiber. ware, nv 8.-pxfve 0.) 20. <t e 544 
Incandescent electric light vulbs and.lamps....:....-. eee 169 
Infant: foods... vii 028 eS es 0 aes, . ea PN SE Si es 35 
Influence, improper, of customs officers, penalty for............-. 877 
Ingots; cogged; steel... sci... 82 Sen abet ae, . 193 
COPPOLA edie Ay + we wis ye 6 nen mms ch ies 0 ss erie se os 642 
nickel i POA FCee. oa SE ie 249 
Plat MM 5 9c ds wean poe linn me wee Gs 700 
steel, Bessemer, .etC 2... < cnn sceues one ewe dole eee 783 
Prk-andiink powders scacite <éaahectensnu> dnp eo em Rahs oe 60 
Tnisects, ‘dried, druga}ns Bu p.- Livin ch Ganeces si cache ae See 46, 653 
7d 4 ne ete es ee PT MOET Me 654 
Ensertingsice. 622 2008 Se SRO SSG 5 occ ec a mai ee le 551 
Instruments, optical, and frames and mountings for.........-...-. 166 
philosophical and scientific.................-.-+.-- 747 
professional, of immigrants... 22... «0+ «+.<sesee 756 
SULVEYING. 6.526 ben wtie inns nse o's 3 ee 168 

Insular possessions (Guam and Tutuila, Panama Canal Zone, the 
Philippines; and -the Virgin. Islands). .:. .. --...,. 4. Jokes See 5, 900 
Tnbilation; cork: 2.6 3.2. nana enchene icicle 529 
Integuments, animal and fish n:8;-p.4..2 2... 2.00 > pe 614 
Internal-revenue taxid. 00 Cis 20002. 2 See 880 
articles from -Philippinés....2.20. ..265 «os - ae + ee eee 880 
drawback: of Jv... . ieee ke eee a, DE rr 899 
duty equal to... foe... se eek en ee een w bale ae 901 
on. cigars manufactured.in bond... 2 ...d:.u xs aiera aigeieieee sue a 895 
Porto Rico. oo PR ANG an Sa hal die ne ee ole 884 
Femission.oL. ... +84 4 UCR, Ae a ee 895 
Intestines, animal and. fish, .n. 8, -p: £..9..2.<k.c0S-2 90 ee es 614 
Invalidity of part of act not to impair remainder................. 906 
inverttions,.models. Olas. J. oo wanes mindans see ene eee 722 
hiryoices. cic As ee 843, 846, 849 
assembled merchandise... .% + << pnwos «eee eces eeeeeees oe sa 873 
bounties, commissions, discounts, and drawbacks to appear on. 844 
CUITCNCY. Of. 52. e 5% ses weg yw ae we me om ac ie ale 843. 
market value ‘to be shownan.<¢t.ewss Jara eek eee 844 
pro forma, additional duties applicable to......-......------ 849, 851 
bond for production of certified..............-..-- 846 
verified by. oath...~ ick stad se eee 846 
signed. by. owner or shipper... ........ .-: 0s 843 
Where Maden UTIs . cies cio Sidlbe 0 Uw bie Oe ois nea eles Sn 844 
Iodine, ‘crude,or-resublimed . «2c 50. ve dans & muck ce le 688 
Todoform 22 ee cba te pels Oe bens c aus dake le ope eee ee 61 
EDOCAC is OEE LR lw gb ne Sow = emi ER SM ips ©) Ue cn ie el 688 
TedW 7 bie Sea'se vee en x 0 and ea ine ene eee Ce ee 689 
TROD 22000 eu ic ve ww a was Wee ue wins sieve 2 ote eR Sane ern 184 
abrasives (grit, shot, and sand)... «x... <0... bio ekee 197 
anchors si. Sareea he Sow cl Siw te aise og be rs 188 
anglés. 6.7). 4 ees ae we le Sa tae oO ee eee, ee eer 185 
SOvils: oe Wa SN Ee tek be ee ote EE ee 205 
axlesind parts... 14554 2545s b5t48 peels Tee tole 2 eee 208 
ball -bearings, and antifriction:balls.~:............2.22. yen 188, 189 
bands {sce Sa whe Eh thes ce ie a Sek oe ee 190 
for baling cotton ; etes 4.4222. 0.072 Se eS ee 685 
BD ass PRUE 5 RATER See ee eee 184 
bars or shapes, rolled or hammered........................-- 184 
railway ste sces MC Ee ae, OS ee 2. 761 
beams, deck-and bulbs roc.c2324.c08k C20 cet es eee tee 185 
blgomays2.2y.sacuascte tLe oe eee ee oe 690 
bolts and bolt blanks oo oS ce be eo le ee 209 
buckles, trouser'and: waistcoats. ..< isi 2. 2 20 ee eee 241-243 
building FOXMBA 522555455 25 Os ake be eee re 185 


chaitis).tsor aris ea ee ee 212 





INDEX, 961 


Iron—Continued. Page. 
ON TER ARUN A 5 acdiviu'a Vib le eih 9 wslld, x win ons d'elg Swce'e bee slog» SOE 185 
ESOS SS POS BSP ae on CRS? 5) BES hae Be The a ee 633-634 
re RG y's gcetye a een 0a ae Oe rs «pe oo dee ee ake OSL BS ae 241 
Rc tlaie, Ziad 9 9 a\e wes, x o:dis winigie's bY Salulele ing bode SOE 184 
MARE RAINES So raked a x nin ate 0 0 ae hawk ge we ees wee de eich Ee Oe vd 209 
diseoloration or rust, no allowance for...............2........ 204 
BMI PUNO ALICO | dig dg e's bined os we eel vein gv w dwt aeedey oh 210 

PPS REGGUEDOG 90 takin « Satievs te bus qvccen vlc varirsd tee 602 
CAI MEIMN) Soe 6 Bis 9 Sie s chive Baws deeds tesines vee wou 241 
fence, nail, rivet, and screw wire...........0.2..0 6.500000 197 
MEL eS OF SDLUCE DATS 6 cidins tie ceded sia e us eens pe Ss ks 191 
UMRGIEA Deis bt y gu dion du teva ceva ceuw wo COI LA PSU 188 

MMSE SS Ss kabel bia des Sede bab ewes seed Weeds sib us ees 185 
POO ei St 2c oe toss Paste ae sos gw ee ee week e ie oie esos oe 185 
SU SIRPeT OT TOLWCU GL, Meade das es de cided Doe e ees bes oa ew 184 
SNEED yy fb Saou 6 60 Ce dale e o's ou was Hes oe oe ce EI PSS 209 
hinges, finished, and hinge blanks............2....25.2-2..-- 209 
Powe WOT; COSG: ss 7505.6 erene cease tot ASOLO Pa. 210 
PRM e CRS OSs PPP ade < Hee Sh ae PE OLR 190 
Por Dade Cotton Ob6 icasna's e's lu URE BPO PS 685 
hoops, barrels iis <iccissecees ee sh at Oe ae 190 
in blooms, loops, pigs, slabs, or other forms.............--..-- 690 
OE a er Say aretent: eee Ee 185 
Renee DLeees. Crs ue ako he Me SSI eT aie oe 690 
Reet e arette is PEP Fis. ese e el a eb ie 210 
reeeartares Of, 06-85 DP. 1.50 DOS SS SORA A POD 268 
SMP ORIOTR sca scs ce tee 2 OS nd Pes oS Pe SOOOE, FIDISOR AY. 184 
Prerube Nea De Li gss aa bre eer eben se bedes os tay eben’ 724-727 
nut locks, spiral, and lock washers ............-.-...2---.:. 209 
Peee UG PIGNKS: sero ed oe Bee Sebo s caw baw ee eee dl ede c- 209 
ore, Manganiferous.........--......5..-. Pe en MT AGES 690 
MEL Feces cee g hes eee eos FS > roe ase s cone Te ISAS 102 
Repeeeait, Nat, Stes 2.12 ager 7 et PO TG S28 PRES 252 
PIPOS. «6-2 s oases isis e fesse cele ee eke chen scsi ree teni. 213 
Serer coated or galvanized ¥<:2 2-202 iiss ner pcre ds fees OY? 191 
prravod for dGsigiine vet. neo. Soy a OO BL IIS 225 
PIAS SDUMECN OLAS So fo sneer 3 Une SER PER SIS TE oe 761 . 
BUMMER CAC AdE Ass teas PO BOATE fcc Fords goatee ew Po 761 
me eoatnaniennid-smbrella 74°. Sih ABS SES OPIS. 228 
Ie aerate Pls aeRO bet elas Sie ie Se ee he re See eee 184 
Demi ter TimpaNerens Se ceo ete oR OE OA. st 20L2 184 
NIE oa USO ees See hE 8S8 2 ot ences 22 OE, PLP, 188 
Rae tie Fe OE SSE Seer See Me ae 184 
DR OMMAWRECCHOT 2 8A S520 Sola sets hee PSL SE 204 
EMME MPR SRN d Soc pate nie ieee aie Sin Pw glee aly WS DR Sts 185 
scrap, wrought (refuse, second-hand, or waste)... .........-. 690 
Serawe ( Called-wood-acrews}iss 5205252. .efo spe ete 228 
Pm ree peo? far hlr So Sos UN A ee par ied gl ae a Ep Le eas 190 
sheet, coated or galvanized... .. WOE RAEN ee ee COR Ee tere 191 
Geidrolled (oso acs ooe Ea Se a eee be 191 
planished, polished; or-glazed> > ++. 72022 2002.42-. 8 191 
or plates with other metals imposed. .....-...------.. 191 
Peer eoninton or blackseisser7cc soso fete 186 
Bee rtde Mla sOr OR Se ee ae 724 
UR ARS SE) © acto 0 ne Sa Sears Sg ea Sa eee a 186 
EE Oe SPEIRS TUS LOSS SR SEO EPI SS oe 22 \ 209 
Spikes, COti ne. p: Lit oe ne SES cal Reb cea 724, 726 
splice bars.....-... ES PFT PONS er ee PR 191 
BQUarCr se se, eee ee ho ie re ee ee De ae 184 
LEON gia WC ee ae SRE Serie Ve ee ee oon ets 213 
strips, coated or galvanized..-....-.-.-----+----+-----eteeee 186, 191 
structural shapes, assembled or manufactured.......-..------ _ 185 
Snipndite Ul vores fee. o.oo a. ees ooh Ra eee 645-646 
OT Lhe No Ue a oa ea a a a a eae ea 788 
taggers, coated with tin or lead... -..--.------ +++ +--+ eee eee 191 


184911°—20-——61 


962 INDEX. 


TIron—Continued. Page 
F paile ne Secs PR a rg actin eg eet 761 
ties, for baling cotton, efC..200. 2.5 J. inns ccna cee nace es ee 685 
tires, TallWay Caren. Joo c. cs Bede ee _ 225 
tongs. el PO Sa 209 
tools, tratk et) Se Pos ae Ree eee Jaca 209 
TT columns and. posts. ..0.. <a) suesni Jl aese dees ie eee 185 
1 Hk KEINE 213 
wasters. 0) oO ee ee 209 
wedges ere Seka ie cal satan a alee ae ese can 209 
wire, round, covered with silk, etc. ..............-.--+--... 198 
Wrought. 3. io ee a 690 

Frons, hatter’s. and tailor’s.. 2... les. cuunsne~ 40s» see 210-211 

Esarol so. oe cae ae So ee 737 

Painiclass pos a a a eae 54 

Batle- 2) oS Se eee ee, oe 425, 444, 611, 670 
binding twine? zo... Jnana cag sae es see 611 
cables and cordage.....\....5.sleaie eset eed 426 
or Tampico fiber, nai po £ 02>. 2 eo, ee oes wR 670 

Evory, manufactures of, ns. pf. 2... 3.555 g eee 568 

refuse pieces of, burnt... 0. .... 5-2)... sisieks ee 633 
tyisks. |) od. So es Ss a 568 
vegetable, manufactures of, n. s. p. f..........--..-. 000s 568 

J. 
Jacquard designs on paper or cardboard, n. s. p. f............... 511 
upholstery goods... 000 24 Jbak vain naan aad oe eee 411 

BET oan 2 oe £o oldu noms incminiomion eo apap aa eg 693 

STS, Plas oo ala ese mse nominn wie ts otal te en Se ce 154 

Betlies oe ee eee a Caan aia in ep teal em 347, 352 

Jelutong or pontianak:. 0. cc. onde cie ances ces - 7 nde 687 

Jet, unmahiiactured, ...2.n<<c0+ cc's mmaneinesn we cet tae. «ann 693 

Jewel boxes, leather or parchment, n. 8. p.f...:....-.-..--..-.-- 560 

wewelryc 0: 30 oe ota. Gh Oe coe eee ee Gos alae ents 2 544-547 
brushes. fe? ecole cos SS les os te ae ae 523 
cases, including card, cigar, cigarette, and coin............-... 544 
collar, cuff, and dress buttons.........-...--. Joufeld sain sco ae 544 
defined 220). Se sok cet ee Bo eee ree oe 544. 
match boxes, mesh bags, and purses..................-.-.-.. 544 
set with precious or semiprecious stones........---.....-...- 544 

Jewels, clock, watch; or meter .- 22-0 2 eo. 254 

Joists, iron or steel oo.) eh es oe cee a ak a ee 185 

Joes stick, or joss light... oe. . f eee te as olga 693 

mpbes, Grivgs.. oo sein sa ele om a ie alate cel «Ole 010 mt eh 35 

PICS, CROP soe foie’ ~ winiw n'a we Re ww oi hd cl 384. 

containing alcohol .\...3e0!- risish dite eae imi 384 
fruit; Thy 8. Ds 'Te oe sw aa's ott 6 ora 6 nln acai eee 384 
lemon, lime, and sour-orange............--.--..000-e---0e 707 
pineapple, carbonated .. ...-.\-'.. |. knee deat aa ase Se 386 
prune, or prune Wine: 22-2 65 6422-2. se s+ = ope te 384 

Junk, old Toke eS Reo sa had oo 694 

ARTO oe chit  Seieielaledidpia'h 1K inh wont ab ea tla ie sd eta fe 425 
DARING. ia1 feels cme ce cess tems clan ds oa ae tee 2 606 
has ofits ate are eee eae «ome oe 6 5a 6 670 
carpets and carpeting... 3.605 2 ons ae oe a 431 
hose, hydraulic or flumes!!).02 252... a Se 432 
rugs and mats.) 222.006 se a) fa eet oie ote = ee 431 
single ‘yarns. 3.) 27 PSs sae toes otese 3 te er 425 
waste, paper-making, in, 8. p. £2 2725s 741 
yarn bags and sacks, not dyed, etc..........-......-4--.0-0 438 
VaINs, NB. Pots Woe Sean beep dt ee 425 

Le 
BATG A occ tes cece ce hce paces tee ie cond eee en 695 
(Kaolin, or china clay../.2. <2)... .. . - = dyitel wes meals chapel Ree 140 


Kaposi's be atts «clap pees yeas se vein ys ete atten Sale tn 672 


INDEX. 963 


Page 
a go hte sented Seen sh WAG edi np ws an Sieh caine ne edn LS TEL, SAO 694 
eet RA ATOR ead Fanaa eased ia chee a 3S a ee, on» Seal 690 
mernols, apricot and peach 14.1 wes 6 eu ad. Yak 361, 362 
BES AE EG 0 Poet iopid ce pct penntedior lace Goinensedrsariosipials 729 
RENN Dpto Vanhanen nw ow porns AACE eg Dera ihe Wee 731, 735 
RS NR Ry Salt ES Sg ee Sy dyes ch aiedp reeds COSA EL Ob dew ot 246 
Ie I at phan etmcgehpang hr npccncs boy pcop ines Sim sip mei ec IS 694 
MRM ri SOI AES co ash ccl pode ccrepapaeasiniaiec nse) aja alecd-a.a ashi 816 
NINES 6K 08 6 dcctinsremntcndencipernoinn mn SAGER f,. Hwesoeh Weeye 330 
RIND MENS 325 IS. PIT, oe ais sis ah ea nieaiemtp amt HUMMUS Lee 489 
I ERE Seth Se YG nent antoternereviemn amontr agro mon apne > LEDS NL 214-219 
Ai NR Ah Rca ha pn Sonya acai pch ied ope pcems opened  agieasn ehh is Ahn 218 
bench bread, butcher's, butteriu 2ocloy gs Gb fes b ek ek 218 
RENE eae tr cpcechropcn seen rol os eter mek vopctan yen SM SLA ARTE py i 214, 217 
carpenter's, carving, cheese, cook’s, currier’s.......-.......-. 218 
Nt Np cape gms cep ton Poesy eon einn typed min Spt dpe 214 
aM I 5 ST Vee png np ested ete pcre Sim ba ln nip OS 218 
SENN Pe DN Hs Na SN Aa al wei teiermrmimenna til, Aig A adh a vee AP Buse 214 
SEM CACBEE RP AE Lo) ic boeken twenties wpe A le MLAS LR 218 
BR ATR LONG i penser cna snmp nb nn ijexai hE RTLIAS Set 218 
RUMPUNURUMLSEE SUNS ARE i eterna ii gn can eae 218 
RRINEBAT Ry weer dorcin no Opa seh YA ek bs 218 
RN hatte ag phe gh corn mining AEP a IOI Bl. HLS 214 
name of maker on imported wn) 32 setae ae he 215 
peamuer @,qmlotte, plum ber’a.-.. - oo ee tens le oe op SE 218 
EI an AF el ah mee gran Sin pe eet ED) bins al Kal 214 
EN AM al tm 5 Beam yep een moo m IS AE 214, 216 
MP mnEMea ne tecl eck ts it ko Ueedo. ein ABRR Le nt oa ie 218 
TN aE Ald dees ad Al, maa ny xin hk kA ym pg oin man lickin alee 218 
I he tn et ia ee Ste ele eel Oe 218 
NI SAAN pre ah ee Spey ind re ie or nw mec a ASS A SEEN) ML |g 218 
A SOMMER AS Cel wars A a ein nnn ee eels betes 651 
myanite, orcyanite, and kainite.-.. 222 ci. 4 ee oe et 695 
L. 
ee tee ere Nee ts arp rete es) IL 417, 507 
PalmMent, COMO... .. si 255 fos oe. sie a Wnty Luke Pac SB 417 
Baer tierR pte ly” Pritet oo. sos es Se ee oe 507, 508 
Labor, convict, importation of goods, etc., made by, prohibited. . 888 
Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell......-....../.....-.- 695 
Bitte (par: G06): 2s cr sere oe. - FON Heo TR ane ay 913 
Lace-making and lace-curtain machines.............------------- 264 
EE ie NaN So Mate eto ads Siete esc eeuet 551-557, 699 
PRR revere ee omits ot ect CS eee SO 551 
eG aiihtt COMER e hee hors hres cheese es coe es 6 551 
ercniy, stass, puiny teal; straw, etc... 222222222 . 520 
Zacines, Geot and shoe, cottom.....:25..22.. 0.540 ec 417 
eet, NA Se Ree hs comets te ety 2 te see 417 
Ear Cheer ts. tee or seers Sire raisedce Fists. ye AS 2 696 
DTC MEMIpets oes Peeves ce cercens cee te OT OOP Se. 719 
Re cer etn Oe Soe ote CREE Ayes ook RST 109 
CITRINO on oo ee ee ao meant Ng soe tes OPIN. 239-241 
ICN. Wo fe oS cone Pr Srg eo eee ears Foe. 1138, 916 
Me ANSEL FSR THe SAS ee eas eg tie ren tes See Poe 2 713, 714 
in beuind ot sheepeking owl sive lvecca, Seley) sb lo. lee. 776 
tanned, washed, and staked, for glove making......... 559 
aR Tee Seep con ey sae re ees Kees ete le gee 239-241 
Pee Cae aT VeO? STOWE fy s., «Songs t ec Pe ON SP 101 
ns art ren a hs be sat wea oa oes fe os Pe 145 
Disque; china,-and parien ware...j.5556 0626 fo gess teri este 149 
PArONATRE ee Geer rere nls gcc ls foe PA OS 145 
Ty TGR Ge Nae 2g 2 5) bod gS ae in eae 153 
Tocendesvent elevtrac HobkGw> oso kc eyo soe ee AL 169 
ET RE, Parte oe er ay ER ge RE het hiya Or ge 149 
ny OL OA alsin SS ig Sahel oily lithe Be grape gig “Sate gt CaN eg & 721 


RMT oe ek ee eee eee ke oe tec eb erok 145 


964 INDEX, 


Pages 
BEN CO WOO; FOUR wig nse icicvd ais ower de ale oda al psn ota sad i ee 823 
SaWed ...o3 sine PLE AL Bag AS Sos gee ‘272 
Landscapes, American, views 0f:..........-..-+2420- see eeee tee a geeebas 
Besarit) iris. peictelk aa ss ow sees cc a sao = ein Gb ps 66, 69 
Lard‘compounds.and_substitutes 1-07 2.-.-suee ee Coe 697; 698 
Lastings, button forms:0b cee iaie once eine io a seta veetes Os o.sce bins 524-525 
Psat, WOOK. 5 aces Wk, Sm Sse sake oir latte & pets Oe ec Re ci. ole ru 816 
eudanu Eines Seed Cuneo enbaae eee ao io desmrepeiein 6 3 oe _ 88 
Lava, hewn,.dressed,.or polished... ......-2<.00<..<5.06 50 <.oee 176 
tips for: burniersies ose. Ptah ore Se. a lk 153 
unmanuiactureds..0~ <5 <0 22i.- eee one eee 176, 698 
Bil 6a. hd Sela Ae Ok hae So ee kel oe oe 107, 248, 245 
acetate of, brown, gray, yellow, or white.................-.. 107 
Hullion.or base bullion... cc. < -Lose ce. sos te sien bale 245 
compounds, D..8... Pp. f2 Buseilk oe Games ey 107,108 » 
CT ORS NR rch S Pe BS ee Sawa La or Oe ly save Re Be cg 245 
PlaAZIOLr’ 832.522 Lisa gewiec bulew eh dee anges ke ete ee eee 245 
manufactures of, n. 8. Palatal Lenenc een i ae ae 268 
mitrate Of 2! coats. tee Wede Mabwendconce ween pee ee 107, 108 
orange minetalya... 3.00 oh eke oo é Loe om 105, 107 
Pence when. 66 <5 remain dae Step ous oie acl eg 575-576 
pigments, dry or-in pulp, and. ground.........-......¢..5 see 105-107 
red ‘and white, 0.82). 15.24 <-+6s goes ee pa ae Oe 105, 106 
refuse and .serap..... 2-6. iste a weitioe bid aah SN Oty eet ei 245 
WHILE 22.2 citts. pu wien Fa deb 6 Mi nin o> cole AR 105, 106, 107 
WATE Kiet dhs Victed alas EUG a Se CS RR 245 
Liead-bearing Or ei. ia< 35.255 isn iw wic-einncsoers oly epics aa ee 243-244 
Leads, pencil, TOL. UN. WOO is cn 'a' sn nicest bun ws chat yaa oda 575 
Leather oo) oo ca. - Se a 557-559, 699 
bags, baskets, and. belts s.2c.4. 5. 4h once yee ev 560 
hoard, or compressed Le bece Ry eee eT 699, 704 
boots and Shoes? oe. esc mcccco sce opcuune gisigbis i dieales sh alee g 5c 699, 704 
card ‘Cases. ..9i..\Lkh upd ED, ee ee — 560 
dressing or stuffing, grease and fats for, ms. p.f............- 675 
gloves (see Glov es) wits abn al wisi Bie a i Uae anna 668 
Thi /8 5° Pr Leale eiwhgn RS) = ey ee SCL I ela ees 562 
harness; in sets.Or Darias. Bac wees os a0 ol onions “ne ed 699, 702 
jewel WOROG. ee cs ook, Foil han hae en 560 
manufactures,of Mii8+, D-fk 5229 Ree ee ene epee 560 
THOCCASING « 35 5528. anit Ss SAF tie Re BIE elect Bs cee 706 
pianoforte and: pianoforte action... <........ «<0 -»=siee eee 557, 558 
pocketbooks. ia. .; J... 5 45 «= dsupeeeonnie ieee eee 560 
POrtla bios is bse Fos ew oo asa: pera san cps gee 560 
saddies'and saddlery::2:c.5:2.<5 6 2G6 = Resmalatetmpe sei are asain! 699, 705 
satchels aise. 5 ffs <0e ES So ert adie ce Seth i 560 
slroe laceaiix: ecg je S250 o wi /o:-)2 eee came a Rial peaeig en 699, 705 
uppers or vere CUb in mn. «saya on sagan oye niniein ae 699, 704 
upholstery, enameled wii ects 2a nts, ace 0 a dee 557, 508 
Leathers, Plover. a. OPV WE issn aes els om a a ee 557, 559 
Leaves, artificial, Masih tps fe ee no! rca sje ew nica deea tak ote oes ee 535 
LcSs als) Ee Enns Near eOORM pM ar SIME A I ; 62 - 
COCR Be oe oe are cata 5 Ste ed laa lt a a 62 
POPOR Eisen, siete Sale 4a acne Cope: Aas ae el ae cace 639 
crude, drugs, nia. Dede. oo. sie de oe he 653 
rugs, TiS. Pe Teens ahy Sad cc by tn pncinieee gee ee ac 46 
eentian SS ard ataecadeleea) POC ret Peay RR I Re 62. 63 
herb, for-culinary WSO... os.5 2028 acne Ringe ene 373, B47) 
marshmallow or althea..........-...- so hcjenctt scanty 0 712 
ornamental anise; ch ve ee Ste mrier ata ee 535 
BCH eS oie, biG aye i ee A eA a se Sones woes 707 . 
NGOS) WING CTUMGC 4: SF oou5k <n kc oye ays orlcacanph alin oe akenete eae ee 23 
Lemonade obi e be eM tb ete ba ee ee dan, rie de coe 385, 386 
Lemons, In PACKages.— a. oo ss oo cite dies spied spats a ale 357, 358 
Leuses, glass.or pebble we bbe oad bister pete R Alice eee ce eat 165 
photographic, and frames and mountings for.....-........ 168 
projection, and frames and mountings for.........-.....-- 168 


ON LLG, Tia a. Po kes oe as. kee tee eae Lutte s pice tae Cy k's fam eee 315, 316 


INDEX. 965 


Page. 
ivitione Markee iat at gins och elienlievn nat) Gita! bc sph a cece e-ancign sce AO 290 
Libraries, household OH OCs, NOL-L0r- Ale... cv vcivensecicoes cases §21 
Library of Congress, books, ener avings, maps, etc., for use of...... 617 
Lichens, drugs, TE LY et 2d 45 a, ae ee Re BED) ERS eaeg 46, 653 
Ete las der use a nia ee aI a labo eh etek oe COE 62, 63 
Lifeboats and life-saving apparatus for societies and institutions. . 707 
OS OR |p) 2 leg ea RA ke 533 
Lignum-vite, rough or hewn only ............0.0..50. 00.2 02008. 823 
I iti oti csc Gain in ociecs cin negle WL e wren CA ER BULL 272 
CLs 0 lb a vin a Sn AMRIT, MSL U9 esttertety ood isd ee 137 
BEAR RA LSTA ALE OL) 5.4 5.4. oie savin ew Rs eens doc ch ROE LN 97,98 
ESE OILT SINE AURORE ook. oy Se ee Ghul win end mance 622 
DMT ICs Tomiat ANOS eee Se ay Denier nob a 29 
ME ee ae 0 ak a Se ee a Aa sere duh a ed wth 7, 64 
SE FS sia Op wee ine, ce 9 Dayan, AEP TRNAS, Le: 676, 677 
MITA PD ee oe ae bop arad = dene hiaatnratec’ 357, 358 
Limestone, Pie tis Shas le ack Seen an saan el dE OEE OO Mee Ds 785, 786 
hewn, dressed, or Pe b N AM hc 4 ee Ble We ote eM egh Ai S 176 
Linings, coat, wool, eA yg ORs Ney RT Ae Wak Jes Sede Seam aR BIR AOE 457, 458 
ig ae Lo, aE NADER id i a a ee Rea 537 
PRBO eC LOMPENS ok |. sccie. <4. WORE PC on Je Cea ed 615 
Bein: d,s 1. a Le Pace  diiee edipd: uate 434 
ALS 8 ner ten ear I eee SER dn 434 
Linotype composition, old, fit only for remanufacture . UL fel ot 805 
OE SES ok GENS acre oper Ae Rie Aga ee 629 
Tanseed, n.s. p.f...... be eee OR ek ROS. LO ets. doc. 335, 336 
Liqueurs. pee ere crits tee de ic. cee io Ses Oi. Dror ua. 380 
List of articles imported to be made by Treasury and Commerce... . 848 
NIRS ite. her ohio... Jake. «1. y ew Jee 105, 106 
‘Lithographs, SPP EA AALS ie 9 RR Harpy eee ~ 509 
RNS SP EONAR RL Gre ROS i pont endinmabinla sh Speer OE 111, 112 
wats, prepared or-notprepared ........ 02. 6. ove. EI ISL Be 709 
ENNIO Ss, NE AONE Stas) a PUM LO NLL 30 Sl hee ds 709 
DMN hgh ars a eR CAR nn hue Gc ch a, Go as nicer Pee ce AAT 772 
Peete SLPCCS ITO. OF SLAC) oai0-<i ws care we Se 4 228 
IN ApOg ine cisre oie weer eae Lt cul waned euiy 264 
ECS TSS SE G1 OEE | ea ee eee ee 771 
Logs, crude drugs, PESOS; AOS ANSI cakes aS RL RE SA 2 653 
hewn orsawed,,sided or.squared.:..... 2.2. 2000004 doo. 816 
am LOTAS TA Gig Bn ie ee SS RI Alek ye pmo acy reins EB 816 
London purple. MRE OR ic aR AL aL OP 745 
MIRREN CAME RENAL CTY INA Fo ae lc fai to Sahin scsi tyra ahaa lacey x wie Sigua SAS 417 
ERE so ascck why ectle leaner miwinrnin ea Sins inne cinisiancn a EAT 400 
REIGNS fear res. {eee iL Leak be eu cad 690 
SE amie dh OMA Ter din Cth hd Clinic SONA AE a LRA SORE 167 
Loss or damage, Tmuallowaneedor ais eye ee oth ee a) 204 
ENTE EME EY BA ooo cnsatnireahevabnyos on ayenaandn ig aay anne ww ag ene tae 3D 
Lumber...... EAA SNES i AUP PKs S95 apr sys lace g sod wns o_o EES tO 816 
RPMI SS I tas Se Pant eg IW ES IES 326 
SPEIRS GIS OB 9D fa cg cr srenidna formic winind gta iaua mini aes PRTEEL ES  Le 606 
M. 
Macaroni....... CNet Na ELON Ee ane Te eee CON Ne, Or ae 309 
EEE OF WIL} sect PO eI, 373, 376 
Machinery, altered or repaired (arbsec4 ents er Ye ee TS 892 
Deities for cotton sat ae etic. oy ag » 417 
for manufacture OF pupae so) eee et es BAe as PRM 591 
BUG RAT RT ere eater tet os oa Sates PES PPE UW ds 629 
SPE TAT R CONE o Irolhen eA inca Nt oh ore pes sp be er oP 264 
cream separators. .-2....2222-22- 2-20 §29 
SM MrOterines Gnd 1ACe-MAKING Pies ee sea 264 
for use of the DER EOS the es Serer rds led prte lr ee 620 
face curtain fete OF Neteines >) en osr soos PER AT OS 264 
NES SNe eh AN hy Cae daha ad Sata Lea Sara Geka hte ea 629 
Bets ae hey a yee es oie OP Bk Ors eee 265 


Beye a a Pree Manet: eens eee eer ee SOL Stak fetal eee es 629 


966 INDEX, 


Machines—Continued. Page. 
SO WIDE 2b scrape teem dont wnat ooecarteaeeiote anaeaee 629 
SITE goin wcatniate wer me basen ot eee ath ats Poe ea 630 
sludge. Loreigh 20% Std cea wd Seon a el 629 
tar and oil SPPOA ING sain. serwisumsniesnnsnin lets ubleadalte delle Gk ar 629 
Shrashang Soe Sis ee hal alata pie ace 591 
typesetinmeic2i2 J:86mnbsncune ol ete a ee eee 629 
GCP aa oh a ap ws ates bah 629 

Madder, ground or prepared, and extracts of ............-.--.--- 710 

Mafura, tallom extract 0. coc s. aldccak vic il ew bee 675 

Magazines, fashion, lithographically printed................22.<- 507 

Magic lanterns, slides:for oc. ack eine a ciliolo nals esses = ait 165 

Gc oe ee a etn een 65 

Maonesite;.erude-or calcined. (2.0 A Sa 710 

Minpriesiais 2 522.0 OM nd ene bee oa en 229 

Magnifying glasses,. jewelers’... 2.2.2.2. ee eo oe erent jute 168 

Macuey Deki ec A Sein ia. Aetna ell er 674 

Mahogany, rough: or - hewn only... 2... ---.L-seE ee 823 
sawed Ula aw oe el a ce Le i en Lewwesiee ie 272 

LEST 2. 3S ce pee MOR eee 647 

Wile] thy bravia yes ag ei, aac. ie Dzaten bee se lan Ss wn 308 
fluid extract, solid. or condensed................... “ue 383 

Manetti multiflora, stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of................ 333 

Manganese, oxide and -0re: Of - 0, o2-2..2.0ne we oe ne we wwe ne 711 

Manorove extract. so.iccoduntiees ue, Vie 796 

LC ctiy: ee a Re eee SPERMS Re Te 712 

Mantels,.alcohol,.cas,.or kerosene... ... o00000-0> son -2cee ues 246, 248 

composed. of tiles or tiling, 1 6teebe ese eee 136 
slate: vindua. us uses D4 ele a a 177 

Mamifactured. articles, 0.8. Dy fu..ds és Ae eee 583 

Mamures. seh 2. Ca eee r cee ek oo ieee ame 676 

MantintripieS Sod. LOWE. wn oemhcnapeee he hess ee eee 712 

Maple sugar and Sirti ps .n.ns. 20 <0cnr «20 POS SOs eee 298 

Maps and charts for use of United States..............-22.----00 617 

Ns. pc ELT oe Re Pe ee es oe 513 
not forsale, for secieties.........-4%...~--eyehk Boek eee 621 
printed more than.20; years. ...00ss\6- +p oeerine = Lee See 618 

Marbletic2e si Sees Fe lid oie ews ee 172, 174 
benches, monuments; Cte... +02. 5 san w cae sade Wl Ee 172, 174 
blocks, slabs: ortilesc..:........sudeuetes eae 172, 174 
Works Of srt. | ok cuenta ala a. clstelale's/Be anise ween ee 839 

Marbles, toy; nis. p. fy. oa ws asi at a a 530-531 

Market waltieii! 0. nu -nacdus ise sdidsndaecoseecr sacl 844, 856 
Appraisab Ok cn ses dc.as en Te aah ody er ee ie ee 851, 856 
ascertainment of,, by. Appraisers... 6 ses ne en clen ee oo sicn mm eee 856 
at time:.of exportation. o1 scab awces aaee es ee edu 851 
cost.ol production. 24001254425... ese a oa eee 859 
Cefimed yc es a ance ec pe 869 
howraseertainede 20h i abn et anceetred eee! nee 859 
BhOW: OW UINOIEG ois os tn ee hte lee 844 
sold fonexport only nS cca cee ce ol ewe neninn «cae ae 859 
what.constrtitess (ios) es ose ss wes eee ieee eee 844 

Marking of imported articles (subsec. 1).........--.....-.-...+-- 885 
violation of provision for (subsec..2) 0.655425) os eee ee 885 

Married woman, political status of.....-....-...--s5sceeeecedons 746 

Marrons, crude.......... wie ahald’ duc wis aclayblah paced Binge bigbrtadhe ain? Bika 729 

Marrow, CEUGOIN S22 ed os oe oi ded ae J ee ee eee 112 

Marshmallow or althea root, leaves, or flowers...................-. 712 

Masks, of whatever materalys0) . os. ccs ss 5 é ee emp ee 569 

DAPOre Seok tte ode de 2a 8s Pec ade il bese eee ee 507 

Masse;‘filter, of wood pulp, cotton, ete: .-s.-. ie s20i paca 499 

Hintch Boxss 0002 poo, tse ee a, Sergeant sh 544 

MERACROB The cts Lew ewS add. suk dase kd ede < oe 533-535 
friction; Wax; sind, etes.. 1. << Jee eee 533-635 
white phosphorus (PPE Pere Te Sire i, PR ee | 533 


“Material of chief. value” definedét. 2... 222 V4. kaa 583 


INDEX. 967 


Page. 
amie ete See ile ae 430, 469 
RMR CLEAN eh a eo chm aicks ane ibe a I ORY SU, OSE 421 
PORNO ce wae eign ME ogo a mw ame aa Ae $0 hi SL OE 569 
DET MCAl Del COTULCING: ONC 5 om Sc aiken SOE TE eee 434 
ati ta ie debe eh Leh Ek ain cence ad bere is SLA 469 
TORU oy a a a eS ee a ene Fa RL 537 
EM yIRths ObGer Dive ay eee, en we cee cg 431 
linoleum, oilcloth, etc.......... IMAG de We 9 cach n ea cee SE 434 
IRA ac ce eile enh NS whe wie nb pPSAALR «GE EL PT Ee 569 
PN Bie Sh a 3 wet tha ng whe ek DSL ot Tock tie 430 
(EES: URBAN ae ROOT AEE lt a MISO 469 
EOD COLD ITIO AN EID ONY. fo oe nie ence tain bene’ n one SY SB 233 
LEVEE RO WEE Tr eae a ye eee er ORE eePOM Tne eee) SESE 244 
“POE UTS EER 9, SO ae, RE Me ed (UE Te Cea E Shean |B RSe Tso 739, 740 
EN EIR SNR SNE: O55 LAL cies coe gO a a oo ae ae Lr eae eS! y 430 
DOCU OR: COM Tao ciate ens <a caw rciae win Dike - UI ee? ties 469 
SU RU eee itn tok he ae Oe oa Sociale erik 569 
2 Ee Regge ee ee mnmS Ses L) SU eis elem Sew. Coat Soy 1) eee Sis 569 
Straw, (tuna, India .and Japan, sn. 8. pf 2. 6 nee wi os SEM 430 
Ren tttt COREA PS OME ih oa ok at Wicca wis gc eden do abil ds OE 914-915 
EN EE ale LENT SESE Re Mee Sek cc) he Ped COON A ORR NE 2S 1 617 
ROME Sse ae adh 6 oa SOC IR OES ee OLS OURAN CL 647 
a Foi ipal esa isto Acarg sp linn Parc tapi ben EL BA Tas 311 
RLY nc Oe Ya aA hint ck tne pes ction 4 OE 729 
shredded or’similarly prepared ...........-.-----------+--- 359, 360 
Ceiract.of mle pf 2A re a ae ee. BL 366 
Meats) créme sandwich trufiée.! i. 20000 Sau 2 eRe Pe ra 
prepared,or preserved,/tuis. pois. Wl eee. 713, 716 
Meets OLS. GELVEN, OF. COPPER. < os wncle wine w ant etuals OI 717 
MR ML MOTD SOR CMRI. wip acai mmm bannio ad chk olin, DRE $e 916 
Meerschaum, crude or unmanufactured............-2.-..-.-.-.--.-- 579 
BS SOOTCEG WSL L ohrelenere in nn ee TNE NL LR BS 289 
Melon seed, peeled, roasted, and salted............-----.-+-.-.+.- 340 
nn a i eben oneal ee auptnc a thE 66 
SEE EE EE, ee SA GP aa a or ERY es Veet os Re 842, 873 
abandoned on wrecked vessels._.........--..-------------+--- 895 
Berra PONS ie RAI DOO oo ae relives w a OU 73 
consigned for sale, statement of costs..........-.....-.-...-.- 855 
Graes A) BiOar ON InyoIles. os se TAO 844 
embraced in entry but not received...............2..---.----- 848 
exceeding $100-inm value, entry of...........--..2.---2---2-- 846 
moprerture. ct, tor-traud: 520. 2. Sean worn icin siles a: 849 
ine. perjury 300 2.2 deems: Fuce dotenso.y 868 
from different consular districts, Invoice of...........-...-.- 873 
how appraised at ports having no appraiser.......-..-.-.--.-- 861 
list of, by Secretaries of Treasury and Commerce........-....-- 848 
SUNS ego she T= on el a et OR eee Nie 2S =m Cane 9 Oran FA 842 
Serredunn undervaluation..o. aL. eae tee 851 
withdrawn from bonded warehouse............-.....----.--- 87] 
(ETO YS S12 ESC ll RE pe ORE EM MR re Sg 31 
METAL Cece ot oe a eb ok 3 
or guicksilver zc: jees_.oldaget aot ecwinet Seuoulsle kat 253 
Barrer enarey teas oS ose ee a ods Saag OO 339 
ees ar oe Lat poe 916 
I ee a ee a nieerur a a AE GIR EL AG BLE 178, 805 
ere RN OGY Pee ak ae, Se i O18 aida wie bone od 610-611 
GS te CRE le eee Ea OE COO eT fetta 222 
RRC NCL Sere OR a Ee oe a ee eu Daa 746 
Same OL ed wit htt ae. oy aD 263 
PUERCO PNEOIE IN Ga isi. «eke chiens wera arn oot oe ak alte 178 
SST BES, LO Ee cll Beat SNe CRN dO eT ie Pan ae oe 641 
Pere nes se Te eh eas a a en ig. esti 544, 566 
COTIDORISIONE Ts, SAD «Low «sabi 6 « vn mnnbcnei ted th Sle LILI 642 
containers, cans, boxes, package, etc. (par. 195)..........---- 913 
RO Leh petri tre Ss ek aes ec er ute 623 
electrotype and stereotype, old............ eee eee cece eee e eee 805 


DORCRPLIOSIIN OU cise sO oe aK ce seen Sie 6 Seyit pteck ee geen A 239 


968 . INDEX. 


Metal—Continued. Page. 
Pewter, Old .. ...15 <a cans s ones cya PMO eincieinel ed aie eee 746 
pins, not plated, not-jewelryo. a). 2<.00.0 -ca.ce-cy oon 252 
sheéts, coated or decorated. ...4. 0.055. hes win bcs ee 191 
stampings, galleries, etc. ..2.2. 1.060. Le eS 544 
stereat ype tos sc Sais Sk Uta Oe eekly eens Om 805 
tubing: flexible.c iu. ok sk ead oe 213 
LY PEN Ors ee oe Se Slew nals Oe etic ae 253 
wolfram 23.22.0002. oP, LR es ee 178, 180 

Metallic mineral substances, crude, n. 8. p. f.....--.-.------------ 246-250 

Metals, alkali, and alkaline earths................-++-++-+-+eeeee 229, 231 

un wroughtsth BADGE. <juws. Kicleee. 2 a9 ot anecho eee 246-250 

Methiylanthracene... 000.0022 0.0 5. adieu wale oe 916 

Methylanthraquinone i523 0. 6... 5 2s oo dane 916 

MetliyInaphthalene nc. ovis oad at aie tines ead he de hae 916 

Metronamesiat 22 wooed eee 570 

Mica, built-up, cut, ground ete... .-0 20. 2.22. kk. - ao eee 143 

Microscones’ s..'rousia oe eerie. Sette, oo ee < apa ee 168 

Milk and cream, preserved or condensed................-.----0- 717-719 

modified. .2\ sick aes oe ame ob 4d oak RGAE ee ee 719 
OfUndia TUDE. « < «np oso swoin et'em actual Dietsie wie ae ee Ree 687 
SUpAE Of: 85 Oe PE Pe a ae 717, 719 

Millinery, feathers, artificial or ornamental, n. s. p. f..-...--.--... 535 

Milis forerindine ‘commusd Mie. .on ae ep sake ees <n oe ee ee 592 

Millatomess scutes seh ais ohn os pieie B ao eet ee ee 626 

Minéraborange 2. dae Zuko dcnane «ewe oee. eee ah ee 105, 107 

salts, by evaporation of mineral waters.................- 719 
substances, articles and wares, 0. 8. Dp. fist ds.y-2ede wee 151-153 
waters, artificial, imitation, and natural, ny: sapsf ives 386-387 

Minerals, crude, n. s. p. Ag We 24 < Biante. Someeene Pe ee: 720 

Minimum tariff ‘(sec. L)accenee «id euleey aides aie GA 914-915 

Mining substances (explosives), n. s. p. f-.........-.....02- 20 ee 679 

Minor, status of; while abroad... 0-1... ...5.0. Js. «sehen GR 810 

Mirrors. ..... Doge Lane eck ete oe ae a 169 
Parabolic Ms wc ht es a ee ew ee ee ee 163 

MisOt Sa Dkee Ss So POR a kw ak eile ec 319, 320 

Mittens, wooli.c 7 as oes 6 OL a ee ee 448, 452 

Mize, Bo ceo nbn tle na fine oe ale eee ee <4 aR 297 

Moccasins: deather. 3225.2 2-2 Lah ve Ree letecalvesot dee 706 

Mod elanips:) ayi0 2h poe AOU eile as ae Pande see BS See 152 

Models of inventions wai diene ow vnjninhae’d OUR aIRS DERSE Shae ie 722 

of women’s wearing apparel, entered in bond (subsec. 4).. 890 

Mohair or silk cloth, button forms Of cc. coi o4 2 owed ican 524, 525 

Molasses, concrete and concentrated. .'#..3.., Ree Es 289, 291 

Molder’s Pea in bond (subsec.;4).c..9140. + eka aia "90 

Molds, button;.n? sip. cogs alice en ae ee a, ee eee 825, 527 

coldbeater’s Poweigds aie ARSE Ane ie lee eee 669 
gun-barrel, PPS sil opie woe a alg Mig neared te a 193 
hammer, steel. 2 5. sna cence 5 melee aie ae 193 

Molybdenum eccohe Dy. ce te ives. i hi see 178, 179 

Monk’ siclotlier mst: bc bare wie «oni Me 437 

Monohydrate of-s0da 2046. 26 So wre wnetn hae dace oe ee 123, 129 

Monuments, alabaster, breccia, jet, marble, and onyx............ 174 

Morphia.or.morphine: /. 22.22 fa ge). ee nore. eee eee ee 88, 90 

Mosaic, attached to paper......... Ps a uve Dade bx BC 172 

cubes of marble.or_ony%i, i. eet tancickn eRe aS 172 
Mossperudeym ssi pli. soap enim ses ean een ee 722, 723 
manufactured or dyed. ones nuke Oe pao 570 

poate sy. VI SOE ES gay Core rere, 575 
seaweeds, etc., crude,:n..8.-p. fi... < sxnuu ceca son ORO O i 722, 723 

Mosses, drugs, n. s. p. fb A a ccc och RI ee 46, 653 

Phothersof- pearl... oan 5 <cckcnWian ee ceca Joes eee eee 745 
Buttons, collarand .cuff,.n.e: nb... .c.6 case wee See 525, 526 
manufactures of, n. s. p. $oinscaniasy lignans eae 568 
studs, mie. poh. el ed i eh eee es eee 525 

Motionilm-pictures... 3.25... hie Reins au. Ree 576 | 


M Meo I ed film. pictur OB. 2 isc tan SOE gle a PORTE ASL eee 576 





INDEX. 969 

Page. 

Motor boats, entered in bond (subsec. 4)......2.....2.2..2....0. 890 
Bvemeana-bicyclatt: amended ors, PPO Sop ang 207 
entered jn, bond (subsets 4). 2.400 220 es PP fe eos se 890 
MER Ln ey Plog ks Fs soos RE OSLER he 572 
Mountings and frames for opera and field glasses................. 166 
Peete CLOCK and. watch oe Ou T RY Ee eS PE ee, 254-258 


Moving film pictures, prints, positives, or duplicates... ......... 576,577 
pictures of prize fights, importation prohibited 


Moving-picture films, exported, returned.....................2.. 602 
SEEM Se oe ee ood cee RSP O Y O 749 
MEIER OPO eds Peer. eee ord of PAE PRS 99 a9 
ERC i Pech ed eos P14 eS oP PROBES coe 184 
el a aa ea ge ag eS gare ce Pan oR eas 406, 487 
cotton, finished or unfinished, hemmed or hemstitched....... 406 
silk, finished or unfinished, hemstitched..................... 487-488 
INE a Pon ON Te gd Sad SASS oie Fe AP VPS EE ET CIN 149 
momeivarec<: HUME papi foal oo ae oe ak 146 
ee MemMmeaITON. OF BUCClu wt pride 9 oo oo SPE SES 8S S95 ope FSH 724 
Ne esr iin, Per aa sis pF OT ee ee ee eT es oe Poder seo 9085 305 
asses, and horses, straying across boundary line. ............ 596 
TENT PE Re ey ye see SSS AIY kee oleh oie s IE OE, 834 
peeeeere TOUnd- Or. prepared ¢sfi 2: 220 ohsee be rass Ale ei ses oes oDY: 710 
ICR SNS hie i oua sab va hes Pes 2 SION 335, 336 
I Let ete ste ye Ae air oe sels is re Bee ete 317, 318 
tee voons Orsheets,.noe.p..f..0.60 5. 2 eek eee 2 A 513 
Muemrer male tor ebCiotiess 0) 5. Yo oaiey Sore Se rss Saree ONG 621 
peated more than 20 yearsy . eke ee ees IE AL 618 
menedeprint., usea by:the- blind... 22/7 «27 Fe2e8a> . dL IO 620 
IIIS TUINONIS Pov ssc oee ees. Fea os ae fees 6 fo PTY 570-57 2 
IO Rt fe Pere cae ees Fierce ss ke EW BORER 570 
RETR Te risa Vines Sans pos ae ee ere si dae Fe FAO 570 
LATOR Go hk ee Le ae ged eide's Fah 1 OPER EDOM HEE 564 
ee er Mit Va iia ls RRs fy eka pore sees ese 570 
NAILED ERE COIN sin eed OSS wai eN wes bag Fad as 0 S% a71 
NEED, COLT WOUE Woe ssa OW Laie PWS atlas Os hase ls Semen 94, 95 
I eer Det aay Mort fb ita dekh 2 28s eS ese oat: 220 
Remeureeroutuh Or prepared... 02). SAP oes BRL 373, 377 
LSS i SR RS BF ea Ag aR ar ee 713,714 
a Pe. SES SRL by Li wear 3 168 
REIMER IN bn. ed os Sats pea ox UE UR Us OH 723 
peetrrcoeneory paris OFA. Sees PR I os §23 
N. 
Nails, horseshoe, hob, and wire, iron or steel............-...----- 724-727 
Mame Ormaker.on<imported. knives: .....2.:.0...08 SAAS 214, 218 
MEME TRS Be re Pa LO Se che ghacclc's ae’ als Va Vy 2/alsie SUEY og Pee 551 
RENE 2 astia iat Irs wie'ole shins kis ase’ Ula to’es > We'd ns BFS IO Se epee 
NEE MPR ay 0 Oui." 01S) xa a Sah dalla Dale le ols WSla etee we aa ae 638, 916 
NS ae ater a ea ip les a oo Pala Das. so ae eR TI ALL BAY 43, 916 
Mapnoleulfoacid and sodium. or salts... 2.0.0... ..6P SUE. UA 43 
MEM IPUILEYDs0, SS Ss 1 Ss so ivialy wos ine ee EEO SH A 43, 916 
Naphthylaminsulfoacid and sodium or salts.............--------- 43 
NEU POTIOR MATING 2s SRO tains re ie PU NE UP 916 
Natural history, specimens of, not for sale.................-.----- 780 
odiferous substances used in perfumes.........-.-.-.----- 94, 95 
Perrier: Pee ik aah a ease De a rehit cs RM OR 551 
EE PES OT AO TRONT Vi), oe Mi whee Rhett AG. ET OOO Sates 547 
See er NE ee se da ail nuk 2 elas oles Pa Vee Bo Heys 6 SIE 222-224 
Mecortments of, in-cases.or-books. 2... ee os oA A 222 
EES ae Gee abe bcp nian dhe 's Hb ded 2 2d, s Sag Uk OS 222, 223 
fommnitting Or-sewilg.Machine sx... . csrjw ee ew Ve ee OS 222 
MRVELDE ANU ArTIne rk, ee Leth ieee ee tee 727 
Ae Sees es htrtel. t ony Ne eee a. Bega es 222 
RE lS ake SRW a gl e's G8) 4 2 we 2's So kind PANIES 2 ante 222 
MeEMIRCTUING cahie’ a gisecciccw k's dla Pa ATs 9 a os Ge Tu PO OO Ut 727 


970 INDEX, 
Page. 
Negatives, photogranhic-film..../. 22.44 ss00. eb eases eee 576, 577 
Neroli or orange-flower oil.................... @wlleeudd. Daa ee 78, 85 
Nets si: 0... uC. 2th Sh sn kew petih a peedicle ited 429, 551 
and ,nettings.of human hair....,...4..-.-2....)+..0 eee 541 
of flax, hemp, or ramieeesisy. hisiidusenwises sek Woe 429 
leno or plain gauze, woven cotton............-.1..--...-.-4- 392 
or nettings, woven cotton, classification of...............-..-- 392 
Nettings.......:.2. fhavidlibeat setdc Peete: 2oteee ee 429, 541, 551 
vill, of flax; hemp, or ramie. tewriii.: .) ita eo. 2 429 
leno, woven 'cotton:...........--2...-62.-+5-. + e658 ae 392 
Newspapers and periodicals... ..........2..-:<-<++s: sean eee 728 
bound.into, beoks.............2- 9-5 .seseee ee a A vbdS 
Wacheloiisiheiss «cond bin Benches decd dnd Goes an Ses oe 249 
ALLOY: Jas ewiitiowte ck su dre ageeh sles Baie pte te 249 
ores and nickel matte........- e:ianed .bieidedie ape 739, 740 
OXIdeth. eee PRR sees pi, is Serge eo 3 etal 249 
sheets or strips, with other metal imposed thereon..........- 249 
shot, i.) 26.0 docs ba Rt ge A 5 odin oy 741 
NRT oP eo) ooo, maa, Sue male was, 6 3 Sn Gen Rag eae 387 
Night lights: .......-..04! sjtedeewed-ceuee be eet be oe 533 
Nappers and. pliers...~ .< 20.0 20 22,2 wra)e je Sha <5 =n, opm, ohm oe 267 
Witer cake. 5:0. s2.03.. eee bee tis 2. se) See 776 
Nittamiling: $24 ¢ 25 os hecttm. ous s ce ee sci. eu ee oat 916 
Nitrates, load =... vccwees <cumstcea she dance cue by eee 107, 108 
Nitrite, amyl).....<....sance Seance dp oe, eee eee 47, 48 
Nitrobenzol. .2o2 e280. 228 UL eee. oe eehu nem ee 43, 916 
Nitrogen, ime) ss. Uiec De oe. ts Sede dee OS et ee 676, 677 
Nitroglycerin: .,5...2.:26 20t,. 50. A Sak ee 680 
Nitronaphthalene..sc.5. 325 0<56....-4 5.2 5-4 bln n as ate ee 916 | 
Nitrophenylenediamine.........-... « ait S.o.0 aaa 4h ayaa tie le 916 
Nitrotolnol sii juss ieso one Bia Angin Say dn aiady De or 43, 916 
Nitrotoluylenediamine.;: ....-..-.3,-.6-s-<--+-csdse2=s0 See 916 
NOUS. neues ct .5 cee, Scare ee 478, 479 
Tax nick ede Cg ao nS = Re aed le eal cle eae 660 
BL cs meine Oa ahem be & te oe oie tec tg 478 
WOOL ch 020 2 own oc hs Walged cde Site Sie etal ae 834 
Nonimportation (see Shortage)... ....--..2.-sueisah el See eee 873 
Nordsor sea weeded. .c. cen eee kd dclein on seals s feces a 320 
Notice of condemnation. 22 2... .....1000deeaseeca paca asta eee 873 
of hearings on-appeals..... 22... .a.+eeessoeccennelee eee 861 
Nottingham lace bed sets, curtains, and pillow shams, cotton..... 4 422 
Nursery ‘stock; ms sa Pb ss. oe. sss Hate cen we kOe aie 333 
Nut locks; spiral,,and lock-washers 12. ......... ..ssss0.s0eneeee 209 
oil or.ol of nutes Yves we A bai oe. ie 731 
Nutgalls, extract of............. s20\l.gut). wative Doge. cleat Se 50, 51. 
for tanning. ..c-...<4. 5245-5 .ee het betes out. Bee 794 
Baatinegay.. sitsred a io oon Wa was ins, w wine a miei oct ees eer 373, 374 
1 See oe, | mr mE Tey ASG 364, 729 - 
bBtel so =. tay) ate "0, sista ales sepia abuse hepa hain se 365 
eoconiuts in, the shell... cc ...0%..<65s08 550 e nora 729 
filberts:of-all kinds. ........... les oo.Gbuilves tet Se 362, 363 
for dyeing and tanning 27) tah PE): 794 
MAITONS, CTUdC.. 232.026. sd leis ate oe Sie Bee 729 
or nut. blanks, iron or steel. .............-.2.-2= eed cienee é 209 
palm, andikernels of... . .....#!a% 30} Jos. -'..caehtL wee eee 729 
peanuts.or ground beansg ici sstessjn0i) sees weicee as <b Re 363 
pickled) tis Aiwa Loos is cen Sas Sig Sain Ame ale a 321 
shelled or unshelled, n.'s. p. f.........-.....---+sseGe Gnnen 364 
41 a em OE Oe EM PEON MEE AN 792 
walnuts.of all kinds... ..........i-sebse suman we . bb od ee 362, 363 
IN TUADE VAST ooo saws Jevsu iat as Aloseie Rime © niciomce denis ete i 297 
NUK ‘VOMIICS 5... ick’ «dealin. bn tno do oe oni ibid UbItRls GENE 2 Uh 730 
oO, 
ak ‘bark, extracts. of..5 3.22.42 5/. eek she eae ge on ee 794, 795 
plank linoleum................. ~bju ss p bus 6,018 a's oe 434 
CPR 0.5 nln sa bomen 0,00 ene whe Rais beige 6k kk eee trol -Toe 





INDEX, 971 


Page. 
IE Eno oe a ws Was 30s ood ke 4 Sid Seven se SOCIAL 816 
oP ae ils LOY ioe nas os nctewnciicccabhndea Oe 309-310 
ES se RG Wek Es ooo Se bide b ae'd dae aba dewney «OSE 309-310 
MUI ERIISEEECLONIOES PSE SUS SL bg aed obs de pare ee mmcnin oo Palde 867 
URN CTO iid alae en dln Cb Soo owdud gels wth ae lees cede 903 
ME OBE hia do oe wo Winn on oe Lh nw don 9 cide COERRE 309-310 
EMIS fo od WIGS ane ooo 0s on va Ueelied. wis. es 495 
SMR MIRC ING CAEL EG S035. 6 Sed se Ne Coen cecm cee veunuece nt 102-105 
EMD Soe fo 6a bw icdn sx adn sha wipa  wramide'e ais «espa GON 168 
Odiferous substances used in perfumes... ........22.22.2...02-. 92 
ROM EE EEA, Bit co wine ds Pee 22 NS pw Cee cell. Satinen 43, 916 
PPRETOS cole seit ceo -l both AX .ah Oe od.g Pe el 638, 916 
PADMA ERNGTIMAL SGD fa. be Gio Ca Wad ote heb ue von wo oleae 71,73 
EE nso Samoey UR ba fee. el SBS Ed 2b ort 730 
ERT Sor wre whe aia a Ns kaa ic new ews wine ARS & - DAUD 88 
MR POA ra 5 wicbicle bls ws eX oc dine Ecccedate Sopa the aie oll 370 
Re ee ee Pe eee eS ee TL oy eee er ee 920 
ay PRUNE Ae Cine a mae & Sakae 56 6 UNS a cikle te = au lcig uc POIROE 638, 916 
ON A lee RE Pe OE TL Se Pm vain at tee 54 
eaadenn. Be eet oe MAE Gis Nages Ow ee eos OE. BI 77, 87 
of eucalyptus PPe LUI ee ba Sure ete. th Wem ian o xe tat 88 
RI ie Pe Men Ae Mh Ge Cis al ass Cute enw Rip ua ces annul 78, 85 
UMRR TR ee cr eset gin, ANKE a BU wa is ct eps are aL wena)’ Fo MERDUIA 87 
of vitriol, or sulphuric Riel eae aCe o me Ce I el 585, 588 
poppy-seed SOS eC Pe SR eee 50 hiss Soaks 71, 7 
EM 2 Sie Lk Wie pre % Slaw ye a chia «Sie adem oo os ole 434 
EE CW eee elt te ET A ok oon a eo UR 403, 404 
DOCS NC HINOS, OOO ek eo nw kon 2) o SLs Ate 629 
Ie SOE ec ee St Wan at ee he ae bo eee ee 66-88, 731-737 
RUINS SMART a ie ay a Wane < Gain vo mio MRM. COLI) Gangs. Ub eR 78, 81 
PRE AAACN RAL ie aie nig hia Win nin's,> sic als ola es imc ns 71, 76 
PI SSCL URADER WEN 5 Wind e's ot oie 0% cls bbieb'p. 3,6 min welts 78, 81 
NII. OP eed hay Cenk we Cale. nacaelapeeqie dele Mt 43 
DROITS s Lacie ake. sed eIeRe Boles, Jy dts ee 66 
CILIA BOCK inks € ika a ek alone wb. ee ME OOOY Zk 4s 78, 82 
LC RSOCISIAT NU ay als ens’ Bs pWin ow a\- a5. 0d wd ec es ee ce ae 78, 86 
AROS SANA. Sarat Sk ek Reig oo Fie lle 638 
MeeG OF CPECOUNAVGRGOS sik oo ck once ee ee see cee we mnaete 78, 84 
OD addition 5 a 0S chee TIRE Owe SRM 78, 86 
NR Eee Cdk wi WG yeah Liv wie wk Wk ww ate wectnm mee 731, 735 
NINE, OAM eae Cbd elk dings west Kis Gide Ca Pe Grne Abe LID, OTSA 78, 82 
TR Gy ioe Uva Naradns & ES Cidp < oh nts wpnayern sR Di iol 
MEM AA tot d es Seg e ¢gure  SeUAQUUNE OER Wet a 731, 732 
camomile, caraway, and cassla........ 222-22 25.6. 22 eee eee 78, 82-83 
eer aa Danieiss Ca Cio A CS aE UR. oe inline wd 70, 72 
epee Ott ee eT Ml. Flavell: oO Liew eS 78, 83 
OT pag ih, Te Gi Pfs ok one own ee yee wen eee pee ee nae 731, 739 
MIRE re da ek eee ie Sa a Gata ws w aOR RE ot Dee oot 78, 83 
REE RISE, UES RC OUR LP UE Se Ree AEA Copan San TUL a a 78, 83 
Ea W lee aS Eh wie _OSSIOE TS SLEEP iecte a Seo Sirs cape ner Wp SC ere ean OR 78, 84 
RR Sic Sat CL itil: wien baen eon ewe cea tce «a hAlns 731, 732 
POTicLer) . C1GOCDOTEZOG vat Soci en ennees eB th oY. es 370 
cod and cod liver, cottonseed, and croton. ...........--- 731, 732, 733 
BELO Aatrcbreasertdal fai. a. Ske eh ee wn nel 2 isles wind 34, 78-88 
Peesnsing fish, oils, n.8. pf... oS... 21s eee oe eR Od, 675 
RMON ar cs ad Gl Sas ha olen rc bam mn peel en OE Melmd i 34, 70 
Re cad REM AS anid a8 Ns ads Pt 5S Ee bye Met eine pc Re ee 71 
Sere ey Oe. oh a, Set ae) DOILPR . Dota pd an clas 78, 84 
Peeler: norican. fisheries...) as. a aden maalgs os lets ac 731, 736 
TNE Dis ed eae eR ng cook Pel. dey dl ee 8. blade g 
C8 ARRESTS MIDS ES ah a On 71, 74 
RM iki te ihe 0k a RIT NS aca cate 8 ayn yovngiin\e,use. nin SE 78 
ER EE MES cath wwe faccie se baat oa tain 4 ni LR EES GS ONS 731, 735 
Tiempaeed so... Se ce sees nl biennale ee 2a ra ey b; 
FEET EN cl it Sig Sree ae ib antennae wackgenn he MiniaseiS + BA malo 66, 68 
ts aie a NR Se oe EE, 2a thc a, a seinen oe 731, 733 


972 INDEX. 


Oils—Continued. Page. 
juglandium.% Savarese has 4 =.5a.:-A-oienis2, separ oe 731, 734 
JUNI POR. 2.0 .0.0ig.eic ere awe wiheh e Sjois -:c ia cid 78, 84 
KOTOSENO . 5c. ain: ciepese w tyermjessiniobe ce Ae. b= allay mscoey ral o5 731, 735 
Lavender ca wisi oiled. gisisinvee coated a Salas + ac Role abs ee 78, 84 
it) nn ee See AAG kc 78, 80 
VOMON-QTASSL, <  ~ aieiard tei) Bale cinch ale ADE ah <5, =. eee pe en 78, 83 
linseed, raw, bolled ; ets tesiacid cit nisi tk dakose acta eect 71, 74 
THACC a) os aia sores w wig eld eeme ajeun 4) m edie nina nine © gle eee 78, 81 
NA PHED G6 oo0s «persed mrcdsre wliee kha ia:e <kuniain <i Salles asa ape 731, 735 
neroli or orange flower....-.- we HOGI ae od. we 78, 85 
RAMEE BOOTS ip, 04.5) <akc eee d ok amin, <n Ain tins iw ln eins 9 ee 676 
not chemically compounded, n. 8. :p..f....--...+-..----aeee 675 
OT DMB. S565 ona cna. 5 Se Minin wee og asd Rie eS <n oO ', 078, 85 
of nots; or nut. Ole obo. ding Saale Wea re eee Be 731, 735 — 
olive, denatured : 2 india, ¢- tankwtgn ad les ak he pe 731, 735 

RiGy Po fs ae oe cee ua,~ or Hen og See i oe “71, 73 
OTATIBEs J,2-5 954s) ar weve: pj Boa a's oatiafalin A ee Bye eS Wile ae 78, 80 

FLOWOL. 5 oi 2.stw'stn wld’ p tie agen gw te Sm pele ae Sa a 78, 85 
organum, red_or White... 22-5 <5<-)s 450 50 ie eas 0 78, 86 
palm and: palm-kernel...-. 2. - js. .<<¢4540% 045-200 731, 734 
POLAT i 035 bet spice en hae ule mn hee ety ind eee +95 < tie ee 731, 735 
PCAN Gos: cso end ais Sele o ai's ccs oe Sly Se ere mac 7 1, 76 
MED PEPMINE . - oss os cas a's wick caw Sele ie ae erat aie 78, 80 
Per a ota acd «4 ow ene oe winlere swine soy eine wed ae ee rr 731, 734 
petroleum,-crude or refined... +....0...206<-055-. +40 731, 735 
TAPOBOO » aso ois ibn oe Swra hw 05 oe ne Ree ee bee cll oe ‘f 1, 75 
Venere fies ees svc se sag sy se Sob ee eee ee 34, 66, 731 
rosemary. or anthoss. ... 2.2.25... .- s+ 0s = 52 ene Sen eee 78, 86 
Bea Sete. sean a ook 2 one o oicle Seis nw aoe Ga ils aa _ 66, 68 
sesame or sesamum seed...........-2--0-0+e-e sates pie! . oe 71, 73 
BOC spo Varela ar va pe cu dewine seeds utee ns oe shu Gaels ann 66, 68 
BOY As DEANS cpinle nikon 5's s'els 5 oo = Sareea ae . -. erlachgn? wae 731, 734 
SPOT 2, 3 ic Gaevle wa ew ewes oe ee et Oe Cale nae ge cg eee ee 66, 69 
spermaceti, of American fisheries.........'....-.2.0..5-0-das 731, 736 
spike lay ENder: -ctees. oc cs wn ns vides un tne) 4 ee 78, 84 
THY MC oe eee es oie 0 ul ein rg <= = Rint ges ey Oe 78, 87 
VOVOTIAT nije sn o's, aiciora ib aace ein Spo nh a he'd oe ey a a 78, 87 
Wvinale ic os os oS cw Linn ee ae ade = else pe eee ee 66, 68, 731 

of American, fisheries......-..«--++:41:9+:--->.2eeee 731, 736 

nyt DOTOSB 5 Fle dates diam Seine bide eid ws. +s inye stare, satan eee 623 
britannia metal 2.< de wis's <aimt ins sia «050k ass eat 746 
bullet jackets csca's ge chide nanos 4 Cateeee re ae ee 642 
copper, fit.only for remanufacture.........-+-+-<--;24-.s0nee 642 
electrotype and stereotype metal. .... 2.0. 265.55 sinus dees 805 
PUNK Sk. keeps ot ols tek on Reale «hb sinle nlp ee nie 694 
linotype composition, fit only for remanufacture.............. 805 
ee eee reer ere er ee oe ee ipeeal 
pewter and britannia metalo. scsi eee 746 
PANG inte dsoiven ves du yee Sepin ns Ree Seng aie area geen tee 261. 263 

AONE; Fs i foie HE Gems whilst oa cos a es pe Ee 70, 87 

led BtearaN w 20) eee nmin we Sa be ein bale Glee aie coe 737 

Olive-wood covers ior Bibles....<..:-.....:+..i<eeeelweh, see 611 

OL VER 1 oi ieee cio sins are oa le es old cS Le 353, 355 

Onionss. /s6Gs-K es bins tenth Pee es © am oh ou, oe a 326, 327 

Onyx benches, monuments, etc......--.-. 42-0. 6s dee hop ee 172, 174. 

blocks, salads; sor CileB a5 & sini s ai ee nole ctete ude ete are 172, 174 
Mexicateid stoi Nbc 55 von abe hoe epee Lee 720 
rough or squared, sawed or dressed... 7.5-+25i.s 00 ee 172 

Opal or cylinder glass tiles......s...2.---.seeseae-Gee eee ae 171, 172 

Opera and field glasses, ThaB» (Po. To wane <'ie nik Se eee oie as Ce 166 

OPI 5 124 weigh A ek emin cles an nce anes Stee eee are 88-92 
BLK BIOLAS OF 5 54y 0's < mee Wr Uw oe re ie wane ai aie 88, 90 
aquecus-extract OL.) 2... Sea hk es bes ene 2 ieee ee 92 
crude or unmanufactured............... be) . 88 
Dred ines een Ree E on we gid Ho EL oa a) eee ae 88, 89, 92 
CLOTS: £5 --ehin PE ces nes ee Cis Onn oh wc Hee MES ae 6 ae 88 





INDEX. 973 


Opium—Continued. Page, 
Mute He ee An bee dine tage Lecterns etal Nedty i cee 88 
liquid preparations Oly Us BD at sees tes es BP os ee 88 
fone COR MMOD Hine 0A oie ok PPL RCO A 88, 90 
preparations of, deposited in bond................-.-.-...-- 88 
RPT aM hs ek eke eee eee chee che tae bs eS SM 88, 91 
menmemarinis.orhe meee? Beli er sent edd! Bee i8ks ce ceed 92 
RIIMIOL ce Sac cu ces aslases reise se dks rte? festa le. 88 
memcaraneiruments, nis. price sei 2ecercletecccsdeeceyessece le 166 
MereeCan eral ee L Pies Poss Fes PPR BR OMY Aes 105, 107 
Oranges, in packages Mm Pas Bel a eos Bd oO ee PN 357, 358 
SOP EING Me ee gig he tre de nt eser SRA 665 
er cre ORES seek Polaco Pao he ener er ci cel sks 328, 329 
Prenil or-orchil quid? «22.9252. 52220582258 Tee eS Wad Wh eee cee 738 
“ Ordinary course of trade,” meaning’ Of: +esc05 SPR Be 858 
BENET YY Shee R Ces 88 vac y bese Biiets es cyte RL A, 595 
ematy BAe 22 2 ee eT RS Sea os PE 2, PAD Ate 2. 632 
Perma ee cece se dads scaterdese let Pk ee 633-634 
Brrperee or dissit.s PR SAS CSR YES Pee se Steed ieclete Pasa 642-645 
emery, n. 8. S foekc Pee aed Bhee will e ey Sa See 656 
MIM ATANGNO > 2272s eccticoneurss tees her beta (Lee ee ys id 
PMP MOe ee eee feat e i eect eS edlt Peedasdssenis2 5S he 243, 690, 739 
NNN re Cis aay pat gan Rec hasa be) seh. COuIY 638 
PAPRINOST Oe Sree rel. kee eck geet PIR, Po ay) Se 258-260 
Le Zoe Bee Dare ae ea! Piece a LS a ad De A 731 
in bonded smelting or refining warehouses...:...2......-.--. 897 
MPePO SL ee etek eeteckcc i seeceasergent Aha OCR IS 690 
lead-bearing, method of assessing duties. ................... 243-244 
Pein ana nickel Wiatte. so eet Fee ee etl a Sh LS 739, 740 
platinum Snot lah. fee ee ee Se ae oe ec oryet 739, 740 
i LS ig sn Sed ok an ERG SSR RS eae ee 739 
smelting aa Yr ING Sete ee CER ER CIEE al Ray HY 897 
Bmetiecampryritesse: {Pat YSes2i22¢ ce ccs gies 2} 2 qed — 788 
PEO DOANE satin case bit See lees TER ES Tg PL 802 
BemePOnTIniT te La: io ce Ask oe TE ORS etree renege 268-200 
RS SiR S Le Oy ite kOe cc SEE Eee I ky oP TL 483 
Beech GyOine +42 .Ge dere roi idsee ie sec een t PRO 484 
Original drawi ings and sketches, sculptures or statuary...........- 835 
Orleans, and extracts Ofer Petes neeorr bi ygserc aes feereeciteces 599 
Spemements sols.) 23639: Sarees eh SO gE LAE AO: 544 
Petter see hte Phot del er reer itisstayseoeave her creda Kh 149 
Mummua Or worse s2cf kone eres cae ee ol d19 
EMIS Steines sain So Bes ees th TS FO Me Re 544 
Tee ene whee Soh e oe as ae Ie ey See AS OI dd1 
eer nnd MANtary i: leeert see tees cote coe eee oe 544 
of whatever yarns, threads, or filaments composed. .......... 5d1 
Srpiment; or sulphide of-arsenie::::22isrocs2ee.. Sl ae 601 
MM Carts Os ris ar PS pie et Pere Tes we: 916 
ee Re Saas Fle ae ger oa ee A, RAB RP oe BO 280 
Beer Tas ANT DIRS Se Se Tee ee yer seas. Rees cis. 2 BES 520 
Been OL nraAker Sse shsie scout PL ee ee et of 280 
MER ee APS TNE A ee Oe SN na NL ne eR eu aS ri 689 
Ostriches, feathers or plumes of.......-..--.--:----- af wets Soe! 535 
Puce iroror steel. 2s) srecdce treo y genes Se 2 oS 724 
Owner of PhercitaAndisey WHO layns sere 287 oF PO eC 842 
MEE CODAI CS Bibs yes Py Pte se Skee rT oT Leo ek. (PIP 43 
Pp: 

CIE @ RICO WETS! WOOL 2... «02a. HES odd. la eS ae 283 
Packing boxes (empty), n. 8. p. f....--..-- 22-5222 22-2 eee eee ee 277 
Paint, ceramic and glass frcrens dey ae deel Teatdaasamnsch wah 113-116 
“Painting, aT" etching,’’ Staundnfitted sivtak vvlas hun last ed Dae 835 
INTER Py Wo Win Sauer PH Amex 4s adny>s GORY DATA 573 

OH, De Br Pits be. o 2 1 ene nee ee nee eee MHS ale ga 573 
Pree aTOLL. OF OLDET .COLOTS , = o5 Ati 44 Gd sat game a doh a a 835-837 
pictorial, on glass.....--.---- 00-0 ne ee eee ee eee eee eee 839 
SPICHMOL TENYOCUCTIONS STG Ba, Dil ie tinisn xn» care cman ae Oe 573 


LE eeabON ST) (6s 80h da 5 aa = anginal a= hacks atau 5 = GROW POE ae ..-- 573, 835 


Page. 
PAINTS he. bie sais, odin oe ene eee saya < aiea 113-116 
BELISG Be = a5 wis ws 0 s = ale «5 901d, 0,5 mie ote en cee ee ee 113-116 
crayons, charcoal, or fusains..... hens eaee_scik Bee ee 113, 114, 115 
enamel, frostings, and glazes. ............-...----s-eeus 113, 114, 115 
wrease, Theatrical. on 3.025 sab oc cles cle ae 20 nae 
La KOR. ots tint in wjarg Ridin alae Sethe She Lan Ge 113,115 
PALIN, WOO ci + de. qceecshh, 2 Maye ae Raga hn id ea 816 
Palladium. : 5... - a5 «die wie o'5)s one om a alinin <i ag aie ne a 689 
Palm teaf braids, laces, and platts.. .. 2... .:..4:..... +.) 520 
manufactures OL, D.& Dp Te. 50.8... nent - 62 Se 566 
nuta and kernels,...........0..-....:s4:.s0ambe? acne 729 
La AL te ee ean eee er er eee ee 328, 329 
Pamphlets, D. 8. P. L....-recesen aes ne cas «ca sini. 7 teehee 513 
in foreign languages. :.... .-«-- ks dixeiteeetn © oalbiaiet deca 620 
obscene, prohibited .. ...2..¢. 5. -sste2h-e ss +2 ice. 3s 886 
Panama Canai Zone, tariff status of..-..-....1......--2-.-.eeee 5 
Pants, cotton, knitted, n.8..pif...--.-.- 5. 6<+es tes +54 - eee 416 
PATE. Sebi ~ =o: 2 Soe Sw = aie wa we le a) 3 cine 497-516 
albuminized or. sensitized ...::,....---.-+---.--+-) -4- eee 503 
bags, 33..8. Do edie eps <a ay os octets eee oi ee a 503 
basic, PLAIN 2/5 5 ace win w:higin a e's <reeie s, siete scale win ole ee 2 eee ee 503 
Dibwlous. ooo oa ie 3 Ss ise ciate reat a eine a ee er 501, 502 
bond, calendered, ruled, 600. ....2i.-.<s.-5-+40 =u ee ee 510 
books or booklets, lithographically printed . 2.....2. scene -- 507, 508 
DOX.. Doar — 6s, 1 one + = seaplane Per iene ere celeaare <icooe ya's ee 497, 498 
bristol board, u. 8.'p. f...2..2<+.ss-- 0248 cc) oe 511, 512 
calender plate finis GL. soso e$nsiordavmuniens hv eels aa 503, 504 
calendars, ligthoraphically printed. ............----...--..- 507, 508 
pardboatd....- 0... <5... 2 sngunsbecen eto ae 511, 512 
cards, ithopraphically printed...:-..-...-<s.-7sere seas ss ae 507, 508 
cigar bands, lithographically printed................--...... 507, 508 
CIPATOLLC Wo coe a owe ee lnin <n See ee aed ee 579 
cigars and paper cigarettes. ......-. 024-0. -- > 7. ase ee 304 
CRP PINGS, 54:50 5 J alrgeso'e y nab halle len sa leinla era cae rae 741, 742 
cloth-lined, or,reinforced . .. 2. .eu. 22 shot. oes te ele ee 503, 505 
coated-SUTIace......- 2-00. 0+ -2c + ones ee ne 524 == eee 503, 504 
COPYVENE |... « <pienciie bys fyronmy = weeps iste eae saas «monte hoe oie a 501, 502 
la ae wie wt = rk wees hee pein groan eee a 529 
covered with metal leaf, etc. 2... i... ec nde acca ce eee 503, 504 
Ui 520): ee nen, Se Ge RINNE RRR SA WM 501, 502 
cut, die-cut, or stamped... 0... 2n cage sans 3 ae 516 
decalcomania, not printed... +2... on <n<<indqn 28 q4 4 nen 743, 923 
decalcomanias, in ceramic Colorse) ... 2.2323 50.4 22a ee 507, 509 
drawing, calendered, riled ,,Ct@ si... ~-..2 4 waipebhe ae ie 510 
CINGTY » wis - b/n'ns “faeesore Spee chn ecb nptemaeheate alighted acd th ot cape 532 
envelopes,:21.. 8:J)) F.5:.. js), signs ite eras hee ea ee ee 503 
folded or flat, n. 8. Ae Sr es ee Lee ET dil 
fashion magazines, lithographically printed 2.425% 16.22 aeee 507° 
filtering on Cee it Pe) 2 a te ce 501, 502 
flaps, hthographically printed . .\..... ...:..- - «sien -<nehenet ae 507 
flock-covered or gelatine- covered. :. 6.0 503, 505 
PTCABE DIOGO, DAC ADUEs os 2s coca = 65s tee Seen ene ae oe? bape 503, 505 
gummed, decorated. ....... nu. 6 b, wale ae apeie tie bak abaeat ak ue 503, 505 
hand- dipped, marbleized..... 0 os sv, doc 2 ach veal: eeeleieeee 503, 505 
handmade... sis iy aaron ee Gp en os bee rn 510 
Hangings, Wy Bos £ 5 lide ven,2, 2,5, ain se om sins A os ae 511, 512 
imitation parchment, NY 8. pif ns, hacia on a a 503, 505 
Jacquard cards and Jacquard designs..............-..-+..+-- dll 
japan, calendered, ruled, etc... - . 206 ih 04 ed nice eaeees 510 
labels, lithographically printed enna. ws zeble take One 507 
ledger, letter, and note, calendered, ruled, etc.....-..--:..... 510 
lotten-cop ine OOK 8.5.5... ass sere my osmosed mein ea 501, 502 
hthogra phic trangier oo rennin anes aaa ane 501, 505 
BRB ii 3655 Sein piers eas mtocetabiallnnrgiioninn aig RL oad ee oe 503 
manufactures OL, D. B.D. fo. nye event mermeaiminy oo 516 
TREE ec cw cn outs clio, sone ah mc ple ch ms cha hen ok 507 





INDEX. 975 


~ Paper—Continued. Page. 
Re MmPM PPS SE yo. eee Nec Se che ond g Wiley ne hab deri me uen 500, 501 
MT RE Ft yl a aikis eee ba aCe oa cbs vats «Fa coe liie 741 
onionskin, and imitation........... fay Mate i PE OWLS Se ite 510 
parchment ESE bE REE BPS CARRE NE RE eee? ane 503, 505 
RAEN PRME IE adie oC cas Le oes tee ag at OP ISTE onan aes 575 
pictures and placards, Hith opraphically ahah? > 1 Ra eM en Nes te. 507, 508 
ITER Ree Cro oe sla foie Gla ok TUL wa alten ge eu Cee ee Ee har 501, 502 
SMUT SST STV ERE EY oy tes Ce ke eine cs doe hk hy eee 225 
press and pressboards, n. 8. Bote tre ate owe ee eg dil 
printing, book and news, n. 8. p. Ptr get ee atta Dliit g gate 500, 743 
RUrreEVSIOO CL CLY Ces tek koe cee oewk Pele tee 922 

except handmade, etc.,m. 6, p.f. -..... 0.2.2.0. eee ee 500 
unsized, sized, or glued Deets Wane be yg ag Us ons we se 922 
pulpboard, in Pee here GaSe) Ama gts OIE PASE IRT 497 
record, calendered, ruled, etc..........----..--.-.....e ee. 510 
reinforced or cloth- lined, n. s. p. f....... eee ee eantas oi ena 503, 505 
RRPaIR ER eS he Se Bo a See tea ey Ly me, ore A497 
RETO S er tee Cr ris AUC FO Oia So te 503 
PRR Ste ke ee Oe a tas Ghee cms eh Oe ne ca te aie 741, 742 
MEME ee ee eee er a ae IN cc he So Ca hase US a oe AEP ain one 497 
Dee ES oe te ee es a seat ae oie cm aa gta wre oo te 501, 502 
tying Clas 2 fe Ait a Rel gdp Re apa a ie aR EERE 741-743 
tablet, RPeUeYeUr ETC COC. fects oe calc an Senta «Ue cc han ob 510 
CRUE PT ee ce eee ee Ae Fee ue AT oe oe coe ah. ea a exe ote 501, 502 
RCE BAERS rte RU AR ae se tie ass thet oa > 54 Hain oobi «ce 225 
a, Peat at cee ee hee bap ey ah Ene ay en att! 517 

for wna hate and wooll. i.e. tek a... ec ee 827 
typewriter, calendered, ruled, etc. .......................-. 510 
uncoated, gummed or decorated, n. 8. p. Pipi ows Soak okra eG 503 
vegetable POMONCT Gs te a ec dak Coreen cd ts ae eG ns ule n ee ae 503, 505 
OSD 1 CI a Ms ae ge rs op aera rena (ae 511, 512 

. writing, calendered, ruled, etc.....-.........--..-.-222-00e- 510 
TIILRNERI RIT SO Mes Tu eet Ye sd San co ku de Saket igs fata p ane 503, 907 
or cardboard, cut, die cut, or stamped. Dats pare ena PR AOd Drond > ages ls J 516 
Papier-maché, manufactures of, SPAM OERNE Serta eaten s oes alee Pecte 568 
ENR pee a Rey en AP Pay ea ekg a sss 2 Cones + bo hace 916 
Meratipand peratin oly. Ue 2. oe. oon oo onl ee 731, 735 
Paranitraniline..........- oP AS RES SSG RE AO Ral bin taet oot Reotros ginny: 43 
Parasol ribs and stretchers Seas ora ty Surge Re mse VR We gs « 228 
EE ON NNER OTe has, Na ta ee els's oY ps ee bw are 581, 823 
DME STC ROTOR a ot res Soe Pec ldo cc oe tomes 581 
Parchment ee RAPT Mee Ru os ave Se Pee eee ca kak wae 745 
ame ORME GES “MN POLIS: 0 SYS SOS. Oe aa Ca oe oe batten 560 
Revcbenaets ss} ue hs ees ee eee ga oe 560 

oo ALE ou Ac 68 Soe a Rall All p ea Seh an Aion SR Abe 560 
Pismiereren Or, eS. Poke ES 560 
ee eee Rest er PN re eR 502 
papers, imitation, n. s. p. re TSE 2 A Rah Mitel atone AM Mea 502 
pocketbooks aS A Sp hie SR HS, Tage Rei an VD tc eect ene aa inn 560 
ee ee Se eee No ae ee ewe ep rarti in Bho ce a oe 560 
EE Soy bk Sy aera nPn a he clea pas Pel eral oye « mdmeheagetipanted 560 
eC PSE et abe a Pacem te wa twine as cle ety oe we cate ee ds os 506 
NER Ie cence my ae eM SIS EL Got tind Ua tens Oe tena sic sora 149 
(a REET Ta Tn ae es a be, Me ees gd ge nds Say at 745 
PeRCGReR eet SST ee UGS AL SS oe oe cnet ss elas eng doe eae ee 11] 
EL PR EO ORME a 0 ast SS se ee ee aes Oe 906 
REE eter LeMay eh ats BELLS va win ts eee ot 321 
ORO TIT AN Cie yO UST II RE ASG oe nuc neo ney oe ne wall 169, 170 
eee eee Fe eee ae ones de cee eee me salen 835 
copies, replicas, or reproductions, n.s. p. f-..-.-.-.-..-.-..-- 573 
Pastes, MeN MRR AS rset y new sates ak EP 92 
Paté de foie cg ect Ean aa eet aaa ae alae ile Wn Op ed eng ali pope Dol 368 
mE CaCHIe COMPTOtuL Tey) eS Sol ph te ec ee 168 
Peach kernelas ii 2232005)5252242g02000235. 9) at ee OS 961, 362 
ee ey OTR OTT EETIO NS eV oo Oates al ees ee BY ew ato 347, 348 
Peanut cakes .2s1ac00--0+2 Rae y seas elk OCS a ea besos ce camer s 678 


7 


976 INDEX. 


Page 
Peanuts or ground beans, shelled or unshelled...................- 363 
Pearl, mother Of 3 nt oe 4 > meee S eerie ot sits eine Ba ee ee 745 
Rear) hard Onan yale ass am ack mene = nial See oe aie a 138 
Pearls and parts of; not sét or strong... 2. ee 547 
JOUtATION 2S sb aie pes sll nnd Sonia ae ae en 547 
Peats, (SY COU OF TIPO. fe inn wo ne 5 ce sie od ales tine © ree nia 347, 349 
PeAR ics ee Whips cece uek Ae titans aie oe ee eine oan alee a 317, 318, 327 
Dlack-Oy et 53 ye Lente be bes & Se alee ti. ge er ge 328 
dried: Of BreeH ..oe of.» lk sus de Ge oe =k apes hae cae 327 
Prepared OY "PIeserVEd . oe iw cs nes wie » ap een tee Sel 317,318 
RDG eos eee es eee op tok tes ecenne QUE fede et 327 
ide eee ete eee epee lhe t tea” Wher RS Pe 575 
Pebble, Brazilian: tmwrourht... Sons es - «nie oe 623 
Peel, citron, candied, drniéd, or preserved . > . 5.940 <n ntueniaeene 359, 360 
lemon, candied, dried, Gr preservVed,.....--': - 55 -badaane Buea 359 © 
not preserved, St Riley ihd ties Beil mie orice 738 
orange, candied, dfied ; ot preserved... 3... ee ae 359 
Penalty for aiding importation of obscene articles................ 849 
for abetting importation of obscene articles (subsec. 2).. 887 
for bobery o's nee a ae eo ae le ea ae ee 877 
for contingent fée. 2... ee 864 
for destroying marks or labels (subsec. 2).......---.-.-.. 885 
forfalse declarations .o'4. 6th 0 a) ete d <a a. we 849 
for fraudulent importations..---°-.-.. 1-5: «<0 cme 849 
for importing prohibited cattle or hides (subsec. 2)...... 888 
for-retnusal to appear... oe wae epee we bee 868 
Pen-and-ink drawings and sketches, original. .......-....-.-.... 835 
copies, replicas, or reproductions, Dido. fo eee 573 
Pencil drawings and sketches, original...............-. ri 835 
Leada Noten WO0d suc. «05 sp ds Sealed 22 ple eee en 576 
PORCLIS a. crbtins se cies wdc lere as ous » & Meee eiesceeas tales eae e 575-576 
baar 1! Quis... Wo sew pelos > =e ee ad ee ee 522 
lead, paper, OF WoO0d .. 0, © «tics 4 seeiens naples ein pe Re 575 
pocket, of metal and celluloid... 5... 4-4 eg eee 576 
BIDE Ba tel anee cage eats oe duea'e nis oe Cet ne Coe A eae ace ee 575 
Penholdentips. .<.- 250.6 252M. Vegi an % oe eno eee er 251 
Penholders and parts thereof... 22. 2 2 - = ee ke es ss 251 
PON KIV ER 0 Boch rues Laie How Nelsen wine ee 214, 216 
PODS hep iste, + os < Se Ke oe aries cape ole ee ae een er 250-252 
fountain,.cold, and stylographic.. 222-224 -0. eee ee 251 
MeL SMG | 1. Bards Alek <elbr otete eyo. tn. ued ee ee Pepe inet 250 
nib and barrel nneqHuere. . i. 2.5 )i0i.). 2. - oe as ae oe 250 
POTS DROUIN oo DoS agen = siya map iein ie aes 0 Oe ee cin ee 335 
Pepper, black or white, cayenne, and red................---..... 373, 375 
Peppermint A sc de dee a See eave en ep ee ea nn 78, 80 
POrcuesON CBG. 24 Goes 6 ~ im ke S- > oes ote oe one ee 535 
Bertman yc, 2c faut sine eo Ce Sigeiotnelcaetne ts ye a Re paca en 92-94 
drawbaelé. op. 3.022 neon, Ws wee eee ee 899 
natural or synthetic odiferous or aromatic substances used in. 94, 95 
NOt, CONtALHEIOG BICONGL 21 oF suis sid oe + as code Sie ee 92 
Periodicals, issued within six months of entry 22 2. tne 2 ee eee 728 
tthoeraphiods 27 n-. cece bei ce meres ee 507 
méaninp: OF fermi ss vig Ss ins oe ee ee ne 728 
Perishable goods condemned, notice of.........-........ee.eceees 873 
Perjury, what constitutes... 2. 5.05 oe odes n't vs » ign eee eg 868 
POrsonal ‘CHCCS <i s vetssin cin hd ko bir Bp SR Eiay wae ie kia gg eb ce 746 
entry without Certified INVOICE... 15.0% ~~ << <bean oe ee 846 
of citizens of United States dying i in foreign countries......... 746 
POrtt DSISAIG oi 5 ao ew 58 ceca Rie es fe atoll » Rie iedae vs ee 24, 25 
Petroleum, Crid6.or rehned .). fun tianic woud > obte Sik, eekams oe 731, 735 
Pewter,and britannia metal, ‘old... i... wees a2 vee sce dee pee eee 746 
manifactires of) Nn. 8) pit. ss les 0 eee or oon eee ee * 268 
RO OTIOM Mea wate st ain > oem wm = wnie Sue WW Rd ail ehe etal tera sta 638 
PNeRO OD th alein oc. cc <'qaicya wel ase <n = mm 0 Dain ale ee 37 
Phenylenediamineg.; ou... 56 eas osu eee ee Da Varma atte a eee 916 


Phenyinapntavidinine: o.oo. oss «es «5/08 <> 55 deine gabe 916 





INDEX. 977 


Page 
Pennies LMA NGS OPS eI hae ES SoS a 
eureet shipment from + .10. 85... PPPs HR A 880 
PUM MRAtUM OL lao ing fed ols oa sce Pade dnda Ben eawts ewlcc ect cet 5 
Philosophical and scientific instruments and preparations. ....... 747 
apparatus brought in by professional artists, etc. 838 
Phonographs and Eee SPS de Siete Sa Neras ne fons Fh obs cs on 572 
Meme eD-OTUCC: 0 e¥ 5 Se ede caddsccasecddeccestaber. eS. 748 
Phosphoric acid anhy dride $iSd ste t ieee sd Soe ascd see ceeeeie tvs 14 
MM IEUe ene Pe SS 08 2 PSPS esa a eer ee SONOS 748 
Bumero-euctaved plates 24. 2i.2 3 fie 6 oe OPO IO OP A ETE 225 
Photographs, bound or unbound, n. 8. p. f......................-. 513, 617 
foruise-of United States: . 2.0.2 cscesaccsseeccecccecccccecss 617 
not for sale, for societies... . 120.0. sess eee ckdey ces coveeee's 621, 638 
of landscapes, places, etc., in United States.................. 513 
printed more than 20 years 2 Fth 2h. sh eee eee ee 618 
Pemeeeacia anhydride / 280 279.0) FULTS OO. I es 14 
Pianoforte actions and -parts:ofaet: 2s. bees TL PL Oe 570 
and pianoforte-action leather.......................-. 097, 558 
Pickets, PROGU icsee rcs dedie BoccdedecddccddcdeteeissalsticekA 816 
Pickles, leet ADyitense reds e sk esl. ae eters eee or eee, 321 
Pictures MPR pGacnrees cel cv gees hate bee e ee pee OE rie lt e. 576, 837 
film, cinematography or motophotography................... 576-577 
Bepeialt OFIMOVING Bex tect ce is eco st OL OSA 576-577 
Rinoeraphically printed. 11% <22s.0.05022 5 SPURTE Ies8 POET BBS 507, 508 
moving, of prize fights, importation prohibited. ...........-. 577 
ereue<prohihited....21 22.04 ek oUF Pe 886 
photographic pee cari lerseWertwirashevkse sects 2s dei 838 
MES Sed F9s cF de eRe SE SST UTES eect ed aoe ce rere JV AR 690 
MMe heeds ens sees s di enseasebecdeee secrets de eee. 101-107, 113 
MM Re hes cu skedboueucenrccusde setee seve scce $0033 SFR 113 
black, of bone, ivory, or vegetable..............-220-.0-250.. 101 
in cakes, PMU OGRNVORTAP OKA cos ecnbedenceeecce ss boo 113 
MIRE ee Ciera dk ae Fu Ge ey <4 PS NE Ie ISG AUR 105, 106 
orange miner 5 arate Rhee Reet od Whe unk. eat oe 105, 107 
Beterad end white lead,.2.ci..2: 508 0 Pe 105 
ENR telson Soa hin st xt dure Se ed PES LA? . JEU SIR NOY, 111-112 
Pigs, eet: Daye Tee ees cle ee Pete Wadas cece rede ve dhe Cor 642 
RE eek wien Rceee i nek lade PU Sle ase ses. LTE. 249 
DMR ELA CpG Ye a Sead ba beaks nate ORO L OS Feet D Oe 800 
Ree eta ahs eLioeh es Shao Rew s OR A oP ot 261 
Pillow shams, cotton lace, Nottingham. ....................-.-. 422 
Pillowcases, Sattar irs on... OAMARU! feo ud ik eet NET, y 421 
ES ea PRPON Cea ea ghberda dee evan 8S9 s AN 35 
RIPE en Eagar oR BRON FAR ee, 373, 376 
MS BUCKS Ofsyi65 os oct edad suas or Fee 25 ee WEL * 823 
Re ASIA IIDT, Fi. ces eee bebe kaa dscsaww et Tee 365 
MPMbrrCHG Peete 0 ches ets tt tks eee eee yescdeeeseees ES. 360 
preserved in their own juice. ........... EE ens Paes 347, 352 
MET ME ree Fe WE sle diets Ss ety yg edi ateee tis ees sito HPI IOS, 252 
Peete caicty, shawl; ote:<s>neiels fies etidersss2 i eS 252 
metallic solid-head..2i:2c:scasecsaccteeesrdesrseeee el FE. 252 
not plated, not jowelry: s:s.0 iiceedeiiteasassecbeegeces ere 252 
MARU IEOR Pa sv uA TACK eevee cies tec cs beset eg as Fb erie. 210 
Lo. a ae era robes te teasecie es eee LI ise 245 
Meme ne hese 5.6 26 53 26 ee sn teeeeistsathsskecessCiere cto: 579 
memuowis,,clay nii.: Sich csc ich wer esis so eRe$s. PET: 579 
and smoker’s articles...............- isaecires cero BTEC’ 579 
Pee ncie cesta siensi ete agtcestedetrereasisdespticea ts 237 
iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed...........---.-.-.+-- 213 
OL el as a i hee ee ee eae en ee car eae ee 570 
SeNenOG OF Clays ii fiat 828 eel PS Pa Stoeet ye 579 
’ Pips, lily of the WAUOset sai tee erS eos etek oe tee reL TiAte eee ee 328, 329 
Pistols, automatic, magazine, and revolving: We Aes ee, 221 
Pitch, Bureundy ae See pe els t08s.8 cg Se A ee eT Ee xs 626 
OPCORLLATs 72 322ses se yett es stecee eee strgesecereeneeieiss 638, 916 
MIO rane es eyes Paces os tere tacek eee 2s Fz ates Pees 797 


184911°—20——_62 


978 INDEX. 


Page 

Placards, paper, lithographically printed. .........-.----.---.-- 507, 508 
Plaits of chip, grass, palm leaf, straw, ete...-......--  uasobmads 520 
Pranking, PHD... cg dnycued cba enenaeusin deen aaa i 816 
Ptanks, SAW . .- 05 seruades Jase ism ewgaws Ss deen ee ee 816 
Piano or coquilh plaatys.laishes Wine. dul hte eesti acpigthaiaed 165. 
PRIVAT oo te pi te ancien tl mien a a ee aa a>) ~:nhéco saat aa ee 664 
Planters, agricultural......-. Pe es ee acjnea =. 0 ate 333,591 
AIS Hod 5 bo rae ah otis: 2 a eisikis nine os iyi eee 665, 
fruit, tropical, for propagation... +... <h 444i 4.4656 ee 665 
imported by. the.Government. . ....«-).....+..+-+- + sete’ Jae 750 
rose, budded or grafted... iv nae phe eedeu- us ieee 333 

POR he AAA tl Ie ete fetes rt ela tA -ste-. dessa 798 
Basse DIBQUE nm en EER Ae 149 
stoneware. 23... aaseee-edinf-eis ake oibipieialcde ocean 145 

Plaster of Paris, manufactures of, n. s. Df. sen OS eect eee 568 
rock or gypsum, crude, oround or calcined... ~-- pie Etta 138 
Piasters, healing or curative. . .. p22. 9.44.0 dees Lope See 96 
Piate; dorler;. iron or steel .. 20.2 3. s vad bool eaphse- noche eee 186 
glana. i. Sf da ee OUR Roh eit oe 160-164 

bent, ground, obscured, et¢,...- 225-4... 4-:h4- Fee di 163 
containing wire netting: . 62. 24 in 5.4/4 sit 45,0 162 

over 100 pounds per 100 square aca oo. hie aes rr 162 

tron or steel, n. 8. Pp. Ts... 226-42). 4e et) anes ee yo ae 186 

metal fines and tubes.....,..-.--.2-»-.daateben alien 213 

steel; crucibles: 7g eae wei sis siat eee ee 186 
Piateaux, fur, for hats or bonnets... ...2. .... 2... 2 nick Ge ee 543 
Preates eh. aos oa DG Oo ares ani) oie celine gia ala a 210, 225, 783 
alumni 652 PaCS aa i 29 
epboone hs. Fe ale ee, AOS ra gi olny aed ee aie ae 15% 
eaat=monr (ip 0 Se USE Gi wea a epee ee 210 
Coppers: 2) nee ces «cena se heh aes Woe ae een 642 
ll i ern rence ES oe 237 

with other metals imposed ......./-.. 52. +4++405+<-4-208m 191 

deal, for watches, etc. ... 22 ...4--02424<%~ eds «ae ee 2.54, 256 

dog and goat skin, nh. 8! pik... ...--+s-la¢ oaat apeder bene See 537 
dry, photographic, exposed: abroad... . «44 ce45 deulente conte 602 

PI FB Bhi Bias, wk saccade ch al wf eine aaah hoe ai iad 576 
electrotype: 22,22 [ine wcecs ae tess or qeween ep ce ee ae 225 
engraved for printing. . .2.-24 0.412422 28 «es oy ee eee 225 
steel, for bonds, ete: 2... :.+7422niceca2 asa eee 783 

Pury nae ee a. 4 oe ee 537 
glass, unwrought, for optical instruments.......-......-- ~~ 667 
halftone css 620.4 ide. pee ees even eye ent eee 225 
iron or steel, coated or galvanized ......-..--..22-.--+ececcee 191 
lithographic, stone... ......-..-- wie. = ons a 3g 08 ng 225 
looking plage. oi). .n2: an bos ae ee ewe be 162 
HICKS he's Ses Fhe sos pg bn Pond yeas hays eee Cue ee 249 
with other metals imposed ....-.-...2.2...-+5.2.02-eecee 191 
photo-engra ved... (2s a. 6. ngage dels 'aee 4 cls ole le ee ere 225 
photogravures) 2 fc defor ak 2520s. Te ee 225 
Piste ee he ae le ee 2 ose: Med teehee 750 
BAW. A'S. os Pot eee Be Oe a el eee ee 186 
BLOBL TOIT lees whey s tin ciao d igh tenants toes ae 191 
enpraved for bonds. -c2... .< sd. <5 < 4 oe sss eo 783 

for tesa Ule es SNE SA Fo alle ar oiavae od oar 225 

SLEOOtY Pei. 4 LI ad cal ate nda Wag a niin ae ee 225 
tin'and terne... x. scan vewesscest~s0den sos. o Mg n 191 
PMatinun £225: cea wie ocak eae ele 739 
apparatus.) 23). 2 ssid SA tes Si bce ias sy ee 750 
articles and Wares... /4« x'x diva. deals a Hagin Woe wee ae ee 268 
bars, ingots, plates, sheets, etc... .... 2.2.2 +... 2 eed newe eee 750 
migtal ores oe2 Mie 5 OE UG sao ate 0 ood Ss ena = ee 739, 740: 
retorts, vases, vessels, O66. .ccnckvcex Jute ase bees «ake 750 
scrap, sheets, SNC. BPON LR. bwids cimn's sidie 410 hibanl'<im 6 adh os Oe 750 
MBO SS ES 5, oiase Kat, amis ela 0 ee Sala w Sie Acie wale alte ke agin 750 


INDEX, | 979 


; Page 
Pihhasure boats, yachts, etc., foreign built (sec. Bt pececsseciocsel 914 
PMCS. < sibdeveesersecstccteccscscccssetecsschesssecsssiigeses 267 
mPWOsted ia cb iededsccscesssiiccssceeossiae SL. ea 591 
MMU DAROU ars yeudedcciscscciasecsesestsiczssecsssse bth 751-752 
Plumes, egret and osprey, importation prohibited..........:..... 535 
- ostrich and domestic fowl............5....22.......4--- 535 
Me eer ads Sead ek pss FU oe ded css asc sescic22230.77- EN 349, 353 
OUCOMNOR TINGS h ccleses free ccs kiss case cs cans cs es ngerewede cet 347, 349 
Plush and velvet distinguished... .........2.2.22.2--2. dentres Bae 486 
silk, black, lasciwne as hatior'e.-..: 22229 ¢42c002 034s 580 
DUM R ieee ook aos fe os eg COU SO YAP CONC SEES 409, 448, 476, 484-486 
Dipnaee Wee dese ds cs kc oseewe seat eases cece cee ILM. 476-477 
Angora goat-hatp ty sisesseeciscswsdsead ors OLA DPE 476-477 
cotton or other vegetable fiber 424 22s sgedawd. IOI 39 409 
EE ET ECP eee Cree ag eCar ered vie es UL POPS 484-486 
CRs oboe cisataseeesesecgalestresdeieesgages sssewe o BUR! 448, 451 
Pocketbooks, leather or parchment, n. 8. p. f..........--.-....4. 560 
iia Ho ae bid de d's coc 02 022324 Oe iIOU, POS BY 214, 216 
DERG: os ni cade dsddccwarsseciersasieersrc se i Bul 226 
Poker chips, of ivory, bone, or other materials. .....-............ 530 
BPORISCOME CUDCK. . 5 (25 csocidasccsassoeaseszeseeqesdese MI 167 
MR MEINCOIMOILONG A Civecscecrdsocrcesceroe sere desateeise se VOUEULS 289 
Poles, telegraph, peaeennes etc...... faded errnereea IO S30 275 
; wood, hop Sd OOP: .2-z gee seccssevecsagecesee wees sel. 816 
EOP CORES TEP E PLY PEL eLeP EP Le oh meer 92 
MORALE DAGEBUORS 5 6444 ca senscc ever vedas res GON AOI O AR 357, 359 
Pontianak or PALURON Gs o's 3 40 0 SUI US BOIE CHS EOL IIN 688 
Pool balls, of ivory, bone, or other materials... .......-..-...... 530 
Poppy Sie taia poche le os Bunoelgilg auddd eure ceed lp ver 339, 336 
ARE Th. 62h 65 20TUUS OD AOL SOULS Gs SIO OSU 149-150 
SRP MbMi les Sid WAredsasoceeodese cece clade doct lk eee 149 
eharms, ornaments, toys, Ct@...2-. sc ce cence ences eee eeneses 149 
BERENS BUMAIACON sd Gan ed anheea ene eds owe dn eR SSUES... 149 
eR POs 5 a a ods 6 do 3.05. 0.0.4:0 04 0.0 verre JERR SME F5% 838, 839 
eal) of had ae be 6 BO Lake Bhd aes wie o's ob td ote 2485 713, 715 
gi ets alent Se Sama eR CeO: Oe MEE Be oer Po ame 383 
Portfolios, leather or parchment, n. 8. p. f.........-...-----.----- 560 
Porto Rico, exports to, exempt from internal-revenue tax. ......- 884 
Positives, photographic- BBM sg 2 sn OG LD AL 576, 577 
Post cards, Soreign, stamped. 2.0. 1 2 US iy LCOS Se 781 
plain or decorated, n.8, pa £. 2.25005. Se ASU ees 516 

Dormers stamps, foreign... 5.5 220. sere ee FH. ek UE. SE 781 
importation of facsimiles. pr ehibitedi:D wispy samids. 02. 782 
Posts, fence and paving..................... Seb seabcueqs eee. 270. 
ee ech al shan cea 752-754, 816 
bicarbonate. of, and bichromate of ...............2.--2..-22. 116 
MMM ETE nla mannan ps a2 Seay ae swt oe eed SEOUL 752 
chlorate of, and chromate BEL HIIY. SOIL is JO OUP S LS 116, 117 
crude, or NS TE ey eh Reeeeeredbaeie hr rp te 752 
cyanide Riles «lected OlISE AL LOU. PURITY OL SRL ae 752, 753 
Se ae Gees Tey Spon eee ee BENE es 752, 753 
CNT Ska nia wah noun vas shan old SAN QUAPUION 169en. 752,754 
mitrate o1, or saltpeter,. crude. ... 2. ssl 2000. He OS. aL 752, 754 
Pee ee SL a EKER Says CA's 6 be teh Rs. ORR OE ee 116, 117 
PeTMANGANALS: OF. sa eee eee 3 SUITS aS 116, 119 
prussiate of, red and yellow..........-..02----2-2222--255-- 116, 118 

SU DMAIS Ob Pe sa ets ahi see eee ene ee eo O UE Te 752, 753 
PMASUIY see SIS CE ESE Kai Sh wend MRD CS RT ER OE 229 
REIL TEI a cs eal ee oS ke DG, Se Se Se 61, 62 
Potatoes, dried, or otherwise prepared, n. 8, p. f...--.-.-.--..---- 755, 756 
Pots, carbon, porous, for electric pear Rcwinbt? POSUIOLY EOC 153 
Pouches, ober. ee ee US bhwadeb Ps Jo. ote abaod mente act 579 
Poultry, exes Eh seth ae ate ve akin cht + & 5 SOM SM RUIN) EA 654 
ive TAGael, D8 PLCPALOG e525 2 a. Cw Sake new OSU J 367 

BEETOIIe ad to Pe ree ey LS Oe ees Sh . bos olny teas. aoe 29, 665 
lGeeaD Le os Sot ee os ek he ipa nos Lem SRUORIR L'SBSSELE Y 29 


980 | INDEX, 


Powder—Continued. Page. 
CASOB si sis's o's SE SE Se Ag Ms sel 5 india 544 
CUITY £528: Ee Shae tee oe ees foe cine s ean eee sce ty 651 
fulminating, n..8; p..f.5.<<<-rrsee nas cken ee Aus in cee 665 
SOB PT B.. Dec doe van mas 54 es es Sse en 121 

Powders. \ 2). ca. oss.» - heh Ghee dade pen eee ee 28, 92 
hl ee ee rer ker ee 60 
polishing <>. 153a2).4--4avysn tess Ate mre 28 
toilet wns pce hing anes Cut oh Sk ee 92 

Prayer TUS... 055.52. SOY. ena 5 eReS eee ee 40 

Precious stones. . 62. bey. 4ies ith + vp ws Saki Alp petal a 547-551 
cameos, coral, pearls, rubies, and other..........-....-....-- 547 
vet, NOt. BCLs. «Same 14 saree Ri oe ae Cee eek eee 547 
imitation and synthetic... <.<<e0.955+-=%44- == ee ne 547 
rough) Or uncut..; ......<ea<saene>s pee -uls tee ae -  §47 

Precipitate, red and white > -s iy. es. bs dics 4A san ceo 31 

Preparations: < o.\.-. 20). 45 y= ahs a 16, 34, 88 
chemical and medicinal, n. 8. p..f. .s.ccebesus te aie 16, 34, 35 
cleaninoand polishing. 4... 4h ee ante oe 28 
COBLGBR OTL. 8i. Dt Eiag arn nx ocean -vsl tans orets ae reid 42 
MACATONI). 225¥5.2el., se ees tS Vee -6 pel Aes 309 
Medicinal 6; 6 Veg STS aN aa ea a te na 24 

defined ui ser ei pete Bid ge SL Se ae ee ae 1 
drawhack on .2s 6. s-<4.s0s000e0r04eh)> ae eres Caen 652-653 

mercurial sy, 2: sop 05h see Sin «awe dan aa cuns<» = = SE ee 

of anatomy, SkelCTONS, icasic cog eee Gaus am Abe see eee 774 
opium, liquid; 126.) Py feet oe serge des siee 88 
philosophical and scientific, for societies. .............0.+00. 747 
vermicelli. .....-....... 5 >. <SnislQeeeae a@elpeebk ves ele eee Cc oil 309 
Preservation of testimony before appraisers and collectors. ....... 827 
President to ascertain amount of imports and exports............. 902 
;Press.cloth, camel’s hair, n. 8, Dd. .insc sect aan nee ee 448, 452 
BTS oi gscmcn.e peo erhhnan 9 oe coy aE es gia ea 453, 542 
human hair) 2)044s)snies des atnibaes 05 ee Ee 541 
cloths, camel's hairs. - 2.54 <n saci mop canine tot ae 616 
PAper, DHT, 25. s - WaT, «smn sepeg wake eee 511 

Pressboards, ‘papery, A.W). Gen b elebers ssn aw o's Wahi Re ae dll 

Presses, PiNtINg. .... o/s os anda dec’ rik~M pe MOS ee ee 264 
for ise, of the, blind 2.% dt seine sew: fgecese < 620 

Presumptive fraud, burden of proof................-........... 851 

Printed matter, bound or unbound, n,-8:.p. 1. -hedéeues epee 513 

Printing. apparatus for the blind..... ZS wiinede «bie teehee pee 620 

paper; book and: news..£2..7) 35 £2". > -.. ae eee 743, 922 
countervailing duty. 4.1. slass).1e.)5. seed eee 501, 922 
PLOSHCS 658 SS 8 SA Bigs © od ee oe 264 

Prints, lithographic. .....-..-...-++--0+ +0250 2 2 eee eee eee eee 507 
not for sale, for societies....:... (ssh esteesloie. tui. fee 621 
printed more than :20°years.. -.-.---.:-9ss000re 752 y-o eee wile 618 

Prize fights, importation of pictures, prohibited . tetas data 578 

Prizes or trophiesy..) ..4< ds sisssn04ense rane oe 717 

Professional books, implements, etc., of immigrants.............. 256 

Pro FOPMAa WV OCG 5 os Sa:0t 30 s-nin/ectann sate hse cee 847, 851 
additional duties.applicable to.....:-......<s.-2.5..-.-s0ene 851 
bond for production of certified .. ....6)s: 4: seesies ee 846 
verified Dy Gath. Gun b oc. ines e ee 846 

Prohibited: importations - . << seece-qeic\ene eens wie e - pee 535, 886 
cattle and hides (subsec.1)............-.-.. _ bel kee 2 888 
COnVICct labar, OOS si<.wiernieraig-win'e’<apte'sirerd/hin-s <acere a 886 
obscene articles (subsec.ch) .). conerg-ic'y'antareie ain omen a ae 886. 
plumes of aigrettes, egrets, and OBPL OY: inte 402 se 535 
search for and seizure of (subsec3) 2:.auy petores die ais — 887 
prize fights, ‘pictures of). ,-imat ied ee ihole Jokes psa - 578 
quills, wings, heads, etc., of wild birds...................... 535 
white phosphorus matches «seine «1 ssakwste can de accu 534 
wild binds... sect ae ee eee, ey a eh, 535 

Proof etchings, artists’........... gins iag nian 3 OO aris iinta hc lalitga copsae an 835 

for vinegar, standard <.d..i.s'sides:e cain os os sxe lee 378 


standard, for. distilled spirits... .). 0. .0acse0sn sce cons eae 379 


INDEX, 981 


Page. 
Propest tees, refund toamporter.. 0) ks. ee ccc ewe eee cwlectotben 864 
SRE Pr PI Ok win cw vote Sete sidebs sae 866 
Ener tc, ae cetete See eet. it te oe ee oes aOR 864 
abandonment of............... Liven cecb abso e SME 864 
PORE AV ACO LIGQUUT ei bo 4 025 010 g's oars wo ee oereieveswisweec eres 864 
ier anuiiow sccounted fore... is. os otien ee oP de a 864 
walidity of,,and. when to. be. filed . 2 ...6:.0.c cence teen 864 
Br eC TONU A oP Pa: OS Pe arene oo ciere ee vin ty wnirnie er OSL N 787 
Provisions of act of 1909 not in act of 1913 BS UGH 2.5 OS OE 913 
TI MPENTASILSEL GH Sc 7h iso. ows dias claw on a rh wt oko cenit wanatalw ole 353 
RENEE MSTUK USER, oi bo bie ke o Swe ore ot vies Spe pee Pa Ramee e 99, 100 
Publications, indecent or obscene, prohibited. .................- 886 
of individuals for gratuitous private circulation..... 618 
of scientific and literary associations................ 618 
Public documents of foreign governments...............-.------- 618 
eh Ae ca S ty boos Se a cn wele ended. Mel eawowmes SEDs" 312, 313 
ES Sco Sue. soins) eed SIe SOE ol ne SIC ds 8 9S 825-827 
PAUL TCS G17 0, BD ora sue oe bb oh aes oo MUU TL ON 544 
eet 0 a be ala elald als SA oad Wes @ a i ho wien we oar Oe 825 
wood, chemical, and mechanically ground..,........-.-...--- 825 
CEE EO a I ieee Ls AM aera 816 
IEE LIEN Fe ee snr ae ay WSs wa Krehe a woay ce tke ag ie wens 497 
EMSs Hn kayaks PENNE SAME ENB e FC 0d SP OUR EL OOS oe 177 
IT BEES ere eb ote ates don aceon eae. FICE RM ay 757 
DEIN ANG,  ouu ee roe. Slee e Clee k one Sonera RESTO VE 139 
er eer: Birt ieesd hein De ute Seven. Wot ere oe 111 
Rupert, eee 2) oe Ol ade relasode. mes Leis 916 
Pyrites, RRP AL ATODS Ob, TOGA seein bis s narkete nile wd eins < vine oe OE 690 
EARTHS ciel ht Doria) wwlhta Wo wetntnse eb les oe olde LY 788, 789 
aaroeyiin, compounds of, in blocks, sheets, tubes, etc............ 44 
liquid Biaitione obit oc bio oc 44 

Q. 
terezite blocks... 622s ses3556 Mg PSS Sa eh I pene ea eae o tere 663 
SEM CORIIRCtS Olina Secs sedascrtctecccs cece ts eee ee tks 794, 795 
RIN Eons AAU Seth ees bet ee Cele eek bv oer eee aee 253 
flasks or bottles, exported, returned............--.--.---.5.. 602 
Pei Con mININe duty ON. sss 52 <6 eS ree eee 253 
MEM STUCK Geto i cece Stee eee. ols. Seer ee ee OR 283 
RECO ae bass cr sedeee sees eee dr sle totes COT Pe, 551 
Quills, manufactures of, n. 8. p. Pave ON es Peri ore Oe 566 
of wild birds, importation LON tees a ke tae el a ae 535 
SP SeIERONS Sey sce rs kA ee Ose es Ot ee a 421 
BP tn pre ae See e Pfs PISS LT ty te ae 535 
Quinces, green or PROGR ee Or eee 2 eee St oe es 347, 348 
Quinia, sulphate OL ee grec er eieores erase Nee ace Ae 758 
Quinine PEPePIUDNOR POAT 2 edt ce Sten e te ee es wee foe 4] 
CIEE SRS ros sce badac his cscs estes eels ogee eet aees 916 
unre ess Pe tsa SSS) oie cst See ee PE eas Be 651 

R. 
MBIEPE EAE Vt. COTS... +5 ook me ec oe th ong eee cee en ne 475 
RG eee ine Ste eRe AR ee gS ons care Sk Vina cae 543 
OL LOWES n8 oe Sal dialed ple upaiate Iie amen os NMR hn 775 
MPU iniptive MUbStLtES: |. srs ores looker ceceecleeee 759 
NIL ce gg ee en a dl oo te Rin ap Bin agi SAS 759 
ao opie el eee voi (alate. Sepa ual eae lb Sion Raa eR 760 
NE UR EGR I). Lie Pile soe SW chen a ek ia AE patna o> 741, 742 
mPCE-GIOLNA COLUOH eset cet ce cine oe Ba a oS op we camnivicht n> <0 421 
(ids "pl Sigel ghee. eae aia ease eg ipa tai pea 275 
Rails, T and flat, iron or steel, punched “hp ND RON et un Rae ph 761 
Raisins and other SOTO Oa ec rene CM eo cttatine «te 358, 354 
ete well Sor CSF Ati ig ead eate al a ne ca ee 592 
a eS Ln his ae, Cen a eid a Ho nsec oh 427, 673 
bands, esis CORDES ttOGOUS, CL tir te Res. a das Se aan oe a 435 


“y SCeeh Ay aah DR Dh BO naar pce oe mp geen 429 


982 INDEX. 


Ramie—Continued. Page. 
handkerchieis,..- icieee nire'e Seba Suen ae ot Sa 440 
hat braids and manufactures: of... 2. ee ie ie tee ele tie 519-520 
hose, hydraulic or flume........ “Freee ek eee eRe 432 
manufactures of....... J ceeiitdelelalnide'eg RA ewheea ae Arceteee 445 
Nets Wh chap piclbicins ese uilin lw ble eb ca dS ee 429 
pile fabrics, B..8.. Def oo tue a, 438 
SOCUNCB Os tam wi aiormrein elie Wie Sats DR eel eae eo 429 
SINGLE YANN os ek 429 
bliver on toving..< ached Lia it Sie. ph oe be 5 te 429 
ab A: t ME SOLE eR 429 
Rapeseeds i CST EM RI et MOREA Bae RSL CTE RN ER 764, 767 
Buspberry. shrub._....0.5... be llitdivis wu steds i Jee eRe 385 
‘Rispe iol. /. acd ohein eth aus Sug iiuem deb alee ti tae eee 220 
Rittafia! 2.200 A. sopnbtigheean netted Le vo 2a bid ade Sele 380 
Bittan and. willow furniture... cusses sda. bee 280 
braids, laces, and plaits...-_... S ena el kasaageteaaee 520 
mats.and matting, 02 use oS usk were’: Japan ict ence 569 
reads from oy ws x jadnnebaieen bole isd Se 280 
Ritiekscot.. 2... func check kee a 823 
Razor blades. oso en Sues Mi selnedies 832 eee 214 
Rbsrors 2 enced cuntadlseclslecs se cee 
Ritapers > ee eS Sa eg oot 
‘Reappraisement, appeal for, iby collector or aa 28 steal vane 861 
fee for and finality Of oleh eee ie Se ee ee ee 861 
‘Reciprocity agreements.) noo eho 5d do5 aan 879 
‘Records of appraisers to be preserv ed and abstracts published... - 869 
Reds, vermilion, containing Ligpanee je" or lead... iss. ecaconeges 110 
Raeds, Chair!) vu ua gees See 280-282. 
from rattan. . ESE Dee MS ... 280-282 
unmanufactured, sticks of........0--+.2.00+22-se0eeese ne 823 
Reels: fishing.o. ee ol Sei eee 224 
Refining, metalsin bond, -.s:si2s5,.550eeeee ee ee ee 895 
Reflector glasses 220d. USS. yo ep Rs eases See eee 163 
‘Refund, estimated. duties! ...5..¢..2.500. 2c Scake Se ce eee 876 
Refunds reported to Congress... 5. 20. 2.00 tens 20 ap eae ae 876 . 
Refusal to permit examination of records, etc..............-.-.-- 872 
Betuse Cork ol. oes 22d coe hee aee bear eee 646 
india rubbers: 0... 0256) 2235. .s eaes eee 687 
lead, old, ma blocks and bara. .2.....2...2...5 2a 245 
Regalia for schools, soctetios. eft. 202.2 Pao es nthe eee 782 
M@episters, cashi. = oo lg Ls Ree at 6a ke 629 
Regulations (by Secretary: of Treasury). <- ais svncweori- ated ola eee 202, 847 
articles in bond for export: (subsee:. 3.2... 05500 eee oa hes 892 
baggage in transtte.) orc cee es See eee rt. 878 
bonded manufacturing warehouses........-.----.--- As eee = 895 
books and magazines... 00.22.2055. .l. 021-2: 2 847 
drawback on imported materials. ..............-22-2+-+2--e2e 899 
poverning entry of tobacca. 0.272. 2. sy ee ee 302 
inspection of decisions. .2. 2.22. ooh oe kets 869 
marking of imported articles (subsec. 1)............-..¢..00. 885 
perishable goods Sees LP a a Rae 3 i eel) eee 873 
smelting 6res'an bond Yel eh ee ee eee 897 
wrecked poods Of Veeseles TDL 23529 Peeve eR eee 895 
Mepulus6Perpper err to SEIS se Paes de teens ee ee 642 
Or aritimony metal. 2 isos Sa SERS oe ee 233 
Reibkuchen;, 's baked toafl ro. else etre Sa ee 313 
Reimported domestic articles, ‘duty Omics iii iis Poll. eee 901 
Reliquidation for manifest clerical errors 62 A Oe ee . | “Ore 
Renaissance or Battenberg rings...................----0-----0000 424 
jeennot; Taw or prepared) [LTC Pei Tas es oe ee 761 
Repair parts of agricultural machinery................2.-+s.2+e0e- 591 
Repairs, articles in bond for (subsec. 4).......-....2.-2..--e0000- 892 
to articles exported and returned. ........-2...-+.+--0204 602-605 
Bapesling provisions. :o 92320 Fig) Eee Lae Se ae Seay 903 
Replicas of works of art, n:8. pi f20 2S Sen eee 573 
or reproductions of statuary, etc... 2229s 6 Fa5 Pp Oh, x 835 





INDEX, 983 
; Page. 
Reports of assistant revised by appraiser. ................0..2.-- 861 
- _ to Congress of polumdar sosncaccsesdsrous. AiG 3 dU 876 
Reproductions of works of art, n.8. p. f...0..-2222222-20.2.2----- 573, 835 
Re-reappraisement, how obtained Sane e hak nedres a COLE REID. Se, 861 
Pigecue appliances; miner’ ay .i. lis ee eli ool ale 721 
Residence of women married abroad..............2..---.-----2-- 809 
Pein Muh, crude, As. pr £3.05 A 5 User wee see. Diu ak 653 
synthetic phenolic, BLOGs Dinh siz rd SoA RRMA ah igh ends: ON 917 
I ea eS Die a gu hss enka AB vs dW as dS nfo on hee 42, 916, 921 
REREAD DAS Sadao u ds bw ed oe rd did day Aooo ed oe we wenn de DE 153 
PRUNE ARO a Bae its ASI AB It Kei BOL BASLE. ths Je 750 
Revenue.act of September 8, 1916.......2.22200202.20.20202222-- 916-925 
Dd pAb hb ee ss Ha ee Ste CUA. Sele 689 
ES re Sa Ie We ads ewes euanse aaa Modes ans 409, 461, 488 
pemicial hormehaiy or ale. scene conan sense net ee nl 495 
fax, hemp, or ramie, n..a-p. f.......-- 000! Jo.avtod Wh eke 435 
horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation...................... A495 
PIRAR NEAVCUs cod cnn nbn ged wo ont dene ME STINK Dats 
eR ree le as a eeleen 484-486, 488, 495 
eM Ra Reds Re a gS Re a ik oF aid ne oa di ie wien Hac aS 488 
ME ORMIG Rs nak Ain Sh phn Ss en el oo ko oObn no Bae B Laer ws dae 484-486 
MCG Ie TSE nied Va ks ais clip oom sh Had Wine wwe ported w a ALU, hE ; 461 
Ribs, parasol and umbrella, iron and steel........2.......---.--- 228 
Nha Ten ies HRY PEGE Bie os we 0 tei FO ALO SOI. wale 3i1 
broken.and cleaned or uncleamed...........-.2202.22...---.. 3il 
cleaned in. bond, waste fromm. isi. losc o220u8 Je aubolul......- 895 
RENMEI ia tas a id ial in ae Manip cde dled <2 cc SOR REUR, SS 311 
ER ea dod wig Soe iab mee 5 oA dom bmade weil 311 
ES SE pe Ae eae ey ne oe aera SAAN ERD, ae 312 
CPCI Paty SO EE os oe es cs lin wri dan ie 381 
Reebineech loadings os. 50 ene eink. bee down 221 
eombination shotouns BE a et Sie Sela ni wire ions enous Oe 221 
ieee NOGA Oe ea ee oi Le aie. 220 
Ring RNA eae er Sa Be 3 ale cs view! Shin wis ees wo ED 834 
Rivets, Moxigrenbiletive. 6... eo eon ain Mth ane 226 
irGrie pteei Wrap. $520. nt ei selon axe 226 
meecaoryetal, manufactures of, nos. pf... -..-~------------ as 175 
ESS 9 2 DE 1 Wg as 25h a oS 533 
Rockingham earthenware...-.--- sa fod PGR Pe LES et gs eh RR 144 
RNA MAL ACES ON noi aia po oil Semin win ogi np mnie oS 599 
Rods, irre hes Fak tr lad a oc a Sk 229 
EE ON eS Sa SON FORRES PES eae Oe PR Seg re ko ge ane 237 
aR GO Ol EE ao aS in i i aeerclwlaim aig sinter a iit o aepie & MAES 823 
Picea Nath DIB. Poko oo, oa ke wae ad wn eee 724, 725 
Re Ry lo Sie sie owe iy an rd wil ode ues, 249 
wire, fence, nail, riv Ob ANC SCTOW 2 ol. ecg cel ae gli oe 197 
Peat Sel. Me...) 122 ra a haeelae wily, See eR ee « 193 
Roe of fish, caviar and other, DPI CHOENEC cae ea de paths cetig aaye = pels 343, 345 
RE nine ak Soon: Gir een e ae oy Do ae 309, 310 
SE Rh ne nee ee ney” COT leech ates hays 5s Sri 3G 56 
Nee eee i Sed, aa Ee waiatn Laas 177 
Rolls, engraved steel, dogherulsa gto fois), 2) Ste daeetons Suns < 783 
Root, althea.or marshmallow......---...-----++-+-s co beter ise 712 
DROME Gout: pre See obs Oa kd occ Seas omg 271 
chicory, burnt, dried, ground, raw, etc.....2...22--4.----- 368 
RARER ag he Nin emia ad a A SL Oa ae 371 
ginger, not ground or preserved.....-,-..--.--.-.. gue ods 373, 374 
ee iiaties, Pree es ee Se oie ei Se ot eee coe} = 271 
TE Usm ere, ERP E Eo Ci a ee en nada ent 271 
aan Sen I sso laws wre, dale wicks Lidmsteabard 62, 63 
riasennoalionner @tiboae . ook oa oe nie we ode ete 712 
stocks, cultivated for flowers, etc.......-.-.--.--------.---. 328 
ee a em em A Si asic elope tp on ee mite wien AES 46, 328, 764 
PUL GURARGUCGINE Sha TAPE 0.305920 CASS ae be wee ceee wae 764 
Ue RW CNET eer ae SO Sk Soe eh een hn eee 328-33 1 
dandelion, unground........--. no ieee papell Bhs es ya... 652 


984 INDEX, 


’ Roots—Continued. Page. 
drugs; MBps hi. ian ata wane DOSTEMECS i: 3c. bawives Joxiem eas 46 
CTUde; 1. 8s, Py Ee ag Le ational we nin a ele oie RR ae 653, 654 
SGritian ee we Se oe Ralaine nude Ab oR ade phic Rte MR io diate ned 62, 63 
hop; for.cultivation. ....2.-s<«s..+-entedieiductedasUsannee 686 
imported. by. the.Government, ... «0+. =«-+.«¢+> 2=s2 Rs <n 750 
Sarsa parila. nt2 2 dsbus os a wns ene enna, A Mais eine nies eee 62, 63 
Rope ends and waste, paper making, n. 8s. p. f...........-.-..-.- 741 
, id G. BEWe an)nncam-min sewn miccnons a 8m le alld plist nin 683 
Rapa Bre oe aiccrenss chro takneeataet bea eg ae 445, 446 
COTON wisn, cae ieee Rigen cena eSeminar 387 
ofiwool or camels Dates cok ten ees stone a 445 
Rosa rugosa cuttings, stocks, and seedlings.............-----..-.. - 333 
Kones:‘montees, imitation Stones. «2. d4.nee pean ane deni eeeee eee 171 
PUI iia cna ccna sci SU asicosepeas eee eek aie ec eae rane 823 
Baweds . (52 JooW. Ls ee nk ee wise ae 272, 823 
Rosin, violin, in: boxesor CasCS.........0\ 2 «a> de old «sib eink Se 573 
Rotten stone, crude or manufactured, N. 8: pfs cle eee 785 
Roucou, and extracts Of. 00.05 <-.ca-.njenesnisign au bee nie . 599 
BRS VAREe PEF esstn Doce evade ieminse sme ees uae 445 
COUEOIL Laide) os5, ceeds aya oo hondalecsa Boceprtuneiea pepe beat el aie seletaeele aa 387 
of wool or camel's, hair. 2... 0.0.0.0 eececnnn on meine 09 0p eee 445, 446 
Or GANS GF | TATA G o.oo o:b'9 joes ceabAinon foe eyed soe pminans asi aia = 429 
waste, WOO sn 6s usd pw cla'o'e Sellen Rist, pecly = i lea zee eee 834 
Royalty, when part of market value..............-.-. PW Eh 857 
Rubber, india, crude, milk of, and scrap or refuse.........-.---.-.- 687 
vulcanized, manufactures ofjm:. sip i vestet ecb _ . 568 

Rubies, cut not. setiste eka see deel hed hadith...) -oe 547 - 
Ruchings ES cqcceyai sy mcejhimerssoi cnc oii a eyaiget seyaicbaeh etek cee asa ta a 501 
SOW lin sey mec Ge so. <.codeoss. noses aad ap ae aaa ill ag 
Fie 2) het cee a ie hae 430, 466-470 
Atrbusson and Axminster... . <..:.400-e--.e5-ene re Oheeeeee 466, 467 
Berlimes: 28 20 po beckil oy... 5 haan yndere Re Be ee 466, 467 
eork ‘carpet, corticine,..ete ..:-,4-.~ 454 sss, 5 434 
POEL Ome. Gass Berea SING a < voce teucpenena s, te aaa al ee 468-469 
flax: hemp, jite, eb pas ses oy eh acd sn on oe Se 431 
linoleum, oilcloth;.ete:.Gss 28. aca sh ee a ee 434 
Cre tA. Sof cic wo x aim Saesecs mpedenn,5,+ ad ae cs © 466, 467 
PTB YON eo Lae 5 5 oF pnotela ernpe wince 4: 01 mis fos ata cyte ol 410 
BUTT ons oie Oh ww SFO Bee me Haein’ » kpc, =) =. rane se 430 
Sundown he hes BS, BR oo Be give aed ne a 469 
wool; neh Pde, 6 oad lee nae ai 469-470 
Rum, bay Lah ee DOS oles tee dae Ge ROG Se Se 381 
Russian tunics ..22.. 9-42-08, ed bree Ae anne 461 
FLUE eniuMn s £2. Boe ST 6 od oicio jms minis a nincessip as oe a 689 

Rye and rye flout: M.hse Qe ees eo oe 761-762 - 

Ss. 

Saccharin sot. ee Sine oo sls a wks. on Rs Se 295 
Sacks, plain woven ‘fabrics, Jute Aran OE Se a ee 438 
Saddles and sad dlery;. leather...6- cc si2-8 dc 2-5 pd Fa ee oR 
BATONS Hee ES SN ise wc. wich bmi Sit ale ace a I ae 210 
Safflower.and extract Gfi2)4... 2.) |. 2176 eee. ee 52 
Saffromand saffronicakesnwigss. 0 <3 sl ee ra 52 
Bageses. at Sona Fo Soe ne eRe aed eile “aes his a de 273, 376 
Sago, crude,and:sago flour). .-lo . nu .beeeiam..e bis. ceed ee 762 
St. John’ s bread or heal seeds. a5... 2) nhs te cis ok ag 764, 767 
Sake; or rice wine.2.4.20 25.0, ghick eae eee ets site cee v8] 
Sab'soda < :tiox Joo wow iea'c Saeed renee cn Mie one eden 123, 129 
Salep, or salop.......... ST REAR AO Ae ee ET 763 
Paleratug.2s.5c oboeretue ea ake oe ae 123 
BRN cin: sStlust rons aes nvidia etos’. NN an tend eee 763 
Salolann p20 a.i. aul de seetaee we Bote eee 37 
Salop or mee Se a seule Sis pid) ha Re cede tame ee pee kai cae 763 
Salt. EY ee EE EE CLE eT A, ty ee 762 
Baia oS A BS ou cio, BSB a eon uaa 776 
Saltpeter, or crude nitrate of potash. ..........2.2........ e000 742, 754 


TODNOG.. 25 Bd FSi Ws a bk Pa peso Gates Sn dh oe 116,117 


INDEX. 985 

Page. 

OR Ma a rnin te AAR EE 120, 763-764 
SANUINGs 14.0 < fir hn es, CLO Antena bets 43, 916 

MEN IEIAS 25 cnc ommend att 233 
BORALIAANL heard an wire ah train ald wr pe als PEM oe DORE E eee ke 120 
chemical and medicinal, containing alcohol. ............... 34,35 

MON MRRT NO) oF 8 tah et ha arate cine nace nit ete en a who eteterate a Lae SSL Du 88, 91 

PORE PRIDN G/F BULA no on re etl ALAR R Ae eee’ Livers 88, 91 
OREN Sato. rac ecrah anc amer ahaa nPorsrara alata 'ntataleturetereMetetete tie & aeudle cei d Site 65 
eC a re ee ee EES |) 82 Be ee 123, 130 
BPOETOTIOS DN OTIC, <i pn ik erent e enna deer eaea seen pa ley! 37, 39 
gold, platinum,:rhodium, silver, and tin.................... 120 
medicinal, containing alcohol: ............... 0.22 eee ee eee 34 
mineral, by evaporation of mineral waters. ................. 719 
BTMAROLL OS 9 AA hn rte, ls eet Mee Ties 24 
PBN Ge aS. ANG ok SUR ron Ate ee set elk SOUL. ghee 861 
PRBEISCNO! PEA ee 4 a ee a ee 861 
entry. of, in bond. (subsec. 4) 222... ...... cect sees ee eee eet 890 
Beepection of PAs) SOPs! Rte GE POR SO oe 861 
pacing. ores and motals ii)... 200R0ULe uP ch De IL 897 
BRIO ee GAG ar Ad St ee Pe a ee ee ee ee ee ee mean 785 
iron or steel......... Viste tatet shh $. abe MAGIC cE ee ee Be SORCERY 197 
MONAZItE. 2 eed reern eb eee a Aidt ie Rls SR 246, 247 
PICO GES Whitin Ou nee gh we Eble Anne enemimete cette PEN 176, 785 
hewn, dressed, -orgpolished : +. .w.eeuee ss ee eee 176 
MMIMANUIACLUTED 6 Sse tse lin te eke sete see tee 176, 785, 786 
Santonine, and combinations, with acids...............2......-- 764 
NN GTING, FOOb 52 enna ens tik a ethane UE Liebe lk 62, 63 
Sen ALOR OPGDOCL Oo bs 2s Aken eta nwnsae temo sen. OI 185 
Satchels, bags, baskets, etc., with traveling, drinking, ordiningsets - 560 
leather or-parchment, n.s.p: f.... 02002 560 
Satin white, artificial sulphate of lime. ............22.2.--...... 97,98 
PRIOR 5s PEAS An De LAN ERDAS able eC te cksawen et daeeree 823 
Dawe or ere Wn nee teed etl Nebo oo Bo Be 272 
SRIEMWATCL Aa ct tat th a RN TORE ea eee ee eS 147 
RTD Bee kane c sis hss slate cote WG A eeriald s Wet ick hoe oars 321 
Paieeeres, bolopna (par: 667).-.2222...c.c20.ce.eestaccienec at de 913 
og Eee ee eee ee ee eee) See eee ee Cee ee ee Por See ees 903 
eEALOS BLOC) S55 < Sith. Che Cech cae eat heehee tee ee 186 
LO aS aa Pree ei kacreAiae. GALES SE 816 
PENTIIC Saket UE Lida bees che od bis Shake wc eee 227 
circular, crosscut, drag, hand, mill, and pit..............-. 227 

Ph@O DENG y..ci ce ste. sik Seckshec goss seb ccarwcsas sas 227 
BAI COPPel sinc. ett seas EE BA arate dw ane ete ee be ne hata 642 
Rew DeISs P48 ke sake eke a: Set eet PSS SEPP eee S yer nt AMA Be 217 
eaneaule K,-date effective: <i... .2 0s eis us seele SE 477 
eissors, shears, and-bladess-:.- 4.2.5.2 uit ee tcece ll ee sk ee 214, 216 
Pemne Dicks ..-o/ ss. kata n esd. ui nde eae eee Soaeas yen 140 
PE NRUARISIN So ne ent oon Botte tone esc SLR Se 229 
DintatiONO: Palkia? 22h s: SAGAR eee ee tee ALS 750 
Mien daak pan 2 bok a2) RSME PRE ACs obs 800, 801 
POPACCO CSO He see OAS Lian Eh Se bel Rae ae en A 302 
pereens, bamboo,. wood, straw, 0.8: Pp. f-s 52-5. 2..2e2e eal 283 
WOGrADish Podetasn see sauitte sek bancete list ne oar 469 

Screws, iron or steel (called wood screws).........-.----------+-- 228 
Bouroure, caste of, fom models, etc... wniccccssee ee eb oes Be 782 
GeGned. i eser Sas elac otis dese as ctcnse.cd. 2 GSAS 573 
profesional: productions: .2 i042 <.52.0ne siete as key 835 
Sculptures, copies, replicas, or reproductions, n. 8.‘p. f..........- 573 
pristabiary; originals. 60k Oe.) Ce ee Pe 835 

Scythes, shears, and sickles...............08.2...- pe ey i Sine 592 
Sea grass, manufactured or dyed...........20020..002 5 eee eens 570 
inne sweuoes Ap. fc. ok RES URS Re ie ros 722, 723 
Seaweeds, manufactured or dyed........-..-..-e eee cence eee eet 570 
Sections of act of 1909 not reenacted in act of 1913............--- 914-915 


Seed cane imported by the Government...............--.+------ 750 


Page 

Seedlings..... o by pemn eisteuna minnie pra pinion oe Be ene eae 333-399 
ay 6d Ac EE Se ae WARNE Par t/a mT Re le Ae OO Pe oe renee 333 
DTIOT ORG. 5 i6 0 a sive mayo Supig o-o.dunsetpaiounie aie otmionben tere tearioeaoaaa - 333, 334 
cherry, mahaleb or mazzard ..... ..-- ce -nernncccneadep odie 330 
coniferous evergreen: :iwiasias.aictc we. lecseilwece bate 764 
ManetiasnpulttfLores wic's nie sc. cniein acine «sb neingioleicla chested ann 333 
*POALs 65's PREZ eee Hew OE Awe sale Slnald v Bie bbe estes. «hie a 300 
plum, myrobala..' ssn. saerndnee cence annnhneeix > aaa 333 

BSG sl UIA) Sg inlet econ bie punto laanalatics bien tees 333 

CUUTINI.CG «= inna otk v1 casi: pos eiein wp ev sanncseo nese ia on 333 
ROSH FUGOSUs + div giaisie o's 2 + adh tHe ~9Rs! be aie ta 333, 334 
SOGd6: cuuws bipevte eciadiay seiaaea dee edilere Salaiohe semetes ames 46, 335-341, 764 
ATVISC og’ od cists Gil bb's ole ware eine Lew Ree KS Seaeianisc eo ee 335, 337 
aromatic, crude, drugs, D..8. DP. de. eo. ees ss a oe os <i - ee 653 
rugs, 0,8. Da ic. dive ncaarnnecece enecnn eee 46 

beet, (except sugar beet)cy. prescsescessenrne sre ese sane 335, 337 
biUG PTASS.. i... os wwe as adh’s wb ois nthe ts Os pei 771 


- cabbage, canary, caraway, carrot, collard, corn salad........ 335-339 
cardamon, cauliflower, celery, coriander, cotton, cummin.... 764, 765 


CASTOR DOAN soc 30 te ee ee eee & s e:hin. 9s vier ae 
clover (alsike, crimson, red, white)....................--.... 769 
dart in, no allowance for... 0. sressertce sees coe selene 335 
prover plants v0. isc a an <= sic nine shin v eigik eames ioe = odes tele 339, 340 
sus fennel. and fenugreek .. jc. )s2. 2-22 so. 2:2 bisie awl aie otele e 764, 766 
a Swe so. cease wiale eo ocu'e vk db oe'sla Be a td wie ek ss 764, 768 
prass, ND. 8.-D. £2. 1<'. sas 22's +s he wie Be mare 764, 770 
hemp and -hoarhound.. «2. «2 ss+esicdie seis be accel -. 764, 766 

#s2 Imported by the Government......-.....-.-+4-+.490eN aaa 750 
r kaleand koblabi.q.!.jsk. cs bes enh ddlee330 ae ae 335, 340 
wy mangelwurzel and mustard........% .¢-.2-\<: 2605s e050-= nee 764, 766 
SDs Su, Pe La . 4 seen ales ps e/s)e oie. Gee Sees eee 335, 764 
pu.not edible; drugs, n78..p.\f_.. : au: deen be equeen aa tema othe 653 
of morbid growth, drugs, B;:8. D2 1. 2.242 dee. eerie sete oe 46, 653 

OU 8. De Ped fp oe a ee Se ie ce te gi 335 
parsley, parsnip, pepper, POPPY-----------22-2-+se0-5- 85 ee 335-340 
TACISD.. Lic dace des esiee Wile 2o/eie.o's bese Sos sve eee ee 339, 338 
FADO 2°32. Sais in oon cc Gtineaceie sa vise TA e Sou eran 767 
PUA DAS 4 5 ae 5 sie ns 24 occ mins Sigs + silliesa Sewell Seem 33), 309 

St. John’s bread, or béan......-<. os «2c» sis bei ais a ce 764, 767 
BOPDDUIM «2 5s wii5 s'no a's osie-pis tne Shia s Stele meee bum ate 764, 767 
sugar beet.i.-...--. s:d-mne stderee sige seieier- orem 764, 767 
TUPI oe oa wacis on cyo cp a3ms ne, Gon salad cae ta are! gies cee a en 33D, 339 
Seines of flax, hemp, or ramie. . is. -..-5-.-<:'----5 ssc 429 
Seizare tor undervalnation:....-.-.:5..- 2+ +>-s=e=5 sss epee 851 
of obscene articlea:...-......-.---.-..--as hbase ae 849 
Selenzam and salts of... -- 2 22..s2 es +- dee Ee 759 
Selling price in the United States................--- ‘ o's-,- See 869 
Semiprecious stones... ou5 - ois oak acters wie he cing mele cases ee 174, 175 
cut: but not sets cas -sichs saeGibs 5s <clp ewisin s nieie ap eiak ye 547 

mot. cit for Jew elie ee on. s,s ee ee ae cee 174, 175 
Semitropical fruit, plants, for propagation.......................- 665 
Bemolina, Nik. Pilas 0. os ices smn he ft oeie ee ee hee 811, 813 
Peparators, GTeAMs bee os wa tb o's, es syle «eit eveeles <= Bae ae ee 629 
Serums, for therapeutic purposes.....-.--L.o2- 2h a2. 5. beet ede seen 600 
Sesquicarbonate, of soda.....-....-...--/.spep led ele i Bee 123, 129 
SHOWIN MACHINES. « jira wie cigd cone sachin ac chides ¢ 002 =e eee 629 
Bex tants. ocaga u's wa ones nb eco vie.n te ois ah aield Piers Serie « eee oe 168 
paddocks, in packages... 2c «set wshaccis aq. subidlclee . aap 357, 359 
Shades, bamboo, straw, wood, n.s. p. f..--...--2.---2--seeenceees 283-286 
epaftine, mill, steel. . 2.0... ee ste ee ee ee sf galek 193 
mbale coal... ..2,..... Peg ace does dictc seins she Romy. Qupteet a e 635 
Shapes, fur, for hats or bonnets..... 2.5.0. #..-o2% «sea 42 eee 543 
iron, rolled or hammered... ..<. ofcee be. Gate ene ane 185 

steel, pressed, sheared or stamped..-......--.---..-.+---- 193 
Bhavings, Cork... ... 2 cc's 36 «= +:<cleep eeteianeneaer dt eee ee 646 
PAD OL kee oisicinn coin inguin. are u0'5.0 5s pb n'a & ole aielp ee 741, 742 








INDEX. 98°F 


Page. 
EE OG Te Be TE ai ewe lo wnnre aeceae ns OEMOa~ ts Lk - 459 
Shears, hedge, lopping, onion, BrUDIDEs rs « Cane ape aay AL -.s 214,217 
Sheathing, eae OAS Rylan ene aiinid nara case Mk RASC Sins sud. 237 
Sheep. ..-- DS See ae pelea eiinhomtwshel «fe DECI ew nd 790, 791 
1 EA GRRE ORGS SSG a RAE Re Pe ae aM eee es 771. 
te, i cS i ate lasses copia amzsnincctsracinks ROME co eee 827, 830 
Sheepskins, undressed......--- 5 atislcuenalee eile Ob At et ewe) toe 2 775 
IS TE SSE SS ie teen 42] 
ET RIE Or ha SO a pin cele ThM 2b Bttonnee 229 
OS ES a: Saas DE AD es ae ee Ee 237 
Seen Bo Pu Sates Linest be dah tyekt do. be diuck. aloid sale 42] 
iron or steel; coated or galv. oO Te Ee ne a, 2 186, 191 
Le ofa ee Sh nn. deg be 40 245 
CON URES sed (00, eee ee aE eee ook tl wash elseor 249 
covered with, motthe! os osiisd. denledeicoens Ladessl cee 19] 
or squares,. willow, of chip, orass,, palm leaf, straw, etc........ 520 
NNN ae Wi, aoa bk och nso parcesity Saini n ss we RT 750 
steel... ob eiel Te NG) | RIBAS Oe ERPS LO EO So OER Tt 4 191 
A a al (Meld ee 0bHS orld: 261 
Shell, DEMO CRREEOE Bot. fr ei eet ann bos - aN 568 
NN ee gee a lade jethen x2 772 
I Es Se ERED: BE 5 et We OTS 535 
DPN CIOVDUY, oe cence He wd betbice we Mula. 535 
eA oe OE oe Sgn mre iw mie eee 639 
cut, engraved, or ornamental tt F Aaakle vasea ym coticiesyrustos?oe ys wen RA ea oh 568 
pearl, CPA TOL EID VII OS OE oon sa wide j Ronin dev obimaved 745 
men bonese 220k ek ed ero! Mies Oe On es BR UTE 617 
Shingle bolts, <0 Bee Ge ek es abeets Site 816 
Shingles, orien els. ac hisigseksie ks aie RU De a thot hi etal eer cia 2h 816 
| oan ges Coe ACMA ee eR 3 Pata ae 309 
NTRS TES The EI ORE is 0 a OD ae ERE 408 
Shirting cloth, plain. woven. ...-22...,.....: (5 IN Si Se eile Uyak Ne ie a eRey Rt 441 
Shirts, cotton, knitted, n. s. » | els Pay Wenatchee ee oe 416 
Shoddies, NIE IESE ly TET SSM RN IIE eee ES ees 34 
Shoes_....-. PE A ER EN ATE SASL Sei NT POE ORD =: Sea poate lgs .. 699; 724 
Chinese...... Pe is hh Eas i woes > A-REBEL NRE 408 
RRR i eerste tk OKh A Me lonecete Roe 408 
iron or steel, horse, mule, and ox...-.-.....-.-...-.-.---0-- 724 
CO ae Jugs sw 699; 704 
Shooks and staves, expor ‘ted, ‘returned as barrels or boxes. . ..-. — 602 
fruit-box, of American manufacture..............-.----- 79 
RMR Ns OL IROGG.. Tin Mn Div Selo cca aie we tiene en pe 277 
0 EN EE VIE A SOM 2 PESO NO By See J ae amen ar 277 
Shortage, sieeniico Petes neeaee..: BP Mee Bn bom Paton Se Bewtiah abe Te 
Per eee. See ee ash PON eR US AAS We spac entaaers 2s a 245, 
iron ev-etee! ie sec Se DIR 5 TO ar cee Mb 197 
EO Os SEIS See ee ae ROE ORT ere” EE ES 2 2ASy 
ee TN Se ican ene PETS GL |S SMe Rie SERRE Pre OF 8 741 
ieee nitres torrad ete S. 6. Seva bia. wilageuu. Seen ode 772 
Shotguns, breech and muzzle Same Lucier. Due wih es . iG 220,225 
mnovels, lang-handled s\n. o eee ee nee pee rue ae ih 592 
OY TEN) REDRESS oh aia shade cm ncn cdepenniny ce ncimecn nya isining eee mein 322 
Shrimps....--.......-..- Pid sees ahaa. 4 eis Ceara. bapa. 772 
NI Bs cha Sih wd. cbkwe cy Wenanbbener einer ewe wns FBMO bse. Stee. 333 
MIR MNTI UTOGE. COL OT OG EY cs ec sachin in tages Sine ie ban Bab 
imported by the Gowernment. 00.2 .4iosialw loom dtiw st 750 
Ee ROTOR, ONG SCATTER. 625 oecernte miter tines + sellin 592 
NS aes ERE, as ae en ee My SSR a ee Mev ere ORCAS Ts Se 217 


rns amie Mibrns Carths.. oc eben ngenens se Reee snl 102-103 
0 SIS DSSS ail ek lee epee ee eee ee BTS 249 
Silk. . 


artificial or imitation beltings,. cords, filaments, ‘ribbons, etc. 495 
bandings, beltings, and bindings, n.s. p.f......-..-.-.2.---- . 488, 495 
Dortine clothe. ..\u. iodine eulusin, Daow se Soh, waliics | louaitts 616 
Done. eosinge, ti. Gs gh 8522 2S8 Oh ot 488 
braces; a. 8. p- £W.....--... oo Maree Pe OS Sind wan ere incon o RTS 488 


qc 


988 INDEX, 


Silk—Continued. Page. 
carded. or Combed soi oy < «ewe eerete va-siece oie & tos see ee 478 
Chen bles. des sees ov QUSUR. UE ORO a eee 484-486 
cloth, ‘btitton forms: of. ies 343 vs swe ys Vw ow 6 cewieleiaae yee 524 
clothing; ready-made; Ni 8» Pf. «sn awe www wile eee 489 
COCOOTIB HY CA iG Pa etek wile wi Pate Nee ae eg i pa 773 

manufactures Of o...0 iw vide on ewww eee Swe se : 478 
cords-and.-tassels,> 1s 83° Ps£u wwe dy wine the A ahere = ol fae 488 
FLOSS ERAS INS. Qe erie air wig eR Spire asp ie 483, 484 
from cocoons or waste Silk.......0..20.-00eceee ee eeeeeeeeeees 478 
PArters, Ds 8 Dekess weve ea ews dele wa ew eaten tos ee 488 
handkerchiefs, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.......... 484-486 
hatbands,. n..8.-pitis.s.ecs ses ss DST HE DA “2 9AGH 488 
hats in part Ob Wool. Wed swe ein Youn sees es Ws dass shee sence Mra 478 
Knit-goods) Noss pi Bote us 2h eevee va vee eee nee te wee 489 
mufflers, finished or unfinished, hemstitched.............-.-. 484-486 
Nols)... VO) ea ee a PE I 478, 483 
OTPANZINGL yo se DOA ee detoawd series dude Re 483 
pile fabrics so. fe. Cary CUS EA 484-486 
plush, black, known as hatter‘s 2. i... .2s. 2 0k 22 580 
plushes aos s'uieinthn' seis wie oh ul qd guild 1 Ve wat dels 2 as gaa 484-486 
raw, in skeins........ ins Ged ed SCR dar re sande 774 
ribbons, in. 6) psf. Ue eae ren Cee deepen ae 488 
velvet or Plush 2... 6. eed eos tose oe Ss Se 484, 486 

SEWING UN. OS SLD wwe ee Jee bee Soa i 483, 484 - 
sleeve linings. ccsows.. Je iw oo eo aR EE ae ee 403 
SPUN oo on sig Uh aed Site ees ‘see SBE 479-482 
suspenders, 28: p.f).22..0nJceti eo ee ee 488 
tassels and Cords, Te -8.- PGs Bison joc a sete decicticie tena ne teen ae ae 488 
threads. or yarns from.-raw-silk.-.....2...-sc.cssccdeeeee. eRe 483 
throw! . SSS RS ce Cee ee ree eee eae 483 
tran 2%. cwecand OS oe eerie o odie! et act a Sat Se _ 483 
twist. cepod. (eA LL a 483, 484 
tubings, nia. pot.) oi ec tels ocd oe 28 2 eee 488 
VELVOU8s < fo.5ih nn Ss aS Mite an ate eee ie we ee 484-486 
WEEE is Johanne eaadee shan eerie ry yn te Pr 478, 773 
manulactures of é <\2c044224805 44 Sie ace wd ee 478 
wearing apparel, n.s. p.f........ siisel osa.eckye, God. Abdio dase 489 
webs and-webbings,.n. 8s. p. f.....40/./4.01..9 26820 eee * 488 
woven fabrics; n.'s..p2f.: .coi + 122.4 and Soe le ee 490 
yarn, schappeand-spun «ase A heeieiet . ace ween 479-482 
yarns from raw. sulk... 2... 20s bes aes 483 
Silv ae a yew soba te me dyna tana ngs ate Baa Gece dg ol a AE 268, 625, 739 
Ree Sea oes Sue ee Sp a dint ep eee ee 239 

“gimilitude” defined ta GA Ji eRe oes tuWdaowa ost? Sere 584. 

Siphon closete_22:< So. Soon elie ste we gh et 148 

Sirop Gd Orgeat Tyo Seow aw oe aad ae duh Oe oe et ene 385 

Srrup; fruit, nis. BI Le eee ee eee 384. 

maple wo 8 wrench Sage oe VO Se Kine alte ae Salas ha a and a a a 293 
Sirups, cane juice, melada, and molasses.................. seevead 289, 291 
Sisal or'sunn, cables and cordage.-...o'/yealo lige Lact Jl wees 426 

binding twine 2073 2 ea Ae ee ee 611 

SKOletONS 5 oo is Leis lad Sel esd Saas a de ain Seine es a oe case 774 

Sketches and drawings, original. ...- 225.01 is... sb Jae ae 835 

Skewers, wood, butcher’s.................4. Sha whe adda dik 283 

Skins... 7 P eis Eee ee i nat ee eee 535, 666, 775 
animal, with wool or-hair.on...../.. Asesersssest tee eee 537 
chamhols.. 2.2.00 08 acess Sis awe Le eee ee eee 557, 558 
fur, carroted 2. 72st /eabadwed. Poe ea fae ies sae 537 

UNA ress Vs 20 5 oho ws nle dic wie om aged wie a a 666 
gold beater’s:2.2 2.5. deed Soba ie oi eee 669 
‘Shides and skins” defined: i242 22.0204 Sb) 5.8s oe ee 684. 
of the dog, goat, hare, rabbit, and sheep.................-...- 775 
etiwild-birds...0.53 2 Meise. weed Be. ee eee 535 
or hides of cattle, dog, or goat, wearing apparel of............. 537 
Taw, D.-S.ps f. 220 tas Se Ne SSE eee Th cee ee 775 


UNATCROU eee habe lee see taneso et See eee eee 775 


INDEX. 989 


Page 

Mr, STOUT AS cide eee le ete re see TOS eo Sie e Rage TN 690 
marble and. onyx ss. eg Sn ttt ee tl ket ei yis bot 172 

slate, tor tablessii i. Fe Fe se oo Pee ee a OPIS 177 

steel; Bessemer, etC....... 0000 cc creer i foc coord tec esees 783 

MAO COM foe ne lee oc oe cere cc ocset oo eon tle esos 635 
Biae, Dasic, ground or uneround .......222 22 2bes ee eecosecis ee eees 676 
re ene ers od ne ME OR OE ES OIE UR SD ONO AE oS BS 177 
Decne aud: pamphictei: emp: f..i.4 bee Pt. a 513 
chimney pieces, mantels, ete: 2c00....c2ecccrcs oO lees. 177 
PGNCUR ars sont tie hl sree cs cei cbbcde ta eee 575 
POON S ise rower ore rece el teeter ccc ties Ve bdsen vets 177 
SiO tab GS avis dyer ened orto rs oce oer ees eee eA 177 
MMe eee Fes Sse secs to. Ie oS PP SIRO Cees 177 
Petre. DISCKSMUUN Beet a esc re da noe ees bbe bo EE 209 
Slides, glass, for magic lanterns: -. 0-0... .c cece ceca eee ee sede cease 165 
PGI D TS bid sO Sie ey osc ec oe hay ous oor oe rT CeO ES. 408, 461 
Geiernaizy- and WOO! ss f3e0c05 bee o hor crooner sis va 461 

peo cotton and.-léather sss. eas seco re ee rae eet 408 
BRE COLO cd 2 arto sesh sues rors rattle DD V5! 387 
OF FOVING, TAM IC... tes eersis eee IA OR 8 429 
PPI one sae De rd viuter here's oro arotottgto aimee oat ee ees 6 665 
Prine. Waste, WOO) 4) oreF in sae creer sia e ee eet tee 834 
Pe eal eee ar cata eke tet eel galas Mahe te "ear atea alata vlalyletel el Oatse Tne des 113 
Bmelting-ores-and: metals, in bond -2: 2022 eA eel ad 897 
Smokers -articles, ny 8.po feos e ooe te wee aa ees 579 
Smucele,-plan to, forfeitsimports:.......c6000. cee ve vee cee eee ee 849 
Wann fasteners) aron OF Bt6el. 45 62 och re ete oes hee 241-243 
PITRE NUGKS OLE res ev SOR o eee sere BR ~ 224 
PIED AL SING OUTS s rf eso eter eee aa - 303 
De no phon Sere EO EE NR BUR I Sea, 121, 675 
Re Sa eS He ee en ee eras it 121 
erease, fate; and o1ls,-n,, ai-pr de... BORSA Sy 675 
PROMO RIS TB ex hase ed wo pa been TORI a 121 

Be E OI a sii ar? nitnase pics RE ID Bee Gta ge 121 
ROBIE Rha Bact Serene hei huis ahs “alats taco 'p'alpteta niger tebe eee ae 92 
Boape containing castor. oth. v2. cere 3 PEO eee es 70 
ne kd Le OREN, core OE EPS 8 123-131, 776 
iat aly soc nik Soe 4 ak re Pa Py 776, 777 

Sei MRR 5 Big 5) tsa cy Pao oud ho KALA o>. mn,» OS I ne ee hoe 776, 778 
ariecate Ole. PFohe ss bees Nila ebay = eid: 2 AL 123 
Pier ponate Ghent ls NS TORR EAL IR OE ee 123, 124 
TIATEIOR s Cas ocak eae? BAe See OM canted Ee Pe BA 1238, 128 
Prt Of Nee PPI che ee centre ewes t ees 622 
Bratpiadd: BORAX s 6s rok8 5 dove tr eee oe he ag ees 123, 129 
carbonate of, crystal.............00..0-6 niin ds Naan iad COE 123, 129 

Parra tte ts 6 oie a Pa, 2 aL 123, 125 
Piiorte-of and. chromate Of; i seer. unre gs ase OPO, ee 123, 128 
erode maphate of+...2scecsoccb oes PAR AES 776, 777 
crystallized sulphate of, or Glauber salts. ........-..----+--+ 123, 130 
PTS © O80. $54 nce ek ne een tal. Ral ae LOCA 776, 777 
PAA O1 OF, CAUBEIC sa dae ohh var neh eae es eee 123, 125 
Peet ate tions heath tee pectrarcn dee SOME TO as ee Oe aa 123, 126 
mano yArateOf sero Kaiki a ees ee SL 123 
MATRON Choi d cis a AE AAS Sek OY A Cae 123, 124, 776,778 
Pere aeteeeh. Sie OMAR, Ck re, a nineee eps ee wn 123, 126 
Preestate.OF , VOUOW sce 22 sso os SL RG LARS AU a Daa 123, 128 

es I et Rete ee ce ee ec 4 tk AS bo Ee Ae nes S's Re 123, 129 
Besguicarbonate Of ses ves acide es csi ve ve sdaes bese edetsi wks 123, 129 
EPP OPE ee 2s a nw OR Ss EU NE So PUI A FR 776, 778 
Sulphate ofecrude? iso tk SRU YP age  S  S 110, 700 
sulphide and sulphite of........- 2.2.6. - ee ee de cee eee 123,427 
supercarbonate of, or saleratus.....-.......20-- ee 2 eee eee ee 123 
MURAOP ics FOES PSS ecb is 0nd wrote aap ee COR. Ue ae 385, 386 
CL rt ge ee eee Pe eee reac eae Wa See eee oe See i 229 
Soliciting or receiving money or thing of value...........----+- 877 


Solutions, PyTOXVHDs ....35 ss vais is seuss ei ewewece wee essen RA 44 


990 INDEX, 


Page. 
Somnda,. fish. 0 suse o5 a 5sc2 educa atie Be dl a pie pai cee 54 
Ph, BADuce «oc cee Va cgicd Sereeeeois eh et eles seamen 614 
Souvenirs, not for sale, exempt... .........2-..0 5. + senleleeiek ool 809 
Boy, CHime8e... ajinin'd ws .cieraielnre 0 eiwdiy ora 09 wie: leyaieie Wie le te 322 
CFR DORE sto Fo ois oc Lm anata pees use Sete nett oe skeet iieiiolt mane aa 779 
Span gles. c= nw niheie nae wie aid a <,-Vae's en pae's on Ne ed 517 
articles of, not embroidered or appliquéd, n. s. p. f.........-- SLT 
curtains composed OF, Dh. Ge, D> Lee ox 5 -'¥s «nite sohde ioe ee 517 
Spanish BROWN RR Da Bisok ois bya = 9 wai oo Seat Bene ae 102, 104 
1 TOO. DODPOTB. fojc'au cwels ive ss oot Sia eet ele aa oe 320 
Spawn, orushroom. : -dseyu a pow ciew phe tikc tomes ene ee 335, 336 
Special duty.(pec, DUES . oo. cone oss acs pe alae = 917 
Specimens of botany, mineralogy, etc., not for sale.............-.. 780 
Spectacles and frames. ioc vy ne bb gob boas tok i 164-165 
REZ. oe ss in disieeis. o's wieipinis gin SRS ghd eon eee Oe ae 307 
timeoiced ag barley... ...0- ods pee eerk odeeeke ees aie oe 814 
SPRTINAOGE yoo sp pnp ecne years so sack URee Tee aki 731, 736 
Spices civ aigdsWwisie eine aig. e oe serial greed be ie dt cw aut tancn Siete See 373-377 
Bombay or. wild mace. «sss eey cies o> se neh coerce be aah ee 373 
cassia, clnnamon, CLOVE... ...2---0.0+> => sin os eed ae 373 
OP RINGOF TOG ad se ance e See ewok bee he eae aie so Sn le ee 373 
pround OF UNGTOUNG... .~..05 ie wee re.cne cs eh ecen «+ as eee 373 
P NUEMOOS 1. sie hee > one ce weeks eee oie bese eee 373 
pepper, black or white, capsicum or red, cayenne. .......... 373 
PAU CI EG ih a dines wom ie wien sino mo gee wv ele cee ie ee 373 
BAGO ois oie wig oo wosiciw's wu do 50, cass oie ieo.e 2 eee ee tare iua ee 373 
Spiegeleisen ibcceck ie pip owinisios poppe «hws enedan scl ee re 690 
Sptkes, cut, of Iron or steel. .v. 6-2. .2000echee seen casas pee 724, 726 
Spireea plants ie races satin. meres aida gtk’ oukte ote ete te 335 
Spirit varnishes containing methyl alcohol....................--- 108 
Spirits EE Pt et ee en Me MTG SME NE So 378 
compounds or preparations Of... .-..-:.0-....0sdeadewesdsaens 380 
ur distilled, imitations of: .....2.../.22 scenes eure aad eee 380 
importation prohibited ...-:---. sep e ose eee ae 378 
lac (pari GOG) 0.2. see op. sss snes ules oe ae ee ee — 913 
manufactured. or distilled .......-...-0..+0«s aitnje' eiasweled kl tals 378 
method of determining proof of...............---------eee0s 379 
Prpotot, standard Fors... pin whe vost ose san ne oe 378 | 
turpentine, ViONICO. oo nee as eden y opwia neelate ak Re oe 804 
Sponge, THRE UIT od aradl sw rrainiaa! arid & wie bagi’ mua Oe 6 eee 750 
Sponges, bleached, trimmed or untrimmed, and manufactures of.. 132 
Sprige cut, iron or steel... 22. oc. soe naleneee eens se. ee 724, 726 
Spain klertops. gs cise cose pn cr os wic minnie oe Ss ole ne gee 263 
PR he a aso fo abit vag be opie ou wigs pis © eieoa gotten lace 6 Os = See 780 
Mpora'and stilts... ks. S ne ae kage ee cacce s+» daewaes oe 781 
Squares, willow, of chip, grass, palm leaf, straw, etc...........--. 520 
Stained ‘glass WINdOWS do. 4... Ss coe oa ce be Ae iene dee 169 
or painted glass windows... ......5.-+- ++: >+9<48-seu eee 839 
BIER. (ony oe bw ws apn oe chin aaa ees Aas gia ae 113-116 
ColQre, OF CYS; DB, :8)-Ds Toccksaee's secs veces secnssckaas ee ee 917 
MERIM TE CASCRS i Fs ne ic ce'be psec heeds cele rash rs octane eee 544 
Stampings, galleries, etc., of metal. ........-.-.-5---+2-8veid ee eee 544 
Stamps, postage or revenue, TORGION .. ... <5. ks ook oe es 781 
See Ies WO LEE. Doty Ore. ek ba Childs 24 cos ¢ ote ace ee 724, 725 
Btebote (hurt. 5 coos coc ies see eee ee pala oo Se ea sie en 57 
potato, and preparations used as..........-.---------.+--- 372 
BOMIGIB. 5 oes seas Laeeae execu’ 4a ac cease: wa ae 59 
Mintemant of, Comba is Oi ae, eee waiak 3 3 3.036 <ehaee 855 
Statuary and sculpture, interchangeable terms................... 573 
copies, replicas, or reproductions, N. 8D. fod utes <te ahs 573 
for. art PUIIPOQGOS.. Ao ok casts» od ves cas ve Hed ees Dee 782 
or sculptures, original... «<3 4datalee ke us lee eae 835 
professional productions Re Fee TIRE RESP 5.) 835 
iatues and ataluotted..... os ss +ssw<s.0590<adenseaeaansns ane 145 
bisque.snd. pariah warleusd ae. ia suaehs to -Gduge nai eee 149 
CATINGDWARC§ mio na cance sacceesssane 40044045 cea: OS 145 


Status of minor while abroad...........0cccccecccccccce Bi ace owe 810 

















ee ee 
a 


INDEX. 991 


Paga, 

Staves Se oeC exported, returned as boxes or barrela. . 2... -- 602 
eee ells cea a ever nnn ary cin Sees a ID 2 I Ie EEL > 816 

Stays, iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed.................. 213 
I i ee 737-738 
hh ci ht hs hehe prune cheatin nb eno PSIG LOST 132 
INR BILE APO os cc ine ese  ERGOLL Bal... 793 
es a Lee Oe Si wen DE 178-205 
. abrasives (grit, shot, and sand)..--......0.20.5c22022...22-4. 197 
TUMOR tick neg Sith. tw als dick sa 3 2 maps mnie ve > DOS MIL J 178-183, 193 
eed Je. manufacture of. -<.-.-..-.eleruen hug lowes - 178-183 
RMI RE SB ee ho fh oR gal 188 
RMN Rca ioe ede rg oe nis eicse Heke Oo Kt rae eh @ OD SEPM A 185, 
Rien, St SA ai an en nae wie MOTILI .E 205 
NMC AOR EE AT iran gs Scape lc ie n= eer ag s DOV ETUILY. 208 
ball bearings and antifriction balis...........22..2222.2.22..- 188, 189 
EEE CR a mies one ey Sk em Cee BS 190, 19] 
PO MELSE COURGEL GEE aa dt omiw ee) ~ omens ener a BOSE 685 

IG pate a ear in rniatin nee le eee pheh LS EAEL AUDI SEO 227 

a Sic tard ahs tem spicing el SLAVE ILO SUE JRO 2 193 
Rl i eR RAI ob ene ne dem das wat ninte x pied ig He < l 761 
beams, aah avid bulb... stop uiee 10 . Penne 2. etl. ey 185 
PeBessemer, open-hearth: ete... . .~ 00a < oe ed OOM LOU. JU Lh 193 
ME igter Pe ye, fa eee a eae 193 
BR MNOIET OC 6 wand yin bauunion Rade nis soe a DODIG.UUED 783 
Pen OG BIS... eee UE BIOL Molo. Lie eed. im 193, 783 
UMN UBE Dia aan Can Rha an can oh knee SEE IOLA TL 186 
Pelee BOLE bigmig.'. 6.0... S.8 So. tvedauor. .balsurele 209 
boxes,.exported.and.returmed...-..-..-.-2-22 J2SU ik ae 602 
Puckies. trouser-and. waistcoat......-----. .. eee BE 241-248 
RMARROLEDE STEEN he ia en aceon s Vand CRA Rw ee ee ee whey se ee 185 
RN eh i eh eS eke Rane contd adh otieth whit 423 193 
LL pc RPL. ches On Renew ea cn wens we cces Ou & 212 
MORE GREE Seis Lod tnilis s nein ahem ea tne enn ca csceed 185 
NN Fo KAA woe van gan s+ 4 OR TROL WBE SOUT Dl A 241 
mre SUPOtE., ESOUROIDOE- CLG. oi ik on ect nen cs canny en ee Sol 783 
SRR RI TERS SUOUR Cea eo 4s ee a PETER I OT DW NOD. Ys 193 

. corset clasps and dress steels... /.-....22... 202.220 5i2 22 Lee 198, 200 
RNa APE Dah wee ee eee ot tet ee es Oe Chk ME RoI ot 209 
PeRRTINIGDS Sih a darks dahec eos «$0 RN el, $2. g bes 186 
ANAM LANCE, oo ieee oe kk tt be veeciapcisdivetacelsd 198, 783 
IESE yok shihrdie de TO. SOU NU. Do) 890 83% 783 
discoloration or rust, no allowance for.................-....-- 204 
drums, exported, returned. ............ 002.0 2l oie l le. 602 
SMU MONINES Sew. JE Ss aah e Eas ose Lees ce tel eee 783 
NT Ng NG? a a Career ere eee Te eee ae eee eS 241 
SRTMREG ON BINGE: PEER Fin Lc vs 2 oie vw denron ees cand EL 19] 
PERT eyed Na Ur Lt ie WR ekwick th ve ves keds oe seen Ue 213 
Re DURAYEG A os ah eth, Set YER eth t es ER SRA RESO RES Si 783 
orgings ees the Sep ease thee rs perce o eek see oerdadeceg Soot 188 
ENE Ur Ne OUR eA Wenn cate ceed les tea ss esse ohne ae 185 
DIMEN. St Ain te ere oe I AL. JEBE OUR. 185 
Pun-Dorrel molds. . 2.00.28... Ul ag A DID DO, GO, ORL... 193 
CMEMEMMANOIGE s 6 aoe oa sc lke dae Wh A tat aeke YA 193 
Miss oa Dh oe Lk ess te hes CAS Se a Aes FE PR Oe 209 
hinges, finished, and hinge blanks...............--...---...-- 209 
TREES a ees CRA EAA i s.ps cs sitnalbns srsrag da enn OOM 19o0 190, 685 
POG RATA COVEOT: CEG Se sci oie cients oe eee cet a UE 685 
hoops, Mees oe Wena cease: iteasses 190 
PPOs MaEMOTRGE |. OLE 5 cis o/c) A uypid > de we wR Chie are Cd ST CUEIN 788 
COPE CTACIIIG CO O4G oan nig a> coc teers oa cake CUTIE LO 193 

NPN eva i ke bes b4s sit bik ts tees civ tavsic nhde adie 185 
Pienwine tutes.Of Ge Pails cues cigs cee ks genes chee vemos LUO 268 
TIGL MOM OF TRORMOUOR. .crecacnsicecdacesecrerseqeapvedoriil se 204 
Site MADRS a ae £6 0c ced cage 20 dhs os 4 keg Chu Rau da po HOE 193 
Ne MB ail ork, 5 9 Cle ued 1 eb 09 oH AUMOR ON DOLE 186, 188, 193 
PASTE Ah Gh irk. aie thee Cov omesedasscad caaces nev ture dh 124-727 


nut locks, spiral, and lock asiiors aay olen e sera en's te Ie en 209 


- 


992 INDEX. 


Steel—Continued. Page. 
nutes:or nut blanks’. 10. nev air. Lonard . Teattoc i eee aa 209 
pins, hair, hat,. 606 jh. <.ais te wasnmas 4 btn pe ee 252 
DIPCS oi SS sie re one SENSI, 2S. SR, Pe es 213 
WL BOG haste Gio or acals mw ninte Seta ne aie 2a = 191 

OTIQTANV CD «i. cnie own. 6 900.0 30.4, 95\nin ne be sb baie a ea 225 

for: bonds, Cte 2. skcbssareisin ores win. «0 o & ote 783 

OT GS POE, BE Oa ae So 8 on sam ied ake ie eis ee 226 
processes of manufacture... . .......-.. toss -UGS.,10 2 aoe 205 
Talley Tat}; punched oe ona aie phx meted am cia oe ole 761 
ribs, parasol and umbrella............. 10s: 5st Wieeee 228 
rivete).D. 8p. foc .eks oop oly ce msy nce bee mo ie ieee ee 226 
rolled wite.todsix. 205.0... Gees ae} > 2 193 
TOller DOSTANQS «A. ii. ain ms ,a0 chm one o alm « so nim 29 aera 188, 189 
TONS "ONGTAVE 6 a ont ann we oie Speen ee owe = = ee 783 
rust, no allowance for... .....22in5 ells. shee 204 
BESTS oo ois Scheels «win ho wikia tc eae te = wh ee ns ee 185 
SAW PLATES... ccd cee caw wace come + amine shel y, de mbd ellen 188 
scrap (refuse, second hand or waste). ...-...---..-.----«+. 48 690 
screws (called :wood SCTOWS) ..~....0-0%00-+ +20 sce c = cee 228. 
BCTOL . aicbine we's acl nle ore eo # wine wis b mine 6 ate, pine een 190 
shapes, pressed, sheared, or stamped..........----.--.--..--. 193 
shavings.or steel wool... . 0200+ e005 510s (bei ee oe 196 
BHCOTS. fo yor ew oe Uw se Heclale Being mie cries ws aan Ce ee 186, 191, 193 
COld rolled 2... ..nnine's oa 00 acmea oe sp bis a 5 ae 191 

or plates with other metals imposed..................2-. 191 
pickled .or cleaned ....... .. ees -- 200+ e+ =o See ; 491 
planished, polished, or glanced...........-..-----.-s-0 191 
shoes, horse, mule, OF OX........«s<0... Lub vich ge-bih. e e 724 
BOA VES ole ale oe db dala ale deieje aia'a-e » ond ORL Eee oan 209 
BROW ea clean gino pmnt Caer oe em Were s Sen ee ee _ 186 
spikes; Cnt, Misapat....< es vind sep eaenuer recut ae: eee 724, 726 
splice’ DAIL YS. .wis ‘sais 5 a dpc ie cancn w Were Os Wn late a oie 191 
Sb is Te aah ae top iw 0 wins oe bet oe oui sien 2m a 213 
strings for musical instruments. ...........---------+--- 2s ae 570 
Strip. IS Oe ep nae ec vte wele-n aes on nnd SUR anes en 198, 200 
strips, coated or galvanized ..........5+.s-0++s a+k'sasee ene 186, 191 
structural shapes, assembled or manufactured................ 185 
BUNS, 571, Besa F.\:<n0n ore aia-aie visio 6s mutlaveh 0.5 Sule ates 5 226 
swaged, or hammer molds.....sssseeseee+s+-+-- +s eee 193 
WP rallsos 02 6 ose e oa 20 Gals ee pienso & pues od cle ee 761 
taggers, coated with tin or lead... ...---- 5: o« + ---.-- 1seeeeeee 191 
tariff designation... ..... . ..... . <ul. @ ace wie | 6) ind = ee 204 
ties, for baling cotton, etc... -...- «s.> ae > selene seen 685 
tires, railway. Car. ...-- een eed eyerecescese = 0 = oe nn 228 
TONS 2a SS ile bee alee HEA Ot oe Ow oS oat ee 209 
tools, ‘tracks... .c.cccesccse nee h a sems © 5 ¢.0.0.0 = ope en 209 
FV COLIN g 0.5 Sy on decent vc ee oo 4p ooh ak Sine ale bee 185 
TUDES = -'5.5 5% sina po oe be phe bein c be cee be ve pee ee 213 
WaBTeM 25 is. w)eia. 5 gn 5, ales ere. presse,» nlnerpec don oder ea 209 
WEOGQOB: vu cucucwsepeeeceeeretsees predsars cece 209 
wire; fence, nail, rivet, and ScreW..-....+:.--:-.+s5esey eee 197 
round, covered with silk, etc ................ Jee Eee 197 

wool or shavings. .....-0eceeecerert+i ch ee cee + == 9 196 
Steels; cutlery. (see: Knives). (so. - 4 s-e555 sae eee ee -wivess 214, 218 
Steins, chinaware.o.0. 5.5 o5 sce. e+ ceestabdoscsst ee 149 
earthen ware... .ieca>ccreaiciceust ass ts )eg ss: nen 145 
porcelain. . 52. ve¢eses 2 oese rears § <n tee 149 

CHOI 52S Si. eee para t Bk terahael ‘eeeesvetei: +e: sen 46, 535 
artificial; n. 82 Péfsius Week. S222 bt ses etc e  . ee 535 
clove, unground....:..--.-<-- ~-eces 724 oc aes ee 373, 375 
drugs, nis. pil). -.5 5 feta aw 5 Cones eve ay te 46, 653 
ornamentals. Joc. 2 24-2 - 5 cies tne oh a7 oe oet> ele 535 
TODGCCO ¢ fy haus Che heen ee wba BOOS Ee 802 

SUETCOBCOTIOS Sa o4 4.4 <in nntnjenis 6 ann mes cea cus gneiss an ee 167 

Stibnite containing antimony..............--+-s--++ sna. cee 595, 596 


BUCK OATES. Hy FFA winialns nin, scs.ein epsoncccesn eo aed gig geet ele a 319, 320 





INDEX, 993 


Page 
Pam nOr tishing TOOS: 2: 2x sc22i 2c ereeicscieete eee eer ck late 823 
gor parasols end Sunshades? i 7l0cfeckeccsciste sess. te! 581, 823 
Pr MINIOUAR eye cress Sees a tek t eet asscdeya sso! 581, 823 
eee S CHres. cuLGry b Sone ttc) See's thee S24 See £252) 823 
of hair wood, orange, partridge, pimento, etc............. 823 
DEIR UPS ee oscicc 3 eke ae ecg Si cry ss eacc este ets sews gl ek oes 781 
MIRO Ee (22502 osc e cesses ech Se cede eos eo TTS Se S. 499 
NE Rel ANG DE a coe ecco cr sceca tes OO: 414-416, 448 
elocked and seamless, cotton -......6. cccere eens ieee ee. 414, 415 
cotton or other vegetable Herons ss Pers ters ees ye 414 
selvaged, fashioned, CLEA Sait am, ene PE SE wae 414 
wool, n. 8. p.f eA EC Pee Lee eee eee fos. tae A, ces .-- 448, 451 
elocked-and seamless, 1:'8: pe fe oc.2. PA PS 448, 451 
Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings (see Seedlings) isa... 2232505 2 POO. 333 
RE SeO 2 Ure tome seer ee. So oS de tree cee 4 SUA, 176, 785 
and sand, n. 8. p.f....--------+2--2 eee. e eee ee eee eee ett 785 
Bast colon recs esiees cecereese. <A PENI BAP Pali 785 
SPAIN, 85 2 oo Pick ph oee ir ere eles Sede no sos see eee 176 
BEIMLOTION. =e Pte eee eS oese cd st ee SOE is 176 
lava, limestone, and sandstone......-.-.-.-.2.2.022020-000- 176 
Bmvmtaniitc plates seco eeo re oe reed oe ercs2. cess cesceo gh 225 
Beerenta: or building. 023 tie ecgaesaetc foots fern: 176 
etree ted ice eee bie ot SAE Pe EO ie, 139 
Ese ase Pts SS te ie SIO MAS SS Ee SOR FS os aah 785 
Stones..... a aa ae eR id a ee ac at gi ah ha ES 547-551 
CGS Perens atc olor hears hr cee ek SSE, 547 
Ban ree rannaniienes sce s s. iveas Searle OL OIE 651 
muenonds, cuts Tougth, or uneutse sj of eget OT Se PP 547 
flint, unground RM Se Sie oh aed RUNS tA are ey 662 
imitation PIGCIOUS ers PU e ees te oe ee ets Co es ate 547 . 
lithographic, not engraved..........-...--.-.-- Fo SR PRS 709 
precious and semiprecious; Cut, not setso 7/0 547 
semiprecious, not cut for jewelry REE SPD SAR SOSA 5 as Y 174, 175 
(TET CE A Pare Pee a Paice, ©, Mie emer ei ae Ly AEB 547 
ip a USES AIRES Gh Tet SAGE NE 5 RNG Do ce ea ee 529 
eR VIAxe( DATs OB4) 6 see HA rt ait wipe eel 913 
ee PAPI CUP LE naka Ope 383 
RS TE Sa ele Fe Le 5 Me hale ae ae 2 a eee ae 210 
wicking, cotton, woven, braided, or twisted...........-..-. 417 
ne Nak Sm RNA Ce aT Res SOE za 341 
blinds, curtains, screens, and shades................-.---.-.- 283 
braids, laces, and plaits............... IHS ARIAT Y Reo 520 
Ny Oe ee. ee ee oe a 660 
Peas METI Cheney Ute A ete eee 430 
BEMRPCLITOS Sr BPP AS LAT kth eel kel ee eco ee 566 
SeUREMMAETCE LATOR ie He ie Bre eR ae 430 
matting, China, ane Bnd Waals Woes fi ee ee ee 430 
meaning of $eern AGRE OE Reie NW el aes OTS 566 
MORON er Ce ee A a tt ee IA PRN 520 
Stretchers, parasol and umbrella, iron or steel. ...........-.-.--- 228 
Strings for musical Msirements nye. Patoes Leese. Pete eee 564 
Bree eee, SAR eG iene Laie th ete Sh AA Li, greets 570 
EER es re he Seen ee = ele, oe md st ON ne ee eS 403 
SEEEIEMIITIMDE oF te he nema s ead Stoke sts AE OSS Sue ks oe eee 229 
RRR eae Se AR ERE AN SARI Se Soden ete Ds rere 237 
Horn, unmanufactured - 222.2... cepa. eee ee es 686 
iron or steel; coated-or galvanized... 2.2.2.2... tee ee ee 186,191 
MickOlsees thst wes eet tenet cate il pe *249 
of glass, including those for gauges and magic lanterns. .. - - 165 
Strontia, mineral carbonate of, oxide of.............------------- 787 
Strontian, RO EACLE CR re oe ee SS, at CRANE St Ls oe ey. 787 
Strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia.............-------- 787 
MIRE EUrveniiritic ates = ke Utes RAS Lk LES eet 788 
ohne AO tna Rc a SA 525 
(SRLS TR sR EAE Be hele eed. yar aid Page, 3 se ae Ba 226 
of agate, ae ivory, etc., n. 8. ar anges eh. arr bee irs bik er 525 


184911°— 





994 INDEX, 


Page. 

NROTAM osu hoe ies ts ~ ak teen ee oie ae - J+ se hare ela 26, 913 
Sabyatatn tes. sv 6 os « PLS vee wins s abewae ae eee 313, 370, 697 
PRACT win hein a fc aie is sh Gace oe ee eee 313, 314 
PROD a tig Se oa et ae ee See 314 
COMSS 5/3 :-8,. a ~~. sds. 9 Fer eee mht ies aed ee 371 
COPK cS ea ei: ARR wat gaits Sayh iceman eee 529 

for cocoa, DY ber a, 2 nj oianee el /aia mi ay aa, Kanan, we foal 370 
lard, and conipoanie: PE erate ere 697, se 

PAGIORCLEVE soc ees os c= cn ee lesa ell ase 

PMBAN  . sant Ns = aa. \Oe Fi peso Rite la ae ae id how's eh Soe ‘i 989-997 
administrative regulations....... .\...-.....- feStins bats 289 
candy) 28. Pal cy ex Oe ey rheviraat: eam ME SE 296 
coverings, dutiable. .. ....-.L. 64 22. 2+ .aeu bees Bie eee 296 

Cane Loreeedds. 3... cs. 0 dam een ae ket pad Chai $a ~.deqegele .. 764, 768 
NMANUIACTUTOR 2 0S ae ee ee ale 293 

color, test repealed... -)- - is nin, «ome, -,=,)2 areas eee opie 289 
draindws ANG BWEODINLE - i. oc =i ,-y- <himptir, 5.4 oe me aes cn 289 
PlUCOSe: OF PTAPC..- oie aie a, i 8s A 5 void nic aetna 294 
machinery for manufacture of-...- -- ~~... 6. «<-5 <6). 2 ene 591 
MAIO, oo 5 5 ase in's <0 em wih ininie. 4 alale un inl in ote pila Pe gigiee ineen ue: ae 293 

Of lead. twenties. oho Uh. Ge ee oa ol 26 we gee 107 

OF MUR Se oid S oe 28 ow. oe win wae ne oe Beueane nee en en 717, 719 
Suits, cotton, combination and union, n. 8. p. f......-.........-. 416 
Sudfothr yodc, . tciak ooo sn: o/s stiein pie wwe onkem = ewe nee hee poe 737 
Suiphoacid or sulphoacid salt... ..3 602% seb). oe ee 916 
SREPHUraAN Ayy Ovals. S-p wlat gs a oe nee ee Jove e ee 
Sumac; extract of..22 64-2 ss os 1c ees ces ce 49, 50 
ground or lnpround .......... 5... daniwewass te sees ee 790 
Sundries, druggists, n..s8..p. f........+...+- 25 <>.= ce eee ee 566 
unenumerated articles under Schedule N .........-.-- 583 

Sunn, or sisal grass, cables, and cordage.............-...-.-.-.-- 426 
SPUBSNAC EB o are nS o's vie ss es Hye ected Shagey ~ eee eee ed Se 581 
ptieds for... ee ais -b-- o bee ss sks eek ae ees ee 581, 823 
Surveying instruments. 9. 0.0.08 2... es ees we 168 
Suspenders. =. -. - 9 dos oh 0- Sale ss own Bes oie ee 417, 488: 
COLON 62 es. Pe SR ee oo se Se ola oe 417, 488 
silk) Nie WaT as ee swe ies w Sie ee ee 488. 
wool. or wool and india rubber, n. 8s. p. f..........---.--.-- 461 
Saeaters; cotton, knitted ym. @..0.E5.can sent «amoeee <node 416 
Sweepings, gold and silver.....-..--.-- Sis wile we 5 See ee 739, 740 
suger ah Suissa SL wiale Sam Bikep hou Sie oeg es anemia igs: mien 289 
Sweetmeats. Ee Pe ss ae ee we Ny 347, 351 

VETIOL 2 od Soak Vale we wie SUA wise ein 6 cle BS ets ae ee 7 

Savord blades i: ho). 5 cw con 2 om Sis oh lectin apt ale c's ee oan 217 
[dy ORTIOB Soin nao noe son ti wee She ee ae ee 218 
Suvords and side arms.......----2..cbs..Jccts deuweeecae eee 217 
Jaane aoe MAZAITU |, > 5 ais Ho is eh erm ee Sects <r eae 594 
CAMPDON iecets co eed eee eee Shedd acie sc Hae 57, 58 
indigo, snq dyes irom: . < ........- ~.'s> 4s; = pee 688 

odiferous substances used in perfumes. . rains ne nh = a eee 

pearia rubles; tos s. 3. 70--n.< we cree ie ee ea 547 

kw 

hepaile, dron: Or She) ices apap ied oe mee cane ee ke a 761 
Table damask cotton... oo 0.2. Soee ce see ba =< kee ss aoe ee 420 
Tablets; Braille; forthe blind... -2-'.2-...- bem eeeeeeee 620 
i. ar naa irs mel rg ee Soe ae SM SUR POAT Grete 35 
Tackle, fishing, Bis Mass daa y oe hice ts ere Ee ches os ie ae 224 
Tacks, cut, frog or Ateel nce. Hoe enc ol nth a tt ee 724, 726 
Tailor’s chal S79 ic ein ip’w*e nomic hin ocinly Sete > Specie Reean> ee Sa eee 32 
We ok he pak iam De ene oad heals ee ie sae ae 210 

Tails of wild birds, importation pr ohibited. stint eee anes ako 535 
Gade STOUR c= Uae ass ke Sok Soe atm che «x ote piel tek eee 132-133 
PPMPOUI (R982. css a ele ws 2 Og keine da kes oem eee en 132-133 
crude and pnerouad <2. oc one co eee ee’ = aan eee 793 
POO W tia Son ek ve ee Ae oe os es ae eee ee pene 793 


vegetable, not chemically compounded, n.s. p.f........... 675 











INDEX, 995 


“2% Page 
NRE 5s panting e's SM WS Reh hd es < SSL 793 
Tampico or istle, dressed, wage Ne 2 MTN LT Sa OY Ra ae RE 444 

Pine ai Deke Hi besh rier) 519 sens 2ie 670 
binding Ee ERA RET - ESE RE i ae 611 
Shima COREA S Li sen eine. -oetales dived. ete l el 426 

ITs agg care ey, mara o> Hic Se Dl Ses U oes . 289 - 
SMILE AIR ON Ch tes Joa eae soak test 22 678 
@eneeecyunadrical or tubular... - ...<)....2. nee St CLAD 213 
IE RISER RED as Loo Spat ined ch wo = 6, 11, 13 
RN ale an en gn eek AE ee AMG 794-796 
op Sa See awe aaa TARR PRN BR ute 3 ile 183 
RES ee eee Stns Weta SEE Solin ae PR ae ol 692 
OLE ke te AIR Be) A hoe tye wed oo DEUS 178, 181 
SIRE CREE IN “SERRE AON eG a RS OCS ES ae 533 
Maes; of flax, hemp, or ramie, n. s. vy SRS FO MBE L: 435 
woven, peshinestiah thrgiles ic" 2...) <. utes sae mondal eu 433 
i Fee id ini ahs anda din, when Sagee dad ona as 4il 
SE a 2 ae ne ee ee 796 
Tar and oil spreading machines. .....-.......----..-2-2-..---.-- 629 
I i rk an i sm perience xa AT 797 
IR IRIET 5 Roan aan dS and pins Snidteerinyni nem meed 638 
EET Ce Sa 2 SA a ee a oe nee, 5 C 914-915 
Tartar, se nee can na Saas ee gc x oe Aina 23 
I Ar Soeuetctanomas: a3 417 
NERS SERER SER EE TNS Bora sn cain, ge ee dilvsat 14 488 
ee EY SETAE iN SS ae ele ee BS ree Se In 461 

artificial and imitation horsehair or silk.........._.....-22..- 495, 496 

NE Si ona oe inlney 20S «da aaa» Hi act ' 417 
peenidem plants, 1.6. p-£.-.<-.-...---.-icedese ee 0. eee 798 
nae yt aS. 3.1 eR ao mes. be yaa 29 

~ Jabels, paper ete 8 a yan Seep 514 
NE AE os nee dh can didn sa awamannesocen 676 

_ siftings, sweepings, or waste, for manufacturing purposes..... 29 
EI ae, Scr Bo ae 6 Sr gn am win « dA oR 341 
Teeth, natural, or unmanufactured.............-...-.-.-------- 800 
Telescopes. ees gee a cea a bndooss Gan: 39-bit Bek 168 
Seen CosOnt COMNPORILIONS 6s ak Sb oaks > Jone. He. be en tee 152 
_emenee animal and fich. rn. 0. pf .oscets cess ewes. lesen 614 
NE BOE en ne 2 A ee ae Ee 191 
SES REE RS me en ee 37, 38 
Terra alba, not of gypsum or plaster rock.............-22..-..-+-. 800 
ERIN Sere soy sa as'a = oon sna a~acnicendannd 809 
ES oR ak ee pee mn 410 
nnn te ont oetelnehe iss cag U2. Jsuks  sasstesd 2 289 
EET Se a San hc wen ene EME 61} 
Testimony before appraisers and collectors to be preserved bn eis igs 867 
NC RRCATINGN S84. 2 25, 5 ee StS Std aU cease beeen. acike 41, 42 
Textbooks used in schools and educational institutions..........-. 620 
SIEGES CP ALDOUS oan os eels ee Jeeutisbuns de 670, 675 
earuemmctiory, ot for gale. 24. .6 2 ogo cannon veo dc leon e¥ eo 756-757 
EEE SS oe a ne a a 249 
i Se ane c cde oldie 246, 247 
uremia GF act alte Of. 2. cl. 5 cee coe ee wes enve see 246, 247 
Thrashing Cet Ae ih oR Ai oe ke 591 
Thread, 0 ES eS a ae ee Se ela sicertes 387-390 
EE a ae ee ae ee Sm | eee Fee 390-392 
RR Fate as 2 ee ke 2 oo ow sb oe nie ss 168 
MOON on nn ds SUMP 1G -2'skG wae? 834 
maeads, artificial and OE CSET Re Sie Ee ORE el eee ey at 495 
Bex, Komp, Of Tame: YaRDs sob bn dnc ses djs gene ens Sede A2T 
horsehair, or silk, artificial and imitation..............-. 495 

Noes eet hs oh ort cess Cra i a eee o£ 239 

I ee ar. Cont a ees CE, Chee wales abeatihe 483 

en Sis eka « do a a oe hae @ ines er ev'e Ds > bee & 427 

ee NSA Sp per a ap Ra 37, 40 
Tes, iron or steel, for baling Se ee A ee eas wet 685 


NNER nae gS a EUR oe ak va wilwis ta tee 73 


996 INDEX. 


Page 
Tights, cotton, knitted, 0, -8.-p. £2. [Goi siwisloncacare vite ke 416 
PROB. hs SS ste hn Rie DRIER FO Oe nb tee 136-137 
ceramic mosaic, etc., decorated, embossed, enameled........ 136 
PAB ii os 6 mh woh CW rks ee ela tect tas ner gene 171, 172 
gold-decorated, hand-painted, ornamental.................... 136 
opal or cylinder G1ASS. i. ccm Se wn wie Nt ete aisle rae WR Bs? 5 
pavine, marble .or ONYX 6. .2s...~ ss been. ee a 172, 173 
pill. cacs'snteewe tn teh lan 2. eek 136, 145 
PEMD OPO ia en ig mwa < ten Chie a Mieda yt me nc 816 
logs, round ; hewn, ete. c.g ocrk on ke cc ie aot 816 
red cedar (Juniperus BOGAN) wiih Lenawee Siate oa 823 
Ship jn vss isa. ete 1s ee vain tse a Mevesks Vina sao a te cee a 816 
Fimo detectors ck oils Wee a Re ee 254, 256 © 
TERRE ES Os a Seti acs i cha ne 191, 800 
black,oxide.of. 22s%0. asain nea Bape lowee g Wace eae Be) 800, 801 
in bars, blocks, Or. pigs .revs-s sitter Se «3 DARDS A eo 800, 801 
OU PW Pe De SMAI co Vahe Gte hy TRE ks sorrehate tac Tango jatag ton bY oe ek ioe 800 
Plates cess y ciate ceeek has cen igs un varctatth ol ceorututicnonn oA 191 
coated with metal 05 i ie RTI 191 
PO WHOLE o.oo pier ase lta yataPuce ane banc te tree ght wane ae ees 237 
BCTADS oan Ciny ete cen he eee ee ne ‘ar ar cncianabaect ance oa 800, 801 
PABOTB 2 ae eis ek ste eho ra cre pee ease sendrwite nes ob Sou BEE ati te nde 191 
Tips, cue, leatherusd noc. $s. a 561 
horn, MNMAnuLachured eo rcce- ctenes-taeats eheras vanes oe 686 
lava, "for Durnets oii de reer iouer dod eo 153 
penholder 5 eR OT MAEMO Ns OE ae ee 251 
Tirefabric,-cotton 30 o... 2... oR a 417 
studs, ‘automobile Seco b anprecettaecrohncn eas a tin GRP one i a a 226 
Tires, locomotive, iron or steel...o..:..i0v #14) a ve oh de A 225 
railway. car; iron ‘or'steel;. 2. Aap ee 228 
Titanium oc 352. Ue OS eee 178, 180 
POD ACCOR oo a oe Cecrase re ratcstartnta/ar ales apeeaneeen hays nag a 298, 304 
exported, returned :') 5214 S200 300 ee eee 602 
filler, nee. pedoie a. oo lieth oat 298, 299 
mixed or packed with wrapper...............---.-20203 298, 299 
stemmed or unstemmed, Nn. 8. P. f......-. 200 sees nee eee 298, 299 
leaf, product of two or more countries mixed.........-.-.--- 298 
manufactured or unmanufactured, n.s. p. f................. 302 
pipes) clays Pisa Se Als oes ctr ay nin Rt aeaitcralan nee 579 
POUCH |G Feo a Le lik ic ae ate Laveen deere ama 579 
regulations governing entry. .........6...tee cece cece cece 302 
SCT 0 soc pone vas ave sare et erni'siavign wera at cima Gia! etrguay Ghana ir aia yes ei oe ta ee 302 
UOTE cane mn 016 ow arent anne erws ene til ore at at cate Sa Le steat CNg erttea ree 802 
terms ‘‘ wrapper’’ and ‘‘filler’’ defined.............0..2.000. 302 
WIBDPPCD. os cnislatere wel ae tives hetietee wasted see pane 6 302 
Toilet articles of persons arriving in United States...............- 809 
pastes, powders, and preparations. ...........--.--------- 92-94 
drawback-ons U0. VP OLRAE. QR s eee 899 
soap, perfumed, unperfumed,...............2...2-----200- 121-123 
Waters oo odes sea ee A oe et ee 92, 93 
Tohdine....285 chy Aine Meo ee nig ae ee ee 43, 916 
Tol balsam ces Wolece ee J ard he RR DANS 
Tolutdine occ nc ey Ad bee ewe ope ae Ee ee 43, 916 
Toluol oe pO di ee net ot a a ee 43, 916 
Toluylenediamine? 64. 0. s0ccesws Pees aero ena eee eee 916 
Tones, blacksmiths. 5 72.0 fe oe hoe es es a oe 209 
Tools, machine: ¢:....:¢ cess ess rewdarr nde rirh eae oe ee 264 
of trade, ‘ete: ;-of immigrants. : --2.c.0: 07052224 82, ae 756 
track 00S word et erase ter Oe eee 209 
Toothpicks of wood or other vegetable substances. 10 Oo ea 283 
pyroxylin and eg 1 DAE SES 283 
Tops (wool, hair, ete... 052 200 b2 sel Pa oes J le te he 445, 474 
combed i: oe ier te pens eee cb oe eae eee Rea eee eee _ 445 
hair of Angora goat, alpaca, etc... . 2.66.40 5 262-6 eens SIE 474 
Wihinintan-haied sa.2) 22: sage «SRA Aan ma i 542 
sprinkler, ror .0c ise deer eon a Pe eee 263 


Tow, flax,and hemp sc. lo hOGA to I i oe ae ae ee -- 660, 662 © 




















INDEX. 997 


Page 
mee ials, COUR.) esa Best es oe SES AS Re Oks 42] 
NTIS CUNT CR,, es ag ee ge gD oa 421 
MMe Aig Eiken lawyer pstak cde knee oi cet oon SOEUR 530-531 
EMA POAC MINCE oo. cae we pscnn cvs eS eee Lupo oete 630 
Toys and parts of, n.s. p. f.. SAIMOMNe Ee 74 E 530-531 
NS rs ee Sn so cay a he CPSC T ee 149 
bullions, india rubber, lame or lahn, tes eus pole: siz 239, 241 
n.s. p. ee i da TT a, ON 530 
ftineel ware,.etcny2 iia: . ede lee: Pe EEN HEA SEs 239 
MME Cares vaciuite s fat gino os Woe os pO STI I 145 
Trade agreements, President authorized to negotiate............. 879 
eee ONO. More er ies Sotddetdorde yy  Golelioliupers 563 
Treaties, not to be impaired (subsec. 7).............2...22..000.. 892 
ote. cme oustUoS, shire) vil edie: 20. 333 
fruit, stocks, cuttings, and seedlings of.............2......... 333 
imported by hieGoyvernnient. ic aicvisiri ge evolu bos. 750 
BrmnenGN ts 30.5. i 22 Ok... he) oh ven td nee Rr deco 333 
eeermrs lace, Nog. p.f... lee. wl.b ati ad sept aie 551 
ououlhorn ordamess 2. Wid a oo. battived noice 28k 240 
RRIRITISULOT SS Ee ain an So canine cance awa daonub. * ey, 168 
Tripoli, crude or manufactured, n..s..p.f-2..- 000. 60.2.0 785 
Troches, MEMS at Pee Me an Ss en alvin mae SL OE a een 35 
Trolley poles MRGEA (Gigi Se oft Se = op ish cae ion SS DES CRA CIES g 275 
SLOG Ss Pies xe loa woe Soman de hoose see Gel ele o oe 717 
Tropical fruit plants for propagation. .................222222022. 665 
ENE hh a See cnet ho om ay SOE ES SERIO. NS. 317, 318 
PeeMI Ith, SPOOF Steel. 6 sevocs, Ges tess it. seeped. 185 
Tubers, roots, etc., cultivated for flowers.................2.2..0.. 328-333 
Tubes, ‘putt-welded and lap-welded o; 3tiisatoe. bs ke Bea ag. 213 
RMON et dada an eo velo, CER a a Su WURDE pid wie ashes 263 
OE TESEOS Ry pone ON ieee See Ue gh lee a po OR ee aD oe 153, 154 
EOS TERS IE, ES SEE rt eee oo ee eee es ei 228 
iron or steel, welded, seamed, or jointed................-. 213 
or flues, corrugated, Slisee ete Lee mete ate rea cee see 213 
Tubing, metal, flexible, n.8. p. f Pee thca weve Peerrseteseees feiss 213 
Tubings, silk, n.s. p. i. Cet OF ie aN dag de oe oo eae end A ee alae Ska foe 488 
INE EIS er aang Sree taeh Cy eed eek SES PRS Sate ees ih bol 
ES ae ope ae ae ae Se Cae e ae reeves ecole 328, 329 
Tungsten or wolfram metal....... MAS GRAS ORS ie es igo 178, 180 
PIETER TAINHUTeS A iete PROT ones Shee iw so 802-804 
MMBPRTIMEMIRT) S020 Poe oe Pot coe eS. ae be ee are 461 
Pee orks Hind NaMMes. Perel s lol ese Oe aM 570 
PE reer eS Foote tp aos eS cos SS pty Fe pater gone 804 
ferpentine,.Venice; and spirits of - 2) crocs eee es comes i 804 
mureio.gkin Or intesuments. 05) fon le oll ele bee os EE EEF 615 
Fo EN angel a Rate Git a Pee Sage As i ei ge air Fin ae Nh nat ~ ai | 805 
2 TE EE SRST Nel Pies wattle eee Sei ak opt Aaa Bd aia teeie Piegs ae rae A 20d 4a 115 
eoeerivory natural state: 2.00. tk ee Re, eee 568 
Tutuila and Guam, Islands of, tariff status.............2.2....... 5 
ETE ESS Se AU lad A on hat iain a ee ica Seabees rae pe 267 
meneincine, OL hemp, istle, etc... se Si eo elec oe oor. 611-612 
Be aaa. PES BR Pe ee ee ee bere ke 517 
wepindmehairand-wool-..<2if2s6stes iota reves 827 
Twines of flax, hemp, ¢ Orvamicuyariv isso ss 22 Rae, iat te eee: 427 
Type for use MEDIA 58 Sc es eer cesar oa ee A ee 620 
TEE ol S Bs St Zi a gr me a BR ae ea tea et oah a ig 253 
antimonial lead dutiable as........-... eos bak Secs 897 
mean, eee es sore OLE ee VES A eee sss 3 ire bor 805 
ete VA ee ee Se Ue er ee ses a eeiats 253-254 
RAT pitid Sy. pr Bac noe srsrosires aobeexes 1) amended 620 
Pupereeiinp MachiMess. 2 lool. a eee rere s e De P< 2525 629 
PM RE RNID RI NS as SoS Le aR PARI. vee eS 629 
Hes 
TEETER RV CJ1G Mtg fee ot ee he A ae, oon ny mn eric cesar wie 99, 100 
MPR EMAIL UTI DCL CALLNG: cee. on co s oc. ,0:c « c,cn0.0.0,cc00te ties inte aes 102, 103 


998 INDEX, 


Page. 
U mbrella ribs and stretchers, iron, steel, or other metal. .-.....-. 228 
Lisl s+, eee en Coen ge WR eS 581, 823 
fr bO8 one sckts el sie as ee eo 228 
Cites bre lnggeis, 5 5 a 5 ek gt ney og cca lee eg 581-582 
Umeboshi, umezuke, or akaumezuke.......-....:.5....-.-.--.- 322 
Gindlervaluations kevseiaaa oe eas ere 851 
Underwear, cotton, knitted, n.s. p.f.-....--...-..-2--.--.-202. 416 
Underwriters, when. consignees...... .. sb ne es ene nedee 842 
Unenumerated articles under Schedule N, Sundries. ..........-. 583 
Uniair competition ssc. - Fie. ie eet Soe 923-925 
exports of United States restricted during war (sec. 805)... -- 924 
imports prohibited by proclamation, penalty (sec. 805) ..--.-.- 924 
imports sold at less than market price, penalty for (sec. 801)-.. 923 
products prohibited by foreign countries (sec. 804)--.....- 924 
restricting use, purchase, etc., “of imported articles, (sec. 802). 923 
rules and regulations by Secretary of Treasury (secs, 803, 804)... 924 
unreasonable preference by vessels (sec. 806)----.--.------.- 924 
clearance may be withheld (sec. 806). ....-.-...--.---.-- 924 
Union suits,.cotton,. knitted, n..s..9.1....2. cet ia eee 416 
“United States’*. defined ..<.0. . 2.42 2a 5 
Upholstery goods, cotton chenilles. 4.2... bessloee a eee 411 
Uppers or vampe, sboe, leather... 2). i 699, 704 
Uranium, oxide and salts of 2... iascd uh aaah, cae en 806 
Le) 5c, ee AME nee Onl Lr Lem ERE NUNC crea ESN 37, 38 
“Usual wholesale. quantitios’’........ scene: ish eee 858 
Utensils, etc., enameled or glazed. .........-.-.--.------ Reenter 222 
hollow ware, aluminum, iron or steel......-....-.-.-.-- 222 
hospital, kitchen and tablewiall jai (nod) ue. 222 
philosophical and scientific. ............22..20..2..... 747 

: Ws 
YRASCING VITUS os Un ae chic ate oe bee wae oe cn ee ee 600 
Vadidity.of protests, ..0.i05 - 3. titan bya tot ge 864 
V@NONID Sear. ws. ao ante win blars's se cine a's ko 0 cent diene eee 806 
oh OR UTROTS < wicia js 26 awhile mm dapn 5 RE = rd pee = aie ees ieee 796 
Welué, BPDTAIBET «6.5 Nie neck ac ak 3 ox Ce eae es ee ty 851 
component material of chief, defined. .................-. 583 
MMA L EE oct sic gai ecita cies a «tats Scape lak © kee 869 
BREOTOD.. 5 voice cos ode oc oe Velie fee 851 
WOT ROE. 5 oho tess bon cohen Shee tae bas Oa Be oe 859 
CI@DINIGC: sh ae he +e ak pet dan ns 2 ee 869 
wholesale. 20 oS c'-n ce « scien nee tale a 869 
Vamps, ehoe, jOnther.iijcec: scsss et ee ee eee a 699, 704 
Vandyke brown se. 2, eee eo 114 
Bie” pL CC pe a er” “Cnimas a ohm dh Matt 134 
Vamiltavcasesc cr. ce cue ee ee ORT Fe 544 
Varnishes, spirit, and gold-size or japan..........-......-.--.-. 108-109. 
Vases, alabaster, breccia, jet, marble, and onyx.............-.--- 174 
platinum SRE aw, bcos eee sah ar ci LN a ee ee 750 
STOTIOW ANC oo onc ino Gscie wo dw ote io hie bm ok &. 2 ete a ee, 145 
Veal, Ly ot ene Sam Ee SGOT RET 713, 714 
Vegetable substances, Co TsS, Pik. ae oe kas al ee 722 
Vegetables Rioceleicimnn ale aichalane tt Tocca ea okt aie Meee as 46, 319-321 
Cul suieds Che eS occ yn en cin cates ee eee ae er 319 
drugs, Pl Pas Piste 8 enim in bas tae 's'n Sane et ee -- 46,653 
gin their naturahetate, n-6./p. 1-2 ...bonpee.s sega eee 342 
parched or roasted 200.5 ok). «we ented test eee oe 319 
pickled\or packed in:dalt, ete 2... tens re oe eee 319 
prepareds. s1 osc einai i noe Mil ok Cn aie cr Se ane 319 
Weals and Vetlitiva: (2. = 21s. -ie en nhcisuk wate eie anti oh eee eenene 55) 
RUT ean ois ode 2 Suse eae: Pee os Cas ee eee ee 745 
Velveteens, cotton. ............. PI eae NE Eye = REE 409 
Velvets...... PE ee Ee GARNET NE RS 409, 448, 476, 484 
PLpaCAMAIT io 5 oh ees ee Meee ec eo ek 476-477 
Angora gat Tear oc oF Piao ioe vlan 's oe see bmn Oy oe 476-477 


UME cir as hee ene oP) ae cae cia ca eae wwe oes ae 484-486 














INDEX, 999 


ey Page. 
ME RCHBIVIONND Aaa gs Suiele Sys a hs ed Ke Ss bwaldanaepabsisey « 129% 27% 
Venetian red, n. s. p. ih RE Pek OER BS pete”, = Se Oe i eae 102, 104 
Re Sa oo wy ay ww vn gid od vue vende ded wey 2s Ae 2 365 
EE eer ee ee eee re eer 615 
NN RR Ah el hassle han os « s byGUBK CH ath Gah Wiel «Khas ERE 309 
Te ae ME DG ae ne oie sire bb dF +4 vie. + JES See RS. 110 
NINE in, ee o> ovr pm = Seteeentanei n> Peli cs 2 «Sl 110 
a NE og ee xd pie ep rise pun Bee y+ Yb xed «He oh ORE 381 
ia 18 Ey 5 Fie Ae Saree htep -BGeg IME Ae tolii ewe - daisies 750, 889 
- American, discount of duty on goods imported in (subsec. rye 892 
proreipm wat,eupplies for. «lea bei. wowkvends Coun censs feb eek 892 
naval, materials for repair of, free (subsec. 6)..........-....- 892 
or tanks, cylindrical or PE Hn CONE nS aR apt Te ne 213 
platinum, CBRE CT SAT HENS: Rip a a eRe eR 750 
United States, discriminating duty (subsec. 1).. Siete elas 889 
wrecked in waters of United States............--.........--- 892 
San RPECTARI Eh SY Por Be Waa s ig oo pe «REE 416 
go as is Las eos yb pis 2g at pies 4 Camere 154 
Views, landecape, eic., in, United States, -..6.4 si. testis eres 513 
Vinegar ne ee a ks al b x Deic oly Wieles-pip o8-<'6 4m, to ST 378 
Vines, PmCICUOUS S00) SYEIOTORD «oe oe cy See e gh 4 dee -- 5s ew 333 
Virgin Islands, tariff EER SAIC OG AE apenas aaa eT 8 6 
Virus, vaccine....... Sain SOS nin on Dino nigne pi ag MORES ecg el elnd gis 600 
IED Ne aos as a pepe meas a AS 496 
EES Pe SE nk has ee wan lm gb gab 6 aid EIS 615 
ER as CONS Go is rin Sein eb ule og + vy sy ob He ote iS dE 97 
Vulcanized india rubber (‘‘hard rubber”), manufactures of... ...- 568 
; W. 
I Ra ohn ON eS ee Sil e ele sees ty 2 3 o'2' Ss HERE A 541 
at eect a isin ieee ss o> ws bois ees gaan ek 312, 613 
RMR ta 0 eae cy Ahn ontieathrs > PAsd> Hard see wye Guide - Ue +5 529 
Muuionvened, not edible.) . . < p4siw-a4 - sede fs ins donnie oo ous 806 
INP IES Dec hylfic now oF ,a's win « ava <~ bys d 64 Ao Sie’ ele Da PRB aa Hoe 816 
NRSC Cc 2 to eek Being. 2s Eis sti s me VE AW SRS tb idie 591 
RE Ore eee Ro A Ss Se RE. 25 et 581 
ee Saal a ce eee x vols a a os o/h < Sore and ah um eee 823 
Walnuts, shelled or not shelled... ..........-...-25.2-4.20-05.: 362, 363 
Wares composed of platinum, gold, or silver, n. 8. p. f. . 268-271 
Warehouses, manufacturing and smelting, bondedi,..ccewt 22h 895-899 
Warps, ee he ee ee ae 387 
Wash blue, containing ultramarine. . 2 wide. oes oe a eeoueOarS 99 
Washers, ere Oe i) RR: ae ek ae ig hy CES 529 
tgs te AH css A Noh tvnc 3. eechts cart aaMehne 209 
EE OU he aha ae iad - ofa o Sis ein'gines eae ae eh eues 78,582, 834 
baceing.-naper making, n. 8. p. F. :. 2 -./-20)sis feeds eee ee 741, 742 
IN NG og nay we bic nance ce +4 -=«bUUNtesisneetig ss oe 834 
TS ES er ee eee fe cok as tha th As Shajs beer Be 834 
ean wt aly on oe Sila Ve emg ad sh et eee He 646 
Rhine ae vegies akmila Sense neta es kos bes tx CO 648 
manulactured . sh soissis een ee. beeldeine sues ee oon Lauds 387 
flax, hemp, or Fadia anndncaigl ties hig -/3.sek Aas 2: steak: oeatten 741, 742 
garnetted, RE lc wn two Skah oe ween Se. 1 ee oat 834 
a a a ae awk Ly'Rs ba Cale wae coke COON 17 
Hemip, jute,.or flax... --.-~--, NS iA necie Wide tS eR. c bli eee 741 
jute, seg, tow, for paper making... .. «.-..2.+05..-22+--+5-- 606 
material in manufacturing bonded warehouses..............- 895-899 
ERT ERT, ig Swng ws Xin aa Sah ona Ans woh et 582 
paper making, fax hemp; jute, B.8./P,1- 4.0. <s. «< = AOR aee eS 741 
ORO RPOM ES Ae cd's aac xs ath WANS cet Suck 834 
rope, paper making, Mai. Bs bass oo ane ae cle ea ORE AS 741 
RN I a sn. 'a wine a wim ws OME CARTAN olf ERT. las 58 834 
ee ee Meer crics Lire fiat. SWlth tae aOR aitet iad aise 773 
Baramtactaitieaiol achiev dial’ gisin obiawal aseded. <2 478 
REISE WOOL on Os tore ee i akan) Ree 834 
‘ tea, for manufacturing purposes... ...........-.-.222 eee ee 29 


thread, PROP Sad ca oe cE aK Fare Oke wn eln’e ale she a cka ws 834 


1000 INDEX. 
Waste—Continued. 

top, Wool pF. 5 Meee ee oe sae ee eee eeu heuer 
WOOL yi ed aes care te ona s Rs Php DEKE S Sd ae ee 
VON, WOO s ctceeecas de creda e FF Aras ists reine oe ihe 
Watchcases 2 vs sass eaa vas daw tee do esd he tt a od Dale ae 
and movements, how to be marked............-.--.2+---0-. 
Watches and: parte of: siosesaied vs pests eu esl Vatu k Ue 
Water, bay, distilled or compounded. . sven wes Lae, 2 
fowls, neesps Fi Pe tye lea baal oe ee 
mineral, artificial, imitation, and natural, n. s. p. f....... 
soda is A) ABS POE A A Te 
Water-color drawings and sketches, original . : ede 
Water colors, copies, replicas, or reproductions, n. 8. Dp. 26. Sua 
Waterproof cloths 586 CU AA Rl i ee 
COUON Fs ae ree ee See es EIN Pek eRe ee se ee. © ee 
PATMENB.. 2 os ee FS ie SO ne was 2 ee as eee 
Waters, floral or flower, not containing alcohol, n. s. p. f.....-.... 
toilets: asst eb Ue eb Teese Eee St Se eee 
Waverly shortbread.o si 9s os verse ts 6 Peis LSU eee eee eee ee 
Wax, manufactures ofn. 6. p. ht ole eae! ae. 
matches... 505i es és coasss Fae vos okane 6 32 eee. ee 
mineral. 22 SSP Nad Jl) oad seen Se POI 
shellac. .°- os 3-Zhs See Sies sabes veo Ma Oa 
vegetable or minerals: os ssvieraed cones doce. ee eed 
Wearing apparel.--.s0 eee veheerss deck veeas ea 407, 435, 459 
cashmere? is fede Peles b5 be cae eld oy Se aes OM oe Pee 
cotton n. 68. prh .) os. o. bisa cs s oe Sages des Seen os eee 
or other vegetable fabric, n.'s. p. fii... . 22 eee 
embroidered . 2. -02/Stuav. to ee a Se a 
flax, hémp, OF TAMIGI al Ss oe ae alee 
“knit, cottons s.6gisedid 66 cbs Sea cose sae ee es eee 
WACO fsa seen hiacheasidssabegs cia case ses cee eee ee 
models of, discriminating duty (subsec. 4)...........-......- 
of hides or skins of cattle, dog, or ere 2 ec PIGIUS A eA 
of persons arriving in United States. shi vees 26 Paves Sennen 
of residents returning from abroad..... virgibecs [2a nee reee 
sulk) -ns 8; Poteisis: adeae ke cos Fogo deen eeees ee eee 
WOO), 8. P.- Fok fiidsccseere seas bees oswast sone pes ee 
Webs and webbing silk, n) 8. pe fs 205. «2.2 POE Ce ee 
flax, hemp, or ramie, n. s. ee i Wht  Meplea' Reee 
Webbings, flax, hemp, or ramie, n. eps fis 5 2 Lee ae 
wool, MN, 8.-Ps fs soos.se sas Vsdads Pee es dese ke eee 
Wedges, iron or steel 3.65563 oe n se Le eee 
Weeds, crude, drugs, . '8:-p: fi-:3 fs 3-228) deeds beds oe eee 
manufactures of; 0.8. p.-fo = ise c8ee estos. s BOP 
We@iaimite .s i.5 ose 2s 2 sess Teed seg hae de esd basa ee sa eRe 
Whatébone, manufactures of, n. s. p. f......2 0022.02 22.52222.082 
unmanufactured ..-6.csesessecsussscessriessbalees 
Wheat and products of, n.s.p.f..... pesdibsctavas seine seeee eee 
and wheat flour, Di By py fos eederecists¥adrsseewedseaws 
Wheels, emery .20- 20 ccecedssdeaadcedcuscedieitiiseby tame ieee 
imported with iron or steel axles fitted in. .............. 
railway, iron or steel, imported with axles............... 
steel-tired, railway-s ois sae eS od nee Fae ee eee 
Whetstones 27 52.05 tvs s8sd denen add Headey pee eae eee ee 
English ‘blue, water of Ayr... s00il 22.5 ss se ee Re 
Whip g gut, manufactures of, n. 8. p. fc RUAP Re a ee 
unmanufactured 1121.8. Dolvead TOO DR 
Whipcord or whip gute 7.0220 ree ipl Je sdut ted ee ave 
Whips, sticks for.020...¢.. 224. 2. A Ree ee 
Ww hiting and Paris ‘white, or putty...) 10 ac vs scans aoe eee 
“Wholesale PUICE ann Paseo worden ae ce ee Oe 
Wicking, candle, lamp, OFr-StOVG, COLLON.6 «hee 0.65 Sa ee ee 


Wild animals imported for scientific and educational purposes... . 
birds, feathers, heads, wings, tails, or skins of, importation 
prohibited ono 2 4221.6 4 coe ex, 0e Re le ee 


807 


823 
. Til 
869 
417 
598 


535 
373, 376 











INDEX, 1001 


‘ Page. 
Wie ior basket Maker's tse... io. f.c. ect ttle ee 280 


sheets or squares of chip, grass, palm leaf, straw, etc...... 520 

cory lie BONGO gp Bia a tglied i iN iC Aaya cpl neal ally aaa 280 

OE i ah tet BR liad ty Ta a ac la ds a gla lid ae alas ae Aa 280 
Windows, glass, stained or pociee wa tal gc ie arr eg ee eee 169 
eer retnmer On PINPCT COVGIAL 272 °.'°0 "wy aes ee ee cee - 381 
lees, Bee ets on ee ane ne agente 23 

iy aA GA nee ei lacie tay te Oia lia ety a aaa mie 384 

ren ee a arpa ie ar lg al AN el Dd te ip ay eh ae 381 
a le tli Si i Ay a a aan er 381-383 
allowance for breakage, leakage, Or ANIA © 20-1 Pea 381 
es cP lit lag ecstacy i AA EN ACh Mt 34 
containing more than 24 per cent of alcohol..-............... 381 
een tnet Vermals .:7 ste Se Ee 381 
EMPRTINC HACCH LG PES ee Molec eee ts 381 
pe ENR a TES ¢ CHAS TORE Ao le Sg a ic lt een ete 381 
Sete es CLGICONOL In 5 oon Ves af as ee Se ne oe 381 
SE MEE 2S PST, bie Siok ss ole eRe A SM RI Se ee at ae 381 
Sl Se BAe Re SSAct Rl yd Nae Ree el Sle aorta ele a tau 381 
INTIS TATUS® 2.0. okie a ose cee See eo et ce ale eee nek 535 
To ora a sain A Wiajaisrola leek Batic dak wae cee as 198, 814 
memmrinerwoner, tC, 17.-Ay pe i... 2 chee te 239 
ee CoC ICT BAD cai ala ic pe aka aha Aree 814, 815 
brushes, potent OES Vipin 8. Ae ne ne, See Ne eee er ans 523 
INNS TETANY Gh ee a hn Ck hom ome wae Nh 210 
drawing, grease and fats for, n.s. p. f.........-..2...2...... 675 
Cae ee ne ae Oo, Ve ra WEE TE UCL R St 198, 200 
eis SSUES ao cise ty a A olla kad d a aera Meet 814, 815 
Eee ee eet. ne AMS Uae cnc aelete 198, 200 

for SELON RIE ee Oe, URL ON eee ER ttt Poe ee ae ees 814, 815 
A OR ori ce ig Sh So ik Ic | aS ae ae 814 
SAMS WR EN oe Vee UES oe ee ete ore ate 814, 815 
eae a cho RRS ag BS Ey iad a ee gE 202 
EMIMETCE AIORICISCR Le ona eo Sots Sree te te eA ee 198, 202 
iron and steel, coated with zinc, tin, etc. ..........2.......- 198, 199 
Mer ee tee aad RAR seen RL RCS ee 245 
ae I) Pg eS Soe Se a a a ee 198, 201 
RE Orley sent CRs ln ee yi se 724-727 
ONS Sa cory Seep a eee AG eee Sa a Sila 750 
Peeermenee, Natl, yivel; and screws... .22. 22202 sel te OF 

inc luding i iron or steel bars.........-----.-s+-+---sce-e- 197 

ON CLET (eee tae St a Rh A ae ie erate 193 

Nai See ae ee ek ear ee ate 198, 202 
round, except gold or silver, covered with silk, etc. 22....--- 198 
PUGINOP SEDC betes 286 tet aelte ewe att Se ee ‘198 
MEET LG OF. streets See lL, TA as Sa gd ‘202 
PPITOM OF HtCO) Jesu sas ti is is wet ete tte, 724, 726 
feicemph rtelephone, ete s. 2... le 198, 200 
tinsel, lame or lahn, gudiarticles of s0ye se even cx sis 54); MOM 239-241 
a eee ee ey a 285 
Withdrawal of goods from bonded warehouse, duty on.........-.- 901 
Withdrawals from bonded warehouses. ......-.-....------0-0--5 871 
MRIPURO OT OSC te hiss 4 ee ees reel et eh LA 815 
Wormraim metalic... 0.0 lee ete eee: EA ATL oes, Seek 178 
Woman, married, political status of. ............- a eae 746 
Women, residence of, married abroad..................--+--++-- 810 
CS a gs san Se en ee 816-823 
PRPS PIAS COSIS, CLC. sa eed i ea iwen sta cesee tite’ 272-275 
bolts, handle and shingle ee ee Seen eee 816 
box wood, BA WOU ates a ts be tee ee te re A eet AO: 272: 
anneren so Ol ce Ne ced oe cee 271 
SISA Ca Le tect 272 
Ey gE Se ee oD 272 

og Fee ER a USS Ge SO er ge eC 646 
aoany: sawed. Re EREN en Cin chews uke ween heehee Pe Cute 272 


1002 INDEX, 


Wood—Continued. Page. 
pranadilla, sawed. 2... <ansn + ear» cc ces chee alee hae eine 272, 273 
eun blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn, etc.................. 816 
PRAT yan Se ohn wha 08 9, om bal laa ie cee ste ces 823 
Hwhs, TOT, WRECIS 5 «s suia ere cine week oe canes Bie ee 816 
Kind bin eno ics Laveen pre ale aphins ibe = heidi spake hae 316 
lance wood } BA WEG. 3. . oc. we ee nce mnt os ne dees Sienna 272 
lathe. ooh TGS is tas Oe ota bls iether tyne veils aio ade ena se 816 
Bip NV EEE as) Fo Siew: swe sn widen ahcen 6, win eis bl greene 272 
LO@S ¢ users) A isbaiaie bw eiee Sie hiss ole th aE) be oie 816 
mahogany, sawed.......-......- onus n= ERE oa 272, 273 
ett: See Tee (a Leen ae ee ME OE 365 
olive,,covers. for) Bibles... ss ect on. Seek nuke ob 02k 611 
or bark, manufactures 08. 66d. 4 -snics amen bY -9 oe ee 286 
OT, OLLET EAL: 5 ooo noe cb aw 9 ese bm wis bm eck aeiecineaiae ial 638 
pickets and paling. .... - 0.5 << « ~ice-nie Jo ~:~ + v oe eee 816 
DUCHY cn Cob <icieoln Wh een ag Meals pre Mee ae dlls cena 797 
poles, .hop arid: hoop. io. 22! <e~.- n/n die on | ee eee ae 816 
DOSTH FENCES. wa! Silos wie Be ah a aikaeea ee ee cue ee 816 
DULG) ha 2G iSicedi atk Peal nie at vie Solin > edie ee 816, 820 

chemical, bleached or unbleached. ...................- 825 
TOBE WOO ,. BA WCU wd. ~ oo6 ca iene n= sie eau 01D ce ee 2a 212, gee 
satinwood, SAWeG:. . . <2. o0. <0 sie <b. sje - ae pa < nee 272, 273 
SAWP) Th. Bas Dis Bini shig cio nre = wm ecln stele, « Wheres Sea eet ae 72-275 
acre ws,.iro6n or steel... 0. 2%. nea. 2 = == =n'0 a's - s ated ee 228 
skewers, butcher’s......... ecb wa 6 aan clan wg ond oe ee 283 
Spanish Cedar, .- . .o.- s a'» wa< o's = teeing: = afoul tee ein 272 
BEB VCR ie heh itetat nbn tind SO aia hse Shee Bn ce hello ea ‘noi taal 816 
RBM ai Snes ate ea win oew a <= ows din pln we mip che ae hi orci al 7 
thin, fruit-box, grown in United States, reimported......... 279 
TOOEH DICKS... . «2 alc wo:5e wines vee @ Dale hie ein 2 eee oe eee 283 
VONCOCTS oo 5 oo aha 0 8 2 See wien 5 phased cise che clea nea a 272 

Wooedcuts and engravings, unbound. ..........-.-..----.--«ss. 835 

‘~Woodcuts,’” Yetching,”’ etc., dened... 2...) .4 Jace cn ee eee 835 

NOC i Sse an ereilioie bm «.0!y isis a Slaie. = Seaunnicee ten © 823-825 
OIRO. ; 5.28 cin ae Rea’ s ape yb  Siahe =. eee ie ae ee 823 
DOR WOOK, fh 2S «0 bu vow ae geese ng, ee ee re ee 823 
cabanst, all Forms... oc. 3... cee cca ces ope es ee eee 823 

SRW OC oo co» io w shee 0 ala she'p'e Gin, wi heise mhanee i alae = eee rr 272 
cedar, including Spanish cedar......-........-----....--a3— 823 

SAW OG) .0:0 ats a ols <icneniein.s av xis,» cous speach henian See ees Oe 27 
TOR 22 bie wink Bho, who te wine primal) ec ich-os aii aaa ‘cb <eehate diet cen 825 
fOr TAN TING: wos 22 wc eae s oon bones ve Deane tee ee 794-796 
praradilan 2c. ua sin dls ales Swie o Uetein « leg 6 oc Oa ia 823 

CHIONUI= VIL. Kaicta ere vbicw'a kG dwispune/o’ «wath econ See ee 823 

POM WTIOOONY ? os... ew owe cen ee cme ecec us 64 uit a Seppe en 823 
“i isticks of bamboo, hairwood, india malacca joints, etc... ..-. 823 
WIR EG I ts snesein nd chan ahdgientelanhied oa Oey meso olga’ alae d mi 445, 827-834 
Ginand: hair, advanced, B..8. Pp. f...----+-a0s> -dancemp as eee 445 
4.5 SF GBC MAO. 2 isis es a sc ome so aon bccn oelaiets eke ted Oe 469 
handings, Wo 8... 1A... t wee ees se ace Rebs e- beeeee 461 
bedaides ..'. .- 1. +. sasianienls «sien ealeeewen Sclosadl-sibess een en 469 
belts) iy 8 eDirke techn ess oan eee v amet, ee ee 464 
beltings; +R. Si Dorkge 6c. cc. Oaemaien Ua ogee ee ee 461 
bindings, n...8.. PD. fc uieets+one +s oeesns eee hens oeaeue ee 461 
blankets; Ade bre oe aden. oe ren eae 454 

“Zerapes (Mexican). <. 2... oJ beeadepbaacenien: eer 456 
DrACeS, Tey Dili 20 o.oo e ledees eae ave shee 461 
bunting. cco -. ese ee dens bs eee cs ees eee ee 457, 548 
carbonized «0% 40. <ecaces sc beeen dbs es heat ane Eee 834 

NOUS 2. de sobs ue. RaielPivs bs oeeic shine BS gk ee eee 834 
COTPCtE HAS. 0h hie Jen be 5 eee 7 oid: eine She Sees 3 468-469 

DGte 50s sak Ha oe ee eee AGG 
clothing, ready-made, .n. 8. p. £6. << 255. 44. See ee 459 
coat lininga. n. aD ol j.vete. L404 cack oa aue ob. Selle ee 457, 458 
Combed. a tps... fo. so tgce's aes oo he Sle on oe eo 445 
cords. snd tassels w, 8.9: 1.1.49 vo vee ee Oeeees eae oe 461 


CU VOPR dene cotecneo ab hate sin bs Marsden, sd dea da a 469 























INDEX, , 1003 


Wool—Continued. Page. 
NN re aed oe Te rere ibe De FS Oem fe dain she 71 

_ dress goods, women’s and children’s. .............2..2...... 457, 458 
ea OCTAGON Oo ine nie mining mnicincie ein novo 827, 834 
(RE a TEE BE SS: RE pene a a ae 834 
SNC, UR Re a on DRI eS ee OR CRRE, Fis 448, 451 
I to ae ela ergrprrige erases olen cele vy dn me = 454, 455 
BN let al aiaicualaald en Aen, cabal So Ae c ett Sa. 834 
na nme ie smi emi ooo ce dien pg erie ae ERR ot 448, 452 
Sreeeemrown, crude, or-retined.... .-..0..o) ne nee ed as 66, 69 
renter oo. eat erecta ts cael: i tee er ots 2 A Sse 66, 69 
NE rc lice tian evens MR bau eee doe 469 
opera ali bose, h, s..p.f.. 2 vies gona bes eS So as 448, 451 
EERIE: SP a AST a rg RI na Ae ne re gO an 457, 458 
MN as sie nee eel en ao nical aw aE =, 469 
a oye oheprun davesahnkromae sehen oi be date 471 
EE Ee! ASL eRe Hee SND eta PMOL 2) a: Ae 448, 452 
res oo eae owas < tm hye eyeiye wiaier einen min Behar CRIA 834 
LE on os no eat dichddit suim datalteee. of es chesh 834 
IRIE SASTRY Pen RNs PR a, BOY Be 8 448, 451 
asl on eed Ae numinie -« cloveince yin Sin rap tines po OSS 592 
MEMEO OUI OC 25.2... s eos pines s ny oo UL a SEEN 827, 832 
ERTL TY S058 Oo chp a nh a gl des 2h 461 
TS So aa a 5a So voyages. nut > apni simone olen wR 445, 446 
iE he I Se on pe uel chia ini Ketun © 445, 446 
Oa SIN FG ce nea a ET eT 469 
A cc oie tan owen 469 
TOMES ON gr US. Ral Oe epi diasie oo 6 oe 2,0 sins W's 459 
eta 0 oats Pas ute one ann alo Mii w og. coe oleae s 827, 830 
Fe hy SAS ESS SS eee onan, Poem Cm pe 834 
IE ROCUEAIR VATED ec ies dw aids dite pi dco « oie oe 5 opener 196 
stockings, n. s. i Oo ome ir, REE CN We ae a eR OS.» 448, 451 
suspenders, 2) SOU ig Stal Sees 5 aa IR a eae a ea eae 461 
tariff designation gy see ea RW SiO gece Toke RC, Bt, SERN, BO 7 
MEG 0s 168 aE 6 oer. wa ec st aus ce eee 461 
I a ol ccg ace eS om scm aie ign ao stm cae oS edloip whuceberip wie aise 445 
A 6 BIR lp ES SARS ic ARE ee Yd an aE Sore aD a ca 448 
wastes. .... Bo SES Re a ee POPE or. ee 834 
MEAL Tie 8) tie fo cieeic eo 2 3 ins <0 alia = Sensi Sa eprep a sive 459 
webbings, SUA She ents AMC gin, Shc 58 Sink AE Led mcg MERI <caPyh 46] 
a SE A RAG ee ee ee ea 447 
SIT edn, seo e ss ae ccs ees ene ane 827-833 
Work No ont ha aoe clatinacknen a beeen ADI Mee 837 
‘brought in by professional artists, lecturers, etc...-....-...-- 837 
illustrating progress of arts, sciences, etc.......-..-.---.--.-- 837 
MIRREN 9 i mw ea on 5 len ns ene a 3-574, 837-841 
antiquities. ......-:-- 2 agate eae ag pea Se Re 20h Paar Dees Sper am 838 
bronze, marble, ate i Eg se le det ie CUMS Ta ne WI i CeO aa es 838, 839 
Proneravines and etchings, 0. 8. pots ........---.+2- seen eee 573 
ere CIDA COPPOTAtlONs. -- 2 sa.0- -- 2 eins one = Se - ee ee 837 
paintings, pastels, pen and ink drawings, etc., n. 8. p. f....--- 73 
Mara. porcelain, pottery, terra-cotta........2....4..-.0.-25- 838, 839 
Peeeumrmore than 100 years. 2-2. woes cosine nenseu-see- 839 
fuecion of American artista abroad... ...0....-.24---- +066 839 
Bamromnorroproductions, 1. 8.°p, f....---..6. 02.2. bes eee 573 
mer unes and statuary, N. 8. pi f..0.. 262-2235. 2 88l lke wee 573 
wrought from metal within 20 years..-....-....-.--.----.--- 839 
Worm muentnaniwiactures Of, n.d. p. {00.1.5 ca SL ee 564 
Memnehotirede ky yor Ars re meee. 630 

ween fabrics. (See Fabrics.) 
Me OaCCO COHNCE: «606s ) 1-5. era ree eee. eee ete 302 
Wrappers for paper cigars and paper cigarettes. ........-..-..-.--- 304 
Wreaths of feathers, flowers, etc., n. 8. p. f...........-..--------- 535 
Wrecked goods on vessels, entry OPS cee ie aah ee Deh, 895 
x. 

Xvlidine i ct Paws nes. OAT. Abi ak ape Ini Oe ht vA ROR oct 43, 916 


1004 INDEX. 


fi 
Page 
Yachts, pleasure boats, etc., foreign built (sec. 37)................ 915 
VARURGIT Sc cath inascoetceeee w oleibry cote wn el MND Rn ay cae 682 
VRP as SN SRN gow re we Srietine Lo hae a re me aloe rhage a el fa fc 387. 388 
asbestos 5 sd. lute eas wv eee oni dee ake heresy cere i 464 
COMP HAPs BRS ae eins ee wre le chem ch rc tn cee en 641 
cords.of flax, hemp,:or.ramie... <.2sc6 «noes Sea <tes 427 
cotton; carded <<... coed one s% steko sees ee eo 387, 388 
human hair e's 2 sc.eu Se vse ks See Dee ee 542 
number of, in cotton cloth, how determined...............-. 401-402 
alk pechappe and) spun+)..5.. 4. S250esa seen eee iene Cet sie ee 479-482 
threads of flax, hemp, or ramie............... F. Set, 427 
Mir p So GUGM Pte Se A ee vas a ee 837, 838 
WASHES WOOL 6 5.x srere ios! pon 5s,» ne Sale tee Sw eden ps RA as 834 
WSPnb See, CeFU ae i cs i ee ee eee en 425, 447, 474, 483, 495 
alpaca Hairs o. ws. eww sly okie eee on hans oa 5 Cee ne 474 
“A neors eoab hate se. is, gastche tee ee eke Scot ke 474 
horsehair or silk, artificial and imitation..................... 495 
FUG, Ns Be DAL. cash sie ip c Oko ea hee be ee 425 
sinple oi. i Cee LN eae Ble eae sw 5 on re 438 
or flax; hemp,or Tamie:. ous ace 2 scee sc 428 
of hair of common oat... 00.0% oud e ee os ute ad coe 448 
PAW! Bie Ss Siac wie rae pe we wo ere cree ese ee ee 483 
MOO) |S POE SECS Seka ue ewe wise e cease ee 447 
Yellow *CHYOM6 2 6 225.4 = os owes wea aA ss chee annie pile, ae ae 102 
SOU ECOR8. ies Sik wiciten td wee A wdks bk Setaieip appt eke ee 324 
Z. 
AOiOr SURES Se elec alae bo ke ee tele ee ee ole te 841 
Hante currants. i os. 22e Se. eee ee eee eee ee 353, 354 
Zerapes, Mexican wodl-blankets:.-7 222, 230s S25 ae ee ee 456 
PANIC 58 m2, eC Ue ete Clee oka ee ee et 258-263 
chloride of and sulphate on< ir. see eee 112-113 
(aL =) ee a Mi ee res Mintel cab oP 2} oI Sade em vir arwesg th 261, 262 
in blocks, pigs; orshebts:-> 21-728 Se ee 261 
Old and worn-oute:* 2229 sa eee Pe 261 
OTe OFS Oe eee Oe ee eee a hee MO 5 TH 111-112 
pigments containing s'.2 2 626... s sees cee oe ae 111-112 
sulphide, ‘white: -.2 2.202 -2525 sete coos ae ee ene en 111-112 
yellow sos 2 a ea ee eee 102, 112 
Zine-hearing ores: .- "=. So ee ee ee week een ee ee 258-260 
regulations governing assessment of duty on..............-.- 258-260 


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